@solidrt/3d 0.0.54 → 0.0.56

package/src/gltf.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 // glTF 2.0, the subset an app needs to show authored models: the scene's
-// node tree with world transforms BAKED into the vertices (one part per
-// mesh node, its name kept), triangles with positions, normals (flat ones
-// generated when absent, per the spec), one UV set and indices, and
-// materials reduced to what lit()/unlit() draw - base color factor and
-// texture, double-sidedness, alpha blending. Both containers: .gltf JSON
-// with external or data: buffers and images, and single-file .glb.
+// node tree RETAINED - a node table of local TRS with parent links (matrix
+// nodes decomposed; shear dropped), vertices in NODE-LOCAL space, one part
+// per mesh primitive referencing its node - triangles with positions,
+// normals (flat ones generated when absent, per the spec), one UV set and
+// indices, and materials reduced to what lit()/unlit() draw - base color
+// factor and texture, normal map (with scale), emissive factor and map
+// (KHR_materials_emissive_strength as the intensity), double-sidedness, alpha
+// blending and masking - plus the file's animations as baked clips
+// (times/values per channel, the mixer's food). Nodes with no part below
+// them and no animation channel targeting them (cameras, lights, unused
+// empties) are pruned. Both containers: .gltf JSON with external or
+// data: buffers and images, and single-file .glb.
 //
 // Pure module by design - a parse is JSON plus typed-array views plus one
 // interleave loop per primitive, so it runs the same under bun (the bake
@@ -14,19 +20,22 @@
 //
 // Outside the subset: Draco/meshopt-compressed meshes and any other
 // required extension throw naming it; non-triangle primitives, sparse
-// accessors and morph/skin data are skipped or ignored; vertex colors,
-// tangents and further UV sets are dropped (the standard layout has no
-// slot for them yet).
+// accessors and morph targets (the "weights" channel path) are skipped
+// or ignored; vertex colors, tangents and further UV sets are dropped
+// (the standard layout has no slot for them yet). Skins ARE parsed:
+// joints, inverse binds, and the "skinned" vertex layout.
 
-import { compose, mat4, multiply, normalMatrix } from "./math.ts"
+import { compose, decompose, det3, mat4, multiply } from "./math.ts"
+import { linearToSrgb } from "./color.ts"
 import type { Mat4, Quat, Vec3 } from "./math.ts"
-import { packGeometry, STANDARD_FLOATS } from "./geometry.ts"
+import { layoutStride, packGeometry, packIndices, STANDARD_FLOATS } from "./geometry.ts"
 import type { Geometry } from "./geometry.ts"
 
 /** What lit()/unlit() take from a glTF material. */
 export type ModelMaterial = {
   name: string
-  /** Straight [r, g, b, a] 0..1 (glTF baseColorFactor). */
+  /** Straight [r, g, b, a] 0..1: glTF's LINEAR baseColorFactor encoded
+   * to sRGB, what lit({ color }) takes. */
   color: [number, number, number, number]
   /** Index into ModelData.images (the base color texture), or null. */
   map: number | null
@@ -40,26 +49,129 @@ export type ModelMaterial = {
   alphaMode: "OPAQUE" | "MASK" | "BLEND"
   /** glTF alphaCutoff (default 0.5); meaningful for MASK only. */
   alphaCutoff: number
+  /** Index into ModelData.images (the tangent-space normal map), or null. */
+  normalMap: number | null
+  /** glTF normalTexture.scale (default 1); meaningful with normalMap. */
+  normalScale: number
+  /** glTF's linear emissiveFactor (default [0, 0, 0] = off) encoded to
+   * sRGB, what lit({ emissive }) takes. */
+  emissive: [number, number, number]
+  /** KHR_materials_emissive_strength (default 1): lit's emissiveIntensity. */
+  emissiveIntensity: number
+  /** Index into ModelData.images (the emissive map), or null. */
+  emissiveMap: number | null
+  /** glTF metallicFactor (default 1): standard's metalness. */
+  metalness: number
+  /** glTF roughnessFactor (default 1): standard's roughness. */
+  roughness: number
+  /** Index into ModelData.images (glTF's ONE packed
+   * metallicRoughnessTexture: green = roughness, blue = metalness), or
+   * null; createModel hands it to `material` as both maps.metalnessMap
+   * and maps.roughnessMap, standard's two channel-select options. */
+  metalnessRoughnessMap: number | null
 }
 
