@sip-protocol/sdk 0.7.3 → 0.8.0

package/src/chains/near/viewing-key.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,876 @@
+/**
+ * NEAR Viewing Key Management
+ *
+ * Provides viewing key generation, export/import, encryption, and storage
+ * for selective disclosure and compliance on NEAR.
+ *
+ * ## Architecture
+ *
+ * ```
+ * Spending Private Key
+ *         │
+ *         ▼ HMAC-SHA256(context)
+ * Viewing Private Key (32 bytes)
+ *         │
+ *         ▼ ed25519.getPublicKey()
+ * Viewing Public Key (32 bytes)
+ *         │
+ *         ▼ sha256()
+ * Viewing Key Hash (32 bytes) ← Used for announcement matching
+ * ```
+ *
+ * ## Security Properties
+ *
+ * - Viewing keys can decrypt but NOT spend funds
+ * - Hash is safe to publish on-chain for announcement matching
+ * - XChaCha20-Poly1305 provides authenticated encryption
+ *
+ * @module chains/near/viewing-key
+ */
+
+import { ed25519 } from '@noble/curves/ed25519'
+import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256'
+import { hmac } from '@noble/hashes/hmac'
+import { hkdf } from '@noble/hashes/hkdf'
+import { bytesToHex, hexToBytes, randomBytes, utf8ToBytes } from '@noble/hashes/utils'
+import { xchacha20poly1305 } from '@noble/ciphers/chacha.js'
+import type { HexString, Hash } from '@sip-protocol/types'
+import { ValidationError, CryptoError, ErrorCode } from '../../errors'
+import { isValidHex } from '../../validation'
+import { secureWipe } from '../../secure-memory'
+
+// ─── Constants ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Domain separation for viewing key derivation from spending key
+ */
+const VIEWING_KEY_CONTEXT = 'SIP-NEAR-viewing-key-v1'
+
+/**
+ * Domain separation for encryption key derivation
+ */
+const ENCRYPTION_DOMAIN = 'SIP-NEAR-VIEWING-KEY-ENCRYPTION-V1'
+
+/**
+ * XChaCha20-Poly1305 nonce size (24 bytes)
+ */
+const NONCE_SIZE = 24
+
+/**
+ * Standard export format version for viewing keys
+ */
+const EXPORT_VERSION = 1
+
+// ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * A NEAR viewing key with associated metadata
+ */
+export interface NEARViewingKey {
+  /**
+   * The viewing private key (32 bytes)
+   * Used for decryption and stealth address scanning
+   */
+  privateKey: HexString
+
+  /**
+   * The viewing public key (32 bytes)
+   * Can be shared for encryption
+   */
+  publicKey: HexString
+
+  /**
+   * Hash of the viewing public key for announcement matching
+   * This is published on-chain to enable efficient scanning
+   */
+  hash: Hash
+
+  /**
+   * Optional label for this viewing key
+   */
+  label?: string
+
+  /**
+   * Timestamp when this key was created
+   */
+  createdAt: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Standard export format for NEAR viewing keys
+ */
+export interface NEARViewingKeyExport {
+  /**
+   * Export format version
+   */
+  version: number
+
+  /**
+   * The chain this key is for
+   */
+  chain: 'near'
+
+  /**
+   * The viewing private key (hex encoded)
+   */
+  privateKey: HexString
+
+  /**
+   * The viewing public key (hex encoded)
+   */
+  publicKey: HexString
+
+  /**
+   * Hash for announcement matching
+   */
+  hash: Hash
+
+  /**
+   * Optional label
+   */
+  label?: string
+
+  /**
+   * Creation timestamp
+   */
+  createdAt: number
+
+  /**
+   * Export timestamp
+   */
+  exportedAt: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encrypted data structure for viewing key operations
+ */
+export interface NEAREncryptedPayload {
+  /**
+   * The encrypted ciphertext (hex encoded)
+   */
+  ciphertext: HexString
+
+  /**
+   * The nonce used for encryption (hex encoded, 24 bytes)
+   */
+  nonce: HexString
+
+  /**
+   * Hash of the viewing key that can decrypt this
+   */
+  viewingKeyHash: Hash
+}
+
+/**
+ * Transaction data that can be encrypted for viewing
+ */
+export interface NEARTransactionData {
+  /**
+   * Sender's account ID
+   */
+  sender: string
+
+  /**
+   * Recipient's stealth address (implicit account)
+   */
+  recipient: string
+
+  /**
+   * Amount in yoctoNEAR (string for bigint serialization)
+   */
+  amount: string
+
+  /**
+   * Token contract address (null for native NEAR)
+   */
+  tokenContract: string | null
+
+  /**
+   * Token decimals (24 for NEAR, 6 for USDC, etc.)
