@smartnet360/svelte-components 0.0.101 → 0.0.103

package/dist/core/CoverageMap/core/PathLossModels.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+/**
+ * Path Loss Models
+ *
+ * This module implements various RF propagation path loss models.
+ * Path loss describes how signal strength decreases with distance.
+ *
+ * Models implemented:
+ * 1. Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) - Ideal conditions, line of sight
+ * 2. Hata Model - Urban/Suburban/Rural environments
+ * 3. COST-231 Hata - Extended Hata for higher frequencies
+ *
+ * All models return path loss in dB (positive value).
+ * Higher values = more loss = weaker signal.
+ */
+import type { PathLossModel } from '../types';
+/**
+ * Calculate Free Space Path Loss (FSPL)
+ *
+ * FSPL represents signal attenuation in ideal conditions:
+ * - Perfect line of sight
+ * - No obstacles
+ * - No ground reflections
+ * - No atmospheric absorption
+ *
+ * This is the MINIMUM possible path loss. Real-world loss is always higher.
+ *
+ * Formula:
+ *   FSPL(dB) = 32.45 + 20×log₁₀(d_km) + 20×log₁₀(f_MHz)
+ *
+ * Breaking down the formula:
+ *
+ * 1. Constant term (32.45):
+ *    - Derived from (4π/c)² where c = speed of light
+ *    - Accounts for wave spreading in free space
+ *    - Unit conversion factor (km, MHz → dB)
+ *
+ * 2. Distance term: 20×log₁₀(d_km)
+ *    - Signal spreads over spherical wavefront
+ *    - Area increases as r² (doubling distance = -6 dB)
+ *    - Why 20 log? Because power ∝ 1/r², and 10×log₁₀(r²) = 20×log₁₀(r)
+ *
+ * 3. Frequency term: 20×log₁₀(f_MHz)
+ *    - Higher frequency = shorter wavelength
+ *    - Smaller antenna aperture (capture area)
+ *    - Doubling frequency = +6 dB loss
+ *
+ * Physical intuition:
+ *   - Imagine signal energy spreading over expanding sphere
+ *   - Surface area = 4πr²
+ *   - Power density = Power / (4πr²)
+ *   - As distance doubles, density drops to 1/4 (-6 dB)
+ *
+ * Frequency dependency:
+ *   - 700 MHz: Less loss, better penetration, longer range
+ *   - 2600 MHz: More loss, worse penetration, shorter range
+ *   - Difference at 1 km: ~11 dB (2600 MHz has 11 dB more loss)
+ *
+ * Typical FSPL values:
+ *   Distance | 700 MHz | 1800 MHz | 2600 MHz
+ *   ---------|---------|----------|----------
+ *   0.1 km   |   77 dB |   85 dB  |   89 dB
+ *   1 km     |   97 dB |  105 dB  |  109 dB
+ *   5 km     |  111 dB |  119 dB  |  123 dB
+ *   10 km    |  117 dB |  125 dB  |  129 dB
+ *
+ * Use cases:
+ *   - Microwave links (actual line of sight)
+ *   - Satellite communications
+ *   - Initial planning estimates
+ *   - Best-case scenario calculations
+ *
+ * Limitations:
+ *   ❌ Ignores buildings, trees, terrain
+ *   ❌ Ignores ground reflections
+ *   ❌ Only valid for far-field (d >> wavelength)
+ *   ❌ Real cellular networks experience 20-40 dB additional loss
+ *
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance between transmitter and receiver (km)
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Operating frequency (MHz)
+ * @returns Path loss in dB (positive value)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const loss = calculateFSPL(1.0, 1800);  // 1 km at 1800 MHz
+ * // Returns: ~105 dB
+ * // Interpretation: Signal is 105 dB weaker than transmitted
+ */
+export declare function calculateFSPL(distanceKm: number, frequencyMHz: number): number;
+/**
+ * Calculate path loss using Hata Model
+ *
+ * The Hata model is an empirical formula derived from Okumura's measurements
+ * in Tokyo. It's widely used for cellular network planning in various environments.
