@simplysm/orm-common 13.0.99 → 14.0.1

package/dist/query-builder/postgresql/postgresql-expr-renderer.js

@@ -1,425 +1,452 @@
 import { bytes, DateOnly, DateTime, Time, Uuid } from "@simplysm/core-common";
 import { ExprRendererBase } from "../base/expr-renderer-base.js";
-class PostgresqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
-  //#region ========== Utilities (public - also used by QueryBuilder) ==========
-  /** Wrap identifier */
-  wrap(name) {
-    return `"${name.replace(/"/g, '""')}"`;
-  }
-  /** Escape for SQL string literals (returns without quotes) */
-  escapeString(value) {
-    return value.replace(/'/g, "''");
-  }
-  /** value escape */
-  escapeValue(value) {
-    if (value == null) {
-      return "NULL";
-    }
-    if (typeof value === "string") {
-      return `'${value.replace(/'/g, "''")}'`;
-    }
-    if (typeof value === "number") {
-      return String(value);
-    }
-    if (typeof value === "boolean") {
-      return value ? "TRUE" : "FALSE";
-    }
-    if (value instanceof DateTime) {
-      return `'${value.toFormatString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}'::timestamp`;
-    }
-    if (value instanceof DateOnly) {
-      return `'${value.toFormatString("yyyy-MM-dd")}'::date`;
-    }
-    if (value instanceof Time) {
-      return `'${value.toFormatString("HH:mm:ss")}'::time`;
-    }
-    if (value instanceof Uuid) {
-      return `'${value.toString()}'::uuid`;
-    }
-    if (value instanceof Uint8Array) {
-      return `'\\x${bytes.toHex(value)}'::bytea`;
-    }
-    throw new Error(`Unknown value type: ${typeof value}`);
-  }
-  /** DataType → SQL type */
-  renderDataType(dataType) {
-    switch (dataType.type) {
-      case "int":
-        return "INTEGER";
-      case "bigint":
-        return "BIGINT";
-      case "float":
-        return "REAL";
-      case "double":
-        return "DOUBLE PRECISION";
-      case "decimal":
-        return dataType.scale != null ? `NUMERIC(${dataType.precision}, ${dataType.scale})` : `NUMERIC(${dataType.precision})`;
-      case "varchar":
-        return `VARCHAR(${dataType.length})`;
-      case "char":
-        return `CHAR(${dataType.length})`;
-      case "text":
-        return "TEXT";
-      case "binary":
-        return "BYTEA";
-      case "boolean":
-        return "BOOLEAN";
-      case "datetime":
-        return "TIMESTAMP";
-      case "date":
-        return "DATE";
-      case "time":
-        return "TIME";
-      case "uuid":
-        return "UUID";
-    }
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== value ==========
-  column(expr) {
-    return expr.path.map((p) => this.wrap(p)).join(".");
-  }
-  value(expr) {
-    return this.escapeValue(expr.value);
-  }
-  raw(expr) {
-    return expr.sql.replace(/\$(\d+)/g, (_, num) => {
-      const idx = parseInt(num) - 1;
-      return idx < expr.params.length ? this.render(expr.params[idx]) : `$${num}`;
-    });
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== comparison (null-safe) ==========
-  eq(expr) {
-    const left = this.render(expr.source);
-    const right = this.render(expr.target);
-    return `${left} IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ${right}`;
-  }
-  gt(expr) {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} > ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
-  }
-  lt(expr) {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} < ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
-  }
-  gte(expr) {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} >= ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
-  }
-  lte(expr) {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} <= ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
-  }
-  between(expr) {
-    const source = this.render(expr.source);
-    if (expr.from != null && expr.to != null) {
-      return `${source} BETWEEN ${this.render(expr.from)} AND ${this.render(expr.to)}`;
-    }
-    if (expr.from != null) {
-      return `${source} >= ${this.render(expr.from)}`;
-    }
-    if (expr.to != null) {
-      return `${source} <= ${this.render(expr.to)}`;
-    }
-    return "TRUE";
-  }
-  null(expr) {
-    return `${this.render(expr.arg)} IS NULL`;
-  }
-  like(expr) {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} LIKE ${this.render(expr.pattern)} ESCAPE '\\'`;
-  }
-  regexp(expr) {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} ~ ${this.render(expr.pattern)}`;
-  }
-  in(expr) {
