@smartledger/bsv 9.7.0 → 9.9.0

package/lib/notaryhash/certificate.js

@@ -2,80 +2,307 @@
 
 var JCS = require('../util/jcs')
 var Encoding = require('./encoding')
+var Merkle = require('./merkle')
 var NotaryScript = require('./script')
+var deprecate = require('../util/deprecate')
 var $ = require('../util/preconditions')
 
 /**
  * BRC-220 certificate — the self-contained object a verifier is handed.
  *
- * Required fields, per the spec: protocol, version, mode, algorithm, hashAlgorithm,
- * payloadHash, publicKey, signature, encoding, proofHash, createdAt, anchor. A batched
- * certificate additionally carries `merkle`.
+ * There are two JSON formats, and this module reads both.
  *
- * Two things about it are easy to get wrong, and both are load-bearing:
+ * The REFERENCE format is the BRC-220 reference implementation's, field for field. A
+ * certificate exists to be checked by someone other than its issuer, and this is the
+ * format every other BRC-220 verifier reads:
+ *
+ *   {
+ *     protocol: 'NotaryHash',
+ *     version: '1.0',
+ *     mode: 'full' | 'hybrid',              // how the proof sits on chain
+ *     algorithm, hashAlgorithm,
+ *     payloadHash: <hex>,
+ *     publicKey, signature: <per encoding>, // FULL blobs, even in hybrid mode
+ *     encoding: 'hex' | 'base64',           // how publicKey and signature are written
+ *     proofHash: <hex>,
+ *     createdAt: <ISO 8601, whole seconds>,
+ *     anchor: { type: 'direct' | 'batch', network, txid, vout, blockHeight, blockTime },
+ *     merkle: { root, leafIndex, leafCount, path: [{ hash, side }] },  // iff batch
+ *     spv: { rawTx, blockHash, blockHeight, merkleProof, format }      // once mined
+ *   }
+ *
+ * Batch is NOT a mode there. A batched proof is still full or hybrid; what makes it a
+ * batch is that its anchor holds a Merkle root rather than the proof itself, which is why
+ * the reference marks it on `anchor.type`.
+ *
+ * The LEGACY format is what 8.3.0–9.8.0 wrote: `version: 1`, the numeric on-chain mode
+ * byte, `encoding: "raw" | "der"`, `anchor: { txid, blockHeight }` and bare-hash Merkle
+ * paths. BRC-220 lists the required fields but not their JSON values, and those releases
+ * filled the gap with choices of their own, so the reference could verify none of their
+ * certificates and they could verify none of the reference's. The cryptography agreed
+ * throughout; only the JSON did not.
+ *
+ * Reading: every check normalises a legacy certificate onto the reference format first,
+ * so both verify.
+ *
+ * Writing: `build({ format: 'reference' })` writes the reference format. Through 9.x,
+ * omitting `format` still writes the legacy one, byte for byte as 9.8.0 did, and warns
+ * once — STABILITY.md does not let a minor change what an API returns. The default
+ * becomes 'reference' in 10.0.0.
+ *
+ * Two properties are load-bearing and both are asserted by tests:
  *
  *  - The certificate carries the FULL publicKey and signature in every mode, including
  *    hybrid, where only their SHA-256 digests go on chain. That asymmetry is the point of
  *    hybrid mode: the chain stays small, the certificate stays complete.
- *  - The SPV envelope is ADDITIVE. The spec is explicit that attaching it never changes
- *    proofHash and never invalidates a previously issued certificate — which follows from
- *    proofHash being computed over the canonical proof bytes, not over the certificate
- *    JSON. A test asserts it rather than trusting the reasoning.
+ *  - The SPV envelope is ADDITIVE. Attaching it never changes proofHash, because
+ *    proofHash is over the canonical proof bytes, not over the certificate JSON.
  */
 
 var Certificate = {}
 
 Certificate.PROTOCOL = 'NotaryHash'
+
+/**
+ * The `version` the 9.x DEFAULT format writes — the 8.3.0–9.8.0 format. It becomes
+ * REFERENCE_VERSION in 10.0.0, with the default.
+ */
 Certificate.VERSION = 1
 