+   */
+  decimals: number
+
+  /**
+   * Transaction timestamp
+   */
+  timestamp: number
+
+  /**
+   * Optional memo
+   */
+  memo?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for viewing key storage providers
+ */
+export interface NEARViewingKeyStorage {
+  /**
+   * Store a viewing key
+   * @param key - The viewing key to store
+   * @returns Promise resolving to the key's hash (for identification)
+   */
+  save(key: NEARViewingKey): Promise<Hash>
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieve a viewing key by its hash
+   * @param hash - The viewing key hash
+   * @returns Promise resolving to the key or null if not found
+   */
+  load(hash: Hash): Promise<NEARViewingKey | null>
+
+  /**
+   * List all stored viewing keys
+   * @returns Promise resolving to array of keys
+   */
+  list(): Promise<NEARViewingKey[]>
+
+  /**
+   * Delete a viewing key by its hash
+   * @param hash - The viewing key hash
+   * @returns Promise resolving to true if deleted, false if not found
+   */
+  delete(hash: Hash): Promise<boolean>
+}
+
+// ─── Viewing Key Generation ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Generate a viewing key from a spending private key
+ *
+ * The viewing key is derived deterministically using HMAC-SHA256 with domain
+ * separation, ensuring it cannot be used to derive the spending key.
+ *
+ * @param spendingPrivateKey - The spending private key (32 bytes, hex)
+ * @param label - Optional label for the viewing key
+ * @returns The generated viewing key with public key and hash
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const viewingKey = generateNEARViewingKeyFromSpending(
+ *   spendingPrivateKey,
+ *   'My NEAR Wallet'
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Share the public key for encryption
+ * console.log('Public key:', viewingKey.publicKey)
+ *
+ * // Use hash for on-chain announcement matching
+ * console.log('Hash:', viewingKey.hash)
+ * ```
+ */
+export function generateNEARViewingKeyFromSpending(
+  spendingPrivateKey: HexString,
+  label?: string
+): NEARViewingKey {
+  // Validate input
+  if (!spendingPrivateKey || !spendingPrivateKey.startsWith('0x')) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'spendingPrivateKey must be a hex string with 0x prefix',
+      'spendingPrivateKey'
+    )
+  }
+
+  const spendingBytes = hexToBytes(spendingPrivateKey.slice(2))
+
+  if (spendingBytes.length !== 32) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'spendingPrivateKey must be 32 bytes',
+      'spendingPrivateKey'
+    )
+  }
+
+  let viewingPrivateBytes: Uint8Array | null = null
+
+  try {
+    // Derive viewing key using HMAC-SHA256 with domain separation
+    viewingPrivateBytes = hmac(
+      sha256,
+      utf8ToBytes(VIEWING_KEY_CONTEXT),
+      spendingBytes
+    )
+
+    // Derive public key
+    const viewingPublicBytes = ed25519.getPublicKey(viewingPrivateBytes)
+
+    // Compute hash for announcement matching
+    const hashBytes = sha256(viewingPublicBytes)
+
+    return {
+      privateKey: `0x${bytesToHex(viewingPrivateBytes)}` as HexString,
+      publicKey: `0x${bytesToHex(viewingPublicBytes)}` as HexString,
+      hash: `0x${bytesToHex(hashBytes)}` as Hash,
+      label,
+      createdAt: Date.now(),
+    }
+  } finally {
+    // Secure wipe sensitive data
+    secureWipe(spendingBytes)
+    if (viewingPrivateBytes) secureWipe(viewingPrivateBytes)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generate a new random viewing key
+ *
+ * Creates a cryptographically random viewing key that is NOT derived from
+ * a spending key. Use this for standalone viewing keys or testing.
