@smithers-orchestrator/db 0.16.0

package/src/adapter/SmithersDb.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2236 @@
+import { getTableName, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { Effect, Exit, FiberId, Metric } from "effect";
+import { toSmithersError } from "@smithers-orchestrator/errors/toSmithersError";
+import { getSqlMessageStorage } from "../sql-message-storage.js";
+import { alertsAcknowledgedTotal, alertsFiredTotal, dbQueryDuration, dbTransactionDuration, dbTransactionRetries, dbTransactionRollbacks, } from "@smithers-orchestrator/observability/metrics";
+import { assertOptionalStringMaxLength, assertPositiveFiniteNumber, } from "../input-bounds.js";
+import { FRAME_KEYFRAME_INTERVAL, applyFrameDeltaJson, encodeFrameDelta, normalizeFrameEncoding, serializeFrameDelta, } from "../frame-codec.js";
+import { getKeyColumns } from "../output.js";
+import { withSqliteWriteRetryEffect } from "../write-retry.js";
+import { camelToSnake } from "../utils/camelToSnake.js";
+import { DB_ALERT_ID_MAX_LENGTH } from "./DB_ALERT_ID_MAX_LENGTH.js";
+import { DB_ALERT_POLICY_NAME_MAX_LENGTH } from "./DB_ALERT_POLICY_NAME_MAX_LENGTH.js";
+import { DB_ALERT_MESSAGE_MAX_LENGTH } from "./DB_ALERT_MESSAGE_MAX_LENGTH.js";
+import { DB_ALERT_ALLOWED_SEVERITIES } from "./DB_ALERT_ALLOWED_SEVERITIES.js";
+import { DB_ALERT_ALLOWED_STATUSES } from "./DB_ALERT_ALLOWED_STATUSES.js";
+import { DB_RUN_ID_MAX_LENGTH } from "./DB_RUN_ID_MAX_LENGTH.js";
+import { DB_RUN_WORKFLOW_NAME_MAX_LENGTH } from "./DB_RUN_WORKFLOW_NAME_MAX_LENGTH.js";
+import { DB_RUN_ALLOWED_STATUSES } from "./DB_RUN_ALLOWED_STATUSES.js";
+import { alertsActive } from "@smithers-orchestrator/observability/metrics";
+/** @typedef {import("./AlertRow.ts").AlertRow} AlertRow */
+/** @typedef {import("./AlertStatus.ts").AlertStatus} AlertStatus */
+/** @typedef {import("./AttemptRow.ts").AttemptRow} AttemptRow */
+/** @typedef {import("drizzle-orm/bun-sqlite").BunSQLiteDatabase} BunSQLiteDatabase */
+/** @typedef {import("./EventHistoryQuery.ts").EventHistoryQuery} EventHistoryQuery */
+/** @typedef {import("./HumanRequestRow.ts").HumanRequestRow} HumanRequestRow */
+/** @typedef {import("../output/OutputKey.ts").OutputKey} OutputKey */
+/**
+ * @template A, E
+ * @typedef {Effect.Effect<A, E> & PromiseLike<A>} RunnableEffect
+ */
+/** @typedef {import("./SignalQuery.ts").SignalQuery} SignalQuery */
+/** @typedef {import("@smithers-orchestrator/errors/SmithersError").SmithersError} SmithersError */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ runId: string; frameNo: number; createdAtMs: number; xmlJson: string; xmlHash: string; encoding: string; mountedTaskIdsJson: string | null; taskIndexJson: string | null; note: string | null; }} FrameRow
+ */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ runId: string; nodeId: string; iteration: number; baseRef: string; diffJson: string; computedAtMs: number; sizeBytes: number; }} NodeDiffCacheRow
+ */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ count: number }} CountRow
+ */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ ralphId: string; runId: string; done?: boolean }} RalphRow
+ */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ cacheKey: string; createdAtMs?: number; nodeId: string; outputTable: string }} CacheRowLike
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ runId: string; frameNo: number; createdAtMs: number; xmlJson: string; xmlHash: string; encoding: string; mountedTaskIdsJson: string | null; taskIndexJson: string | null; note: string | null; }} FrameRow
+ */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ runId: string; nodeId: string; iteration: number; baseRef: string; diffJson: string; computedAtMs: number; sizeBytes: number; }} NodeDiffCacheRow
+ */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ count: number }} CountRow
+ */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ ralphId: string; runId: string; done?: boolean }} RalphRow
+ */
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ cacheKey: string; createdAtMs?: number; nodeId: string; outputTable: string }} CacheRowLike
+ */
+
+
+const FRAME_XML_CACHE_MAX = 512;
+const RUN_HEARTBEAT_STALE_MS = 30_000;
+const RAW_QUERY_ALLOWED_PREFIX = /^(?:select|with|explain|values)\b/i;
+const RAW_QUERY_FORBIDDEN_KEYWORDS = /\b(?:drop|delete|insert|update|alter|create|attach|detach|pragma)\b/i;
+const ACTIVE_ALERT_STATUSES = new Set([
+    "firing",
+    "acknowledged",
+    "silenced",
+]);
+/**
+ * @param {string} queryString
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+function stripSqlCommentsAndLiterals(queryString) {
+    let sanitized = "";
+    let index = 0;
+    while (index < queryString.length) {
+        const char = queryString[index];
+        const nextChar = queryString[index + 1];
+        if (char === "-" && nextChar === "-") {
+            sanitized += " ";
+            index += 2;
+            while (index < queryString.length && queryString[index] !== "\n") {
+                index += 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (char === "/" && nextChar === "*") {
+            sanitized += " ";
+            index += 2;
+            while (index < queryString.length) {
+                if (queryString[index] === "*" && queryString[index + 1] === "/") {
+                    index += 2;
+                    break;
+                }
+                index += 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (char === "'" || char === "\"" || char === "`") {
+            const quote = char;
+            sanitized += " ";
+            index += 1;
+            while (index < queryString.length) {
+                if (queryString[index] === quote) {
+                    if (queryString[index + 1] === quote) {
+                        index += 2;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    index += 1;
+                    break;
+                }
+                index += 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (char === "[") {
+            sanitized += " ";
+            index += 1;
+            while (index < queryString.length) {
+                if (queryString[index] === "]") {
+                    index += 1;
+                    break;
+                }
+                index += 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        sanitized += char;
+        index += 1;
+    }
+    return sanitized;
+}
+/**
+ * @param {string} queryString
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+function validateReadOnlyRawQuery(queryString) {
+    const trimmedQuery = queryString.trim();
+    if (!trimmedQuery) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Raw query must not be empty"), undefined, {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+            details: { operation: "raw query validation" },
+        });
+    }
+    const sanitizedQuery = stripSqlCommentsAndLiterals(trimmedQuery).trim();
+    if (!sanitizedQuery) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Raw query must not be empty"), undefined, {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+            details: { operation: "raw query validation" },
+        });
+    }
+    const singleStatementQuery = sanitizedQuery.replace(/;+\s*$/, "").trim();
+    if (singleStatementQuery.includes(";")) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Raw query must contain a single read-only SQL statement"), undefined, {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+            details: { operation: "raw query validation" },
+        });
+    }
+    const forbiddenKeyword = singleStatementQuery.match(RAW_QUERY_FORBIDDEN_KEYWORDS)?.[0];
+    if (forbiddenKeyword) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error(`Raw query cannot use ${forbiddenKeyword.toUpperCase()} statements`), undefined, {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+            details: {
+                operation: "raw query validation",
+                keyword: forbiddenKeyword.toUpperCase(),
+            },
+        });
+    }
+    if (!RAW_QUERY_ALLOWED_PREFIX.test(singleStatementQuery)) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Raw query only supports read-only SELECT, WITH, EXPLAIN, or VALUES statements"), undefined, {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+            details: { operation: "raw query validation" },