+/** The `version` the reference format writes. */
+Certificate.REFERENCE_VERSION = '1.0'
+
+/** What `build()` writes. See the module comment. */
+Certificate.FORMAT = { REFERENCE: 'reference', LEGACY: 'legacy' }
+
+/** A reference-format certificate's `mode`. */
+Certificate.MODE = { FULL: 'full', HYBRID: 'hybrid' }
+
 /**
- * The byte representation of publicKey and signature.
+ * `encoding` values. In the reference format, HEX or BASE64: how `publicKey` and
+ * `signature` are written into the JSON, and nothing about their bytes — a signature is
+ * whatever the signer produced, for ECDSA 64-byte `r || s` or DER, told apart by the
+ * bytes themselves. `payloadHash`, `proofHash` and the Merkle hashes are always hex.
  *
- * The spec requires the `encoding` field but never enumerates its values; this library
- * defines them and proposes the definition upstream — see
- * docs/BRC220_ENCODING_AMENDMENT.md.
+ * RAW and DER are the legacy format's values. They named the signature's byte form, and
+ * both were written out as hex.
+ */
+Certificate.ENCODING = { HEX: 'hex', BASE64: 'base64', RAW: 'raw', DER: 'der' }
+
+Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE = { DIRECT: 'direct', BATCH: 'batch' }
+Certificate.DEFAULT_NETWORK = 'bsv-mainnet'
+
+// What 8.3.0–9.8.0 wrote in `version`. Not exported under this name: in 9.x it is
+// Certificate.VERSION, and a second constant for the same value invites the two to drift.
+var LEGACY_VERSION = 1
+
+// What each legacy numeric mode becomes. Legacy batch (2) was a mode; here it is a full
+// proof on a batch anchor.
+var LEGACY_MODE = { 0: 'full', 1: 'hybrid', 2: 'full' }
+
+var HEX_RE = /^[0-9a-fA-F]*$/
+// The reference decodes base64 with Buffer.from(value, 'base64'), which also takes the
+// URL-safe alphabet and missing padding. Those are accepted here too, so nothing the
+// reference reads is refused. What is NOT accepted is any other character: Buffer.from
+// skips those silently, turning a corrupted field into different bytes instead of an
+// error.
+var BASE64_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9+/_-]*={0,2}$/
+
+/**
+ * Decode a certificate string field to bytes.
+ *
+ * Hex takes an optional `0x` prefix, because the reference accepts one. Both forms are
+ * validated rather than handed to Buffer.from, which silently drops characters it does
+ * not recognise and would turn a malformed field into different bytes instead of an
+ * error.
  *
- * RAW is what everything should emit. For ECDSA-secp256k1 that is 64 bytes of r || s,
- * each a 32-byte big-endian integer, with a 33-byte compressed public key. DER is
- * accepted for Bitcoin-native signers that already hold it, and discouraged: DER is not
- * canonical, so the same signature can encode to 69, 70 or 71 bytes, and those bytes are
- * inside proofHash.
+ * @param {String} value
+ * @param {String} encoding - 'hex' | 'base64'
+ * @param {String} [name] - for the error message
+ * @returns {Buffer}
  */
-Certificate.ENCODING = {
-  RAW: 'raw',
-  DER: 'der'
+Certificate.decodeBytes = function (value, encoding, name) {
+  name = name || 'value'
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') throw new Error(name + ' must be a string')
+  if (encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.HEX) {
+    var clean = value.slice(0, 2) === '0x' ? value.slice(2) : value
+    if (clean.length % 2 !== 0 || !HEX_RE.test(clean)) throw new Error(name + ' must be a hex string')
+    return Buffer.from(clean, 'hex')
+  }
+  if (encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.BASE64) {
+    if (!BASE64_RE.test(value)) throw new Error(name + ' must be base64')
+    return Buffer.from(value, 'base64')
+  }
+  throw new Error('encoding must be "hex" or "base64", not ' + JSON.stringify(encoding))
 }
 
-function hex (buf, name) {
+function encodeBytes (buf, encoding, name) {
   if (!Buffer.isBuffer(buf)) {
     throw new Error(name + ' must be a Buffer of raw bytes, not ' + (typeof buf))
   }
+  return encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.BASE64 ? buf.toString('base64') : buf.toString('hex')
+}
+
+/** A 32-byte hash field as lowercase hex, from a Buffer or a hex string. */
+function hashHex (value, name) {
+  var buf = Buffer.isBuffer(value) ? value : Certificate.decodeBytes(value, 'hex', name)
+  if (buf.length !== 32) throw new Error(name + ' must be 32 bytes')
   return buf.toString('hex')
 }
 
