@simplysm/orm-common 13.0.100 → 14.0.4

package/dist/expr/expr.js

@@ -1,1857 +1,1885 @@
 import { ArgumentError } from "@simplysm/core-common";
-import {
-  dataTypeStrToColumnPrimitiveStr,
-  inferColumnPrimitiveStr
-} from "../types/column.js";
+import { dataTypeStrToColumnPrimitiveStr, inferColumnPrimitiveStr, } from "../types/column.js";
 import { ExprUnit, WhereExprUnit } from "./expr-unit.js";
-const expr = {
-  //#region ========== Value creation ==========
-  /**
-   * Wrap literal value as ExprUnit
-   *
-   * Widen to base type matching dataType, remove literal type
-   *
-   * @param dataType - The data type of the value ("string", "number", "boolean", "DateTime", "DateOnly", "Time", "Uuid", "Buffer")
-   * @param value - Value to wrap (undefined allowed)
-   * @returns Wrapped ExprUnit instance
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // String value
-   * expr.val("string", "active")
-   *
-   * // Number value
-   * expr.val("number", 100)
-   *
-   * // Date value
-   * expr.val("DateOnly", DateOnly.today())
-   *
-   * // undefined value
-   * expr.val("string", undefined)
-   * ```
-   */
-  val(dataType, value) {
-    return new ExprUnit(dataType, { type: "value", value });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Generate column reference
-   *
-   * Typically proxy objects are used inside Queryable callbacks
-   *
-   * @param dataType - Column data type
-   * @param path - Column path (table alias, column name, etc.)
-   * @returns Column reference ExprUnit instance
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Direct column reference (internal use)
-   * expr.col("string", "T1", "name")
-   * ```
-   */
-  col(dataType, ...path) {
-    return new ExprUnit(dataType, { type: "column", path });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Raw SQL expression Generate (escape hatch)
-   *
-   * Use when you need to directly use DB-specific functions or syntax not supported by the ORM.
-   * Used as tagged template literal, interpolated values are automatically parameterized
-   *
-   * @param dataType - Data type of the returned value
-   * @returns Tagged template function
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Using MySQL JSON function
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   name: u.name,
-   *   data: expr.raw("string")`JSON_EXTRACT(${u.metadata}, '$.email')`,
-   * }))
-   *
-   * // PostgreSQL array function
-   * expr.raw("number")`ARRAY_LENGTH(${u.tags}, 1)`
-   * ```
-   */
-  raw(dataType) {
-    return (strings, ...values) => {
-      const sql = strings.reduce((acc, str, i) => {
-        if (i < values.length) {
-          return acc + str + `$${i + 1}`;
+/**
+ * Dialect 독립적 SQL expression builder
+ *
+ * SQL 문자열 대신 JSON AST(Expr)를 생성하며, QueryBuilder가
+ * 각 DBMS(MySQL, MSSQL, PostgreSQL)로 변환
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * // WHERE condition
+ * db.user().where((u) => [
+ *   expr.eq(u.status, "active"),
+ *   expr.gt(u.age, 18),
+ * ])
+ *
+ * // SELECT expression
+ * db.user().select((u) => ({
+ *   name: expr.concat(u.firstName, " ", u.lastName),
+ *   age: expr.dateDiff("year", u.birthDate, expr.val("DateOnly", DateOnly.today())),
+ * }))
+ *
+ * // Aggregate function
+ * db.order().groupBy((o) => o.userId).select((o) => ({
+ *   userId: o.userId,
+ *   total: expr.sum(o.amount),
+ * }))
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link Queryable} Query builder 클래스
+ * @see {@link ExprUnit} Expression 래퍼 클래스
+ */
+export const expr = {
+    //#region ========== 값 생성 ==========
+    /**
+     * 리터럴 값을 ExprUnit으로 래핑
+     *
+     * dataType에 맞는 기본 타입으로 확장, 리터럴 타입 제거
+     *
+     * @param dataType - 값의 데이터 타입 ("string", "number", "boolean", "DateTime", "DateOnly", "Time", "Uuid", "Buffer")
+     * @param value - 래핑할 값 (undefined 허용)
+     * @returns 래핑된 ExprUnit 인스턴스
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // String value
+     * expr.val("string", "active")
+     *
+     * // Number value
+     * expr.val("number", 100)
+     *
+     * // Date value
+     * expr.val("DateOnly", DateOnly.today())
+     *
+     * // undefined value
+     * expr.val("string", undefined)
+     * ```
+     */
+    val(dataType, value) {
+        return new ExprUnit(dataType, { type: "value", value });
+    },
+    /**
+     * Column 참조 생성
+     *
+     * 일반적으로 Queryable 콜백 내부에서 프록시 객체를 사용
+     *
+     * @param dataType - Column 데이터 타입
+     * @param path - Column 경로 (테이블 별칭, column 이름 등)
+     * @returns Column 참조 ExprUnit 인스턴스
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Direct column reference (internal use)
+     * expr.col("string", "T1", "name")
+     * ```
+     */
+    col(dataType, ...path) {
+        return new ExprUnit(dataType, { type: "column", path });
+    },
+    /**
+     * Raw SQL expression 생성 (이스케이프 해치)
+     *
+     * ORM에서 지원하지 않는 DB 전용 함수나 구문을 직접 사용해야 할 때 사용.