+        });
+    }
+    return trimmedQuery;
+}
+/**
+ * @param {unknown} status
+ */
+function validateRunStatus(status) {
+    if (typeof status !== "string" ||
+        !DB_RUN_ALLOWED_STATUSES.includes(status)) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid run status"), `Run status must be one of: ${DB_RUN_ALLOWED_STATUSES.join(", ")}`, {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+            details: { status },
+        });
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * @param {unknown} severity
+ */
+function validateAlertSeverity(severity) {
+    if (typeof severity !== "string" ||
+        !DB_ALERT_ALLOWED_SEVERITIES.includes(severity)) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid alert severity"), `Alert severity must be one of: ${DB_ALERT_ALLOWED_SEVERITIES.join(", ")}`, {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+            details: { severity },
+        });
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * @param {unknown} status
+ */
+function validateAlertStatus(status) {
+    if (typeof status !== "string" ||
+        !DB_ALERT_ALLOWED_STATUSES.includes(status)) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid alert status"), `Alert status must be one of: ${DB_ALERT_ALLOWED_STATUSES.join(", ")}`, {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+            details: { status },
+        });
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+ * @param {string} field
+ */
+function validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(row, field) {
+    const value = row[field];
+    if (value === undefined || value === null)
+        return;
+    assertPositiveFiniteNumber(field, Number(value));
+}
+/**
+ * @param {unknown} row
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function validateRunRow(row) {
+    if (!row || typeof row !== "object") {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid run row"), "Run row must be an object", {
+            code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+        });
+    }
+    const r = /** @type {Record<string, unknown>} */ (row);
+    assertOptionalStringMaxLength("runId", r.runId, DB_RUN_ID_MAX_LENGTH);
+    assertOptionalStringMaxLength("parentRunId", r.parentRunId, DB_RUN_ID_MAX_LENGTH);
+    assertOptionalStringMaxLength("workflowName", r.workflowName, DB_RUN_WORKFLOW_NAME_MAX_LENGTH);
+    validateRunStatus(r.status);
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(r, "createdAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(r, "startedAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(r, "finishedAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(r, "heartbeatAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(r, "cancelRequestedAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(r, "hijackRequestedAtMs");
+}
+/**
+ * @param {unknown} patch
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function validateRunPatch(patch) {
+    if (!patch || typeof patch !== "object")
+        return;
+    const p = /** @type {Record<string, unknown>} */ (patch);
+    if ("workflowName" in p) {
+        assertOptionalStringMaxLength("workflowName", p.workflowName, DB_RUN_WORKFLOW_NAME_MAX_LENGTH);
+    }
+    if ("status" in p) {
+        validateRunStatus(p.status);
+    }
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(p, "startedAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(p, "finishedAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(p, "heartbeatAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(p, "cancelRequestedAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(p, "hijackRequestedAtMs");
+}
+/**
+ * @param {AlertRow} row
+ */
+function validateAlertRow(row) {
+    if (!row || typeof row !== "object") {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid alert row"), "Alert row must be an object", { code: "INVALID_INPUT" });
+    }
+    assertOptionalStringMaxLength("alertId", row.alertId, DB_ALERT_ID_MAX_LENGTH);
+    assertOptionalStringMaxLength("runId", row.runId, DB_RUN_ID_MAX_LENGTH);
+    assertOptionalStringMaxLength("policyName", row.policyName, DB_ALERT_POLICY_NAME_MAX_LENGTH);
+    assertOptionalStringMaxLength("message", row.message, DB_ALERT_MESSAGE_MAX_LENGTH);
+    if (typeof row.alertId !== "string" || row.alertId.length === 0) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid alert ID"), "Alert ID must be a non-empty string", { code: "INVALID_INPUT", details: { alertId: row.alertId } });
+    }
+    if (row.runId !== null && row.runId !== undefined && typeof row.runId !== "string") {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid alert run ID"), "Alert run ID must be a string or null", { code: "INVALID_INPUT", details: { runId: row.runId } });
+    }
+    if (typeof row.policyName !== "string" || row.policyName.length === 0) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid alert policy name"), "Alert policy name must be a non-empty string", { code: "INVALID_INPUT", details: { policyName: row.policyName } });
+    }
+    if (typeof row.message !== "string" || row.message.length === 0) {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid alert message"), "Alert message must be a non-empty string", { code: "INVALID_INPUT", details: { message: row.message } });
+    }
+    if (row.detailsJson !== null &&
+        row.detailsJson !== undefined &&
+        typeof row.detailsJson !== "string") {
+        throw toSmithersError(new Error("Invalid alert details JSON"), "Alert details JSON must be a string or null", { code: "INVALID_INPUT", details: { detailsJson: row.detailsJson } });
+    }
+    validateAlertSeverity(row.severity);
+    validateAlertStatus(row.status);
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(row, "firedAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(row, "resolvedAtMs");
+    validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp(row, "acknowledgedAtMs");
+}
+/**
+ * @param {string | null | undefined} status
+ * @returns {status is AlertStatus}
+ */
+function isAlertActiveStatus(status) {
+    return status !== undefined && status !== null && ACTIVE_ALERT_STATUSES.has(status);
+}
+/**
+ * Returns the row unchanged. Heartbeat-based classification now lives in
+ * `deriveRunState`, which correctly returns "stale" / "orphaned" rather than
+ * misusing "continued" (which means the run forked into a new run, and is
+ * treated as a success by `deriveRunState`).
+ *
+ * @template T
+ * @param {T} row
+ * @returns {T}
+ */
+function classifyRunRowStatus(row) {
+    return row;
+}
+/**
+ * @template A, E
+ * @param {Effect.Effect<A, E>} effect
+ * @returns {RunnableEffect<A, E>}
+ */
+function runnableEffect(effect) {
+    const runnable = effect;
+    if (typeof runnable.then !== "function") {
+        Object.defineProperty(runnable, "then", {
+            configurable: true,
+            value: (onfulfilled, onrejected) => Effect.runPromise(effect).then(onfulfilled, onrejected),
+        });
+    }
+    return runnable;
+}
+export class SmithersDb {
+    /** @type {BunSQLiteDatabase<Record<string, unknown>>} */
+    db;
+    /** @type {ReturnType<typeof getSqlMessageStorage>} */
+    internalStorage;
+    /** @type {Map<string, string>} */
+    reconstructedFrameXmlCache = new Map();
+    transactionDepth = 0;
+    /** @type {string | null} */
+    transactionOwnerThread = null;
+    /** @type {Promise<unknown>} */
+    transactionTail = Promise.resolve();
+    /**
+   * @param {BunSQLiteDatabase<Record<string, unknown>>} db
+   */
+    constructor(db) {
+        this.db = db;
+        this.internalStorage = getSqlMessageStorage(db);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} frameNo
+   * @returns {string}
+   */
+    frameCacheKey(runId, frameNo) {
+        return `${runId}:${frameNo}`;
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} frameNo
+   * @returns {string | undefined}
+   */
+    getCachedFrameXml(runId, frameNo) {
+        const key = this.frameCacheKey(runId, frameNo);
+        const value = this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.get(key);
+        if (value === undefined)
+            return undefined;
+        // Keep recently-used entries hot.