+ *
+ * Valid ranges:
+ *   - Frequency: 150 - 1500 MHz (original), extended to 2000 MHz
+ *   - Distance: 1 - 20 km
+ *   - Base station height: 30 - 200 m
+ *   - Mobile height: 1 - 10 m
+ *
+ * Formula (Urban):
+ *   L = 69.55 + 26.16×log₁₀(f) - 13.82×log₁₀(h_b) - a(h_m)
+ *       + (44.9 - 6.55×log₁₀(h_b))×log₁₀(d)
+ *
+ * Where:
+ *   - f = frequency in MHz
+ *   - h_b = base station (antenna) height in meters
+ *   - h_m = mobile station height in meters
+ *   - d = distance in km
+ *   - a(h_m) = mobile antenna height correction factor
+ *
+ * For small/medium city:
+ *   a(h_m) = (1.1×log₁₀(f) - 0.7)×h_m - (1.56×log₁₀(f) - 0.8)
+ *
+ * For large city (f ≤ 200 MHz):
+ *   a(h_m) = 8.29×(log₁₀(1.54×h_m))² - 1.1
+ *
+ * For large city (f ≥ 400 MHz):
+ *   a(h_m) = 3.2×(log₁₀(11.75×h_m))² - 4.97
+ *
+ * Environment adjustments:
+ *
+ * Suburban:
+ *   L_suburban = L_urban - 2×(log₁₀(f/28))² - 5.4
+ *   Typically 10-20 dB less loss than urban
+ *
+ * Rural (open):
+ *   L_rural = L_urban - 4.78×(log₁₀(f))² + 18.33×log₁₀(f) - 40.94
+ *   Typically 20-30 dB less loss than urban
+ *
+ * Physical meaning:
+ *   - Accounts for buildings, street canyons, clutter
+ *   - Based on actual measurements in real cities
+ *   - More realistic than FSPL for cellular networks
+ *   - Still doesn't account for specific terrain/buildings
+ *
+ * Typical Hata values vs FSPL (1800 MHz, 30m antenna, 1.5m mobile):
+ *   Distance | FSPL   | Hata Urban | Hata Suburban | Hata Rural
+ *   ---------|--------|------------|---------------|------------
+ *   1 km     | 105 dB |   127 dB   |    115 dB     |   105 dB
+ *   5 km     | 119 dB |   141 dB   |    129 dB     |   119 dB
+ *   10 km    | 125 dB |   147 dB   |    135 dB     |   125 dB
+ *
+ * Note: Hata adds 20-40 dB loss compared to FSPL in urban areas!
+ *
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance (1-20 km)
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Frequency (150-2000 MHz)
+ * @param antennaHeightM - Base station antenna height (30-200 m)
+ * @param mobileHeightM - Mobile height (1-10 m, default: 1.5m)
+ * @param environment - 'urban' | 'suburban' | 'rural'
+ * @param citySize - 'small' | 'medium' | 'large' (for urban only)
+ * @returns Path loss in dB
+ */
+export declare function calculateHata(distanceKm: number, frequencyMHz: number, antennaHeightM: number, mobileHeightM?: number, environment?: 'urban' | 'suburban' | 'rural', citySize?: 'small' | 'medium' | 'large'): number;
+/**
+ * Calculate path loss using COST-231 Hata Model
+ *
+ * COST-231 is an extension of the Hata model for higher frequencies.
+ * It extends the valid frequency range from 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz,
+ * making it suitable for modern cellular networks (1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz).