+     * 태그드 템플릿 리터럴로 사용하며, 보간된 값은 자동으로 파라미터화됨
+     *
+     * @param dataType - 반환 값의 데이터 타입
+     * @returns 태그드 템플릿 함수
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Using MySQL JSON function
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   name: u.name,
+     *   data: expr.raw("string")`JSON_EXTRACT(${u.metadata}, '$.email')`,
+     * }))
+     *
+     * // PostgreSQL array function
+     * expr.raw("number")`ARRAY_LENGTH(${u.tags}, 1)`
+     * ```
+     */
+    raw(dataType) {
+        return (strings, ...values) => {
+            const sql = strings.reduce((acc, str, i) => {
+                if (i < values.length) {
+                    return acc + str + `$${i + 1}`; // 플레이스홀더 (ExprRenderer에서 변환)
+                }
+                return acc + str;
+            }, "");
+            const params = values.map((v) => toExpr(v));
+            return new ExprUnit(dataType, { type: "raw", sql, params });
+        };
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== WHERE - Comparison operators ==========
+    /**
+     * 동등 비교 (NULL 안전)
+     *
+     * NULL 값도 안전하게 비교 (MySQL: `<=>`, MSSQL/PostgreSQL: `IS NULL OR =`)
+     *
+     * @param source - 비교할 column 또는 expression
+     * @param target - 비교 대상 값 또는 expression
+     * @returns WHERE 조건 expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.eq(u.status, "active")])
+     * // WHERE status <=> 'active' (MySQL)
+     * ```
+     */
+    eq(source, target) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "eq",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            target: toExpr(target),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 초과 비교 (>)
+     *
+     * @param source - 비교할 column 또는 expression
+     * @param target - 비교 대상 값 또는 expression
+     * @returns WHERE 조건 expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.gt(u.age, 18)])
+     * // WHERE age > 18
+     * ```
+     */
+    gt(source, target) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "gt",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            target: toExpr(target),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 미만 비교 (<)
+     *
+     * @param source - 비교할 column 또는 expression
+     * @param target - 비교 대상 값 또는 expression
+     * @returns WHERE 조건 expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.lt(u.score, 60)])
+     * // WHERE score < 60
+     * ```
+     */
+    lt(source, target) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "lt",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            target: toExpr(target),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 이상 비교 (>=)
+     *
+     * @param source - 비교할 column 또는 expression
+     * @param target - 비교 대상 값 또는 expression
+     * @returns WHERE 조건 expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.gte(u.age, 18)])
+     * // WHERE age >= 18
+     * ```
+     */
+    gte(source, target) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "gte",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            target: toExpr(target),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 이하 비교 (<=)
+     *
+     * @param source - 비교할 column 또는 expression
+     * @param target - 비교 대상 값 또는 expression
+     * @returns WHERE 조건 expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.lte(u.score, 100)])
+     * // WHERE score <= 100
+     * ```
+     */
+    lte(source, target) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "lte",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            target: toExpr(target),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * range comparison (BETWEEN)
+     *
+     * from/to가 undefined이면 해당 방향은 제한 없음
+     *
+     * @param source - 비교할 column 또는 expression
+     * @param from - 시작 값 (undefined이면 하한 없음)
+     * @param to - 끝 값 (undefined이면 상한 없음)
+     * @returns WHERE 조건 expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Specify range
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.between(u.age, 18, 65)])
+     * // WHERE age BETWEEN 18 AND 65
+     *
+     * // Specify only lower bound
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.between(u.age, 18, undefined)])
+     * // WHERE age >= 18
+     * ```
+     */
+    between(source, from, to) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "between",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            from: from != null ? toExpr(from) : undefined,
+            to: to != null ? toExpr(to) : undefined,
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== WHERE - NULL check ==========
+    /**
+     * NULL check (IS NULL)
+     *
+     * @param source - Column or expression to check
+     * @returns WHERE condition expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.null(u.deletedAt)])
+     * // WHERE deletedAt IS NULL
+     * ```
+     */
+    null(source) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "null",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== WHERE - String search ==========
+    /**
+     * LIKE pattern matching
+     *
+     * `%` matches zero or more characters, `_` matches a single character.