+        this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.delete(key);
+        this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.set(key, value);
+        return value;
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} frameNo
+   * @param {string} xmlJson
+   */
+    rememberFrameXml(runId, frameNo, xmlJson) {
+        const key = this.frameCacheKey(runId, frameNo);
+        if (this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.has(key)) {
+            this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.delete(key);
+        }
+        else if (this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.size >= FRAME_XML_CACHE_MAX) {
+            const oldest = this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.keys().next().value;
+            if (oldest !== undefined) {
+                this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.delete(oldest);
+            }
+        }
+        this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.set(key, xmlJson);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   */
+    clearFrameCacheForRun(runId) {
+        for (const key of this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.keys()) {
+            if (key.startsWith(`${runId}:`)) {
+                this.reconstructedFrameXmlCache.delete(key);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} queryString
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<unknown[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    rawQuery(queryString) {
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const validatedQuery = yield* Effect.try({
+                try: () => validateReadOnlyRawQuery(queryString),
+                catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "validate raw query", {
+                    code: "INVALID_INPUT",
+                    details: { operation: "raw query validation" },
+                }),
+            });
+            return yield* self.read(`raw query ${validatedQuery.slice(0, 20)}`, () => {
+                const client = self.db.session.client;
+                const stmt = client.query(validatedQuery);
+                return Promise.resolve(stmt.all());
+            });
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} currentFiberThread
+   * @returns {boolean}
+   */
+    ownsActiveTransaction(currentFiberThread) {
+        return (this.transactionDepth > 0 &&
+            this.transactionOwnerThread === currentFiberThread);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @template A
+   * @param {string} label
+   * @param {() => PromiseLike<A>} operation
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<A, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    read(label, operation) {
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const start = performance.now();
+            const readOperation = Effect.tryPromise({
+                try: () => operation(),
+                catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, label, {
+                    code: "DB_QUERY_FAILED",
+                    details: { operation: label },
+                }),
+            });
+            const currentFiberId = yield* Effect.fiberId;
+            const currentFiberThread = FiberId.threadName(currentFiberId);
+            let result;
+            if (self.ownsActiveTransaction(currentFiberThread)) {
+                result = yield* readOperation;
+            }
+            else {
+                const releaseTurn = yield* self.acquireTransactionTurn();
+                result = yield* readOperation.pipe(Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => {
+                    releaseTurn();
+                })));
+            }
+            yield* Metric.update(dbQueryDuration, performance.now() - start);
+            return result;
+        }).pipe(Effect.annotateLogs({ dbOperation: label }), Effect.withLogSpan(`db:${label}`)));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @template A
+   * @param {string} label
+   * @param {() => PromiseLike<A>} operation
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<A, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    write(label, operation) {
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const start = performance.now();
+            const writeOperation = Effect.tryPromise({
+                try: () => operation(),
+                catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, label, {
+                    code: "DB_WRITE_FAILED",
+                    details: { operation: label },
+                }),
+            });
+            const currentFiberId = yield* Effect.fiberId;
+            const currentFiberThread = FiberId.threadName(currentFiberId);
+            let result;
+            if (self.ownsActiveTransaction(currentFiberThread)) {
+                result = yield* writeOperation;
+            }
+            else {
+                const releaseTurn = yield* self.acquireTransactionTurn();
+                result = yield* withSqliteWriteRetryEffect(() => writeOperation, { label }).pipe(Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => {
+                    releaseTurn();
+                })));
+            }
+            yield* Metric.update(dbQueryDuration, performance.now() - start);
+            return result;
+        }).pipe(Effect.annotateLogs({ dbOperation: label }), Effect.withLogSpan(`db:${label}`)));
+    }
+    /**
+    * @returns {Effect.Effect<{ run: (sql: string) => unknown; query: (sql: string) => { run: (...args: unknown[]) => unknown; get: (...args: unknown[]) => Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined; all: () => Array<Record<string, unknown>> }; exec: (sql: string) => unknown; $client?: unknown }, SmithersError, never>}
+    */
+    getSqliteTransactionClient() {
+        return Effect.try({
+            try: () => {
+                const candidate = this.db.session?.client ?? this.db.$client;
+                if (!candidate || typeof candidate.run !== "function") {
+                    throw new Error("SmithersDb.withTransaction requires Bun SQLite client transaction primitives.");
+                }
+                return candidate;
+            },
+            catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "resolve sqlite transaction client", {
+                code: "DB_WRITE_FAILED",
+                details: { operation: "resolve sqlite transaction client" },
+            }),
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+    * @returns {Effect.Effect<() => void, SmithersError, never>}
+    */
+    acquireTransactionTurn() {
+        return Effect.tryPromise({
+            try: async () => {
+                let release;
+                const gate = new Promise((resolve) => {
+                    release = resolve;
+                });
+                const previous = this.transactionTail.catch(() => undefined);
+                this.transactionTail = previous.then(() => gate);
+                await previous;
+                return release;
+            },
+            catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "acquire sqlite transaction turn", {
+                code: "DB_WRITE_FAILED",
+                details: { operation: "acquire sqlite transaction turn" },
+            }),
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @template A
+   * @param {string} writeGroup
+   * @param {Effect.Effect<A, SmithersError>} operation
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<A, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    withTransactionEffect(writeGroup, operation) {
+        const self = this;
+        const label = `sqlite transaction ${writeGroup}`;
+        return runnableEffect(withSqliteWriteRetryEffect(() => Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const currentFiberId = yield* Effect.fiberId;
+            const currentFiberThread = FiberId.threadName(currentFiberId);
+            if (self.ownsActiveTransaction(currentFiberThread)) {
+                return yield* Effect.fail(toSmithersError(new Error(`Nested sqlite transactions are not supported (writeGroup: ${writeGroup}).`), label, {
+                    code: "DB_WRITE_FAILED",
+                    details: { writeGroup, nestedTransaction: true },
+                }));
+            }
+            const releaseTurn = yield* self.acquireTransactionTurn();
+            const start = performance.now();
+            return yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
+                const client = yield* self.getSqliteTransactionClient();
+                /**
+     * @param {"operation" | "commit"} phase
+     * @param {unknown} error
+     */
+                const rollback = (phase, error) => Effect.gen(function* () {
+                    yield* Metric.increment(dbTransactionRollbacks);
+                    yield* Effect.logWarning("transaction rollback").pipe(Effect.annotateLogs({
+                        writeGroup,
+                        phase,
+                        error: String(error),
+                    }));
+                    yield* Effect.sync(() => {
+                        try {
+                            client.run("ROLLBACK");
+                        }
+                        catch {
+                            // ignore rollback failures
+                        }
+                    });
+                });
+                yield* Effect.try({
+                    try: () => {
+                        client.run("BEGIN IMMEDIATE");
+                        self.transactionDepth += 1;
+                        self.transactionOwnerThread = currentFiberThread;
+                    },
+                    catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "begin sqlite transaction", {
+                        code: "DB_WRITE_FAILED",
+                        details: { writeGroup, phase: "begin" },
+                    }),
+                });
+                const operationExit = yield* Effect.exit(operation);
+                if (Exit.isFailure(operationExit)) {
+                    yield* rollback("operation", operationExit.cause);
+                    return yield* Effect.failCause(operationExit.cause);
+                }
+                const commitExit = yield* Effect.exit(Effect.try({
+                    try: () => {
+                        client.run("COMMIT");
+                    },
+                    catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "commit sqlite transaction", {
+                        code: "DB_WRITE_FAILED",
+                        details: { writeGroup, phase: "commit" },
+                    }),
+                }));
+                if (Exit.isFailure(commitExit)) {
+                    yield* rollback("commit", commitExit.cause);
+                    return yield* Effect.failCause(commitExit.cause);
+                }
+                return operationExit.value;
+            }).pipe(Effect.ensuring(Effect.gen(function* () {
+                self.transactionDepth = Math.max(0, self.transactionDepth - 1);
+                if (self.transactionDepth === 0) {
+                    self.transactionOwnerThread = null;
+                }
+                yield* Metric.update(dbTransactionDuration, performance.now() - start);
+            }))).pipe(Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => {
+                releaseTurn();
+            })));
+        }), { label }).pipe(Effect.annotateLogs({ writeGroup }), Effect.withLogSpan("db:transaction")));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @template A
+   * @param {string} writeGroup
+   * @param {Effect.Effect<A, SmithersError>} operation
+   * @returns {Promise<A>}
+   */
+    withTransaction(writeGroup, operation) {
+        return Effect.runPromise(this.withTransactionEffect(writeGroup, operation));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertRun(row) {
+        validateRunRow(row);
+        return this.write("insert run", () => this.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_runs", row));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} patch
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    updateRun(runId, patch) {
+        validateRunPatch(patch);
+        return this.write(`update run ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_runs", patch, "run_id = ?", [runId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} patch
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    updateRunEffect(runId, patch) {
+        return this.updateRun(runId, patch);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} runtimeOwnerId
+   * @param {number} heartbeatAtMs
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    heartbeatRun(runId, runtimeOwnerId, heartbeatAtMs) {
+        return this.write(`heartbeat run ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_runs", { heartbeatAtMs }, "run_id = ? AND runtime_owner_id = ?", [runId, runtimeOwnerId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} cancelRequestedAtMs
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    requestRunCancel(runId, cancelRequestedAtMs) {
+        return this.write(`cancel run ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_runs", { cancelRequestedAtMs }, "run_id = ?", [runId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} hijackRequestedAtMs
+   * @param {string | null} [hijackTarget]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    requestRunHijack(runId, hijackRequestedAtMs, hijackTarget) {
+        return this.write(`hijack run ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_runs", {
+            hijackRequestedAtMs,
+            hijackTarget: hijackTarget ?? null,
+        }, "run_id = ?", [runId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    clearRunHijack(runId) {
+        return this.write(`clear hijack run ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_runs", {
+            hijackRequestedAtMs: null,
+            hijackTarget: null,
+        }, "run_id = ?", [runId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<RunRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getRun(runId) {
+        return this.read(`get run ${runId}`, async () => {
+            const row = await this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_runs
+         WHERE run_id = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [runId]);
+            return row ? classifyRunRowStatus(row) : undefined;
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<RunAncestryRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listRunAncestry(runId, limit = 1000) {
+        return this.read(`list run ancestry ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`WITH RECURSIVE ancestry(run_id, parent_run_id, depth) AS (
+           SELECT run_id, parent_run_id, 0
+           FROM _smithers_runs
+           WHERE run_id = ?
+           UNION ALL
+           SELECT child.run_id, child.parent_run_id, ancestry.depth + 1
+           FROM _smithers_runs child
+           JOIN ancestry ON child.run_id = ancestry.parent_run_id
+           WHERE ancestry.parent_run_id IS NOT NULL
+         )
+         SELECT
+           run_id,
+           parent_run_id,
+           depth
+         FROM ancestry
+         ORDER BY depth ASC
+         LIMIT ?`, [runId, limit]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} parentRunId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<RunRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getLatestChildRun(parentRunId) {
+        return this.read(`get latest child run ${parentRunId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_runs
+         WHERE parent_run_id = ?