-    if (expr.values.length === 0) {
-      return "FALSE";
-    }
-    const values = expr.values.map((v) => this.render(v)).join(", ");
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${values})`;
-  }
-  inQuery(expr) {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${this.buildSelect(expr.query)})`;
-  }
-  exists(expr) {
-    const subquery = this.buildSelect({
-      ...expr.query,
-      select: { _: { type: "value", value: 1 } }
-    });
-    return `EXISTS (${subquery})`;
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== logic ==========
-  not(expr) {
-    return `NOT (${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  and(expr) {
-    if (expr.conditions.length === 0) return "TRUE";
-    return `(${expr.conditions.map((c) => this.render(c)).join(" AND ")})`;
-  }
-  or(expr) {
-    if (expr.conditions.length === 0) return "FALSE";
-    return `(${expr.conditions.map((c) => this.render(c)).join(" OR ")})`;
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== String (null handling) ==========
-  concat(expr) {
-    const args = expr.args.map((a) => `COALESCE(${this.render(a)}, '')`);
-    return args.join(" || ");
-  }
-  left(expr) {
-    return `LEFT(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
-  }
-  right(expr) {
-    return `RIGHT(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
-  }
-  trim(expr) {
-    return `TRIM(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  padStart(expr) {
-    return `LPAD(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)}, ${this.render(expr.fillString)})`;
-  }
-  replace(expr) {
-    return `REPLACE(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.from)}, ${this.render(expr.to)})`;
-  }
-  upper(expr) {
-    return `UPPER(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  lower(expr) {
-    return `LOWER(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  length(expr) {
-    return `LENGTH(COALESCE(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
-  }
-  byteLength(expr) {
-    return `OCTET_LENGTH(COALESCE(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
-  }
-  substring(expr) {
-    if (expr.length != null) {
-      return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.start)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
-    }
-    return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)} FROM ${this.render(expr.start)})`;
-  }
-  indexOf(expr) {
-    return `POSITION(${this.render(expr.search)} IN ${this.render(expr.source)})`;
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== Number ==========
-  abs(expr) {
-    return `ABS(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  round(expr) {
-    return `ROUND(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ${expr.digits})`;
-  }
-  ceil(expr) {
-    return `CEIL(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  floor(expr) {
-    return `FLOOR(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== Date ==========
-  year(expr) {
-    return `EXTRACT(YEAR FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-  month(expr) {
-    return `EXTRACT(MONTH FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-  day(expr) {
-    return `EXTRACT(DAY FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-  hour(expr) {
-    return `EXTRACT(HOUR FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-  minute(expr) {
-    return `EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-  second(expr) {
-    return `EXTRACT(SECOND FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-  isoWeek(expr) {
-    return `EXTRACT(WEEK FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-  isoWeekStartDate(expr) {
-    const src = this.render(expr.arg);
-    return `DATE_TRUNC('week', ${src})::DATE`;
-  }
-  isoYearMonth(expr) {
-    return `TO_CHAR(${this.render(expr.arg)}, 'YYYYMM')`;
-  }
-  dateDiff(expr) {
-    const from = this.render(expr.from);
-    const to = this.render(expr.to);
-    switch (expr.unit) {
-      case "year":
-        return `EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(${to}, ${from}))::INTEGER`;
-      case "month":
-        return `(EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(${to}, ${from})) * 12 + EXTRACT(MONTH FROM AGE(${to}, ${from})))::INTEGER`;
-      case "day":
-        return `(${to}::DATE - ${from}::DATE)`;
-      case "hour":
-        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER / 3600`;
-      case "minute":
-        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER / 60`;