+     * 특수 문자는 `\`로 이스케이프됨
+     *
+     * @param source - Column or expression to search
+     * @param pattern - Search pattern (%, _ wildcards available)
+     * @returns WHERE condition expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Prefix search
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.like(u.name, "John%")])
+     * // WHERE name LIKE 'John%' ESCAPE '\'
+     *
+     * // Contains search
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.like(u.email, "%@gmail.com")])
+     * ```
+     */
+    like(source, pattern) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "like",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            pattern: toExpr(pattern),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 정규식 패턴 매칭
+     *
+     * 참고: 정규식 구문은 DBMS 구현에 따라 다를 수 있음
+     *
+     * @param source - Column or expression to search
+     * @param pattern - Regular expression pattern
+     * @returns WHERE condition expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.regexp(u.email, "^[a-z]+@")])
+     * // MySQL: WHERE email REGEXP '^[a-z]+@'
+     * ```
+     */
+    regexp(source, pattern) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "regexp",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            pattern: toExpr(pattern),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== WHERE - IN ==========
+    /**
+     * IN operator - Compare against a list of values
+     *
+     * @param source - Column or expression to compare
+     * @param values - List of values to compare against
+     * @returns WHERE condition expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.in(u.status, ["active", "pending"])])
+     * // WHERE status IN ('active', 'pending')
+     * ```
+     */
+    in(source, values) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "in",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            values: values.map((v) => toExpr(v)),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * IN (SELECT ...) - Compare against subquery results
+     *
+     * 서브쿼리는 단일 column만 SELECT해야 함
+     *
+     * @param source - Column or expression to compare
+     * @param query - Queryable that returns a single column
+     * @returns WHERE condition expression
+     * @throws {Error} When the subquery does not return a single column
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [
+     *   expr.inQuery(
+     *     u.id,
+     *     db.order()
+     *       .where((o) => [expr.gt(o.amount, 1000)])
+     *       .select((o) => ({ userId: o.userId }))
+     *   ),
+     * ])
+     * // WHERE id IN (SELECT userId FROM Order WHERE amount > 1000)
+     * ```
+     */
+    inQuery(source, query) {
+        const queryDef = query.getSelectQueryDef();
+        if (queryDef.select == null || Object.keys(queryDef.select).length !== 1) {
+            throw new Error("inQuery 서브쿼리는 단일 column만 SELECT해야 합니다.");
         }
-        return acc + str;
-      }, "");
-      const params = values.map((v) => toExpr(v));
-      return new ExprUnit(dataType, { type: "raw", sql, params });
-    };
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== WHERE - Comparison operators ==========
-  /**
-   * Equality comparison (NULL-safe)
-   *
-   * Safely compare even NULL values (MySQL: `<=>`, MSSQL/PostgreSQL: `IS NULL OR =`)
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to compare
-   * @param target - Target value or expression for comparison
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.eq(u.status, "active")])
-   * // WHERE status <=> 'active' (MySQL)
-   * ```
-   */
-  eq(source, target) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "eq",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      target: toExpr(target)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Greater than comparison (>)
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to compare
-   * @param target - Target value or expression for comparison
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.gt(u.age, 18)])
-   * // WHERE age > 18
-   * ```
-   */
-  gt(source, target) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "gt",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      target: toExpr(target)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Less than comparison (<)
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to compare
-   * @param target - Target value or expression for comparison
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.lt(u.score, 60)])
-   * // WHERE score < 60
-   * ```
-   */
-  lt(source, target) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "lt",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      target: toExpr(target)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Greater than or equal comparison (>=)
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to compare
-   * @param target - Target value or expression for comparison
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.gte(u.age, 18)])
-   * // WHERE age >= 18
-   * ```
-   */
-  gte(source, target) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "gte",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      target: toExpr(target)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Less than or equal comparison (<=)
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to compare
-   * @param target - Target value or expression for comparison
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.lte(u.score, 100)])
-   * // WHERE score <= 100
-   * ```
-   */
-  lte(source, target) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "lte",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      target: toExpr(target)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * range comparison (BETWEEN)
-   *
-   * If from/to is undefined, that direction is unbounded
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to compare
-   * @param from - Start value (no lower bound if undefined)
-   * @param to - End value (no upper bound if undefined)
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Specify range
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.between(u.age, 18, 65)])
-   * // WHERE age BETWEEN 18 AND 65
-   *
-   * // Specify only lower bound
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.between(u.age, 18, undefined)])
-   * // WHERE age >= 18
-   * ```
-   */
-  between(source, from, to) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "between",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      from: from != null ? toExpr(from) : void 0,
-      to: to != null ? toExpr(to) : void 0
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== WHERE - NULL check ==========
-  /**
-   * NULL check (IS NULL)
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to check
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.null(u.deletedAt)])
-   * // WHERE deletedAt IS NULL
-   * ```
-   */
-  null(source) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "null",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== WHERE - String search ==========
-  /**
-   * LIKE pattern matching
-   *
-   * `%` matches zero or more characters, `_` matches a single character.