+         ORDER BY created_at_ms DESC
+         LIMIT 1`, [parentRunId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} [status]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<RunRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listRuns(limit = 50, status) {
+        return this.read(`list runs ${status ?? "all"}`, async () => {
+            const clauses = [];
+            const params = [];
+            if (status === "running") {
+                clauses.push("(status = ? OR status = ?)");
+                params.push("running", "continued");
+            }
+            else if (status) {
+                clauses.push("status = ?");
+                params.push(status);
+            }
+            const whereSql = clauses.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${clauses.join(" AND ")}` : "";
+            const rows = await this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_runs
+         ${whereSql}
+         ORDER BY created_at_ms DESC
+         LIMIT ?`, [...params, limit]);
+            return rows.map((row) => classifyRunRowStatus(row));
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {number} staleBeforeMs
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<StaleRunRecord[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listStaleRunningRuns(staleBeforeMs, limit = 1000) {
+        return this.read(`list stale running runs before ${staleBeforeMs}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT
+             run_id,
+             workflow_path,
+             heartbeat_at_ms,
+             runtime_owner_id,
+             status
+           FROM _smithers_runs
+           WHERE status = 'running'
+             AND (heartbeat_at_ms IS NULL OR heartbeat_at_ms < ?)
+           ORDER BY COALESCE(heartbeat_at_ms, 0) ASC
+           LIMIT ?`, [staleBeforeMs, limit]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {{ runId: string; expectedStatus?: string; expectedRuntimeOwnerId: string | null; expectedHeartbeatAtMs: number | null; staleBeforeMs: number; claimOwnerId: string; claimHeartbeatAtMs: number; requireStale?: boolean; }} params
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<boolean, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    claimRunForResume(params) {
+        return this.write(`claim stale run ${params.runId}`, () => {
+            const client = this.db.session.client;
+            const expectedStatus = params.expectedStatus ?? "running";
+            const requireStale = params.requireStale ?? expectedStatus === "running";
+            client
+                .query(`UPDATE _smithers_runs
+           SET runtime_owner_id = ?, heartbeat_at_ms = ?
+           WHERE run_id = ?
+             AND status = ?
+             AND COALESCE(runtime_owner_id, '') = COALESCE(?, '')
+             AND COALESCE(heartbeat_at_ms, -1) = COALESCE(?, -1)
+             AND (? = 0 OR heartbeat_at_ms IS NULL OR heartbeat_at_ms < ?)`)
+                .run(params.claimOwnerId, params.claimHeartbeatAtMs, params.runId, expectedStatus, params.expectedRuntimeOwnerId, params.expectedHeartbeatAtMs, requireStale ? 1 : 0, params.staleBeforeMs);
+            return this.internalStorage
+                .queryOne("SELECT changes() AS count")
+                .then((row) => Number(row?.count ?? 0) > 0);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {{ runId: string; claimOwnerId: string; restoreRuntimeOwnerId: string | null; restoreHeartbeatAtMs: number | null; }} params
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    releaseRunResumeClaim(params) {
+        return this.write(`release stale run claim ${params.runId}`, () => {
+            return this.internalStorage.execute(`UPDATE _smithers_runs
+         SET runtime_owner_id = ?, heartbeat_at_ms = ?
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND runtime_owner_id = ?`, [
+                params.restoreRuntimeOwnerId,
+                params.restoreHeartbeatAtMs,
+                params.runId,
+                params.claimOwnerId,
+            ]);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {{ runId: string; expectedRuntimeOwnerId: string; expectedHeartbeatAtMs: number | null; patch: Record<string, unknown>; }} params
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<boolean, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    updateClaimedRun(params) {
+        validateRunPatch(params.patch);
+        return this.write(`update claimed run ${params.runId}`, () => {
+            const client = this.db.session.client;
+            const patchEntries = Object.entries(params.patch);
+            if (patchEntries.length === 0) {
+                return Promise.resolve(true);
+            }
+            const assignments = patchEntries.map(([key]) => `${camelToSnake(key)} = ?`);
+            client
+                .query(`UPDATE _smithers_runs
+           SET ${assignments.join(", ")}
+           WHERE run_id = ?
+             AND runtime_owner_id = ?
+             AND COALESCE(heartbeat_at_ms, -1) = COALESCE(?, -1)`)
+                .run(...patchEntries.map(([, value]) => value), params.runId, params.expectedRuntimeOwnerId, params.expectedHeartbeatAtMs);
+            return this.internalStorage
+                .queryOne("SELECT changes() AS count")
+                .then((row) => Number(row?.count ?? 0) > 0);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertNode(row) {
+        return this.insertNodeEffect(row);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertNodeEffect(row) {
+        return this.write(`insert node ${row.nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.upsert("_smithers_nodes", row, ["runId", "nodeId", "iteration"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<NodeRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getNode(runId, nodeId, iteration) {
+        return this.read(`get node ${nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_nodes
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND node_id = ? AND iteration = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [runId, nodeId, iteration]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<NodeRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listNodeIterations(runId, nodeId) {
+        return this.read(`list node iterations ${nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_nodes
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND node_id = ?
+         ORDER BY iteration DESC`, [runId, nodeId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<NodeRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listNodes(runId) {
+        return this.read(`list nodes ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_nodes
+         WHERE run_id = ?`, [runId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Table} table
+   * @param {OutputKey} key
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} payload
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<unknown, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    upsertOutputRow(table, key, payload) {
+        const cols = getKeyColumns(table);
+        const values = { ...payload };
+        values.runId = key.runId;
+        values.nodeId = key.nodeId;
+        if (cols.iteration) {
+            values.iteration = key.iteration ?? 0;
+        }
+        const target = cols.iteration
+            ? [cols.runId, cols.nodeId, cols.iteration]
+            : [cols.runId, cols.nodeId];
+        const tableName = table?.["_"]?.name ?? "output";
+        return this.write(`upsert output ${tableName}`, () => this.db
+            .insert(table)
+            .values(values)
+            .onConflictDoUpdate({
+            target: target,
+            set: values,
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Table} table
+   * @param {OutputKey} key
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} payload
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<unknown, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    upsertOutputRowEffect(table, key, payload) {
+        return this.upsertOutputRow(table, key, payload);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} tableName
+   * @param {OutputKey} key
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    deleteOutputRow(tableName, key) {
+        return this.write(`delete output ${tableName}`, () => {
+            const client = this.db.session.client;
+            let resolvedTableName = tableName;
+            let escapedTableName = resolvedTableName.replaceAll(`"`, `""`);
+            let tableInfo = client
+                .query(`PRAGMA table_info("${escapedTableName}")`)
+                .all();
+            if (tableInfo.length === 0) {
+                const schemaCandidates = [
+                    this.db?._?.fullSchema,
+                    this.db?._?.schema,
+                    this.db?.schema,
+                ];
+                for (const candidate of schemaCandidates) {
+                    if (!candidate || typeof candidate !== "object")
+                        continue;
+                    const table = candidate[tableName];
+                    if (!table)
+                        continue;
+                    try {
+                        resolvedTableName = getTableName(table);
+                        escapedTableName = resolvedTableName.replaceAll(`"`, `""`);
+                        tableInfo = client
+                            .query(`PRAGMA table_info("${escapedTableName}")`)
+                            .all();
+                        if (tableInfo.length > 0) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    catch { }
+                }
+            }
+            const columnNames = new Set(tableInfo
+                .map((column) => column.name)
+                .filter((name) => typeof name === "string"));
+            const runIdColumn = columnNames.has("run_id")
+                ? "run_id"
+                : columnNames.has("runId")
+                    ? "runId"
+                    : null;
+            const nodeIdColumn = columnNames.has("node_id")
+                ? "node_id"
+                : columnNames.has("nodeId")
+                    ? "nodeId"
+                    : null;
+            const iterationColumn = columnNames.has("iteration")
+                ? "iteration"
+                : null;
+            if (!runIdColumn || !nodeIdColumn) {
+                throw new Error(`Output table ${tableName} is missing runId/nodeId columns`);
+            }
+            if (iterationColumn) {
+                client
+                    .query(`DELETE FROM "${escapedTableName}"
+             WHERE "${runIdColumn}" = ? AND "${nodeIdColumn}" = ? AND "${iterationColumn}" = ?`)
+                    .run(key.runId, key.nodeId, key.iteration ?? 0);
+            }
+            else {
+                client
+                    .query(`DELETE FROM "${escapedTableName}"
+             WHERE "${runIdColumn}" = ? AND "${nodeIdColumn}" = ?`)
+                    .run(key.runId, key.nodeId);
+            }
+            return Promise.resolve(undefined);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} tableName
+   * @param {OutputKey} key
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    deleteOutputRowEffect(tableName, key) {
+        return this.deleteOutputRow(tableName, key);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} tableName
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Record<string, unknown> | null, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getRawNodeOutput(tableName, runId, nodeId) {
+        return runnableEffect(this.read(`get raw node output ${tableName}`, () => {
+            const query = sql.raw(`SELECT * FROM "${tableName}" WHERE run_id = '${runId}' AND node_id = '${nodeId}' ORDER BY iteration DESC LIMIT 1`);
+            const res = this.db.get(query);
+            return Promise.resolve(res ?? null);
+        }).pipe(Effect.catchAll(() => Effect.succeed(null))));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} tableName
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Record<string, unknown> | null, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getRawNodeOutputForIteration(tableName, runId, nodeId, iteration) {
+        return runnableEffect(this.read(`get raw node output ${tableName} iteration ${iteration}`, () => {
+            const escaped = tableName.replaceAll(`"`, `""`);
+            const client = this.db.session.client;
+            const stmt = client.query(`SELECT * FROM "${escaped}" WHERE run_id = ? AND node_id = ? AND iteration = ? LIMIT 1`);
+            const row = stmt.get(runId, nodeId, iteration);
+            return Promise.resolve(row ?? null);
+        }).pipe(Effect.catchAll(() => Effect.succeed(null))));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertAttempt(row) {
+        return this.write(`insert attempt ${row.nodeId}#${row.attempt}`, () => this.internalStorage.upsert("_smithers_attempts", row, ["runId", "nodeId", "iteration", "attempt"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertAttemptEffect(row) {
+        return this.insertAttempt(row);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @param {number} attempt
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} patch
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    updateAttempt(runId, nodeId, iteration, attempt, patch) {
+        return this.write(`update attempt ${nodeId}#${attempt}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_attempts", patch, "run_id = ? AND node_id = ? AND iteration = ? AND attempt = ?", [runId, nodeId, iteration, attempt]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @param {number} attempt
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} patch
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    updateAttemptEffect(runId, nodeId, iteration, attempt, patch) {
+        return this.updateAttempt(runId, nodeId, iteration, attempt, patch);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @param {number} attempt
+   * @param {number} heartbeatAtMs
+   * @param {string | null} heartbeatDataJson
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    heartbeatAttempt(runId, nodeId, iteration, attempt, heartbeatAtMs, heartbeatDataJson) {
+        return this.write(`heartbeat attempt ${nodeId}#${attempt}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_attempts", {
+            heartbeatAtMs,
+            heartbeatDataJson,
+        }, "run_id = ? AND node_id = ? AND iteration = ? AND attempt = ? AND state = ?", [runId, nodeId, iteration, attempt, "in-progress"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AttemptRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listAttempts(runId, nodeId, iteration) {
+        return this.read(`list attempts ${nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_attempts
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND node_id = ? AND iteration = ?