-      case "second":
-        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER`;
-    }
-  }
-  dateAdd(expr) {
-    const source = this.render(expr.source);
-    const value = this.render(expr.value);
-    const unit = this.dateUnitToSql(expr.unit);
-    return `${source} + INTERVAL '1 ${unit}' * ${value}`;
-  }
-  formatDate(expr) {
-    const pgFormat = this.convertDateFormat(expr.format);
-    return `TO_CHAR(${this.render(expr.source)}, '${pgFormat}')`;
-  }
-  dateUnitToSql(unit) {
-    switch (unit) {
-      case "year":
-        return "year";
-      case "month":
-        return "month";
-      case "day":
-        return "day";
-      case "hour":
-        return "hour";
-      case "minute":
-        return "minute";
-      case "second":
-        return "second";
-    }
-  }
-  convertDateFormat(format) {
-    return format.replace(/yyyy/g, "YYYY").replace(/MM/g, "MM").replace(/dd/g, "DD").replace(/HH/g, "HH24").replace(/mm/g, "MI").replace(/ss/g, "SS");
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== condition ==========
-  coalesce(expr) {
-    if (expr.args.length === 0) return "NULL";
-    if (expr.args.length === 1) return this.render(expr.args[0]);
-    return `COALESCE(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
-  }
-  nullIf(expr) {
-    return `NULLIF(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.value)})`;
-  }
-  is(expr) {
-    return `(${this.render(expr.condition)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-  switch(expr) {
-    const cases = expr.cases.map((c) => `WHEN ${this.render(c.when)} THEN ${this.render(c.then)}`).join(" ");
-    return `CASE ${cases} ELSE ${this.render(expr.else)} END`;
-  }
-  if(expr) {
-    const elseVal = expr.else != null ? this.render(expr.else) : "NULL";
-    return `CASE WHEN ${this.render(expr.condition)} THEN ${this.render(expr.then)} ELSE ${elseVal} END`;
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== aggregation ==========
-  count(expr) {
-    if (expr.arg != null) {
-      const distinct = expr.distinct ? "DISTINCT " : "";
-      return `COUNT(${distinct}${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-    }
-    return "COUNT(*)";
-  }
-  sum(expr) {
-    return `SUM(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  avg(expr) {
-    return `AVG(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  max(expr) {
-    return `MAX(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  min(expr) {
-    return `MIN(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== Other ==========
-  greatest(expr) {
-    if (expr.args.length === 0) throw new Error("greatest requires at least one argument.");
-    return `GREATEST(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
-  }
-  least(expr) {
-    if (expr.args.length === 0) throw new Error("least requires at least one argument.");
-    return `LEAST(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
-  }
-  rowNum(_expr) {
-    return "ROW_NUMBER() OVER ()";
-  }
-  random(_expr) {
-    return "RANDOM()";
-  }
-  cast(expr) {
-    return `CAST(${this.render(expr.source)} AS ${this.renderDataType(expr.targetType)})`;
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== Window ==========
-  window(expr) {
-    const fn = this.renderWindowFn(expr.fn);
-    let over = this.renderWindowSpec(expr.spec);
-    if (expr.fn.type === "lastValue" && over.length > 0) {
-      over += " ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING";
-    }
-    return `${fn} OVER (${over})`;
-  }
-  renderWindowFn(fn) {
-    switch (fn.type) {
-      case "rowNumber":
-        return "ROW_NUMBER()";
-      case "rank":
-        return "RANK()";
-      case "denseRank":
-        return "DENSE_RANK()";
-      case "ntile":
-        return `NTILE(${fn.n})`;
-      case "lag": {
-        const offset = fn.offset ?? 1;
-        const def = fn.default != null ? `, ${this.render(fn.default)}` : "";
-        return `LAG(${this.render(fn.column)}, ${offset}${def})`;
-      }
-      case "lead": {
-        const offset = fn.offset ?? 1;
-        const def = fn.default != null ? `, ${this.render(fn.default)}` : "";
-        return `LEAD(${this.render(fn.column)}, ${offset}${def})`;
-      }
-      case "firstValue":
-        return `FIRST_VALUE(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "lastValue":
-        return `LAST_VALUE(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "sum":