-/** One drawable: a mesh node's primitive, vertices in WORLD space. */
+/** One node of the model's retained hierarchy: a local TRS under `parent`
+ * (an earlier index into ModelData.nodes, or null for a root). Parts and
+ * - in rigged models - skin joints and animation tracks reference nodes
+ * by index. */
+export type ModelNode = {
+  /** The glTF node's name (or `node<i>`). */
+  name: string
+  /** Index of the parent in ModelData.nodes (always lower - the table is
+   * in pre-order), or null for a root node. */
+  parent: number | null
+  position: Vec3
+  /** Unit quaternion [x, y, z, w]. */
+  rotation: Quat
+  scale: Vec3
+}
+
+/** One drawable: a mesh node's primitive. Vertices are LOCAL to its
+ * node - except a skinned part, whose vertices are in MODEL space at the
+ * bind pose (the spec ignores a skinned node's transform; the skin
+ * matrices place them). */
 export type ModelPart = {
-  /** The glTF node's name (or the mesh's, or `node<i>`); a node with
-   * several primitives numbers them `name#<k>`. */
+  /** The owning node's name; a node whose mesh has several primitives
+   * numbers them `name#<k>`. */
   name: string
+  /** Index into ModelData.nodes - the node whose world transform places
+   * this part (unused for placement when `skin` is set). */
+  node: number
+  /** Index into ModelData.skins, or null. A skinned part's geometry has
+   * the "skinned" layout (aJoints/aWeights after the standard prefix). */
+  skin: number | null
   geometry: Geometry
   /** Index into ModelData.materials. */
   material: number
 }
 
+/** One skin: the joints (as node-table indices) and each joint's inverse
+ * bind matrix - model space to joint space at the bind pose. The palette
+ * a skinned draw needs is jointWorld x inverseBind per joint. */
+export type ModelSkin = {
+  /** Indices into ModelData.nodes, one per joint. */
+  joints: number[]
+  /** 16 floats per joint, column-major, in joint order. */
+  inverseBind: Float32Array
+  /** 6 floats per joint: the box, in the JOINT's space, of every vertex it
+   * influences - the runtime culls a skinned part by the union of these
+   * carried through the posed joints, so the box follows the animation
+   * (Godot's and Unity's per-bone bounds). A joint influencing nothing
+   * holds an inverted box (min > max). */
+  jointBounds: Float32Array
+}
+
+/** One animated property of one node: baked key times and values. */
+export type ModelChannel = {
+  /** Index into ModelData.nodes. */
+  node: number
+  path: "position" | "rotation" | "scale"
+  /** glTF's three: "step" holds each key, "linear" lerps (a rotation
+   * slerps), "cubic" is CUBICSPLINE - a Hermite with per-key tangents. */
+  interpolation: "step" | "linear" | "cubic"
+  /** Key times in seconds, ascending. */
+  times: Float32Array
+  /** One element per key: 3 floats for position/scale, 4 (a quaternion)
+   * for rotation. "cubic" stores THREE elements per key - in-tangent,
+   * value, out-tangent, in that order. */
+  values: Float32Array
+}
+
+/** One named animation: baked channels over the model's nodes - what the
+ * mixer plays and what animation-core will consume. */
+export type ModelClip = {
+  name: string
+  /** Seconds: the largest key time over the channels. */
+  duration: number
+  channels: ModelChannel[]
+  /** @internal The core clip id once a mixer registered it; freed by
+   * model.dispose. */
+  _core?: number
+  /** @internal Root-corrected core clips (travel pinned and/or height
+   * rebased) by variant key, registered on first such play; freed by
+   * model.dispose. */
+  _coreVariants?: Map<string, number>
+}
+
 /** A parsed model: plain data, no GPU resources. What parseGltf and
  * decodeModel produce and createModel consumes. */
 export type ModelData = {
+  /** The retained node hierarchy, pre-order (parents before children),
+   * pruned to nodes with a part somewhere below them or an animation
+   * channel targeting them. */
+  nodes: ModelNode[]
   parts: ModelPart[]
+  /** The skins the parts reference (empty for an unrigged model). */
+  skins: ModelSkin[]
+  /** The file's animations (empty when it has none). */
+  clips: ModelClip[]
   materials: ModelMaterial[]
   /** Encoded image files (PNG/JPEG bytes) the materials' `map` index. */
   images: Uint8Array[]
-  /** World-space [minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ] over every part. */
+  /** World-space rest-pose [minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ] over every
+   * part - each part's local box through its node's composed transform, so
+   * it is conservative (not vertex-tight) for parts under rotated nodes. */
   bounds: Float32Array
 }
 
@@ -75,6 +187,11 @@ const MODE_TRIANGLES = 4
 // The spec's alphaCutoff when a MASK material leaves it out.
 const GLTF_ALPHA_CUTOFF = 0.5
 
+// The "skinned" layout's stride (standard prefix + aJoints + aWeights).
+const SKINNED_FLOATS = layoutStride("skinned")
+
+const IDENTITY = mat4()
+
 const COMPONENT_BYTES: Record<number, number> = { 5120: 1, 5121: 1, 5122: 2, 5123: 2, 5125: 4, 5126: 4 }
 const TYPE_ELEMENTS: Record<string, number> = { SCALAR: 1, VEC2: 2, VEC3: 3, VEC4: 4, MAT2: 4, MAT3: 9, MAT4: 16 }
 