-   * Special characters are escaped with `\`
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to search
-   * @param pattern - Search pattern (%, _ wildcards available)
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Prefix search
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.like(u.name, "John%")])
-   * // WHERE name LIKE 'John%' ESCAPE '\'
-   *
-   * // Contains search
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.like(u.email, "%@gmail.com")])
-   * ```
-   */
-  like(source, pattern) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "like",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      pattern: toExpr(pattern)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Regular expression pattern matching
-   *
-   * Note: regex syntax may differ between DBMS implementations
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to search
-   * @param pattern - Regular expression pattern
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.regexp(u.email, "^[a-z]+@")])
-   * // MySQL: WHERE email REGEXP '^[a-z]+@'
-   * ```
-   */
-  regexp(source, pattern) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "regexp",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      pattern: toExpr(pattern)
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== WHERE - IN ==========
-  /**
-   * IN operator - Compare against a list of values
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to compare
-   * @param values - List of values to compare against
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.in(u.status, ["active", "pending"])])
-   * // WHERE status IN ('active', 'pending')
-   * ```
-   */
-  in(source, values) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "in",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      values: values.map((v) => toExpr(v))
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * IN (SELECT ...) - Compare against subquery results
-   *
-   * The subquery must SELECT only a single column
-   *
-   * @param source - Column or expression to compare
-   * @param query - Queryable that returns a single column
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   * @throws {Error} When the subquery does not return a single column
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [
-   *   expr.inQuery(
-   *     u.id,
-   *     db.order()
-   *       .where((o) => [expr.gt(o.amount, 1000)])
-   *       .select((o) => ({ userId: o.userId }))
-   *   ),
-   * ])
-   * // WHERE id IN (SELECT userId FROM Order WHERE amount > 1000)
-   * ```
-   */
-  inQuery(source, query) {
-    const queryDef = query.getSelectQueryDef();
-    if (queryDef.select == null || Object.keys(queryDef.select).length !== 1) {
-      throw new Error("inQuery subquery must SELECT only a single column.");
-    }
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "inQuery",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      query: queryDef
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * EXISTS (SELECT ...) - Check if subquery returns any rows
-   *
-   * Returns true if the subquery returns one or more rows
-   *
-   * @param query - Queryable to check for existence
-   * @returns WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Query users who have orders
-   * db.user().where((u) => [
-   *   expr.exists(
-   *     db.order().where((o) => [expr.eq(o.userId, u.id)])
-   *   ),
-   * ])
-   * // WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Order WHERE userId = User.id)
-   * ```
-   */
-  exists(query) {
-    const { select: _, ...queryDefWithoutSelect } = query.getSelectQueryDef();
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "exists",
-      query: queryDefWithoutSelect
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== WHERE - Logical operators ==========
-  /**
-   * NOT operator - Negate a condition
-   *
-   * @param arg - Condition to negate
-   * @returns Negated WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [expr.not(expr.eq(u.status, "deleted"))])
-   * // WHERE NOT (status <=> 'deleted')
-   * ```
-   */
-  not(arg) {
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "not",
-      arg: arg.expr
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * AND operator - All conditions must be satisfied
-   *
-   * Combines multiple conditions with AND. Passing an array to where() automatically applies AND
-   *
-   * @param conditions - List of conditions to combine with AND
-   * @returns Combined WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [
-   *   expr.and([
-   *     expr.eq(u.status, "active"),
-   *     expr.gte(u.age, 18),
-   *   ]),
-   * ])
-   * // WHERE (status <=> 'active' AND age >= 18)
-   * ```
-   */
-  and(conditions) {
-    if (conditions.length === 0) {
-      throw new ArgumentError({ conditions: "empty arrays are not allowed" });
-    }
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "and",
-      conditions: conditions.map((c) => c.expr)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * OR operator - At least one condition must be satisfied
-   *
-   * @param conditions - List of conditions to combine with OR
-   * @returns Combined WHERE condition expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().where((u) => [
-   *   expr.or([
-   *     expr.eq(u.status, "active"),
-   *     expr.eq(u.status, "pending"),
-   *   ]),
-   * ])
-   * // WHERE (status <=> 'active' OR status <=> 'pending')
-   * ```
-   */
-  or(conditions) {
-    if (conditions.length === 0) {
-      throw new ArgumentError({ conditions: "empty arrays are not allowed" });
-    }
-    return new WhereExprUnit({
-      type: "or",
-      conditions: conditions.map((c) => c.expr)
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== SELECT - String ==========
-  /**
-   * String concatenation (CONCAT)
-   *
-   * NULL values are treated as empty strings (auto-transformed per DBMS)
-   *
-   * @param args - Strings to concatenate
-   * @returns Concatenated string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   fullName: expr.concat(u.firstName, " ", u.lastName),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT CONCAT(firstName, ' ', lastName) AS fullName