+ *
+ * @param label - Optional label for the viewing key
+ * @returns The generated viewing key
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const viewingKey = generateRandomNEARViewingKey('Audit Key')
+ * ```
+ */
+export function generateRandomNEARViewingKey(label?: string): NEARViewingKey {
+  const privateBytes = randomBytes(32)
+
+  try {
+    const publicBytes = ed25519.getPublicKey(privateBytes)
+    const hashBytes = sha256(publicBytes)
+
+    return {
+      privateKey: `0x${bytesToHex(privateBytes)}` as HexString,
+      publicKey: `0x${bytesToHex(publicBytes)}` as HexString,
+      hash: `0x${bytesToHex(hashBytes)}` as Hash,
+      label,
+      createdAt: Date.now(),
+    }
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(privateBytes)
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Viewing Key Hash ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Compute the viewing key hash from a public key
+ *
+ * The hash is used for announcement matching on-chain. Recipients publish
+ * their viewing key hash, and senders include it in transaction announcements.
+ *
+ * @param viewingPublicKey - The viewing public key (32 bytes, hex)
+ * @returns The hash for announcement matching
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const hash = computeNEARViewingKeyHash(viewingKey.publicKey)
+ * // Use hash in transaction announcements
+ * ```
+ */
+export function computeNEARViewingKeyHash(viewingPublicKey: HexString): Hash {
+  if (!viewingPublicKey || !viewingPublicKey.startsWith('0x')) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'viewingPublicKey must be a hex string with 0x prefix',
+      'viewingPublicKey'
+    )
+  }
+
+  const publicBytes = hexToBytes(viewingPublicKey.slice(2))
+
+  if (publicBytes.length !== 32) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'viewingPublicKey must be 32 bytes',
+      'viewingPublicKey'
+    )
+  }
+
+  const hashBytes = sha256(publicBytes)
+  return `0x${bytesToHex(hashBytes)}` as Hash
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute viewing key hash from a private key
+ *
+ * Derives the public key and computes its hash.
+ *
+ * @param viewingPrivateKey - The viewing private key (32 bytes, hex)
+ * @returns The hash for announcement matching
+ */
+export function computeNEARViewingKeyHashFromPrivate(
+  viewingPrivateKey: HexString
+): Hash {
+  if (!viewingPrivateKey || !viewingPrivateKey.startsWith('0x')) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'viewingPrivateKey must be a hex string with 0x prefix',
+      'viewingPrivateKey'
+    )
+  }
+
+  const privateBytes = hexToBytes(viewingPrivateKey.slice(2))
+
+  if (privateBytes.length !== 32) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'viewingPrivateKey must be 32 bytes',
+      'viewingPrivateKey'
+    )
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const publicBytes = ed25519.getPublicKey(privateBytes)
+    const hashBytes = sha256(publicBytes)
+    return `0x${bytesToHex(hashBytes)}` as Hash
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(privateBytes)
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Export/Import ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Export a viewing key in standard JSON format
+ *
+ * The export format includes version information for forward compatibility
+ * and can be safely serialized to JSON.
+ *
+ * @param viewingKey - The viewing key to export
+ * @returns The export object (serialize with JSON.stringify)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const exported = exportNEARViewingKey(viewingKey)
+ * const json = JSON.stringify(exported)
+ *
+ * // Save to file or send to auditor
+ * ```
+ */
+export function exportNEARViewingKey(viewingKey: NEARViewingKey): NEARViewingKeyExport {
+  return {
+    version: EXPORT_VERSION,
+    chain: 'near',
+    privateKey: viewingKey.privateKey,
+    publicKey: viewingKey.publicKey,
+    hash: viewingKey.hash,
+    label: viewingKey.label,
+    createdAt: viewingKey.createdAt,
+    exportedAt: Date.now(),
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Import a viewing key from standard JSON format
+ *
+ * Validates the export format and reconstructs the viewing key object.