@@ -86,6 +203,14 @@ const DEFAULT_MATERIAL: ModelMaterial = {
   transparent: false,
   alphaMode: "OPAQUE",
   alphaCutoff: GLTF_ALPHA_CUTOFF,
+  normalMap: null,
+  normalScale: 1,
+  emissive: [0, 0, 0],
+  emissiveIntensity: 1,
+  emissiveMap: null,
+  metalness: 1,
+  roughness: 1,
+  metalnessRoughnessMap: null,
 }
 
 /** True when the bytes are a .glb container (the "glTF" magic). */
@@ -93,12 +218,13 @@ export function isGlb(bytes: Uint8Array): boolean {
   return bytes.length >= 12 && new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, 12).getUint32(0, true) === GLB_MAGIC
 }
 
-/** The external uris a .gltf document references (buffers and images), so
- * an async caller can fetch them before parseGltf. Empty for .glb and
- * data: uris. */
+/** The external uris a document references (buffers and images), so an
+ * async caller can fetch them before parseGltf. Usually empty for .glb -
+ * but a .glb MAY reference external files (some exporters write image
+ * uris), so this reads its JSON chunk rather than assuming. data: uris
+ * are never listed. */
 export function gltfExternalUris(bytes: Uint8Array): string[] {
-  if (isGlb(bytes)) return []
-  let gltf = JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(bytes))
+  let gltf = isGlb(bytes) ? readGlb(bytes).json : JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(bytes))
   let uris: string[] = []
   for (let item of [...(gltf.buffers ?? []), ...(gltf.images ?? [])]) {
     if (typeof item.uri === "string" && !item.uri.startsWith("data:")) uris.push(item.uri)
@@ -107,9 +233,11 @@ export function gltfExternalUris(bytes: Uint8Array): string[] {
 }
 
 /**
- * Parse a .glb or .gltf into ModelData. `resolve` supplies the bytes of a
- * .gltf's external files by their uri as written in the document (still
- * percent-encoded); omit it for .glb.
+ * Parse a .glb or .gltf into ModelData. `resolve` supplies the bytes of
+ * external files by their uri as written in the document (still
+ * percent-encoded); a fully self-contained .glb needs none, but a .glb
+ * with external image uris (spec-legal, and real exporters write them)
+ * resolves the same way.
  */
 export function parseGltf(bytes: Uint8Array, resolve?: UriResolver): ModelData {
   let gltf: any
@@ -128,13 +256,17 @@ export function parseGltf(bytes: Uint8Array, resolve?: UriResolver): ModelData {
     if (ext === "KHR_draco_mesh_compression" || ext === "EXT_meshopt_compression") {
       throw new Error("parseGltf: the file's meshes are compressed (" + ext + "), which is not supported: re-export without mesh compression")
     }
-    // Quantized attributes read through the normalized-integer path; every
-    // other required extension changes what the file means.
-    if (ext !== "KHR_mesh_quantization") {
+    // Quantized attributes read through the normalized-integer path,
+    // emissive strength is the emissive intensity; every other required
+    // extension changes what the file means.
+    if (ext !== "KHR_mesh_quantization" && ext !== "KHR_materials_emissive_strength") {
       throw new Error("parseGltf: the file requires the " + ext + " extension, which is not supported")
     }
   }
 
+  // Also reachable from a .glb: the container usually embeds everything,
+  // but external uris are legal there too (real exporters use them for
+  // images), which is why loadGltf resolves for both containers.
   let external = (uri: string, what: string): Uint8Array => {
     if (uri.startsWith("data:")) return decodeDataUri(uri)
     if (resolve === undefined) throw new Error("parseGltf: " + what + " references the external file " + uri + " and no resolver was given")
@@ -173,22 +305,36 @@ export function parseGltf(bytes: Uint8Array, resolve?: UriResolver): ModelData {
     return slot
   }
 