-        return `SUM(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "avg":
-        return `AVG(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "count":
-        return fn.column != null ? `COUNT(${this.render(fn.column)})` : "COUNT(*)";
-      case "min":
-        return `MIN(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "max":
-        return `MAX(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-    }
-  }
-  renderWindowSpec(spec) {
-    const parts = [];
-    if (spec.partitionBy != null && spec.partitionBy.length > 0) {
-      parts.push(`PARTITION BY ${spec.partitionBy.map((p) => this.render(p)).join(", ")}`);
-    }
-    if (spec.orderBy != null && spec.orderBy.length > 0) {
-      const orderParts = spec.orderBy.map(
-        ([expr, dir]) => `${this.render(expr)}${dir != null ? ` ${dir}` : ""}`
-      );
-      parts.push(`ORDER BY ${orderParts.join(", ")}`);
-    }
-    return parts.join(" ");
-  }
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== System ==========
-  subquery(expr) {
-    return `(${this.buildSelect(expr.queryDef)})`;
-  }
-  //#endregion
+/**
+ * PostgreSQL 표현식 렌더러
+ */
+export class PostgresqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
+    //#region ========== 유틸리티 (public - QueryBuilder에서도 사용) ==========
+    /** 식별자 감싸기 */
+    wrap(name) {
+        return `"${name.replace(/"/g, '""')}"`;
+    }
+    /** SQL 문자열 리터럴용 이스케이프 (따옴표 제외) */
+    escapeString(value) {
+        return value.replace(/'/g, "''");
+    }
+    /** 값 이스케이프 */
+    escapeValue(value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            return "NULL";
+        }
+        if (typeof value === "string") {
+            return `'${value.replace(/'/g, "''")}'`;
+        }
+        if (typeof value === "number") {
+            return String(value);
+        }
+        if (typeof value === "boolean") {
+            return value ? "TRUE" : "FALSE";
+        }
+        if (value instanceof DateTime) {
+            return `'${value.toFormatString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}'::timestamp`;
+        }
+        if (value instanceof DateOnly) {
+            return `'${value.toFormatString("yyyy-MM-dd")}'::date`;
+        }
+        if (value instanceof Time) {
+            return `'${value.toFormatString("HH:mm:ss")}'::time`;
+        }
+        if (value instanceof Uuid) {
+            return `'${value.toString()}'::uuid`;
+        }
+        if (value instanceof Uint8Array) {
+            return `'\\x${bytes.toHex(value)}'::bytea`;
+        }
+        throw new Error(`알 수 없는 값 타입: ${typeof value}`);
+    }
+    /** DataType → SQL type */
+    renderDataType(dataType) {
+        switch (dataType.type) {
+            case "int":
+                return "INTEGER";
+            case "bigint":
+                return "BIGINT";
+            case "float":
+                return "REAL";
+            case "double":
+                return "DOUBLE PRECISION";
+            case "decimal":
+                return dataType.scale != null
+                    ? `NUMERIC(${dataType.precision}, ${dataType.scale})`
+                    : `NUMERIC(${dataType.precision})`;
+            case "varchar":
+                return `VARCHAR(${dataType.length})`;
+            case "char":
+                return `CHAR(${dataType.length})`;
+            case "text":
+                return "TEXT";
+            case "binary":
+                return "BYTEA";
+            case "boolean":
+                return "BOOLEAN";
+            case "datetime":
+                return "TIMESTAMP";
+            case "date":
+                return "DATE";
+            case "time":
+                return "TIME";
+            case "uuid":
+                return "UUID";
+        }
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== value ==========
+    column(expr) {
+        return expr.path.map((p) => this.wrap(p)).join(".");
+    }
+    value(expr) {
+        return this.escapeValue(expr.value);
+    }
+    raw(expr) {
+        return expr.sql.replace(/\$(\d+)/g, (_, num) => {
+            const idx = parseInt(num) - 1;
+            return idx < expr.params.length ? this.render(expr.params[idx]) : `$${num}`;
+        });
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== comparison (null-safe) ==========
+    eq(expr) {
+        // PostgreSQL: null-safe equal (uses IS NOT DISTINCT FROM operator)
+        const left = this.render(expr.source);
+        const right = this.render(expr.target);