+ *
+ * Valid ranges:
+ *   - Frequency: 1500 - 2000 MHz (extended range)
+ *   - Distance: 1 - 20 km
+ *   - Base station height: 30 - 200 m
+ *   - Mobile height: 1 - 10 m
+ *
+ * Formula:
+ *   L = 46.3 + 33.9×log₁₀(f) - 13.82×log₁₀(h_b) - a(h_m)
+ *       + (44.9 - 6.55×log₁₀(h_b))×log₁₀(d) + C_m
+ *
+ * Where C_m is the environment correction:
+ *   - C_m = 0 dB for suburban/rural (medium city)
+ *   - C_m = 3 dB for metropolitan centers (urban)
+ *
+ * Differences from Hata:
+ *   - Different constant terms (46.3 vs 69.55)
+ *   - Different frequency coefficient (33.9 vs 26.16)
+ *   - Addition of C_m term
+ *   - Valid for higher frequencies
+ *
+ * Use this model for:
+ *   ✅ 1800 MHz (LTE Band 3, GSM 1800)
+ *   ✅ 1900 MHz (PCS, LTE Band 2)
+ *   ✅ 2100 MHz (UMTS, LTE Band 1)
+ *   ✅ 2600 MHz (LTE Band 7) - slightly outside range but acceptable
+ *
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance (1-20 km)
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Frequency (1500-2000 MHz)
+ * @param antennaHeightM - Base station antenna height (30-200 m)
+ * @param mobileHeightM - Mobile height (1-10 m, default: 1.5m)
+ * @param isMetropolitan - true for dense urban, false for suburban
+ * @returns Path loss in dB
+ */
+export declare function calculateCOST231(distanceKm: number, frequencyMHz: number, antennaHeightM: number, mobileHeightM?: number, isMetropolitan?: boolean): number;
+/**
+ * Calculate path loss using specified model
+ *
+ * This is the main entry point for path loss calculations.
+ * It selects the appropriate model and parameters.
+ *
+ * Model selection guide:
+ *
+ * 1. Free Space (FSPL):
+ *    - Best case scenario
+ *    - Quick calculations
+ *    - Microwave links
+ *    - Line of sight paths
+ *
+ * 2. Hata:
+ *    - Frequencies 150-1500 MHz
+ *    - Good for 700 MHz, 850 MHz bands
+ *    - Mature, well-tested model
+ *
+ * 3. COST-231:
+ *    - Frequencies 1500-2000 MHz
+ *    - Best for 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz
+ *    - Modern cellular networks
+ *
+ * Default parameters:
+ *   - Mobile height: 1.5m (typical phone height)
+ *   - Environment: urban (conservative estimate)
+ *
+ * @param model - Path loss model to use
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance in km
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Frequency in MHz
+ * @param antennaHeightM - Antenna height in meters
+ * @param options - Additional options for specific models
+ * @returns Path loss in dB
+ */
+export declare function calculatePathLoss(model: PathLossModel, distanceKm: number, frequencyMHz: number, antennaHeightM: number, options?: {
+    mobileHeightM?: number;
+    environment?: 'urban' | 'suburban' | 'rural';
+    citySize?: 'small' | 'medium' | 'large';
+    isMetropolitan?: boolean;
+}): number;
+/**
+ * Get recommended path loss model for given frequency
+ *
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Operating frequency in MHz
+ * @returns Recommended path loss model
+ */
+export declare function getRecommendedModel(frequencyMHz: number): PathLossModel;
+/**
+ * Compare path loss across different models
+ *
+ * Useful for understanding model differences and uncertainty ranges.
+ *
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Frequency
+ * @param antennaHeightM - Antenna height
+ * @returns Object with loss values for each model
+ */
+export declare function compareModels(distanceKm: number, frequencyMHz: number, antennaHeightM: number): Record<string, number>;

package/dist/core/CoverageMap/core/PathLossModels.js

@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+/**
+ * Path Loss Models
+ *
+ * This module implements various RF propagation path loss models.
+ * Path loss describes how signal strength decreases with distance.
+ *
+ * Models implemented:
+ * 1. Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) - Ideal conditions, line of sight
+ * 2. Hata Model - Urban/Suburban/Rural environments
+ * 3. COST-231 Hata - Extended Hata for higher frequencies
+ *
+ * All models return path loss in dB (positive value).
+ * Higher values = more loss = weaker signal.