+  // A texture reference's image slot, or null (the reference absent, or
+  // its texture imageless). Further UV sets are outside the subset, so a
+  // non-zero texCoord is ignored and the map samples the one UV set.
+  let textureSlot = (ref: any): number | null => {
+    if (ref === undefined) return null
+    let texture = gltf.textures?.[ref.index]
+    return texture?.source !== undefined ? imageSlot(texture.source) : null
+  }
   let materials: ModelMaterial[] = (gltf.materials ?? []).map((m: any, i: number): ModelMaterial => {
     let pbr = m.pbrMetallicRoughness ?? {}
     let factor = pbr.baseColorFactor ?? [1, 1, 1, 1]
-    let map: number | null = null
-    if (pbr.baseColorTexture !== undefined) {
-      let texture = gltf.textures?.[pbr.baseColorTexture.index]
-      if (texture?.source !== undefined) map = imageSlot(texture.source)
-    }
+    let emissiveFactor: number[] = m.emissiveFactor ?? [0, 0, 0]
+    let strength = m.extensions?.KHR_materials_emissive_strength?.emissiveStrength ?? 1
+    // glTF factors are linear; the material options are sRGB.
     return {
       name: m.name ?? "material" + i,
-      color: [factor[0], factor[1], factor[2], factor[3] ?? 1],
-      map,
+      color: [linearToSrgb(factor[0]), linearToSrgb(factor[1]), linearToSrgb(factor[2]), factor[3] ?? 1],
+      map: textureSlot(pbr.baseColorTexture),
       doubleSided: m.doubleSided === true,
       transparent: m.alphaMode === "BLEND",
       alphaMode: m.alphaMode === "MASK" || m.alphaMode === "BLEND" ? m.alphaMode : "OPAQUE",
       alphaCutoff: typeof m.alphaCutoff === "number" ? m.alphaCutoff : GLTF_ALPHA_CUTOFF,
+      normalMap: textureSlot(m.normalTexture),
+      normalScale: typeof m.normalTexture?.scale === "number" ? m.normalTexture.scale : 1,
+      emissive: [linearToSrgb(emissiveFactor[0] ?? 0), linearToSrgb(emissiveFactor[1] ?? 0), linearToSrgb(emissiveFactor[2] ?? 0)],
+      emissiveIntensity: strength,
+      emissiveMap: textureSlot(m.emissiveTexture),
+      metalness: typeof pbr.metallicFactor === "number" ? pbr.metallicFactor : 1,
+      roughness: typeof pbr.roughnessFactor === "number" ? pbr.roughnessFactor : 1,
+      metalnessRoughnessMap: textureSlot(pbr.metallicRoughnessTexture),
     }
   })
   // Primitives without a material draw the spec's default; it is appended
@@ -218,11 +364,25 @@ export function parseGltf(bytes: Uint8Array, resolve?: UriResolver): ModelData {
     return { data: out, elements, count: acc.count }
   }
 
+  // The node table is built lazily: a glTF node gets a slot only when a
+  // part somewhere below it needs the chain (materialize walks ancestors
+  // first, so the table stays in pre-order), which is what prunes cameras,
+  // lights and unused empties.
+  type PendingNode = { name: string; parent: PendingNode | null; position: Vec3; rotation: Quat; scale: Vec3; index: number | null }
+  let nodes: ModelNode[] = []
+  let materialize = (p: PendingNode): number => {
+    if (p.index !== null) return p.index
+    let parent = p.parent === null ? null : materialize(p.parent)
+    p.index = nodes.length
+    nodes.push({ name: p.name, parent, position: p.position, rotation: p.rotation, scale: p.scale })
+    return p.index
+  }
+
   let parts: ModelPart[] = []
+  let pendingJointBounds: { skin: number; positions: Float32Array; count: number; joints: Float32Array; weights: Float32Array }[] = []
   let bounds = new Float32Array([Infinity, Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity])
-  let normal = mat4()
 
-  let emit = (prim: any, name: string, world: Mat4): void => {
+  let emit = (prim: any, name: string, node: number, world: Mat4, skin: number | null): void => {
     if ((prim.mode ?? MODE_TRIANGLES) !== MODE_TRIANGLES) return
     if (prim.attributes?.POSITION === undefined) return
     let pos = accessorFloats(prim.attributes.POSITION, name + " POSITION")
@@ -230,18 +390,45 @@ export function parseGltf(bytes: Uint8Array, resolve?: UriResolver): ModelData {
     let count = pos.count
     let nrm = prim.attributes.NORMAL !== undefined ? accessorFloats(prim.attributes.NORMAL, name + " NORMAL").data : null
     let uv = prim.attributes.TEXCOORD_0 !== undefined ? accessorFloats(prim.attributes.TEXCOORD_0, name + " TEXCOORD_0").data : null
+    // A skinned primitive: joints and weights become the "skinned"
+    // layout's extra channels; its vertices are ALREADY model-space bind
+    // pose (the node transform is ignored, per spec), so no flip and
+    // identity bounds.
+    let skinned = skin !== null
+    let joints: Float32Array | null = null
+    let weights: Float32Array | null = null
+    if (skinned) {
+      if (prim.attributes.JOINTS_0 === undefined || prim.attributes.WEIGHTS_0 === undefined) {
+        throw new Error("parseGltf: " + name + " is skinned but lacks JOINTS_0/WEIGHTS_0")
+      }
+      let j = accessorFloats(prim.attributes.JOINTS_0, name + " JOINTS_0")
+      let w = accessorFloats(prim.attributes.WEIGHTS_0, name + " WEIGHTS_0")
+      if (j.elements !== 4 || w.elements !== 4) throw new Error("parseGltf: " + name + " JOINTS_0/WEIGHTS_0 are not VEC4")
+      joints = j.data
+      weights = w.data
+    }
+    let stride = skinned ? SKINNED_FLOATS : STANDARD_FLOATS
     let indices: ArrayLike<number> =
       prim.indices !== undefined ? accessorFloats(prim.indices, name + " indices").data : Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i)
     if (indices.length % 3 !== 0) throw new Error("parseGltf: " + name + " index count is not a multiple of 3")
 