+ *
+ * @param exported - The exported viewing key data
+ * @returns The imported viewing key
+ * @throws {ValidationError} If the export format is invalid
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const json = await readFile('near-viewing-key.json')
+ * const exported = JSON.parse(json)
+ * const viewingKey = importNEARViewingKey(exported)
+ * ```
+ */
+export function importNEARViewingKey(exported: NEARViewingKeyExport): NEARViewingKey {
+  // Validate version
+  if (exported.version !== EXPORT_VERSION) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      `Unsupported export version: ${exported.version}. Expected: ${EXPORT_VERSION}`,
+      'version'
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Validate chain
+  if (exported.chain !== 'near') {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      `Invalid chain: ${exported.chain}. Expected: near`,
+      'chain'
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Validate keys
+  if (!isValidHex(exported.privateKey) || exported.privateKey.length !== 66) {
+    throw new ValidationError('Invalid private key format', 'privateKey')
+  }
+
+  if (!isValidHex(exported.publicKey) || exported.publicKey.length !== 66) {
+    throw new ValidationError('Invalid public key format', 'publicKey')
+  }
+
+  if (!isValidHex(exported.hash) || exported.hash.length !== 66) {
+    throw new ValidationError('Invalid hash format', 'hash')
+  }
+
+  // Verify the hash matches the public key
+  const computedHash = computeNEARViewingKeyHash(exported.publicKey)
+  if (computedHash !== exported.hash) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'Hash does not match public key',
+      'hash',
+      { expected: computedHash, received: exported.hash }
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Verify public key matches private key
+  const privateBytes = hexToBytes(exported.privateKey.slice(2))
+  try {
+    const derivedPublic = `0x${bytesToHex(ed25519.getPublicKey(privateBytes))}` as HexString
+    if (derivedPublic !== exported.publicKey) {
+      throw new ValidationError(
+        'Public key does not match private key',
+        'publicKey'
+      )
+    }
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(privateBytes)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    privateKey: exported.privateKey,
+    publicKey: exported.publicKey,
+    hash: exported.hash,
+    label: exported.label,
+    createdAt: exported.createdAt,
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Encryption/Decryption ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Derive an encryption key from a viewing key using HKDF
+ *
+ * @param key - The viewing key (private or public depending on operation)
+ * @param salt - Optional salt for HKDF
+ * @returns 32-byte encryption key (caller must wipe after use)
+ */
+function deriveEncryptionKey(key: HexString, salt?: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  const keyBytes = hexToBytes(key.slice(2))
+
+  try {
+    // Use HKDF to derive a proper encryption key
+    const hkdfSalt = salt ?? utf8ToBytes(ENCRYPTION_DOMAIN)
+    return hkdf(sha256, keyBytes, hkdfSalt, utf8ToBytes('encryption'), 32)
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(keyBytes)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encrypt transaction data for viewing key holders
+ *
+ * Uses XChaCha20-Poly1305 authenticated encryption with a random nonce.
+ * The encryption key is derived from the viewing private key using HKDF.
+ *
+ * @param data - Transaction data to encrypt
+ * @param viewingKey - The viewing key for encryption
+ * @returns Encrypted payload with nonce and key hash
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const encrypted = encryptForNEARViewing({
+ *   sender: 'alice.near',
+ *   recipient: stealthAccountId,
+ *   amount: '1000000000000000000000000', // 1 NEAR
+ *   tokenContract: null, // native NEAR
+ *   decimals: 24,
+ *   timestamp: Date.now(),
+ * }, viewingKey)
+ *
+ * // Store encrypted.ciphertext on-chain or off-chain
+ * ```
+ */
+export function encryptForNEARViewing(
+  data: NEARTransactionData,
+  viewingKey: NEARViewingKey
+): NEAREncryptedPayload {
+  // Derive encryption key from viewing private key
+  const encKey = deriveEncryptionKey(viewingKey.privateKey)
+
+  try {
+    // Generate random nonce
+    const nonce = randomBytes(NONCE_SIZE)
+
+    // Serialize data to JSON
+    const plaintext = utf8ToBytes(JSON.stringify(data))
+