+         ORDER BY attempt DESC`, [runId, nodeId, iteration], { booleanColumns: ["cached"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AttemptRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listAttemptsForRun(runId) {
+        return this.read(`list attempts for run ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_attempts
+         WHERE run_id = ?
+         ORDER BY started_at_ms ASC, node_id ASC, iteration ASC, attempt ASC`, [runId], { booleanColumns: ["cached"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @param {number} attempt
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AttemptRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getAttempt(runId, nodeId, iteration, attempt) {
+        return this.read(`get attempt ${nodeId}#${attempt}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_attempts
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND node_id = ? AND iteration = ? AND attempt = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [runId, nodeId, iteration, attempt], { booleanColumns: ["cached"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AttemptRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listInProgressAttempts(runId) {
+        return this.read(`list in-progress attempts ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_attempts
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND state = ?`, [runId, "in-progress"], { booleanColumns: ["cached"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AttemptRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listAllInProgressAttempts() {
+        return this.read("list all in-progress attempts", () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_attempts
+         WHERE state = ?`, ["in-progress"], { booleanColumns: ["cached"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} frameNo
+   * @param {number} [limit]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<FrameRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listFrameChainDesc(runId, frameNo, limit) {
+        return this.read(`list frame chain ${runId}:${frameNo}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_frames
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND frame_no <= ?
+         ORDER BY frame_no DESC${typeof limit === "number" ? " LIMIT ?" : ""}`, typeof limit === "number" ? [runId, frameNo, limit] : [runId, frameNo]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} frameNo
+   * @param {Map<number, string>} [localCache]
+   * @returns {Effect.Effect<string | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    reconstructFrameXml(runId, frameNo, localCache = new Map()) {
+        const self = this;
+        return Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const localHit = localCache.get(frameNo);
+            if (localHit !== undefined)
+                return localHit;
+            const cacheHit = self.getCachedFrameXml(runId, frameNo);
+            if (cacheHit !== undefined) {
+                localCache.set(frameNo, cacheHit);
+                return cacheHit;
+            }
+            let rows = (yield* self.listFrameChainDesc(runId, frameNo, FRAME_KEYFRAME_INTERVAL + 2));
+            if (rows.length === 0)
+                return undefined;
+            let anchorIndex = rows.findIndex((row) => normalizeFrameEncoding(row.encoding) !== "delta");
+            if (anchorIndex < 0) {
+                rows = (yield* self.listFrameChainDesc(runId, frameNo));
+                anchorIndex = rows.findIndex((row) => normalizeFrameEncoding(row.encoding) !== "delta");
+            }
+            if (anchorIndex < 0) {
+                return rows.find((row) => row.frameNo === frameNo)?.xmlJson;
+            }
+            const chain = rows.slice(0, anchorIndex + 1).reverse();
+            let currentXml = "";
+            for (const frameRow of chain) {
+                const rowEncoding = normalizeFrameEncoding(frameRow.encoding);
+                if (rowEncoding === "delta") {
+                    if (!currentXml) {
+                        currentXml = String(frameRow.xmlJson ?? "null");
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        currentXml = yield* Effect.try({
+                            try: () => applyFrameDeltaJson(currentXml, String(frameRow.xmlJson ?? "")),
+                            catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, `apply frame delta ${runId}:${frameRow.frameNo}`, {
+                                code: "DB_QUERY_FAILED",
+                                details: { runId, frameNo: frameRow.frameNo },
+                            }),
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    currentXml = String(frameRow.xmlJson ?? "null");
+                }
+                localCache.set(frameRow.frameNo, currentXml);
+                self.rememberFrameXml(runId, frameRow.frameNo, currentXml);
+            }
+            return localCache.get(frameNo);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {FrameRow} row
+   * @param {Map<number, string>} [localCache]
+   * @returns {Effect.Effect<FrameRow, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    inflateFrameRow(row, localCache = new Map()) {
+        const self = this;
+        return Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const encoding = normalizeFrameEncoding(row?.encoding);
+            if (encoding !== "delta") {
+                const xmlJson = String(row?.xmlJson ?? "null");
+                localCache.set(row.frameNo, xmlJson);
+                self.rememberFrameXml(row.runId, row.frameNo, xmlJson);
+                return { ...row, encoding, xmlJson };
+            }
+            const xmlJson = yield* self.reconstructFrameXml(row.runId, row.frameNo, localCache);
+            return {
+                ...row,
+                encoding,
+                xmlJson: xmlJson ?? String(row?.xmlJson ?? "null"),
+            };
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertFrame(row) {
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const runId = String(row.runId);
+            const frameNo = Number(row.frameNo);
+            const fullXmlJson = String(row.xmlJson ?? "null");
+            let encoding = "keyframe";
+            let persistedXmlJson = fullXmlJson;
+            if (frameNo > 0 && frameNo % FRAME_KEYFRAME_INTERVAL !== 0) {
+                const previousXmlJson = yield* self.reconstructFrameXml(runId, frameNo - 1);
+                if (typeof previousXmlJson === "string") {
+                    const delta = yield* Effect.try({
+                        try: () => encodeFrameDelta(previousXmlJson, fullXmlJson),
+                        catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, `encode frame delta ${runId}:${frameNo}`, {
+                            code: "DB_WRITE_FAILED",
+                            details: { runId, frameNo },
+                        }),
+                    });
+                    const deltaJson = serializeFrameDelta(delta);
+                    if (deltaJson.length < fullXmlJson.length) {
+                        encoding = "delta";
+                        persistedXmlJson = deltaJson;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            const persistedRow = {
+                ...row,
+                xmlJson: persistedXmlJson,
+                encoding,
+            };
+            yield* self.write(`insert frame ${frameNo}`, () => self.internalStorage.upsert("_smithers_frames", persistedRow, ["runId", "frameNo"]));
+            self.clearFrameCacheForRun(runId);
+            self.rememberFrameXml(runId, frameNo, fullXmlJson);
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertFrameEffect(row) {
+        return this.insertFrame(row);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<FrameRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getLastFrame(runId) {
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const row = yield* self.read(`get last frame ${runId}`, () => self.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+           FROM _smithers_frames
+           WHERE run_id = ?