+function resolveMode (mode) {
+  if (mode === Certificate.MODE.FULL || mode === Certificate.MODE.HYBRID) {
+    return { mode: mode, batch: false }
+  }
+  // The numeric on-chain mode bytes, which is what 8.3.0–9.8.0 took here.
+  if (mode === NotaryScript.MODE.FULL) return { mode: 'full', batch: false }
+  if (mode === NotaryScript.MODE.HYBRID) return { mode: 'hybrid', batch: false }
+  if (mode === NotaryScript.MODE.BATCH) return { mode: 'full', batch: true }
+  if (mode === 'batch') {
+    throw new Error('batch is an anchor type, not a mode: pass mode "full" or "hybrid" with a merkle proof')
+  }
+  throw new Error('mode is required: "full" or "hybrid"')
+}
+
+function resolveEncoding (encoding) {
+  if (encoding === undefined) return Certificate.ENCODING.HEX
+  if (encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.HEX || encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.BASE64) {
+    return encoding
+  }
+  // The legacy values named the signature's BYTE format. Both were written as hex, so
+  // both mean "hex" in the reference format.
+  if (encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.RAW || encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.DER) {
+    return Certificate.ENCODING.HEX
+  }
+  throw new Error('encoding must be "hex" or "base64"')
+}
+
 /**
- * Build a certificate.
- *
- * `proofHash` is computed here rather than accepted, so a caller cannot supply one that
- * does not match the fields beside it. A certificate whose stated proofHash disagrees
- * with its own contents is exactly the artefact this protocol exists to make impossible,
- * and accepting the value would let one be constructed by mistake.
- *
- * @param {Object} params
- * @param {Number} params.mode - NotaryScript.MODE.*
- * @param {String} params.algorithm
- * @param {String} params.hashAlgorithm - 'SHA-256' for every algorithm the spec lists
- * @param {Buffer} params.payloadHash - raw 32 bytes
- * @param {Buffer} params.publicKey - raw bytes, FULL even in hybrid mode
- * @param {Buffer} params.signature - raw bytes, FULL even in hybrid mode
- * @param {String} [params.encoding='raw']
- * @param {String|Date} [params.createdAt] - defaults to now
- * @param {Object} params.anchor - { txid, blockHeight }
- * @param {Object} [params.merkle] - batch mode: { root, leafIndex, leafCount, path }
- * @returns {Object} certificate
+ * An audit path in the `{ hash, side }` form certificates carry, from either that form
+ * or the bare hashes 8.3.0–9.8.0 wrote. Bare hashes get their sides from the index and
+ * tree size, which is exactly how RFC 6962 determines them.
  */
-Certificate.build = function (params) {
-  $.checkArgument(params && typeof params === 'object', 'params is required')
+function sidedPath (path, leafIndex, leafCount) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(path)) throw new Error('merkle.path must be an array')
+  var sided = path.length > 0 && path.every(function (n) {
+    return n && typeof n === 'object' && !Buffer.isBuffer(n) && 'side' in n
+  })
+  if (sided || path.length === 0) {
+    return path.map(function (n, i) {
+      if (n.side !== 'left' && n.side !== 'right') {
+        throw new Error('merkle.path[' + i + '].side must be "left" or "right"')
+      }
+      return { hash: hashHex(n.hash, 'merkle.path[' + i + '].hash'), side: n.side }
+    })
+  }
+  var sides = Merkle.pathSides(leafIndex, leafCount)
+  if (sides.length !== path.length) {
+    throw new Error('merkle.path has ' + path.length + ' nodes; a tree of ' + leafCount +
+      ' leaves needs ' + sides.length + ' for leaf ' + leafIndex)
+  }
+  return path.map(function (n, i) {
+    return { hash: hashHex(n, 'merkle.path[' + i + ']'), side: sides[i] }
+  })
+}
+
+function buildMerkle (merkle) {
+  $.checkArgument(merkle && typeof merkle === 'object',
+    'batch certificates require a merkle inclusion proof')
+  $.checkArgument(Number.isInteger(merkle.leafIndex) && merkle.leafIndex >= 0,
+    'merkle.leafIndex must be a non-negative integer')
+  $.checkArgument(Number.isInteger(merkle.leafCount) && merkle.leafCount > merkle.leafIndex,