-    normalMatrix(normal, world)
-    let flip = det3(world) < 0
+    // A mirroring chain (negative world determinant at the rest pose)
+    // flips the displayed winding, so the index order is flipped here to
+    // compensate - cull: "back" keeps the outside. Stored normals stay the
+    // authored ones: the runtime's inverse-transpose maps them outward for
+    // the flipped winding. Baked from the REST pose; a scale animated
+    // across zero would unbake it, which is pathological.
+    let flip = !skinned && det3(world) < 0
+    // Joint boxes need the skin's inverse binds, and skins are built after
+    // the walk (their joints are ordinary nodes the walk registers), so
+    // the arrays are parked under the FILE's skin index and grown then.
+    if (skinned) pendingJointBounds.push({ skin: skin!, positions: pos.data, count: pos.count, joints: joints!, weights: weights! })
 
     let vertices: Float32Array
     let packedIndices: number[]
     if (nrm !== null) {
-      vertices = new Float32Array(count * STANDARD_FLOATS)
-      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) writeVertex(vertices, i, pos.data, nrm, uv, i, world, normal)
+      vertices = new Float32Array(count * stride)
+      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) writeVertex(vertices, i, pos.data, nrm, uv, i, stride, joints, weights)
       packedIndices = new Array(indices.length)
       for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i += 3) {
         packedIndices[i] = indices[i]!
@@ -251,22 +438,28 @@ export function parseGltf(bytes: Uint8Array, resolve?: UriResolver): ModelData {
     } else {
       // No normals: the spec asks for flat shading, which needs one vertex
       // per triangle corner, so the primitive is un-indexed here and each
-      // corner takes its face normal (computed in world space, after the
-      // bake, so a mirroring transform is already accounted for).
+      // corner takes its face normal - of the AUTHORED winding (negated
+      // after a flip), the direction authored normals would have, so the
+      // runtime maps both the same way.
       let triangles = indices.length / 3
-      vertices = new Float32Array(triangles * 3 * STANDARD_FLOATS)
+      vertices = new Float32Array(triangles * 3 * stride)
       packedIndices = new Array(triangles * 3)
       let face: Vec3 = [0, 0, 0]
       for (let t = 0; t < triangles; t++) {
         let a = indices[t * 3]!, b = indices[t * 3 + 1]!, c = indices[t * 3 + 2]!
         if (flip) [b, c] = [c, b]
         let out = t * 3
-        writeVertex(vertices, out, pos.data, null, uv, a, world, normal)
-        writeVertex(vertices, out + 1, pos.data, null, uv, b, world, normal)
-        writeVertex(vertices, out + 2, pos.data, null, uv, c, world, normal)
-        faceNormal(face, vertices, out)
+        writeVertex(vertices, out, pos.data, null, uv, a, stride, joints, weights)
+        writeVertex(vertices, out + 1, pos.data, null, uv, b, stride, joints, weights)
+        writeVertex(vertices, out + 2, pos.data, null, uv, c, stride, joints, weights)
+        faceNormal(face, vertices, out, stride)
+        if (flip) {
+          face[0] = -face[0]
+          face[1] = -face[1]
+          face[2] = -face[2]
+        }
         for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
-          let at = (out + k) * STANDARD_FLOATS + 3
+          let at = (out + k) * stride + 3
           vertices[at] = face[0]
           vertices[at + 1] = face[1]
           vertices[at + 2] = face[2]
@@ -276,15 +469,32 @@ export function parseGltf(bytes: Uint8Array, resolve?: UriResolver): ModelData {
       count = triangles * 3
     }
 
+    // Model bounds: the part's local box through the node's rest-pose
+    // world transform (8 corners - conservative under rotation, exact
+    // under translation and axis-aligned scale). Skinned vertices are
+    // already model-space, so their box goes through identity.
+    let bw = skinned ? IDENTITY : world
+    let lo: Vec3 = [Infinity, Infinity, Infinity]
+    let hi: Vec3 = [-Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity]
     for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      let at = i * STANDARD_FLOATS
-      let x = vertices[at]!, y = vertices[at + 1]!, z = vertices[at + 2]!
-      if (x < bounds[0]!) bounds[0] = x
-      if (y < bounds[1]!) bounds[1] = y
-      if (z < bounds[2]!) bounds[2] = z
-      if (x > bounds[3]!) bounds[3] = x
-      if (y > bounds[4]!) bounds[4] = y
-      if (z > bounds[5]!) bounds[5] = z
+      let at = i * stride
+      for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
+        let v = vertices[at + k]!
+        if (v < lo[k]!) lo[k] = v
+        if (v > hi[k]!) hi[k] = v
+      }
+    }
+    for (let corner = 0; corner < 8; corner++) {
+      let x = corner & 1 ? hi[0] : lo[0], y = corner & 2 ? hi[1] : lo[1], z = corner & 4 ? hi[2] : lo[2]
+      let wx = bw[0] * x + bw[4] * y + bw[8] * z + bw[12]
+      let wy = bw[1] * x + bw[5] * y + bw[9] * z + bw[13]
+      let wz = bw[2] * x + bw[6] * y + bw[10] * z + bw[14]
+      if (wx < bounds[0]!) bounds[0] = wx
+      if (wy < bounds[1]!) bounds[1] = wy
+      if (wz < bounds[2]!) bounds[2] = wz
+      if (wx > bounds[3]!) bounds[3] = wx
+      if (wy > bounds[4]!) bounds[4] = wy
+      if (wz > bounds[5]!) bounds[5] = wz
     }
 