+ */
+// ============================================================================
+// FREE SPACE PATH LOSS (FSPL)
+// ============================================================================
+/**
+ * Calculate Free Space Path Loss (FSPL)
+ *
+ * FSPL represents signal attenuation in ideal conditions:
+ * - Perfect line of sight
+ * - No obstacles
+ * - No ground reflections
+ * - No atmospheric absorption
+ *
+ * This is the MINIMUM possible path loss. Real-world loss is always higher.
+ *
+ * Formula:
+ *   FSPL(dB) = 32.45 + 20×log₁₀(d_km) + 20×log₁₀(f_MHz)
+ *
+ * Breaking down the formula:
+ *
+ * 1. Constant term (32.45):
+ *    - Derived from (4π/c)² where c = speed of light
+ *    - Accounts for wave spreading in free space
+ *    - Unit conversion factor (km, MHz → dB)
+ *
+ * 2. Distance term: 20×log₁₀(d_km)
+ *    - Signal spreads over spherical wavefront
+ *    - Area increases as r² (doubling distance = -6 dB)
+ *    - Why 20 log? Because power ∝ 1/r², and 10×log₁₀(r²) = 20×log₁₀(r)
+ *
+ * 3. Frequency term: 20×log₁₀(f_MHz)
+ *    - Higher frequency = shorter wavelength
+ *    - Smaller antenna aperture (capture area)
+ *    - Doubling frequency = +6 dB loss
+ *
+ * Physical intuition:
+ *   - Imagine signal energy spreading over expanding sphere
+ *   - Surface area = 4πr²
+ *   - Power density = Power / (4πr²)
+ *   - As distance doubles, density drops to 1/4 (-6 dB)
+ *
+ * Frequency dependency:
+ *   - 700 MHz: Less loss, better penetration, longer range
+ *   - 2600 MHz: More loss, worse penetration, shorter range
+ *   - Difference at 1 km: ~11 dB (2600 MHz has 11 dB more loss)
+ *
+ * Typical FSPL values:
+ *   Distance | 700 MHz | 1800 MHz | 2600 MHz
+ *   ---------|---------|----------|----------
+ *   0.1 km   |   77 dB |   85 dB  |   89 dB
+ *   1 km     |   97 dB |  105 dB  |  109 dB
+ *   5 km     |  111 dB |  119 dB  |  123 dB
+ *   10 km    |  117 dB |  125 dB  |  129 dB
+ *
+ * Use cases:
+ *   - Microwave links (actual line of sight)
+ *   - Satellite communications
+ *   - Initial planning estimates
+ *   - Best-case scenario calculations
+ *
+ * Limitations:
+ *   ❌ Ignores buildings, trees, terrain
+ *   ❌ Ignores ground reflections
+ *   ❌ Only valid for far-field (d >> wavelength)
+ *   ❌ Real cellular networks experience 20-40 dB additional loss
+ *
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance between transmitter and receiver (km)
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Operating frequency (MHz)
+ * @returns Path loss in dB (positive value)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const loss = calculateFSPL(1.0, 1800);  // 1 km at 1800 MHz
+ * // Returns: ~105 dB
+ * // Interpretation: Signal is 105 dB weaker than transmitted
+ */
+export function calculateFSPL(distanceKm, frequencyMHz) {
+    // Validate inputs
+    if (distanceKm <= 0) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid distance: ${distanceKm} km. Must be positive.`);
+    }
+    if (frequencyMHz <= 0) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid frequency: ${frequencyMHz} MHz. Must be positive.`);
+    }
+    // Calculate each term separately for clarity
+    const constantTerm = 32.45;
+    const distanceTerm = 20 * Math.log10(distanceKm);
+    const frequencyTerm = 20 * Math.log10(frequencyMHz);
+    // Combine terms
+    const fspl = constantTerm + distanceTerm + frequencyTerm;
+    return fspl;
+}
+// ============================================================================
+// HATA MODEL (OKUMURA-HATA)
+// ============================================================================
+/**
+ * Calculate path loss using Hata Model
+ *
+ * The Hata model is an empirical formula derived from Okumura's measurements
+ * in Tokyo. It's widely used for cellular network planning in various environments.