+    'merkle.leafCount must be an integer greater than leafIndex')
+  return {
+    root: hashHex(merkle.root, 'merkle.root'),
+    leafIndex: merkle.leafIndex,
+    leafCount: merkle.leafCount,
+    path: sidedPath(merkle.path, merkle.leafIndex, merkle.leafCount)
+  }
+}
+
+function buildAnchor (anchor, batch) {
+  $.checkArgument(anchor && typeof anchor === 'object', 'anchor is required')
+  $.checkArgument(typeof anchor.txid === 'string', 'anchor.txid must be a string')
+  var type = anchor.type || (batch ? Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.BATCH : Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.DIRECT)
+  $.checkArgument(type === Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.DIRECT || type === Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.BATCH,
+    'anchor.type must be "direct" or "batch"')
+  $.checkArgument((type === Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.BATCH) === batch,
+    'anchor.type is "batch" exactly when a merkle inclusion proof is given')
+  return {
+    type: type,
+    network: anchor.network || Certificate.DEFAULT_NETWORK,
+    txid: anchor.txid,
+    vout: anchor.vout === undefined ? 0 : anchor.vout,
+    blockHeight: anchor.blockHeight === undefined ? null : anchor.blockHeight,
+    blockTime: anchor.blockTime === undefined ? null : anchor.blockTime
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The reference format. `createdAt` is written the way the reference writes it — the
+ * whole seconds that go into proofHash, as ISO 8601 — so two implementations given the
+ * same proof produce the same JSON.
+ */
+function buildReference (params) {
+  var resolved = resolveMode(params.mode)
+  var batch = resolved.batch || params.merkle !== undefined ||
+    !!(params.anchor && params.anchor.type === Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.BATCH)
+  if (batch) {
+    $.checkArgument(params.merkle && typeof params.merkle === 'object',
+      'batch certificates require a merkle inclusion proof')
+  }
+  var encoding = resolveEncoding(params.encoding)
+  var anchor = buildAnchor(params.anchor, batch)
+
+  var createdAtUnix = params.createdAtUnix !== undefined
+    ? params.createdAtUnix
+    : Encoding.toUnixSeconds(params.createdAt === undefined ? new Date() : params.createdAt)
+  $.checkArgument(Number.isInteger(createdAtUnix) && createdAtUnix >= 0,
+    'createdAtUnix must be a non-negative whole number of seconds')
+
+  var proofHash = Encoding.proofHash({
+    algorithm: params.algorithm,
+    hashAlgorithm: params.hashAlgorithm,
+    payloadHash: params.payloadHash,
+    publicKey: params.publicKey,
+    signature: params.signature,
+    createdAtUnix: createdAtUnix
+  })
+
+  var certificate = {
+    protocol: Certificate.PROTOCOL,
+    version: Certificate.REFERENCE_VERSION,
+    mode: resolved.mode,
+    algorithm: params.algorithm,
+    hashAlgorithm: params.hashAlgorithm,
+    payloadHash: encodeBytes(params.payloadHash, 'hex', 'payloadHash'),
+    publicKey: encodeBytes(params.publicKey, encoding, 'publicKey'),
+    signature: encodeBytes(params.signature, encoding, 'signature'),
+    encoding: encoding,
+    proofHash: proofHash.toString('hex'),
+    createdAt: new Date(createdAtUnix * 1000).toISOString(),
+    anchor: anchor
+  }
+
+  if (batch) certificate.merkle = buildMerkle(params.merkle)
+
+  return certificate
+}
+
+function legacyHex (buf, name) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(buf)) {
+    throw new Error(name + ' must be a Buffer of raw bytes, not ' + (typeof buf))
+  }
+  return buf.toString('hex')
+}
+
+/**
+ * The legacy format: 9.8.0's build(), unchanged, so a caller on the 9.x default gets the
+ * same certificate byte for byte. test/notaryhash/certificate.js checks that against
+ * certificates the 9.8.0 code itself built. Do not tidy this — its quirks (the mode
+ * passed through as given, createdAt kept as supplied) are what 9.8.0 wrote.
+ */
+function buildLegacy (params) {
   $.checkArgument(params.anchor && typeof params.anchor === 'object', 'anchor is required')
   $.checkArgument(typeof params.anchor.txid === 'string', 'anchor.txid must be a string')
 