-   * ```
-   */
-  concat(...args) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "concat",
-      args: args.map((arg) => toExpr(arg))
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract specified length from the left of a string (LEFT)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @param length - Number of characters to extract
-   * @returns Extracted string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   initial: expr.left(u.name, 1),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT LEFT(name, 1) AS initial
-   * ```
-   */
-  left(source, length) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "left",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      length: toExpr(length)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract specified length from the right of a string (RIGHT)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @param length - Number of characters to extract
-   * @returns Extracted string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.phone().select((p) => ({
-   *   lastFour: expr.right(p.number, 4),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT RIGHT(number, 4) AS lastFour
-   * ```
-   */
-  right(source, length) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "right",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      length: toExpr(length)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Remove whitespace from both sides of a string (TRIM)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @returns String expression with whitespace removed
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   name: expr.trim(u.name),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT TRIM(name) AS name
-   * ```
-   */
-  trim(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "trim",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Left padding (LPAD)
-   *
-   * Repeatedly adds fillString on the left until the target length is reached
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @param length - Target length
-   * @param fillString - String to use for padding
-   * @returns Padded string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   orderNo: expr.padStart(expr.cast(o.id, { type: "varchar", length: 10 }), 8, "0"),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT LPAD(CAST(id AS VARCHAR(10)), 8, '0') AS orderNo
-   * // Result: "00000123"
-   * ```
-   */
-  padStart(source, length, fillString) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "padStart",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      length: toExpr(length),
-      fillString: toExpr(fillString)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * String replacement (REPLACE)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @param from - String to find
-   * @param to - Replacement string
-   * @returns Replaced string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   phone: expr.replace(u.phone, "-", ""),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT REPLACE(phone, '-', '') AS phone
-   * ```
-   */
-  replace(source, from, to) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "replace",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      from: toExpr(from),
-      to: toExpr(to)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Convert string to uppercase (UPPER)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @returns Uppercase string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   code: expr.upper(u.code),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT UPPER(code) AS code
-   * ```
-   */
-  upper(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "upper",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Convert string to lowercase (LOWER)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @returns Lowercase string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   email: expr.lower(u.email),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT LOWER(email) AS email
-   * ```
-   */
-  lower(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "lower",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * String length (character count)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @returns Character count
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   nameLength: expr.length(u.name),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT CHAR_LENGTH(name) AS nameLength
-   * ```
-   */
-  length(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "length",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * String byte length
-   *
-   * In UTF-8, CJK characters are 3 bytes each
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @returns Byte count
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   byteLen: expr.byteLength(u.name),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT OCTET_LENGTH(name) AS byteLen
-   * ```
-   */
-  byteLength(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "byteLength",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract part of a string (SUBSTRING)
-   *
-   * Uses 1-based index per SQL standard
-   *
-   * @param source - Original string
-   * @param start - Start position (starting from 1)
-   * @param length - Length to extract (to the end if omitted)
-   * @returns Extracted string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   // From "Hello World", 5 characters starting at index 1: "Hello"
-   *   prefix: expr.substring(u.name, 1, 5),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT SUBSTRING(name, 1, 5) AS prefix
-   * ```
-   */
-  substring(source, start, length) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "substring",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      start: toExpr(start),
-      ...length != null ? { length: toExpr(length) } : {}
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Find position within a string (LOCATE/CHARINDEX)
-   *
-   * Returns 1-based index, or 0 if not found
-   *
-   * @param source - String to search in
-   * @param search - String to find