+    // Encrypt with XChaCha20-Poly1305
+    const cipher = xchacha20poly1305(encKey, nonce)
+    const ciphertext = cipher.encrypt(plaintext)
+
+    return {
+      ciphertext: `0x${bytesToHex(ciphertext)}` as HexString,
+      nonce: `0x${bytesToHex(nonce)}` as HexString,
+      viewingKeyHash: viewingKey.hash,
+    }
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(encKey)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decrypt transaction data with a viewing key
+ *
+ * @param encrypted - The encrypted payload
+ * @param viewingKey - The viewing key for decryption
+ * @returns The decrypted transaction data
+ * @throws {CryptoError} If decryption fails (wrong key or tampered data)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const data = decryptWithNEARViewing(encrypted, viewingKey)
+ * console.log('Amount:', data.amount)
+ * console.log('Sender:', data.sender)
+ * ```
+ */
+export function decryptWithNEARViewing(
+  encrypted: NEAREncryptedPayload,
+  viewingKey: NEARViewingKey
+): NEARTransactionData {
+  // Verify the viewing key can decrypt this
+  if (encrypted.viewingKeyHash !== viewingKey.hash) {
+    throw new CryptoError(
+      'Viewing key hash does not match encrypted payload',
+      ErrorCode.DECRYPTION_FAILED,
+      { context: { expected: encrypted.viewingKeyHash, received: viewingKey.hash } }
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Derive encryption key
+  const encKey = deriveEncryptionKey(viewingKey.privateKey)
+
+  try {
+    // Parse ciphertext and nonce
+    const ciphertext = hexToBytes(encrypted.ciphertext.slice(2))
+    const nonce = hexToBytes(encrypted.nonce.slice(2))
+
+    if (nonce.length !== NONCE_SIZE) {
+      throw new ValidationError(
+        `Invalid nonce length: ${nonce.length}. Expected: ${NONCE_SIZE}`,
+        'nonce'
+      )
+    }
+
+    // Decrypt with XChaCha20-Poly1305
+    const cipher = xchacha20poly1305(encKey, nonce)
+    const plaintext = cipher.decrypt(ciphertext)
+
+    // Parse JSON
+    const json = new TextDecoder().decode(plaintext)
+    return JSON.parse(json) as NEARTransactionData
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof ValidationError || error instanceof CryptoError) {
+      throw error
+    }
+    throw new CryptoError(
+      'Failed to decrypt: authentication failed or data corrupted',
+      ErrorCode.DECRYPTION_FAILED,
+      { cause: error instanceof Error ? error : undefined }
+    )
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(encKey)
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── In-Memory Storage ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Simple in-memory viewing key storage
+ *
+ * Useful for testing and temporary storage. For production use,
+ * implement a persistent storage provider.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const storage = createNEARMemoryStorage()
+ *
+ * // Store a key
+ * await storage.save(viewingKey)
+ *
+ * // List all keys
+ * const keys = await storage.list()
+ *
+ * // Load a specific key
+ * const key = await storage.load(hash)
+ * ```
+ */
+export function createNEARMemoryStorage(): NEARViewingKeyStorage {
+  const keys = new Map<Hash, NEARViewingKey>()
+
+  return {
+    async save(key: NEARViewingKey): Promise<Hash> {
+      keys.set(key.hash, { ...key })
+      return key.hash
+    },
+
+    async load(hash: Hash): Promise<NEARViewingKey | null> {
+      const key = keys.get(hash)
+      return key ? { ...key } : null
+    },
+
+    async list(): Promise<NEARViewingKey[]> {
+      return Array.from(keys.values()).map(k => ({ ...k }))
+    },
+
+    async delete(hash: Hash): Promise<boolean> {
+      return keys.delete(hash)
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Utilities ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Check if an announcement hash matches a viewing key
+ *
+ * Used during scanning to efficiently filter announcements that belong
+ * to this viewing key.
+ *
+ * @param announcementHash - Hash from the on-chain announcement
+ * @param viewingKey - The viewing key to check against
+ * @returns true if the announcement is for this viewing key
+ */
+export function isNEARAnnouncementForViewingKey(
+  announcementHash: Hash,
+  viewingKey: NEARViewingKey
+): boolean {
+  return announcementHash === viewingKey.hash
+}
+
+/**
+ * Derive a child viewing key for hierarchical key management
+ *
+ * Uses HMAC-SHA256 with the parent key and child path to derive
+ * a new independent viewing key.