@@ -86,7 +313,6 @@ Certificate.build = function (params) {
   var createdAt = params.createdAt
     ? (params.createdAt instanceof Date ? params.createdAt.toISOString() : params.createdAt)
     : new Date().toISOString()
-
   var createdAtUnix = Encoding.toUnixSeconds(createdAt)
 
   var proofHash = Encoding.proofHash({
@@ -100,13 +326,13 @@ Certificate.build = function (params) {
 
   var certificate = {
     protocol: Certificate.PROTOCOL,
-    version: Certificate.VERSION,
+    version: LEGACY_VERSION,
     mode: params.mode,
     algorithm: params.algorithm,
     hashAlgorithm: params.hashAlgorithm,
-    payloadHash: hex(params.payloadHash, 'payloadHash'),
-    publicKey: hex(params.publicKey, 'publicKey'),
-    signature: hex(params.signature, 'signature'),
+    payloadHash: legacyHex(params.payloadHash, 'payloadHash'),
+    publicKey: legacyHex(params.publicKey, 'publicKey'),
+    signature: legacyHex(params.signature, 'signature'),
     encoding: encoding,
     proofHash: proofHash.toString('hex'),
     createdAt: createdAt,
@@ -130,35 +356,169 @@ Certificate.build = function (params) {
   return certificate
 }
 