+ *
+ * Valid ranges:
+ *   - Frequency: 150 - 1500 MHz (original), extended to 2000 MHz
+ *   - Distance: 1 - 20 km
+ *   - Base station height: 30 - 200 m
+ *   - Mobile height: 1 - 10 m
+ *
+ * Formula (Urban):
+ *   L = 69.55 + 26.16×log₁₀(f) - 13.82×log₁₀(h_b) - a(h_m)
+ *       + (44.9 - 6.55×log₁₀(h_b))×log₁₀(d)
+ *
+ * Where:
+ *   - f = frequency in MHz
+ *   - h_b = base station (antenna) height in meters
+ *   - h_m = mobile station height in meters
+ *   - d = distance in km
+ *   - a(h_m) = mobile antenna height correction factor
+ *
+ * For small/medium city:
+ *   a(h_m) = (1.1×log₁₀(f) - 0.7)×h_m - (1.56×log₁₀(f) - 0.8)
+ *
+ * For large city (f ≤ 200 MHz):
+ *   a(h_m) = 8.29×(log₁₀(1.54×h_m))² - 1.1
+ *
+ * For large city (f ≥ 400 MHz):
+ *   a(h_m) = 3.2×(log₁₀(11.75×h_m))² - 4.97
+ *
+ * Environment adjustments:
+ *
+ * Suburban:
+ *   L_suburban = L_urban - 2×(log₁₀(f/28))² - 5.4
+ *   Typically 10-20 dB less loss than urban
+ *
+ * Rural (open):
+ *   L_rural = L_urban - 4.78×(log₁₀(f))² + 18.33×log₁₀(f) - 40.94
+ *   Typically 20-30 dB less loss than urban
+ *
+ * Physical meaning:
+ *   - Accounts for buildings, street canyons, clutter
+ *   - Based on actual measurements in real cities
+ *   - More realistic than FSPL for cellular networks
+ *   - Still doesn't account for specific terrain/buildings
+ *
+ * Typical Hata values vs FSPL (1800 MHz, 30m antenna, 1.5m mobile):
+ *   Distance | FSPL   | Hata Urban | Hata Suburban | Hata Rural
+ *   ---------|--------|------------|---------------|------------
+ *   1 km     | 105 dB |   127 dB   |    115 dB     |   105 dB
+ *   5 km     | 119 dB |   141 dB   |    129 dB     |   119 dB
+ *   10 km    | 125 dB |   147 dB   |    135 dB     |   125 dB
+ *
+ * Note: Hata adds 20-40 dB loss compared to FSPL in urban areas!
+ *
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance (1-20 km)
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Frequency (150-2000 MHz)
+ * @param antennaHeightM - Base station antenna height (30-200 m)
+ * @param mobileHeightM - Mobile height (1-10 m, default: 1.5m)
+ * @param environment - 'urban' | 'suburban' | 'rural'
+ * @param citySize - 'small' | 'medium' | 'large' (for urban only)
+ * @returns Path loss in dB
+ */
+export function calculateHata(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, mobileHeightM = 1.5, environment = 'urban', citySize = 'medium') {
+    // Validate inputs against Hata model valid ranges
+    if (distanceKm < 1 || distanceKm > 20) {
+        console.warn(`Hata model: distance ${distanceKm} km outside valid range (1-20 km)`);
+    }
+    if (frequencyMHz < 150 || frequencyMHz > 2000) {
+        console.warn(`Hata model: frequency ${frequencyMHz} MHz outside valid range (150-2000 MHz)`);
+    }
+    if (antennaHeightM < 30 || antennaHeightM > 200) {
+        console.warn(`Hata model: antenna height ${antennaHeightM} m outside valid range (30-200 m)`);
+    }
+    // Calculate mobile antenna height correction factor a(h_m)
+    let a_hm;
+    if (citySize === 'large') {
+        // Large city correction
+        if (frequencyMHz <= 200) {
+            // Low frequency formula
+            const term = Math.log10(1.54 * mobileHeightM);
+            a_hm = 8.29 * term * term - 1.1;
+        }
+        else {
+            // High frequency formula (≥ 400 MHz)
+            const term = Math.log10(11.75 * mobileHeightM);
+            a_hm = 3.2 * term * term - 4.97;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        // Small/medium city correction
+        a_hm =
+            (1.1 * Math.log10(frequencyMHz) - 0.7) * mobileHeightM -
+                (1.56 * Math.log10(frequencyMHz) - 0.8);
+    }
+    // Calculate urban path loss (base formula)
+    const term1 = 69.55;
+    const term2 = 26.16 * Math.log10(frequencyMHz);
+    const term3 = 13.82 * Math.log10(antennaHeightM);