+ *
+ * @param parentKey - The parent viewing key
+ * @param childPath - A path string for derivation (e.g., "audit/2024")
+ * @param label - Optional label for the child key
+ * @returns The derived child viewing key
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const auditKey = deriveNEARChildViewingKey(masterKey, 'audit/2024', 'Audit 2024')
+ * const accountingKey = deriveNEARChildViewingKey(masterKey, 'accounting', 'Accounting')
+ * ```
+ */
+export function deriveNEARChildViewingKey(
+  parentKey: NEARViewingKey,
+  childPath: string,
+  label?: string
+): NEARViewingKey {
+  if (!childPath || typeof childPath !== 'string') {
+    throw new ValidationError('childPath must be a non-empty string', 'childPath')
+  }
+
+  const parentBytes = hexToBytes(parentKey.privateKey.slice(2))
+
+  try {
+    // Derive child key using HMAC-SHA256
+    const childBytes = hmac(sha256, utf8ToBytes(childPath), parentBytes)
+    const publicBytes = ed25519.getPublicKey(childBytes)
+    const hashBytes = sha256(publicBytes)
+
+    const result: NEARViewingKey = {
+      privateKey: `0x${bytesToHex(childBytes)}` as HexString,
+      publicKey: `0x${bytesToHex(publicBytes)}` as HexString,
+      hash: `0x${bytesToHex(hashBytes)}` as Hash,
+      label: label ?? `${parentKey.label ?? 'Key'}/${childPath}`,
+      createdAt: Date.now(),
+    }
+
+    // Wipe child bytes after creating hex
+    secureWipe(childBytes)
+
+    return result
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(parentBytes)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the public key from a viewing private key
+ *
+ * @param viewingPrivateKey - The viewing private key
+ * @returns The corresponding public key
+ */
+export function getNEARViewingPublicKey(viewingPrivateKey: HexString): HexString {
+  if (!viewingPrivateKey || !viewingPrivateKey.startsWith('0x')) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'viewingPrivateKey must be a hex string with 0x prefix',
+      'viewingPrivateKey'
+    )
+  }
+
+  const privateBytes = hexToBytes(viewingPrivateKey.slice(2))
+
+  if (privateBytes.length !== 32) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'viewingPrivateKey must be 32 bytes',
+      'viewingPrivateKey'
+    )
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const publicBytes = ed25519.getPublicKey(privateBytes)
+    return `0x${bytesToHex(publicBytes)}` as HexString
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(privateBytes)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate a NEAR viewing key object
+ *
+ * @param viewingKey - The viewing key to validate
+ * @returns true if the viewing key is valid
+ * @throws {ValidationError} If the viewing key is invalid
+ */
+export function validateNEARViewingKey(viewingKey: NEARViewingKey): boolean {
+  if (!viewingKey) {
+    throw new ValidationError('viewingKey is required', 'viewingKey')
+  }
+
+  // Check privateKey
+  if (!viewingKey.privateKey || !viewingKey.privateKey.startsWith('0x')) {
+    throw new ValidationError('privateKey must be a hex string with 0x prefix', 'privateKey')
+  }
+  if (viewingKey.privateKey.length !== 66) {
+    throw new ValidationError('privateKey must be 32 bytes (66 chars with 0x)', 'privateKey')
+  }
+
+  // Check publicKey
+  if (!viewingKey.publicKey || !viewingKey.publicKey.startsWith('0x')) {
+    throw new ValidationError('publicKey must be a hex string with 0x prefix', 'publicKey')
+  }
+  if (viewingKey.publicKey.length !== 66) {
+    throw new ValidationError('publicKey must be 32 bytes (66 chars with 0x)', 'publicKey')
+  }
+
+  // Check hash
+  if (!viewingKey.hash || !viewingKey.hash.startsWith('0x')) {
+    throw new ValidationError('hash must be a hex string with 0x prefix', 'hash')
+  }
+  if (viewingKey.hash.length !== 66) {
+    throw new ValidationError('hash must be 32 bytes (66 chars with 0x)', 'hash')
+  }
+
+  // Verify hash matches public key
+  const computedHash = computeNEARViewingKeyHash(viewingKey.publicKey)
+  if (computedHash !== viewingKey.hash) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'hash does not match publicKey',
+      'hash',
+      { expected: computedHash, received: viewingKey.hash }
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Verify public key matches private key
+  const privateBytes = hexToBytes(viewingKey.privateKey.slice(2))
+  try {
+    const derivedPublic = `0x${bytesToHex(ed25519.getPublicKey(privateBytes))}` as HexString
+    if (derivedPublic !== viewingKey.publicKey) {
+      throw new ValidationError(
+        'publicKey does not match privateKey',
+        'publicKey'
+      )
+    }
+  } finally {
+    secureWipe(privateBytes)
+  }
+
+  return true
+}