+/**
+ * Build a certificate.
+ *
+ * `proofHash` is computed here rather than accepted, so a caller cannot supply one that
+ * does not match the fields beside it.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} params
+ * @param {String} [params.format] - 'reference' writes the BRC-220 reference format.
+ *   Omitted, 9.x writes the 8.3.0–9.8.0 format and warns once; the default becomes
+ *   'reference' in 10.0.0. 'legacy' pins the old format without the notice.
+ * @param {String|Number} params.mode - reference: 'full' | 'hybrid' (the numeric
+ *   NotaryScript.MODE values are still accepted; MODE.BATCH means a full proof on a
+ *   batch anchor). legacy: a NotaryScript.MODE value.
+ * @param {String} params.algorithm
+ * @param {String} params.hashAlgorithm - 'SHA-256' for every algorithm the spec lists
+ * @param {Buffer} params.payloadHash - raw 32 bytes
+ * @param {Buffer} params.publicKey - raw bytes, FULL even in hybrid mode
+ * @param {Buffer} params.signature - raw bytes as the signer produced them
+ * @param {String} [params.encoding] - reference: 'hex' (default) | 'base64'.
+ *   legacy: 'raw' (default) | 'der'
+ * @param {String|Date} [params.createdAt] - defaults to now
+ * @param {Number} [params.createdAtUnix] - reference only; whole seconds
+ * @param {Object} params.anchor - reference: { txid, vout?, network?, blockHeight?,
+ *   blockTime?, type? }. legacy: { txid, blockHeight }
+ * @param {Object} [params.merkle] - batch: { root, leafIndex, leafCount, path }. In the
+ *   reference format path is Merkle.auditPath() output; bare Merkle.path() hashes are
+ *   converted.
+ * @returns {Object} certificate
+ */
+Certificate.build = function (params) {
+  $.checkArgument(params && typeof params === 'object', 'params is required')
+
+  var format = params.format
+  if (format === undefined) {
+    // Per STABILITY.md: mark it in a minor, flip it in a major. 9.x does not change what
+    // build() returns, so the default stays the legacy format and the notice carries the
+    // migration — as LTP.Claim does for its canonicalization.
+    deprecate({
+      what: 'NotaryHash.Certificate.build() without a format',
+      since: '9.9.0',
+      removeIn: '10.0.0',
+      use: "NotaryHash.Certificate.build({ ...params, format: 'reference' })",
+      why: 'the default format is this library\'s own, which the BRC-220 reference implementation cannot verify'
+    })
+    return buildLegacy(params)
+  }
+
+  // An unrecognised value throws rather than falling back: a typo quietly selecting the
+  // legacy format would recreate the exact failure the format option exists to remove.
+  $.checkArgument(format === Certificate.FORMAT.REFERENCE || format === Certificate.FORMAT.LEGACY,
+    'Unknown certificate format: ' + format +
+    ". Expected 'reference' or 'legacy' (NotaryHash.Certificate.FORMAT)")
+
+  return format === Certificate.FORMAT.REFERENCE ? buildReference(params) : buildLegacy(params)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Is this a certificate in the 8.3.0–9.8.0 format?
+ *
+ * `version: 1` marks one. So does a numeric `mode` with no version at all: the reference
+ * format never has a numeric mode, and 9.8.0's verifyBatchInclusion accepted such objects.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} certificate
+ * @returns {Boolean}
+ */
+Certificate.isLegacy = function (certificate) {
+  return !!certificate && typeof certificate === 'object' &&
+    (certificate.version === LEGACY_VERSION ||
+      (certificate.version === undefined && typeof certificate.mode === 'number'))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Map a certificate onto the reference format.
+ *
+ * A legacy certificate is translated: `mode` 0/1/2 becomes 'full'/'hybrid'/'full' on a
+ * batch anchor, `encoding` "raw"/"der" becomes "hex" (both were hex), the anchor gains
+ * the fields the reference requires, and a bare-hash Merkle path gains its sides. A
+ * missing version stays missing, so validateShape still reports it. proofHash is
+ * untouched: it is over the canonical proof bytes, which the translation does not change.
+ *
+ * Anything else is returned as it was given, for validateShape to judge. Normalising
+ * only the format this library actually wrote keeps the two from blurring into a third
+ * that nobody writes.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} certificate
+ * @returns {Object} the reference-format certificate (a new object if translated)
+ */
+Certificate.normalize = function (certificate) {
+  if (!Certificate.isLegacy(certificate)) return certificate
+
+  var legacyBatch = certificate.mode === NotaryScript.MODE.BATCH
+  var out = Object.assign({}, certificate)
+  out.version = certificate.version === LEGACY_VERSION ? Certificate.REFERENCE_VERSION : certificate.version
+  out.mode = LEGACY_MODE[certificate.mode] !== undefined ? LEGACY_MODE[certificate.mode] : certificate.mode
+  if (certificate.encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.RAW || certificate.encoding === Certificate.ENCODING.DER) {
+    out.encoding = Certificate.ENCODING.HEX
+  }
+
+  var a = certificate.anchor && typeof certificate.anchor === 'object' ? certificate.anchor : {}
+  out.anchor = {
+    type: legacyBatch ? Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.BATCH : Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.DIRECT,
+    network: a.network || Certificate.DEFAULT_NETWORK,
+    txid: a.txid,
+    vout: a.vout === undefined ? 0 : a.vout,
+    blockHeight: a.blockHeight === undefined ? null : a.blockHeight,
+    blockTime: a.blockTime === undefined ? null : a.blockTime
+  }
+
+  if (certificate.merkle && typeof certificate.merkle === 'object') {
+    var m = certificate.merkle
+    var path = m.path
+    try {
+      path = sidedPath(m.path, m.leafIndex, m.leafCount)
+    } catch (e) {
+      // Left as it was: validateShape reports it, and verification then fails.
+    }
+    out.merkle = { root: m.root, leafIndex: m.leafIndex, leafCount: m.leafCount, path: path }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+/**
+ * The raw proof fields a certificate's strings decode to — what the canonical proof
+ * bytes, the signature check and the on-chain record comparison all operate on.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} certificate
+ * @returns {Object} { algorithm, hashAlgorithm, payloadHash, publicKey, signature, createdAtUnix }
+ */
+Certificate.toProofInput = function (certificate) {
+  $.checkArgument(certificate && typeof certificate === 'object', 'certificate is required')
+  var c = Certificate.normalize(certificate)
+  return {
+    algorithm: c.algorithm,
+    hashAlgorithm: c.hashAlgorithm,
+    payloadHash: Certificate.decodeBytes(c.payloadHash, 'hex', 'payloadHash'),
+    publicKey: Certificate.decodeBytes(c.publicKey, c.encoding, 'publicKey'),
+    signature: Certificate.decodeBytes(c.signature, c.encoding, 'signature'),
+    createdAtUnix: Encoding.toUnixSeconds(c.createdAt)
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Recompute the proofHash a certificate's own fields imply.
  *
  * This is validity check 2 of the three the spec requires, and it needs no network. It
- * decodes the hex fields back to bytes first: the canonical proof bytes are over the raw
- * bytes, and hex is twice as long, so hashing the strings would produce a value that is
- * wrong in a way that still looks like a hash.
+ * decodes the string fields back to bytes first: the canonical proof bytes are over the
+ * raw bytes, and hashing the strings would produce a value that is wrong in a way that
+ * still looks like a hash.
  *
  * @param {Object} certificate
  * @returns {Buffer} 32 bytes
  */
 Certificate.recomputeProofHash = function (certificate) {
-  $.checkArgument(certificate && typeof certificate === 'object', 'certificate is required')
-  return Encoding.proofHash({
-    algorithm: certificate.algorithm,
-    hashAlgorithm: certificate.hashAlgorithm,
-    payloadHash: Buffer.from(certificate.payloadHash, 'hex'),
-    publicKey: Buffer.from(certificate.publicKey, 'hex'),
-    signature: Buffer.from(certificate.signature, 'hex'),
-    createdAtUnix: Encoding.toUnixSeconds(certificate.createdAt)
-  })
+  return Encoding.proofHash(Certificate.toProofInput(certificate))
 }
 