+        return `${left} IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ${right}`;
+    }
+    gt(expr) {
+        return `${this.render(expr.source)} > ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
+    }
+    lt(expr) {
+        return `${this.render(expr.source)} < ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
+    }
+    gte(expr) {
+        return `${this.render(expr.source)} >= ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
+    }
+    lte(expr) {
+        return `${this.render(expr.source)} <= ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
+    }
+    between(expr) {
+        const source = this.render(expr.source);
+        if (expr.from != null && expr.to != null) {
+            return `${source} BETWEEN ${this.render(expr.from)} AND ${this.render(expr.to)}`;
+        }
+        if (expr.from != null) {
+            return `${source} >= ${this.render(expr.from)}`;
+        }
+        if (expr.to != null) {
+            return `${source} <= ${this.render(expr.to)}`;
+        }
+        return "TRUE";
+    }
+    null(expr) {
+        return `${this.render(expr.arg)} IS NULL`;
+    }
+    like(expr) {
+        // 항상 ESCAPE '\' 추가
+        return `${this.render(expr.source)} LIKE ${this.render(expr.pattern)} ESCAPE '\\'`;
+    }
+    regexp(expr) {
+        // PostgreSQL: ~ operator
+        return `${this.render(expr.source)} ~ ${this.render(expr.pattern)}`;
+    }
+    in(expr) {
+        if (expr.values.length === 0) {
+            return "FALSE"; // empty IN is always false
+        }
+        const values = expr.values.map((v) => this.render(v)).join(", ");
+        return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${values})`;
+    }
+    inQuery(expr) {
+        return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${this.buildSelect(expr.query)})`;
+    }
+    exists(expr) {
+        // Render as SELECT 1
+        const subquery = this.buildSelect({
+            ...expr.query,
+            select: { _: { type: "value", value: 1 } },
+        });
+        return `EXISTS (${subquery})`;
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== logic ==========
+    not(expr) {
+        return `NOT (${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    and(expr) {
+        if (expr.conditions.length === 0)
+            return "TRUE";
+        return `(${expr.conditions.map((c) => this.render(c)).join(" AND ")})`;
+    }
+    or(expr) {
+        if (expr.conditions.length === 0)
+            return "FALSE";
+        return `(${expr.conditions.map((c) => this.render(c)).join(" OR ")})`;
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== String (null handling) ==========
+    concat(expr) {
+        // PostgreSQL: uses || operator with COALESCE
+        const args = expr.args.map((a) => `COALESCE(${this.render(a)}, '')`);
+        return args.join(" || ");
+    }
+    left(expr) {
+        return `LEFT(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
+    }
+    right(expr) {
+        return `RIGHT(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
+    }
+    trim(expr) {
+        return `TRIM(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    padStart(expr) {
+        return `LPAD(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)}, ${this.render(expr.fillString)})`;
+    }
+    replace(expr) {
+        return `REPLACE(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.from)}, ${this.render(expr.to)})`;
+    }
+    upper(expr) {
+        return `UPPER(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    lower(expr) {
+        return `LOWER(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    length(expr) {
+        // PostgreSQL: LENGTH() (null handling)
+        return `LENGTH(COALESCE(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
+    }
+    byteLength(expr) {
+        // PostgreSQL: OCTET_LENGTH() (null handling)
+        return `OCTET_LENGTH(COALESCE(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
+    }
+    substring(expr) {
+        if (expr.length != null) {
+            return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.start)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
+        }
+        return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)} FROM ${this.render(expr.start)})`;
+    }
+    indexOf(expr) {
+        return `POSITION(${this.render(expr.search)} IN ${this.render(expr.source)})`;
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== Number ==========
+    abs(expr) {