-   * @returns Position (starting from 1, 0 if not found)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   atPos: expr.indexOf(u.email, "@"),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT LOCATE('@', email) AS atPos (MySQL)
-   * // "john@example.com" → 5
-   * ```
-   */
-  indexOf(source, search) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "indexOf",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      search: toExpr(search)
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== SELECT - Number ==========
-  /**
-   * Absolute value (ABS)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original number
-   * @returns Absolute value expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.account().select((a) => ({
-   *   balance: expr.abs(a.balance),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT ABS(balance) AS balance
-   * ```
-   */
-  abs(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "abs",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Round (ROUND)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original number
-   * @param digits - Number of decimal places
-   * @returns Rounded number expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.product().select((p) => ({
-   *   price: expr.round(p.price, 2),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT ROUND(price, 2) AS price
-   * // 123.456 → 123.46
-   * ```
-   */
-  round(source, digits) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "round",
-      arg: toExpr(source),
-      digits
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Ceiling (CEILING)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original number
-   * @returns Ceiling number expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   pages: expr.ceil(expr.divide(o.itemCount, 10)),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT CEILING(itemCount / 10) AS pages
-   * // 25 / 10 = 2.5 → 3
-   * ```
-   */
-  ceil(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "ceil",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Floor (FLOOR)
-   *
-   * @param source - Original number
-   * @returns Floor number expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   ageGroup: expr.floor(expr.divide(u.age, 10)),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT FLOOR(age / 10) AS ageGroup
-   * // 25 / 10 = 2.5 → 2
-   * ```
-   */
-  floor(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "floor",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== SELECT - Date ==========
-  /**
-   * Extract year (YEAR)
-   *
-   * @param source - DateTime or DateOnly expression
-   * @returns Year (4-digit number)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   birthYear: expr.year(u.birthDate),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT YEAR(birthDate) AS birthYear
-   * ```
-   */
-  year(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "year",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract month (MONTH)
-   *
-   * @param source - DateTime or DateOnly expression
-   * @returns Month (1~12)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   orderMonth: expr.month(o.createdAt),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT MONTH(createdAt) AS orderMonth
-   * ```
-   */
-  month(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "month",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract day (DAY)
-   *
-   * @param source - DateTime or DateOnly expression
-   * @returns Day (1~31)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   birthDay: expr.day(u.birthDate),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT DAY(birthDate) AS birthDay
-   * ```
-   */
-  day(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "day",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract hour (HOUR)
-   *
-   * @param source - DateTime or Time expression
-   * @returns Hour (0~23)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.log().select((l) => ({
-   *   logHour: expr.hour(l.createdAt),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT HOUR(createdAt) AS logHour
-   * ```
-   */
-  hour(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "hour",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract minute (MINUTE)
-   *
-   * @param source - DateTime or Time expression
-   * @returns Minute (0~59)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.log().select((l) => ({
-   *   logMinute: expr.minute(l.createdAt),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT MINUTE(createdAt) AS logMinute
-   * ```
-   */
-  minute(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "minute",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract second (SECOND)
-   *
-   * @param source - DateTime or Time expression
-   * @returns Second (0~59)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.log().select((l) => ({
-   *   logSecond: expr.second(l.createdAt),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT SECOND(createdAt) AS logSecond
-   * ```
-   */
-  second(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "second",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Extract ISO week number
-   *
-   * ISO 8601 week number (starts Monday, 1~53)
-   *
-   * @param source - DateOnly expression
-   * @returns ISO week number
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   weekNum: expr.isoWeek(o.orderDate),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT WEEK(orderDate, 3) AS weekNum (MySQL)
-   * ```
-   */
-  isoWeek(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "isoWeek",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * ISO week start date (Monday)
-   *
-   * Returns the Monday of the week the given date belongs to
-   *
-   * @param source - DateOnly expression
-   * @returns Week start date (Monday)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   weekStart: expr.isoWeekStartDate(o.orderDate),
-   * }))
-   * // 2024-01-10 (Wed) → 2024-01-08 (Mon)
-   * ```
-   */
-  isoWeekStartDate(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("DateOnly", {
-      type: "isoWeekStartDate",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * ISO year-month (first day of the month)