 /**
  * Does the stated proofHash match the fields beside it?
  *
  * Strict boolean. Returns false rather than throwing on a malformed certificate, because
- * "this certificate is not valid" is the honest answer to a certificate that cannot be
- * parsed, and a caller writing `if (proofHashMatches(c))` must not get a truthy object.
+ * "this certificate is not valid" is the honest answer to one that cannot be parsed, and
+ * a caller writing `if (proofHashMatches(c))` must not get a truthy object.
  *
  * @param {Object} certificate
  * @returns {Boolean}
@@ -166,7 +526,7 @@ Certificate.recomputeProofHash = function (certificate) {
 Certificate.proofHashMatches = function (certificate) {
   try {
     if (!certificate || typeof certificate.proofHash !== 'string') return false
-    var stated = Buffer.from(certificate.proofHash, 'hex')
+    var stated = Certificate.decodeBytes(certificate.proofHash, 'hex', 'proofHash')
     if (stated.length !== 32) return false
     return Certificate.recomputeProofHash(certificate).equals(stated)
   } catch (e) {
@@ -180,46 +540,131 @@ Certificate.REQUIRED_FIELDS = [
   'publicKey', 'signature', 'encoding', 'proofHash', 'createdAt', 'anchor'
 ]
 
+function checkHash32 (value, name, problems) {
+  if (value === undefined) return
+  var clean = typeof value === 'string' && value.slice(0, 2) === '0x' ? value.slice(2) : value
+  if (typeof clean !== 'string' || !HEX_RE.test(clean) || clean.length % 2 !== 0) {
+    problems.push(name + ' must be a hex string')
+  } else if (clean.length !== 64) {
+    problems.push(name + ' must be 32 bytes (64 hex chars)')
+  }
+}
+
+function isIntegerOrNull (v) { return v === null || Number.isInteger(v) }
+
 /**
  * Check a certificate's SHAPE — that the required fields are present and well-formed.
  *
  * This is NOT verification. It says nothing about whether the signature is valid, whether
  * the proofHash matches, or whether the anchor exists. It exists so that those checks can
  * assume a parseable object, and it returns a list of problems rather than a boolean so
- * the caller can report which field is wrong.
+ * the caller can report which field is wrong. A legacy certificate is normalised first,
+ * so it is judged in the reference format like any other.
  *
  * @param {Object} certificate
  * @returns {Array<String>} problems; empty means the shape is fine
  */
 Certificate.validateShape = function (certificate) {
-  var problems = []
-
   if (!certificate || typeof certificate !== 'object') {
     return ['certificate must be an object']
   }
+  var c = Certificate.normalize(certificate)
+  var problems = []
 
   Certificate.REQUIRED_FIELDS.forEach(function (field) {
-    if (certificate[field] === undefined) problems.push('missing required field: ' + field)
+    if (c[field] === undefined) problems.push('missing required field: ' + field)
   })
 