     let material = prim.material
@@ -295,32 +505,160 @@ export function parseGltf(bytes: Uint8Array, resolve?: UriResolver): ModelData {
       }
       material = defaultMaterial
     }
-    parts.push({ name, geometry: packGeometry(vertices, packedIndices, { label: name }), material })
+    let geometry: Geometry = skinned
+      ? { vertices, indices: packIndices(packedIndices, count), layout: "skinned", label: name }
+      : packGeometry(vertices, packedIndices, { label: name })
+    parts.push({ name, node, skin, geometry, material })
   }
 
   let local = mat4()
-  let walk = (index: number, parent: Mat4): void => {
+  let pendingByIndex = new Map<number, PendingNode>()
+  let walk = (index: number, parent: PendingNode | null, parentWorld: Mat4): void => {
     let node = gltf.nodes[index]
     if (node === undefined) throw new Error("parseGltf: scene names a missing node " + index)
+    let position: Vec3 = [0, 0, 0]
+    let rotation: Quat = [0, 0, 0, 1]
+    let scale: Vec3 = [1, 1, 1]
+    if (node.matrix !== undefined) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < 16; i++) local[i] = node.matrix[i]
+      decompose(local, position, rotation, scale)
+    } else {
+      if (node.translation !== undefined) position = [node.translation[0], node.translation[1], node.translation[2]]
+      if (node.rotation !== undefined) rotation = [node.rotation[0], node.rotation[1], node.rotation[2], node.rotation[3]]
+      if (node.scale !== undefined) scale = [node.scale[0], node.scale[1], node.scale[2]]
+    }
+    // The world composes from the TRS (not a matrix node's raw matrix), so
+    // winding and bounds match what the runtime will render.
     let world = mat4()
-    multiply(world, parent, nodeMatrix(local, node))
+    multiply(world, parentWorld, compose(local, position, rotation, scale))
+    let pending: PendingNode = { name: node.name ?? "node" + index, parent, position, rotation, scale, index: null }
+    pendingByIndex.set(index, pending)
     if (node.mesh !== undefined) {
       let mesh = gltf.meshes[node.mesh]
       if (mesh === undefined) throw new Error("parseGltf: node " + index + " names a missing mesh " + node.mesh)
-      let name = node.name ?? mesh.name ?? "node" + index
+      if (node.name === undefined && mesh.name !== undefined) pending.name = mesh.name
+      let slot = materialize(pending)
+      let skin = typeof node.skin === "number" ? node.skin : null
       let prims: any[] = mesh.primitives ?? []
-      for (let k = 0; k < prims.length; k++) emit(prims[k], prims.length > 1 ? name + "#" + k : name, world)
+      for (let k = 0; k < prims.length; k++) emit(prims[k], prims.length > 1 ? pending.name + "#" + k : pending.name, slot, world, skin)
     }
-    for (let child of node.children ?? []) walk(child, world)
+    for (let child of node.children ?? []) walk(child, pending, world)
   }
 