+        return `ABS(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    round(expr) {
+        return `ROUND(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ${expr.digits})`;
+    }
+    ceil(expr) {
+        return `CEIL(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    floor(expr) {
+        return `FLOOR(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== Date ==========
+    year(expr) {
+        return `EXTRACT(YEAR FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+    }
+    month(expr) {
+        return `EXTRACT(MONTH FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+    }
+    day(expr) {
+        return `EXTRACT(DAY FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+    }
+    hour(expr) {
+        return `EXTRACT(HOUR FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+    }
+    minute(expr) {
+        return `EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+    }
+    second(expr) {
+        return `EXTRACT(SECOND FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+    }
+    isoWeek(expr) {
+        return `EXTRACT(WEEK FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+    }
+    isoWeekStartDate(expr) {
+        const src = this.render(expr.arg);
+        // ISO week start date (Monday)
+        return `DATE_TRUNC('week', ${src})::DATE`;
+    }
+    isoYearMonth(expr) {
+        return `TO_CHAR(${this.render(expr.arg)}, 'YYYYMM')`;
+    }
+    dateDiff(expr) {
+        const from = this.render(expr.from);
+        const to = this.render(expr.to);
+        switch (expr.unit) {
+            case "year":
+                return `EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(${to}, ${from}))::INTEGER`;
+            case "month":
+                return `(EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(${to}, ${from})) * 12 + EXTRACT(MONTH FROM AGE(${to}, ${from})))::INTEGER`;
+            case "day":
+                return `(${to}::DATE - ${from}::DATE)`;
+            case "hour":
+                return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER / 3600`;
+            case "minute":
+                return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER / 60`;
+            case "second":
+                return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER`;
+        }
+    }
+    dateAdd(expr) {
+        const source = this.render(expr.source);
+        const value = this.render(expr.value);
+        const unit = this.dateUnitToSql(expr.unit);
+        return `${source} + INTERVAL '1 ${unit}' * ${value}`;
+    }
+    formatDate(expr) {
+        // JS format → PostgreSQL TO_CHAR format
+        const pgFormat = this.convertDateFormat(expr.format);
+        return `TO_CHAR(${this.render(expr.source)}, '${pgFormat}')`;
+    }
+    dateUnitToSql(unit) {
+        switch (unit) {
+            case "year":
+                return "year";
+            case "month":
+                return "month";
+            case "day":
+                return "day";
+            case "hour":
+                return "hour";
+            case "minute":
+                return "minute";
+            case "second":
+                return "second";
+        }
+    }
+    convertDateFormat(format) {
+        // JS format → PostgreSQL TO_CHAR format
+        return format
+            .replace(/yyyy/g, "YYYY")
+            .replace(/MM/g, "MM")
+            .replace(/dd/g, "DD")
+            .replace(/HH/g, "HH24")
+            .replace(/mm/g, "MI")
+            .replace(/ss/g, "SS");
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== condition ==========
+    coalesce(expr) {
+        if (expr.args.length === 0)
+            return "NULL";
+        if (expr.args.length === 1)
+            return this.render(expr.args[0]);
+        // PostgreSQL: COALESCE
+        return `COALESCE(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
+    }
+    nullIf(expr) {
+        return `NULLIF(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.value)})`;
+    }
+    is(expr) {
+        return `(${this.render(expr.condition)})::INTEGER`;
+    }
+    switch(expr) {
+        const cases = expr.cases
+            .map((c) => `WHEN ${this.render(c.when)} THEN ${this.render(c.then)}`)
+            .join(" ");
+        return `CASE ${cases} ELSE ${this.render(expr.else)} END`;
+    }
+    if(expr) {
+        const elseVal = expr.else != null ? this.render(expr.else) : "NULL";
+        return `CASE WHEN ${this.render(expr.condition)} THEN ${this.render(expr.then)} ELSE ${elseVal} END`;