+           ORDER BY frame_no DESC
+           LIMIT 1`, [runId]));
+            if (!row)
+                return undefined;
+            return yield* self.inflateFrameRow(row);
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertOrUpdateApproval(row) {
+        return this.write(`upsert approval ${row.nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.upsert("_smithers_approvals", row, ["runId", "nodeId", "iteration"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<ApprovalRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getApproval(runId, nodeId, iteration) {
+        return this.read(`get approval ${nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_approvals
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND node_id = ? AND iteration = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [runId, nodeId, iteration], { booleanColumns: ["autoApproved"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {HumanRequestRow} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertHumanRequest(row) {
+        return this.write(`insert human request ${row.requestId}`, () => this.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_human_requests", row));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} requestId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<HumanRequestRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getHumanRequest(requestId) {
+        return this.read(`get human request ${requestId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_human_requests
+         WHERE request_id = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [requestId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} requestId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    reopenHumanRequest(requestId) {
+        return this.write(`reopen human request ${requestId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_human_requests", {
+            status: "pending",
+            responseJson: null,
+            answeredAtMs: null,
+            answeredBy: null,
+        }, "request_id = ? AND status = ?", [requestId, "answered"]));
+    }
+    /**
+    * @param {number} [nowMs]
+    * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+    */
+    expireStaleHumanRequests(nowMs = Date.now()) {
+        return this.write(`expire stale human requests before ${nowMs}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_human_requests", {
+            status: "expired",
+            responseJson: null,
+            answeredAtMs: null,
+            answeredBy: null,
+        }, "status = ? AND timeout_at_ms IS NOT NULL AND timeout_at_ms <= ?", ["pending", nowMs]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {number} [nowMs]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<PendingHumanRequestRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listPendingHumanRequests(nowMs = Date.now()) {
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(Effect.gen(function* () {
+            yield* self.expireStaleHumanRequests(nowMs);
+            return yield* self.read("list pending human requests", () => self.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT
+             h.request_id,
+             h.run_id,
+             h.node_id,
+             h.iteration,
+             h.kind,
+             h.status,
+             h.prompt,
+             h.schema_json,
+             h.options_json,
+             h.response_json,
+             h.requested_at_ms,
+             h.answered_at_ms,
+             h.answered_by,
+             h.timeout_at_ms,
+             r.workflow_name,
+             r.status AS run_status,
+             n.label AS node_label
+           FROM _smithers_human_requests h
+           LEFT JOIN _smithers_runs r ON h.run_id = r.run_id
+           LEFT JOIN _smithers_nodes n
+             ON h.run_id = n.run_id
+            AND h.node_id = n.node_id
+            AND h.iteration = n.iteration
+           WHERE h.status = ?
+           ORDER BY h.requested_at_ms ASC, h.run_id, h.node_id, h.iteration`, ["pending"]));
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} requestId
+   * @param {string} responseJson
+   * @param {number} answeredAtMs
+   * @param {string | null} [answeredBy]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    answerHumanRequest(requestId, responseJson, answeredAtMs, answeredBy) {
+        return this.write(`answer human request ${requestId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_human_requests", {
+            status: "answered",
+            responseJson,
+            answeredAtMs,
+            answeredBy: answeredBy ?? null,
+        }, "request_id = ? AND status = ?", [requestId, "pending"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} requestId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    cancelHumanRequest(requestId) {
+        return this.write(`cancel human request ${requestId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_human_requests", {
+            status: "cancelled",
+        }, "request_id = ? AND status = ?", [requestId, "pending"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {AlertRow} row
+   * @returns {Promise<AlertRow | undefined>}
+   */
+    insertAlert(row) {
+        validateAlertRow(row);
+        const self = this;
+        return this.withTransaction(`insert alert ${row.alertId}`, Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const existing = yield* self.getAlert(row.alertId);
+            if (existing) {
+                return existing;
+            }
+            yield* self.write(`insert alert ${row.alertId}`, () => self.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_alerts", row));
+            yield* Metric.increment(Metric.tagged(Metric.tagged(alertsFiredTotal, "policy", row.policyName), "severity", row.severity));
+            if (isAlertActiveStatus(row.status)) {
+                yield* Metric.update(alertsActive, 1);
+            }
+            return yield* self.getAlert(row.alertId);
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} alertId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AlertRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getAlert(alertId) {
+        return this.read(`get alert ${alertId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_alerts
+         WHERE alert_id = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [alertId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {readonly AlertStatus[]} [statuses]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AlertRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listAlerts(limit = 100, statuses) {
+        if (statuses) {
+            for (const status of statuses) {
+                validateAlertStatus(status);
+            }
+        }
+        const normalizedLimit = Math.max(1, Math.floor(limit));
+        return this.read("list alerts", () => {
+            const clauses = [];
+            const params = [];
+            if (statuses && statuses.length > 0) {
+                clauses.push(`status IN (${statuses.map(() => "?").join(", ")})`);
+                params.push(...statuses);
+            }
+            const whereSql = clauses.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${clauses.join(" AND ")}` : "";
+            return this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_alerts
+         ${whereSql}
+         ORDER BY
+           CASE status
+             WHEN 'firing' THEN 0
+             WHEN 'acknowledged' THEN 1
+             WHEN 'silenced' THEN 2
+             WHEN 'resolved' THEN 3
+             ELSE 4
+           END,
+           fired_at_ms DESC,
+           alert_id ASC
+         LIMIT ?`, [...params, normalizedLimit]);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} alertId
+   * @returns {Promise<AlertRow | undefined>}
+   */
+    acknowledgeAlert(alertId, acknowledgedAtMs = Date.now()) {
+        validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp({ acknowledgedAtMs }, "acknowledgedAtMs");
+        const self = this;
+        return this.withTransaction(`acknowledge alert ${alertId}`, Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const alert = yield* self.getAlert(alertId);
+            if (!alert) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            if (alert.status !== "firing") {
+                return alert;
+            }
+            yield* self.write(`acknowledge alert ${alertId}`, () => self.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_alerts", {
+                status: "acknowledged",
+                acknowledgedAtMs,
+            }, "alert_id = ? AND status = ?", [alertId, "firing"]));
+            yield* Metric.increment(Metric.tagged(alertsAcknowledgedTotal, "policy", alert.policyName));
+            return yield* self.getAlert(alertId);
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} alertId
+   * @returns {Promise<AlertRow | undefined>}
+   */
+    resolveAlert(alertId, resolvedAtMs = Date.now()) {
+        validateOptionalPositiveTimestamp({ resolvedAtMs }, "resolvedAtMs");
+        const self = this;
+        return this.withTransaction(`resolve alert ${alertId}`, Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const alert = yield* self.getAlert(alertId);
+            if (!alert) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            if (alert.status === "resolved") {
+                return alert;
+            }
+            yield* self.write(`resolve alert ${alertId}`, () => self.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_alerts", {
+                status: "resolved",
+                resolvedAtMs,
+            }, "alert_id = ? AND status != ?", [alertId, "resolved"]));
+            if (isAlertActiveStatus(alert.status)) {
+                yield* Metric.update(alertsActive, -1);
+            }
+            return yield* self.getAlert(alertId);
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} alertId
+   * @returns {Promise<AlertRow | undefined>}
+   */
+    silenceAlert(alertId) {
+        const self = this;
+        return this.withTransaction(`silence alert ${alertId}`, Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const alert = yield* self.getAlert(alertId);
+            if (!alert) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            if (alert.status === "resolved" || alert.status === "silenced") {
+                return alert;
+            }
+            yield* self.write(`silence alert ${alertId}`, () => self.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_alerts", {
+                status: "silenced",
+            }, "alert_id = ? AND status != ? AND status != ?", [alertId, "resolved", "silenced"]));
+            return yield* self.getAlert(alertId);
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {{ runId: string; signalName: string; correlationId: string | null; payloadJson: string; receivedAtMs: number; receivedBy?: string | null; }} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<number, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertSignalWithNextSeq(row) {
+        const label = `insert signal ${row.signalName}`;
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(withSqliteWriteRetryEffect(() => Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const existing = yield* self.read(label, () => self.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT seq
+               FROM _smithers_signals
+               WHERE run_id = ?
+                 AND signal_name = ?
+                 AND ${row.correlationId === null ? "correlation_id IS NULL" : "correlation_id = ?"}
+                 AND payload_json = ?
+                 AND received_at_ms = ?