+    const term4 = (44.9 - 6.55 * Math.log10(antennaHeightM)) * Math.log10(distanceKm);
+    const urbanLoss = term1 + term2 - term3 - a_hm + term4;
+    // Apply environment correction
+    if (environment === 'suburban') {
+        // Suburban correction (less loss than urban)
+        const correction = 2 * Math.pow(Math.log10(frequencyMHz / 28), 2) + 5.4;
+        return urbanLoss - correction;
+    }
+    else if (environment === 'rural') {
+        // Rural/open area correction (much less loss)
+        const correction = 4.78 * Math.pow(Math.log10(frequencyMHz), 2) +
+            18.33 * Math.log10(frequencyMHz) -
+            40.94;
+        return urbanLoss - correction;
+    }
+    // Urban environment (no correction)
+    return urbanLoss;
+}
+// ============================================================================
+// COST-231 HATA MODEL (EXTENDED)
+// ============================================================================
+/**
+ * Calculate path loss using COST-231 Hata Model
+ *
+ * COST-231 is an extension of the Hata model for higher frequencies.
+ * It extends the valid frequency range from 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz,
+ * making it suitable for modern cellular networks (1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz).
+ *
+ * Valid ranges:
+ *   - Frequency: 1500 - 2000 MHz (extended range)
+ *   - Distance: 1 - 20 km
+ *   - Base station height: 30 - 200 m
+ *   - Mobile height: 1 - 10 m
+ *
+ * Formula:
+ *   L = 46.3 + 33.9×log₁₀(f) - 13.82×log₁₀(h_b) - a(h_m)
+ *       + (44.9 - 6.55×log₁₀(h_b))×log₁₀(d) + C_m
+ *
+ * Where C_m is the environment correction:
+ *   - C_m = 0 dB for suburban/rural (medium city)
+ *   - C_m = 3 dB for metropolitan centers (urban)
+ *
+ * Differences from Hata:
+ *   - Different constant terms (46.3 vs 69.55)
+ *   - Different frequency coefficient (33.9 vs 26.16)
+ *   - Addition of C_m term
+ *   - Valid for higher frequencies
+ *
+ * Use this model for:
+ *   ✅ 1800 MHz (LTE Band 3, GSM 1800)
+ *   ✅ 1900 MHz (PCS, LTE Band 2)
+ *   ✅ 2100 MHz (UMTS, LTE Band 1)
+ *   ✅ 2600 MHz (LTE Band 7) - slightly outside range but acceptable
+ *
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance (1-20 km)
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Frequency (1500-2000 MHz)
+ * @param antennaHeightM - Base station antenna height (30-200 m)
+ * @param mobileHeightM - Mobile height (1-10 m, default: 1.5m)
+ * @param isMetropolitan - true for dense urban, false for suburban
+ * @returns Path loss in dB
+ */
+export function calculateCOST231(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, mobileHeightM = 1.5, isMetropolitan = false) {
+    // Validate inputs
+    if (distanceKm < 1 || distanceKm > 20) {
+        console.warn(`COST-231: distance ${distanceKm} km outside valid range (1-20 km)`);
+    }
+    if (frequencyMHz < 1500 || frequencyMHz > 2000) {
+        console.warn(`COST-231: frequency ${frequencyMHz} MHz outside valid range (1500-2000 MHz)`);
+    }
+    // Calculate mobile antenna height correction factor
+    // Using medium city formula (most common)
+    const a_hm = (1.1 * Math.log10(frequencyMHz) - 0.7) * mobileHeightM -
+        (1.56 * Math.log10(frequencyMHz) - 0.8);
+    // Environment correction factor
+    const C_m = isMetropolitan ? 3 : 0;
+    // COST-231 formula
+    const term1 = 46.3;
+    const term2 = 33.9 * Math.log10(frequencyMHz);
+    const term3 = 13.82 * Math.log10(antennaHeightM);
+    const term4 = (44.9 - 6.55 * Math.log10(antennaHeightM)) * Math.log10(distanceKm);
+    const pathLoss = term1 + term2 - term3 - a_hm + term4 + C_m;
+    return pathLoss;
+}
+// ============================================================================
+// MODEL SELECTOR
+// ============================================================================
+/**
+ * Calculate path loss using specified model
+ *
+ * This is the main entry point for path loss calculations.