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== aggregation ==========
+    count(expr) {
+        if (expr.arg != null) {
+            const distinct = expr.distinct ? "DISTINCT " : "";
+            return `COUNT(${distinct}${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+        }
+        return "COUNT(*)";
+    }
+    sum(expr) {
+        return `SUM(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    avg(expr) {
+        return `AVG(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    max(expr) {
+        return `MAX(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    min(expr) {
+        return `MIN(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== Other ==========
+    greatest(expr) {
+        if (expr.args.length === 0)
+            throw new Error("greatest에는 최소 1개의 인수가 필요합니다.");
+        // PostgreSQL: native GREATEST support
+        return `GREATEST(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
+    }
+    least(expr) {
+        if (expr.args.length === 0)
+            throw new Error("least에는 최소 1개의 인수가 필요합니다.");
+        // PostgreSQL: native LEAST support
+        return `LEAST(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
+    }
+    rowNum(_expr) {
+        return "ROW_NUMBER() OVER ()";
+    }
+    random(_expr) {
+        return "RANDOM()";
+    }
+    cast(expr) {
+        return `CAST(${this.render(expr.source)} AS ${this.renderDataType(expr.targetType)})`;
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== Window ==========
+    window(expr) {
+        const fn = this.renderWindowFn(expr.fn);
+        let over = this.renderWindowSpec(expr.spec);
+        // LAST_VALUE default frame only sees up to CURRENT ROW, so full frame must be specified
+        if (expr.fn.type === "lastValue" && over.length > 0) {
+            over += " ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING";
+        }
+        return `${fn} OVER (${over})`;
+    }
+    renderWindowFn(fn) {
+        switch (fn.type) {
+            case "rowNumber":
+                return "ROW_NUMBER()";
+            case "rank":
+                return "RANK()";
+            case "denseRank":
+                return "DENSE_RANK()";
+            case "ntile":
+                return `NTILE(${fn.n})`;
+            case "lag": {
+                const offset = fn.offset ?? 1;
+                const def = fn.default != null ? `, ${this.render(fn.default)}` : "";
+                return `LAG(${this.render(fn.column)}, ${offset}${def})`;
+            }
+            case "lead": {
+                const offset = fn.offset ?? 1;
+                const def = fn.default != null ? `, ${this.render(fn.default)}` : "";
+                return `LEAD(${this.render(fn.column)}, ${offset}${def})`;
+            }
+            case "firstValue":
+                return `FIRST_VALUE(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+            case "lastValue":
+                return `LAST_VALUE(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+            case "sum":
+                return `SUM(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+            case "avg":
+                return `AVG(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+            case "count":
+                return fn.column != null ? `COUNT(${this.render(fn.column)})` : "COUNT(*)";
+            case "min":
+                return `MIN(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+            case "max":
+                return `MAX(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+        }
+    }
+    renderWindowSpec(spec) {
+        const parts = [];
+        if (spec.partitionBy != null && spec.partitionBy.length > 0) {
+            parts.push(`PARTITION BY ${spec.partitionBy.map((p) => this.render(p)).join(", ")}`);
+        }
+        if (spec.orderBy != null && spec.orderBy.length > 0) {
+            const orderParts = spec.orderBy.map(([expr, dir]) => `${this.render(expr)}${dir != null ? ` ${dir}` : ""}`);
+            parts.push(`ORDER BY ${orderParts.join(", ")}`);
+        }
+        return parts.join(" ");
+    }
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== System ==========
+    subquery(expr) {
+        return `(${this.buildSelect(expr.queryDef)})`;
+    }
 }
-export {
-  PostgresqlExprRenderer
-};
-//# sourceMappingURL=postgresql-expr-renderer.js.map
+//# sourceMappingURL=postgresql-expr-renderer.js.map