   let scene = gltf.scenes?.[gltf.scene ?? 0]
   let roots: number[] = scene?.nodes ?? (gltf.nodes ?? []).map((_: unknown, i: number) => i)
   let root = mat4()
-  for (let index of roots) walk(index, root)
+  for (let index of roots) walk(index, null, root)
+
+  // Skins, after the walk: joints are ordinary nodes (usually meshless),
+  // materialized here so the retained table carries them; part.skin
+  // remaps from the file's skin index to the compact list.
+  let skins: ModelSkin[] = []
+  // Per-joint bounds, grown from the parked skinned primitives once the
+  // compact skins exist: each influenced vertex (weight above zero) goes
+  // through the joint's inverse bind into joint space and grows that
+  // joint's box.
+  let growJointBounds = (skin: ModelSkin, positions: Float32Array, count: number, joints: Float32Array, weights: Float32Array): void => {
+    let jb = skin.jointBounds
+    let ib = skin.inverseBind
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      let x = positions[i * 3]!, y = positions[i * 3 + 1]!, z = positions[i * 3 + 2]!
+      for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
+        if (weights[i * 4 + k]! <= 0) continue
+        let j = joints[i * 4 + k]!
+        if (j >= skin.joints.length) continue
+        let m = j * 16
+        let px = ib[m]! * x + ib[m + 4]! * y + ib[m + 8]! * z + ib[m + 12]!
+        let py = ib[m + 1]! * x + ib[m + 5]! * y + ib[m + 9]! * z + ib[m + 13]!
+        let pz = ib[m + 2]! * x + ib[m + 6]! * y + ib[m + 10]! * z + ib[m + 14]!
+        let b = j * 6
+        if (px < jb[b]!) jb[b] = px
+        if (py < jb[b + 1]!) jb[b + 1] = py
+        if (pz < jb[b + 2]!) jb[b + 2] = pz
+        if (px > jb[b + 3]!) jb[b + 3] = px
+        if (py > jb[b + 4]!) jb[b + 4] = py
+        if (pz > jb[b + 5]!) jb[b + 5] = pz
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  let skinSlots = new Map<number, number>()
+  for (let part of parts) {
+    if (part.skin === null) continue
+    let slot = skinSlots.get(part.skin)
+    if (slot === undefined) {
+      let sk = gltf.skins?.[part.skin]
+      if (sk === undefined) throw new Error("parseGltf: part '" + part.name + "' names a missing skin " + part.skin)
+      let jointIndices: number[] = (sk.joints ?? []).map((j: number): number => {
+        let pending = pendingByIndex.get(j)
+        if (pending === undefined) throw new Error("parseGltf: skin joint node " + j + " is not in the scene")
+        return materialize(pending)
+      })
+      if (jointIndices.length === 0) throw new Error("parseGltf: skin " + part.skin + " has no joints")
+      let inverseBind: Float32Array
+      if (sk.inverseBindMatrices !== undefined) {
+        let acc = accessorFloats(sk.inverseBindMatrices, "skin inverseBindMatrices")
+        if (acc.elements !== 16 || acc.count !== jointIndices.length) {
+          throw new Error("parseGltf: skin inverseBindMatrices does not match the joint count")
+        }
+        inverseBind = acc.data
+      } else {
+        // The spec default: identity binds.
+        inverseBind = new Float32Array(jointIndices.length * 16)
+        for (let j = 0; j < jointIndices.length; j++) {
+          inverseBind[j * 16] = 1
+          inverseBind[j * 16 + 5] = 1
+          inverseBind[j * 16 + 10] = 1
+          inverseBind[j * 16 + 15] = 1
+        }
+      }
+      slot = skins.length
+      let jointBounds = new Float32Array(jointIndices.length * 6)
+      for (let j = 0; j < jointIndices.length; j++) jointBounds.set([Infinity, Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity], j * 6)
+      skins.push({ joints: jointIndices, inverseBind, jointBounds })
+      skinSlots.set(part.skin, slot)
+    }
+    part.skin = slot
+  }
+  for (let parked of pendingJointBounds) {
+    let slot = skinSlots.get(parked.skin)
+    if (slot !== undefined) growJointBounds(skins[slot]!, parked.positions, parked.count, parked.joints, parked.weights)
+  }
+
+  // Animations, after the walk so channels can materialize their target
+  // nodes (a channel may target a meshless node - a joint, a rig pivot).
+  const CHANNEL_PATHS: Record<string, ModelChannel["path"]> = { translation: "position", rotation: "rotation", scale: "scale" }
+  let clips: ModelClip[] = (gltf.animations ?? []).map((anim: any, ai: number): ModelClip => {
+    let clipName = anim.name ?? "clip" + ai
+    let channels: ModelChannel[] = []
+    let duration = 0
+    for (let ch of anim.channels ?? []) {
+      // Outside the subset: "weights" (morph targets) and extension paths.
+      let path = CHANNEL_PATHS[ch.target?.path]
+      if (path === undefined) continue
+      // A target outside the walked scene has nothing to move.
+      let pending = pendingByIndex.get(ch.target.node)
+      if (pending === undefined) continue
+      let sampler = anim.samplers?.[ch.sampler]
+      if (sampler === undefined) throw new Error("parseGltf: animation " + clipName + " channel names a missing sampler " + ch.sampler)
+      let what = "animation " + clipName
+      let input = accessorFloats(sampler.input, what + " input")
+      let output = accessorFloats(sampler.output, what + " output")
+      let interpolation: ModelChannel["interpolation"] =
+        sampler.interpolation === "STEP" ? "step" : sampler.interpolation === "CUBICSPLINE" ? "cubic" : "linear"
+      let elements = path === "rotation" ? 4 : 3
+      if (output.elements !== elements) throw new Error("parseGltf: " + what + " " + path + " output is not " + (elements === 4 ? "VEC4" : "VEC3"))
+      let perKey = interpolation === "cubic" ? 3 : 1
+      if (output.count !== input.count * perKey) {
+        throw new Error("parseGltf: " + what + " " + path + " has " + output.count + " values for " + input.count + " keys")
+      }
+      if (input.count > 0) duration = Math.max(duration, input.data[input.count - 1]!)
+      channels.push({ node: materialize(pending), path, interpolation, times: input.data, values: output.data })
+    }
+    return { name: clipName, duration, channels }
+  })
 
   if (parts.length === 0) bounds.fill(0)
-  return { parts, materials, images, bounds }
+  return { nodes, parts, skins, clips, materials, images, bounds }
 }
 
 function readGlb(bytes: Uint8Array): { json: any; bin: Uint8Array | null } {
@@ -372,28 +710,11 @@ function readerFor(componentType: number, normalized: boolean): (dv: DataView, a
   }
 }
 