-   *
-   * Returns the first day of the month for the given date
-   *
-   * @param source - DateOnly expression
-   * @returns First day of the month
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   yearMonth: expr.isoYearMonth(o.orderDate),
-   * }))
-   * // 2024-01-15 → 2024-01-01
-   * ```
-   */
-  isoYearMonth(source) {
-    return new ExprUnit("DateOnly", {
-      type: "isoYearMonth",
-      arg: toExpr(source)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Calculate date difference (DATEDIFF)
-   *
-   * @param unit - Unit ("year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second")
-   * @param from - Start date
-   * @param to - End date
-   * @returns Difference value (to - from)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   age: expr.dateDiff("year", u.birthDate, expr.val("DateOnly", DateOnly.today())),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT DATEDIFF(year, birthDate, '2024-01-15') AS age
-   * ```
-   */
-  dateDiff(unit, from, to) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "dateDiff",
-      unit,
-      from: toExpr(from),
-      to: toExpr(to)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Add to date (DATEADD)
-   *
-   * @param unit - Unit ("year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second")
-   * @param source - Original date
-   * @param value - Value to add (negative allowed)
-   * @returns Calculated date
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.subscription().select((s) => ({
-   *   expiresAt: expr.dateAdd("month", s.startDate, 12),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT DATEADD(month, 12, startDate) AS expiresAt
-   * ```
-   */
-  dateAdd(unit, source, value) {
-    return new ExprUnit(source.dataType, {
-      type: "dateAdd",
-      unit,
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      value: toExpr(value)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Date format (DATE_FORMAT)
-   *
-   * Format string rules may differ between DBMS implementations
-   *
-   * @param source - Date expression
-   * @param format - Format string (e.g., "%Y-%m-%d")
-   * @returns Formatted string expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   orderDate: expr.formatDate(o.createdAt, "%Y-%m-%d"),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT DATE_FORMAT(createdAt, '%Y-%m-%d') AS orderDate (MySQL)
-   * // 2024-01-15 10:30:00 → "2024-01-15"
-   * ```
-   */
-  formatDate(source, format) {
-    return new ExprUnit("string", {
-      type: "formatDate",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      format
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== SELECT - Condition ==========
-  /**
-   * NULL replacement (COALESCE/IFNULL)
-   *
-   * Returns the first non-null value. If the last argument is non-nullable, the result is also non-nullable
-   *
-   * @param args - Values to inspect (last is default value)
-   * @returns First non-null value
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   displayName: expr.coalesce(u.nickname, u.name, "Guest"),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT COALESCE(nickname, name, 'Guest') AS displayName
-   * ```
-   */
-  coalesce,
-  /**
-   * Return NULL if value matches (NULLIF)
-   *
-   * Returns NULL if source === value, otherwise returns source
-   *
-   * @param source - Original value
-   * @param value - Value to compare
-   * @returns NULL or original value
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   // Convert empty string to NULL
-   *   bio: expr.nullIf(u.bio, ""),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT NULLIF(bio, '') AS bio
-   * ```
-   */
-  nullIf(source, value) {
-    return new ExprUnit(source.dataType, {
-      type: "nullIf",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      value: toExpr(value)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Transform WHERE expression to boolean
-   *
-   * Used when condition results should be used as a boolean column in SELECT clause
-   *
-   * @param condition - Condition to transform
-   * @returns boolean expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   isActive: expr.is(expr.eq(u.status, "active")),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT (status <=> 'active') AS isActive
-   * ```
-   */
-  is(condition) {
-    return new ExprUnit("boolean", {
-      type: "is",
-      condition: condition.expr
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * CASE WHEN expression builder
-   *
-   * Build conditional branches using method chaining
-   *
-   * @returns SwitchExprBuilder instance
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   grade: expr.switch<string>()
-   *     .case(expr.gte(u.score, 90), "A")
-   *     .case(expr.gte(u.score, 80), "B")
-   *     .case(expr.gte(u.score, 70), "C")
-   *     .default("F"),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT CASE WHEN score >= 90 THEN 'A' ... ELSE 'F' END AS grade
-   * ```
-   */
-  switch() {
-    return createSwitchBuilder();
-  },
-  /**
-   * Simple IF condition (ternary operator)
-   *
-   * @param condition - Condition
-   * @param then - Value when condition is true
-   * @param else_ - Value when condition is false
-   * @returns Conditional value expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   type: expr.if(expr.gte(u.age, 18), "adult", "minor"),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT IF(age >= 18, 'adult', 'minor') AS type
-   * ```
-   */
-  if(condition, then, else_) {
-    const allValues = [then, else_];
-    const exprUnit = allValues.find((v) => v instanceof ExprUnit);
-    if (exprUnit) {
-      return new ExprUnit(exprUnit.dataType, {
-        type: "if",
-        condition: condition.expr,
-        then: toExpr(then),
-        else: toExpr(else_)
-      });
-    }
-    const nonNullLiteral = allValues.find((v) => v != null);
-    if (nonNullLiteral == null) {
-      throw new Error("At least one of if's then/else must be non-null.");
-    }
-    return new ExprUnit(inferColumnPrimitiveStr(nonNullLiteral), {
-      type: "if",