-  if (certificate.protocol !== undefined && certificate.protocol !== Certificate.PROTOCOL) {
+  if (c.protocol !== undefined && c.protocol !== Certificate.PROTOCOL) {
     problems.push('protocol must be "' + Certificate.PROTOCOL + '"')
   }
-  if (certificate.version !== undefined && certificate.version !== Certificate.VERSION) {
-    problems.push('unsupported version: ' + certificate.version)
+  if (c.version !== undefined && c.version !== Certificate.REFERENCE_VERSION) {
+    problems.push('unsupported version: ' + JSON.stringify(c.version))
+  }
+  if (c.mode !== undefined && c.mode !== Certificate.MODE.FULL && c.mode !== Certificate.MODE.HYBRID) {
+    problems.push('mode must be "full" or "hybrid"')
   }
-  ;[[certificate.payloadHash, 'payloadHash', 32], [certificate.proofHash, 'proofHash', 32]]
-    .forEach(function (pair) {
-      if (pair[0] === undefined) return
-      if (typeof pair[0] !== 'string' || !/^[0-9a-fA-F]*$/.test(pair[0])) {
-        problems.push(pair[1] + ' must be a hex string')
-      } else if (pair[0].length !== pair[2] * 2) {
-        problems.push(pair[1] + ' must be ' + pair[2] + ' bytes (' + pair[2] * 2 + ' hex chars)')
+  ;['algorithm', 'hashAlgorithm'].forEach(function (field) {
+    if (c[field] !== undefined && (typeof c[field] !== 'string' || c[field].length === 0)) {
+      problems.push(field + ' must be a non-empty string')
+    }
+  })
+  checkHash32(c.payloadHash, 'payloadHash', problems)
+  checkHash32(c.proofHash, 'proofHash', problems)
+
+  if (c.encoding !== undefined) {
+    if (c.encoding !== Certificate.ENCODING.HEX && c.encoding !== Certificate.ENCODING.BASE64) {
+      problems.push('encoding must be "hex" or "base64"')
+    } else {
+      ;['publicKey', 'signature'].forEach(function (field) {
+        if (c[field] === undefined) return
+        try {
+          if (Certificate.decodeBytes(c[field], c.encoding, field).length === 0) {
+            problems.push(field + ' must not be empty')
+          }
+        } catch (e) {
+          problems.push(field + ' is not valid ' + c.encoding)
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (c.createdAt !== undefined && (typeof c.createdAt !== 'string' || isNaN(new Date(c.createdAt).getTime()))) {
+    problems.push('createdAt must be an ISO 8601 date')
+  }
+
+  if (c.anchor !== undefined) {
+    var a = c.anchor
+    if (!a || typeof a !== 'object') {
+      problems.push('anchor must be an object')
+    } else {
+      if (a.type !== Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.DIRECT && a.type !== Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.BATCH) {
+        problems.push('anchor.type must be "direct" or "batch"')
       }
-    })
+      if (typeof a.txid !== 'string' || !/^[0-9a-fA-F]{64}$/.test(a.txid)) {
+        problems.push('anchor.txid must be a 32-byte hex string')
+      }
+      if (a.vout !== undefined && !(Number.isInteger(a.vout) && a.vout >= 0)) {
+        problems.push('anchor.vout must be a non-negative integer')
+      }
+      if (a.blockHeight !== undefined && !isIntegerOrNull(a.blockHeight)) {
+        problems.push('anchor.blockHeight must be an integer or null')
+      }
+      if (a.blockTime !== undefined && !isIntegerOrNull(a.blockTime)) {
+        problems.push('anchor.blockTime must be an integer or null')
+      }
+      if (a.type === Certificate.ANCHOR_TYPE.BATCH && c.merkle === undefined) {
+        problems.push('batch certificates require a merkle inclusion proof')
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
-  if (certificate.mode === NotaryScript.MODE.BATCH && certificate.merkle === undefined) {
-    problems.push('batch certificates require a merkle inclusion proof')
+  if (c.merkle !== undefined) {
+    var m = c.merkle
+    if (!m || typeof m !== 'object') {
+      problems.push('merkle must be an object')
+    } else {
+      checkHash32(m.root, 'merkle.root', problems)
+      if (!(Number.isInteger(m.leafIndex) && m.leafIndex >= 0)) {
+        problems.push('merkle.leafIndex must be a non-negative integer')
+      }
+      if (!(Number.isInteger(m.leafCount) && m.leafCount >= 1)) {
+        problems.push('merkle.leafCount must be a positive integer')
+      } else if (Number.isInteger(m.leafIndex) && m.leafIndex >= m.leafCount) {
+        problems.push('merkle.leafIndex must be less than leafCount')
+      }
+      if (!Array.isArray(m.path)) {
+        problems.push('merkle.path must be an array')
+      } else {
+        m.path.forEach(function (n, i) {
+          if (!n || typeof n !== 'object' || (n.side !== 'left' && n.side !== 'right')) {
+            problems.push('merkle.path[' + i + '] must be { hash, side: "left" | "right" }')
+          } else {
+            checkHash32(n.hash, 'merkle.path[' + i + '].hash', problems)
+          }
+        })
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   return problems