-const NO_TRANSLATION: Vec3 = [0, 0, 0]
-const NO_ROTATION: Quat = [0, 0, 0, 1]
-const NO_SCALE: Vec3 = [1, 1, 1]
-
-function nodeMatrix(out: Mat4, node: any): Mat4 {
-  if (node.matrix !== undefined) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < 16; i++) out[i] = node.matrix[i]
-    return out
-  }
-  return compose(out, node.translation ?? NO_TRANSLATION, node.rotation ?? NO_ROTATION, node.scale ?? NO_SCALE)
-}
-
-function det3(m: Mat4): number {
-  return (
-    m[0] * (m[5] * m[10] - m[6] * m[9]) -
-    m[4] * (m[1] * m[10] - m[2] * m[9]) +
-    m[8] * (m[1] * m[6] - m[2] * m[5])
-  )
-}
-
-// One interleaved vertex: position through the world matrix, normal (when
-// given) through the normal matrix and re-normalized, uv copied or zero.
+// One interleaved vertex, node-local: position and normal copied as
+// authored (the runtime's uModel/uNormal do the placing), uv copied or
+// zero, and for the skinned layout the joint indices plus their weights
+// RENORMALIZED to sum 1 (quantized exports drift a little; the spec asks
+// for normalized weights).
 function writeVertex(
   out: Float32Array,
   slot: number,
@@ -401,42 +722,41 @@ function writeVertex(
   nrm: Float32Array | null,
   uv: Float32Array | null,
   src: number,
-  world: Mat4,
-  normal: Mat4,
+  stride: number,
+  joints: Float32Array | null = null,
+  weights: Float32Array | null = null,
 ): void {
-  let at = slot * STANDARD_FLOATS
-  let x = pos[src * 3]!, y = pos[src * 3 + 1]!, z = pos[src * 3 + 2]!
-  out[at] = world[0] * x + world[4] * y + world[8] * z + world[12]
-  out[at + 1] = world[1] * x + world[5] * y + world[9] * z + world[13]
-  out[at + 2] = world[2] * x + world[6] * y + world[10] * z + world[14]
+  let at = slot * stride
+  out[at] = pos[src * 3]!
+  out[at + 1] = pos[src * 3 + 1]!
+  out[at + 2] = pos[src * 3 + 2]!
   if (nrm !== null) {
-    let nx = nrm[src * 3]!, ny = nrm[src * 3 + 1]!, nz = nrm[src * 3 + 2]!
-    let wx = normal[0] * nx + normal[4] * ny + normal[8] * nz
-    let wy = normal[1] * nx + normal[5] * ny + normal[9] * nz
-    let wz = normal[2] * nx + normal[6] * ny + normal[10] * nz
-    let len = Math.hypot(wx, wy, wz)
-    if (len > 1e-12) {
-      wx /= len
-      wy /= len
-      wz /= len
-    } else {
-      wx = 0
-      wy = 1
-      wz = 0
-    }
-    out[at + 3] = wx
-    out[at + 4] = wy
-    out[at + 5] = wz
+    out[at + 3] = nrm[src * 3]!
+    out[at + 4] = nrm[src * 3 + 1]!
+    out[at + 5] = nrm[src * 3 + 2]!
   }
   if (uv !== null) {
     out[at + 6] = uv[src * 2]!
     out[at + 7] = uv[src * 2 + 1]!
   }
+  if (joints !== null && weights !== null) {
+    let j = src * 4
+    out[at + 8] = joints[j]!
+    out[at + 9] = joints[j + 1]!
+    out[at + 10] = joints[j + 2]!
+    out[at + 11] = joints[j + 3]!
+    let sum = weights[j]! + weights[j + 1]! + weights[j + 2]! + weights[j + 3]!
+    let inv = sum > 1e-8 ? 1 / sum : 0
+    out[at + 12] = weights[j]! * inv
+    out[at + 13] = weights[j + 1]! * inv
+    out[at + 14] = weights[j + 2]! * inv
+    out[at + 15] = weights[j + 3]! * inv
+  }
 }
 
 // The unit normal of the triangle at three consecutive vertex slots.
-function faceNormal(out: Vec3, v: Float32Array, first: number): void {
-  let a = first * STANDARD_FLOATS, b = (first + 1) * STANDARD_FLOATS, c = (first + 2) * STANDARD_FLOATS
+function faceNormal(out: Vec3, v: Float32Array, first: number, stride: number): void {
+  let a = first * stride, b = (first + 1) * stride, c = (first + 2) * stride
   let abx = v[b]! - v[a]!, aby = v[b + 1]! - v[a + 1]!, abz = v[b + 2]! - v[a + 2]!
   let acx = v[c]! - v[a]!, acy = v[c + 1]! - v[a + 1]!, acz = v[c + 2]! - v[a + 2]!
   let nx = aby * acz - abz * acy