+ * It selects the appropriate model and parameters.
+ *
+ * Model selection guide:
+ *
+ * 1. Free Space (FSPL):
+ *    - Best case scenario
+ *    - Quick calculations
+ *    - Microwave links
+ *    - Line of sight paths
+ *
+ * 2. Hata:
+ *    - Frequencies 150-1500 MHz
+ *    - Good for 700 MHz, 850 MHz bands
+ *    - Mature, well-tested model
+ *
+ * 3. COST-231:
+ *    - Frequencies 1500-2000 MHz
+ *    - Best for 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz
+ *    - Modern cellular networks
+ *
+ * Default parameters:
+ *   - Mobile height: 1.5m (typical phone height)
+ *   - Environment: urban (conservative estimate)
+ *
+ * @param model - Path loss model to use
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance in km
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Frequency in MHz
+ * @param antennaHeightM - Antenna height in meters
+ * @param options - Additional options for specific models
+ * @returns Path loss in dB
+ */
+export function calculatePathLoss(model, distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, options) {
+    switch (model) {
+        case 'free-space':
+            return calculateFSPL(distanceKm, frequencyMHz);
+        case 'hata-urban':
+            return calculateHata(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, options?.mobileHeightM || 1.5, 'urban', options?.citySize || 'medium');
+        case 'hata-suburban':
+            return calculateHata(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, options?.mobileHeightM || 1.5, 'suburban', options?.citySize || 'medium');
+        case 'cost231':
+            return calculateCOST231(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, options?.mobileHeightM || 1.5, options?.isMetropolitan || false);
+        default:
+            console.warn(`Unknown path loss model: ${model}, falling back to FSPL`);
+            return calculateFSPL(distanceKm, frequencyMHz);
+    }
+}
+// ============================================================================
+// UTILITY FUNCTIONS
+// ============================================================================
+/**
+ * Get recommended path loss model for given frequency
+ *
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Operating frequency in MHz
+ * @returns Recommended path loss model
+ */
+export function getRecommendedModel(frequencyMHz) {
+    if (frequencyMHz < 1500) {
+        return 'hata-urban'; // Use Hata for lower frequencies
+    }
+    else {
+        return 'cost231'; // Use COST-231 for higher frequencies
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Compare path loss across different models
+ *
+ * Useful for understanding model differences and uncertainty ranges.
+ *
+ * @param distanceKm - Distance
+ * @param frequencyMHz - Frequency
+ * @param antennaHeightM - Antenna height
+ * @returns Object with loss values for each model
+ */
+export function compareModels(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM) {
+    return {
+        freeSpace: calculateFSPL(distanceKm, frequencyMHz),
+        hataUrban: calculateHata(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, 1.5, 'urban', 'medium'),
+        hataSuburban: calculateHata(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, 1.5, 'suburban', 'medium'),
+        hataRural: calculateHata(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, 1.5, 'rural', 'medium'),
+        cost231: calculateCOST231(distanceKm, frequencyMHz, antennaHeightM, 1.5, false)
+    };
+}