+                 AND ${row.receivedBy == null ? "received_by IS NULL" : "received_by = ?"}
+               ORDER BY seq DESC
+               LIMIT 1`, [
+                row.runId,
+                row.signalName,
+                ...(row.correlationId === null ? [] : [row.correlationId]),
+                row.payloadJson,
+                row.receivedAtMs,
+                ...(row.receivedBy == null ? [] : [row.receivedBy]),
+            ]));
+            if (existing?.seq !== undefined) {
+                return existing.seq;
+            }
+            const client = self.db.$client;
+            if (!client ||
+                typeof client.exec !== "function" ||
+                typeof client.query !== "function") {
+                const lastSeq = (yield* self.getLastSignalSeq(row.runId)) ?? -1;
+                const seq = lastSeq + 1;
+                yield* Effect.tryPromise({
+                    try: () => self.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_signals", {
+                        ...row,
+                        receivedBy: row.receivedBy ?? null,
+                        seq,
+                    }),
+                    catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "insert fallback signal row"),
+                });
+                return seq;
+            }
+            return yield* Effect.try({
+                try: () => {
+                    client.run("BEGIN IMMEDIATE");
+                    try {
+                        const res = client
+                            .query("SELECT COALESCE(MAX(seq), -1) + 1 AS seq FROM _smithers_signals WHERE run_id = ?")
+                            .get(row.runId);
+                        const seq = Number(res?.seq ?? 0);
+                        client
+                            .query("INSERT INTO _smithers_signals (run_id, seq, signal_name, correlation_id, payload_json, received_at_ms, received_by) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)")
+                            .run(row.runId, seq, row.signalName, row.correlationId, row.payloadJson, row.receivedAtMs, row.receivedBy ?? null);
+                        client.run("COMMIT");
+                        return seq;
+                    }
+                    catch (error) {
+                        try {
+                            client.run("ROLLBACK");
+                        }
+                        catch {
+                            // ignore rollback failures
+                        }
+                        throw error;
+                    }
+                },
+                catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "insert signal transaction"),
+            });
+        }), { label }).pipe(Effect.annotateLogs({
+            runId: row.runId,
+            signalName: row.signalName,
+            correlationId: row.correlationId ?? null,
+        }), Effect.withLogSpan(`db:${label}`)));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<number | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getLastSignalSeq(runId) {
+        return this.read(`get last signal seq ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.getLastSignalSeq(runId));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {SignalQuery} [query]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<SignalRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listSignals(runId, query = {}) {
+        const limit = Math.max(1, Math.floor(query.limit ?? 200));
+        return this.read(`list signals ${runId}`, () => {
+            const clauses = ["run_id = ?"];
+            const params = [runId];
+            if (query.signalName) {
+                clauses.push("signal_name = ?");
+                params.push(query.signalName);
+            }
+            if (query.correlationId !== undefined) {
+                if (query.correlationId === null) {
+                    clauses.push("correlation_id IS NULL");
+                }
+                else {
+                    clauses.push("correlation_id = ?");
+                    params.push(query.correlationId);
+                }
+            }
+            if (typeof query.receivedAfterMs === "number") {
+                clauses.push("received_at_ms >= ?");
+                params.push(query.receivedAfterMs);
+            }
+            return this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_signals
+         WHERE ${clauses.join(" AND ")}
+         ORDER BY seq ASC
+         LIMIT ?`, [...params, limit]);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertToolCall(row) {
+        return this.write(`insert tool call ${row.toolName}`, () => this.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_tool_calls", row));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    upsertSandbox(row) {
+        return this.write(`upsert sandbox ${row.sandboxId}`, () => this.internalStorage.upsert("_smithers_sandboxes", row, ["runId", "sandboxId"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} sandboxId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Record<string, unknown> | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getSandbox(runId, sandboxId) {
+        return this.read(`get sandbox ${sandboxId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_sandboxes
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND sandbox_id = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [runId, sandboxId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listSandboxes(runId) {
+        return this.read(`list sandboxes ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_sandboxes
+         WHERE run_id = ?`, [runId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listToolCalls(runId, nodeId, iteration) {
+        return this.read(`list tool calls ${nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_tool_calls
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND node_id = ? AND iteration = ?
+         ORDER BY attempt ASC, seq ASC`, [runId, nodeId, iteration]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertEvent(row) {
+        return this.write(`insert event ${row.type}`, () => this.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_events", row));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {{ runId: string; timestampMs: number; type: string; payloadJson: string; }} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<number, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertEventWithNextSeq(row) {
+        const label = `insert event ${row.type}`;
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(withSqliteWriteRetryEffect(() => Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const existing = yield* self.read(label, () => self.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT seq
+               FROM _smithers_events
+               WHERE run_id = ?
+                 AND timestamp_ms = ?
+                 AND type = ?
+                 AND payload_json = ?
+               ORDER BY seq DESC
+               LIMIT 1`, [row.runId, row.timestampMs, row.type, row.payloadJson]));
+            if (existing?.seq !== undefined) {
+                return existing.seq;
+            }
+            const client = self.db.$client;
+            if (!client ||
+                typeof client.exec !== "function" ||
+                typeof client.query !== "function") {
+                const lastSeq = (yield* self.getLastEventSeq(row.runId)) ?? -1;
+                const seq = lastSeq + 1;
+                yield* Effect.tryPromise({
+                    try: () => self.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_events", { ...row, seq }),
+                    catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "insert fallback event row"),
+                });
+                return seq;
+            }
+            return yield* Effect.try({
+                try: () => {
+                    client.run("BEGIN IMMEDIATE");
+                    try {
+                        const res = client
+                            .query("SELECT COALESCE(MAX(seq), -1) + 1 AS seq FROM _smithers_events WHERE run_id = ?")
+                            .get(row.runId);
+                        const seq = Number(res?.seq ?? 0);
+                        client
+                            .query("INSERT INTO _smithers_events (run_id, seq, timestamp_ms, type, payload_json) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)")
+                            .run(row.runId, seq, row.timestampMs, row.type, row.payloadJson);
+                        client.run("COMMIT");
+                        return seq;
+                    }
+                    catch (error) {
+                        try {
+                            client.run("ROLLBACK");
+                        }
+                        catch {
+                            // ignore rollback failures
+                        }
+                        throw error;
+                    }
+                },
+                catch: (cause) => toSmithersError(cause, "insert event transaction"),
+            });
+        }), { label }).pipe(Effect.annotateLogs({ dbOperation: label }), Effect.withLogSpan(`db:${label}`)));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<number | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getLastEventSeq(runId) {
+        return this.read(`get last event seq ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.getLastEventSeq(runId));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {EventHistoryQuery} [query]
+   * @returns {{ whereSql: string; params: Array<string | number> }}
+   */
+    buildEventHistoryWhere(runId, query = {}) {
+        const clauses = ["run_id = ?", "seq > ?"];
+        const params = [runId, query.afterSeq ?? -1];
+        if (typeof query.sinceTimestampMs === "number") {
+            clauses.push("timestamp_ms >= ?");
+            params.push(query.sinceTimestampMs);
+        }
+        if (query.types && query.types.length > 0) {
+            clauses.push(`type IN (${query.types.map(() => "?").join(", ")})`);
+            params.push(...query.types);
+        }
+        if (query.nodeId) {
+            clauses.push("json_extract(payload_json, '$.nodeId') = ?");
+            params.push(query.nodeId);
+        }
+        return {
+            whereSql: clauses.join(" AND "),
+            params,
+        };
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {EventHistoryQuery} [query]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listEventHistory(runId, query = {}) {
+        return this.read(`list event history ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.listEventHistory(runId, query));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {EventHistoryQuery} [query]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<number, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    countEventHistory(runId, query = {}) {
+        return this.read(`count event history ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.countEventHistory(runId, query));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} afterSeq
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listEvents(runId, afterSeq, limit = 200) {
+        return this.listEventHistory(runId, { afterSeq, limit });
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} type
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listEventsByType(runId, type) {
+        return this.read(`list events by type ${type}`, () => this.internalStorage.listEventsByType(runId, type));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertOrUpdateRalph(row) {
+        return this.write(`upsert ralph ${row.ralphId}`, () => this.internalStorage.upsert("_smithers_ralph", row, ["runId", "ralphId"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listRalph(runId) {
+        return this.read(`list ralph ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_ralph
+         WHERE run_id = ?`, [runId], { booleanColumns: ["done"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<ApprovalRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listPendingApprovals(runId) {
+        return this.read(`list pending approvals ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_approvals
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND status = ?`, [runId, "requested"], { booleanColumns: ["autoApproved"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listAllPendingApprovals() {
+        return this.read("list all pending approvals", () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT
+           a.run_id,
+           a.node_id,
+           a.iteration,
+           a.status,
+           a.requested_at_ms,
+           a.note,
+           a.decided_by,
+           r.workflow_name,
+           r.status AS run_status,
+           n.label AS node_label
+         FROM _smithers_approvals a
+         LEFT JOIN _smithers_runs r ON a.run_id = r.run_id
+         LEFT JOIN _smithers_nodes n
+           ON a.run_id = n.run_id
+          AND a.node_id = n.node_id
+          AND a.iteration = n.iteration
+         WHERE a.status = ?
+         ORDER BY COALESCE(a.requested_at_ms, 0) ASC, a.run_id, a.node_id, a.iteration`, ["requested"]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} workflowName
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listApprovalHistoryForNode(workflowName, nodeId, limit = 50) {
+        return this.read(`list approval history ${workflowName}:${nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT
+           a.run_id,
+           a.node_id,
+           a.iteration,
+           a.status,
+           a.requested_at_ms,
+           a.decided_at_ms,
+           a.note,
+           a.decided_by,
+           a.request_json,
+           a.decision_json,
+           a.auto_approved,
+           r.workflow_name,
+           r.created_at_ms AS run_created_at_ms
+         FROM _smithers_approvals a
+         INNER JOIN _smithers_runs r ON a.run_id = r.run_id
+         WHERE r.workflow_name = ? AND a.node_id = ?
+         ORDER BY r.created_at_ms DESC, a.decided_at_ms DESC
+         LIMIT ?`, [workflowName, nodeId, limit], { booleanColumns: ["autoApproved"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} ralphId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Record<string, unknown> | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getRalph(runId, ralphId) {
+        return this.read(`get ralph ${ralphId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_ralph
+         WHERE run_id = ? AND ralph_id = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [runId, ralphId], { booleanColumns: ["done"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertCache(row) {
+        return this.write(`insert cache ${row.cacheKey}`, () => this.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_cache", row));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertCacheEffect(row) {
+        return this.insertCache(row);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} cacheKey
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<CacheRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getCache(cacheKey) {
+        return this.read(`get cache ${cacheKey}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryOne(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_cache
+         WHERE cache_key = ?
+         LIMIT 1`, [cacheKey]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {string} [outputTable]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<CacheRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listCacheByNode(nodeId, outputTable, limit = 20) {
+        return this.read(`list cache by node ${nodeId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_cache
+         WHERE node_id = ?${outputTable ? " AND output_table = ?" : ""}
+         ORDER BY created_at_ms DESC
+         LIMIT ?`, outputTable ? [nodeId, outputTable, limit] : [nodeId, limit]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} frameNo
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    deleteFramesAfter(runId, frameNo) {
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(Effect.gen(function* () {
+            yield* self.write(`delete frames after ${frameNo}`, () => self.internalStorage.deleteWhere("_smithers_frames", "run_id = ? AND frame_no > ?", [runId, frameNo]));
+            self.clearFrameCacheForRun(runId);
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {number} limit
+   * @param {number} [afterFrameNo]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<FrameRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listFrames(runId, limit, afterFrameNo) {
+        const self = this;
+        return runnableEffect(Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const rows = (yield* self.read(`list frames ${runId}`, () => self.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+           FROM _smithers_frames
+           WHERE run_id = ?${afterFrameNo !== undefined ? " AND frame_no > ?" : ""}
+           ORDER BY frame_no DESC
+           LIMIT ?`, afterFrameNo !== undefined
+                ? [runId, afterFrameNo, limit]
+                : [runId, limit])));
+            const localCache = new Map();
+            const expanded = [];
+            for (const row of rows) {
+                expanded.push(yield* self.inflateFrameRow(row, localCache));
+            }
+            return expanded;
+        }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<{ state: string; count: number }>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    countNodesByState(runId) {
+        return this.read(`count nodes by state ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT state, COUNT(*) AS count
+         FROM _smithers_nodes
+         WHERE run_id = ?
+         GROUP BY state`, [runId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    upsertCron(row) {
+        return this.write("upsert cron", () => this.internalStorage.upsert("_smithers_cron", row, ["cronId"], ["pattern", "workflowPath", "enabled", "nextRunAtMs"]));
+    }
+    /**
+    * @param {boolean} [enabledOnly]
+    * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+    */
+    listCrons(enabledOnly = true) {
+        return this.read("list crons", () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_cron${enabledOnly ? " WHERE enabled = ?" : ""}`, enabledOnly ? [true] : [], { booleanColumns: ["enabled"] }));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} cronId
+   * @param {number} lastRunAtMs
+   * @param {number} nextRunAtMs
+   * @param {string | null} [errorJson]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    updateCronRunTime(cronId, lastRunAtMs, nextRunAtMs, errorJson) {
+        return this.write(`update cron run time ${cronId}`, () => this.internalStorage.updateWhere("_smithers_cron", { lastRunAtMs, nextRunAtMs, errorJson: errorJson ?? null }, "cron_id = ?", [cronId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} cronId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    deleteCron(cronId) {
+        return this.write(`delete cron ${cronId}`, () => this.internalStorage.deleteWhere("_smithers_cron", "cron_id = ?", [cronId]));
+    }
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Scorer results
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+   * @param {Record<string, unknown>} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertScorerResult(row) {
+        return this.write(`insert scorer result ${row.scorerId}`, () => this.internalStorage.insertIgnore("_smithers_scorers", row));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} [nodeId]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listScorerResults(runId, nodeId) {
+        return this.read(`list scorer results ${runId}`, () => this.internalStorage.queryAll(`SELECT *
+         FROM _smithers_scorers
+         WHERE run_id = ?${nodeId ? " AND node_id = ?" : ""}
+         ORDER BY scored_at_ms ASC`, nodeId ? [runId, nodeId] : [runId]));
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<RunRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getRunEffect(runId) {
+        return this.getRun(runId);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} [status]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<RunRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listRunsEffect(limit = 50, status) {
+        return this.listRuns(limit, status);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {number} staleBeforeMs
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<StaleRunRecord[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listStaleRunningRunsEffect(staleBeforeMs, limit = 1000) {
+        return this.listStaleRunningRuns(staleBeforeMs, limit);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Parameters<SmithersDb["claimRunForResume"]>[0]} params
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<boolean, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    claimRunForResumeEffect(params) {
+        return this.claimRunForResume(params);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Parameters<SmithersDb["releaseRunResumeClaim"]>[0]} params
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    releaseRunResumeClaimEffect(params) {
+        return this.releaseRunResumeClaim(params);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<NodeRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listNodeIterationsEffect(runId, nodeId) {
+        return this.listNodeIterations(runId, nodeId);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<NodeRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listNodesEffect(runId) {
+        return this.listNodes(runId);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AttemptRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listAttemptsEffect(runId, nodeId, iteration) {
+        return this.listAttempts(runId, nodeId, iteration);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<AttemptRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listAttemptsForRunEffect(runId) {
+        return this.listAttemptsForRun(runId);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listToolCallsEffect(runId, nodeId, iteration) {
+        return this.listToolCalls(runId, nodeId, iteration);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} tableName
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {number} iteration
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Record<string, unknown> | null, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getRawNodeOutputForIterationEffect(tableName, runId, nodeId, iteration) {
+        return this.getRawNodeOutputForIteration(tableName, runId, nodeId, iteration);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {Parameters<SmithersDb["insertEventWithNextSeq"]>[0]} row
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<number, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    insertEventWithNextSeqEffect(row) {
+        return this.insertEventWithNextSeq(row);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<number | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getLastEventSeqEffect(runId) {
+        return this.getLastEventSeq(runId);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {EventHistoryQuery} [query]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listEventHistoryEffect(runId, query = {}) {
+        return this.listEventHistory(runId, query);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {EventHistoryQuery} [query]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<number, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    countEventHistoryEffect(runId, query = {}) {
+        return this.countEventHistory(runId, query);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} type
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listEventsByTypeEffect(runId, type) {
+        return this.listEventsByType(runId, type);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<ApprovalRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listPendingApprovalsEffect(runId) {
+        return this.listPendingApprovals(runId);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<FrameRow | undefined, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    getLastFrameEffect(runId) {
+        return this.getLastFrame(runId);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} nodeId
+   * @param {string} [outputTable]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<CacheRow[], SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listCacheByNodeEffect(nodeId, outputTable, limit = 20) {
+        return this.listCacheByNode(nodeId, outputTable, limit);
+    }
+    /**
+    * @param {boolean} [enabledOnly]
+    * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+    */
+    listCronsEffect(enabledOnly = true) {
+        return this.listCrons(enabledOnly);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} cronId
+   * @param {number} lastRunAtMs
+   * @param {number} nextRunAtMs
+   * @param {string | null} [errorJson]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<void, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    updateCronRunTimeEffect(cronId, lastRunAtMs, nextRunAtMs, errorJson) {
+        return this.updateCronRunTime(cronId, lastRunAtMs, nextRunAtMs, errorJson);
+    }
+    /**
+   * @param {string} runId
+   * @param {string} [nodeId]
+   * @returns {RunnableEffect<Array<Record<string, unknown>>, SmithersError>}
+   */
+    listScorerResultsEffect(runId, nodeId) {
+        return this.listScorerResults(runId, nodeId);
+    }
+}