-      condition: condition.expr,
-      then: toExpr(then),
-      else: toExpr(else_)
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== SELECT - Aggregate ==========
-  // Aggregates like SUM, AVG, MAX return NULL only when all values are NULL or no rows exist (rows with NULL values are ignored)
-  /**
-   * Count rows (COUNT)
-   *
-   * @param arg - Column to count (all rows if omitted)
-   * @param distinct - If true, remove duplicates
-   * @returns Row count
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Total row count
-   * db.user().select(() => ({ total: expr.count() }))
-   *
-   * // Distinct count
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   uniqueCustomers: expr.count(o.customerId, true),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  count(arg, distinct) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "count",
-      arg: arg != null ? toExpr(arg) : void 0,
-      distinct
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Sum (SUM)
-   *
-   * NULL values are ignored. Returns NULL if all values are NULL
-   *
-   * @param arg - Number column to sum
-   * @returns Sum (or NULL)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().groupBy((o) => o.userId).select((o) => ({
-   *   userId: o.userId,
-   *   totalAmount: expr.sum(o.amount),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  sum(arg) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "sum",
-      arg: toExpr(arg)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Average (AVG)
-   *
-   * NULL values are ignored. Returns NULL if all values are NULL
-   *
-   * @param arg - Number column to average
-   * @returns Average (or NULL)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.product().groupBy((p) => p.categoryId).select((p) => ({
-   *   categoryId: p.categoryId,
-   *   avgPrice: expr.avg(p.price),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  avg(arg) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "avg",
-      arg: toExpr(arg)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Maximum value (MAX)
-   *
-   * NULL values are ignored. Returns NULL if all values are NULL
-   *
-   * @param arg - Column to find maximum of
-   * @returns Maximum value (or NULL)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().groupBy((o) => o.userId).select((o) => ({
-   *   userId: o.userId,
-   *   lastOrderDate: expr.max(o.createdAt),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  max(arg) {
-    return new ExprUnit(arg.dataType, {
-      type: "max",
-      arg: toExpr(arg)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Minimum value (MIN)
-   *
-   * NULL values are ignored. Returns NULL if all values are NULL
-   *
-   * @param arg - Column to find minimum of
-   * @returns Minimum value (or NULL)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.product().groupBy((p) => p.categoryId).select((p) => ({
-   *   categoryId: p.categoryId,
-   *   minPrice: expr.min(p.price),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  min(arg) {
-    return new ExprUnit(arg.dataType, {
-      type: "min",
-      arg: toExpr(arg)
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== SELECT - Other ==========
-  /**
-   * Greatest value among multiple values (GREATEST)
-   *
-   * @param args - Values to compare
-   * @returns Greatest value
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.product().select((p) => ({
-   *   effectivePrice: expr.greatest(p.price, p.minPrice),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT GREATEST(price, minPrice) AS effectivePrice
-   * ```
-   */
-  greatest(...args) {
-    return new ExprUnit(findDataType(args), {
-      type: "greatest",
-      args: args.map((a) => toExpr(a))
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Least value among multiple values (LEAST)
-   *
-   * @param args - Values to compare
-   * @returns Least value
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.product().select((p) => ({
-   *   effectivePrice: expr.least(p.price, p.maxDiscount),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT LEAST(price, maxDiscount) AS effectivePrice
-   * ```
-   */
-  least(...args) {
-    return new ExprUnit(findDataType(args), {
-      type: "least",
-      args: args.map((a) => toExpr(a))
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Row number (sequential number for all rows without ROW_NUMBER)
-   *
-   * @returns Row number (starting from 1)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   rowNum: expr.rowNum(),
-   *   name: u.name,
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  rowNum() {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "rowNum"
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Generate random number (RAND/RANDOM)
-   *
-   * Returns a random number between 0 and 1. Mainly used for random ordering in ORDER BY
-   *
-   * @returns Random number between 0 and 1
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Random sorting
-   * db.user().orderBy(() => expr.random()).limit(10)
-   * ```
-   */
-  random() {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "random"
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * type transformation (CAST)
-   *
-   * @param source - Expression to transform
-   * @param targetType - Target data type
-   * @returns Transformed expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   idStr: expr.cast(o.id, { type: "varchar", length: 20 }),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT CAST(id AS VARCHAR(20)) AS idStr
-   * ```
-   */
-  cast(source, targetType) {
-    return new ExprUnit(dataTypeStrToColumnPrimitiveStr[targetType.type], {
-      type: "cast",
-      source: toExpr(source),
-      targetType
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * Scalar Subquery - Subquery that returns a single value in SELECT clause
-   *
-   * The subquery must return exactly one row and one column
-   *
-   * @param dataType - Data type of the returned value
-   * @param queryable - Queryable that returns a scalar value
-   * @returns Subquery result expression
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   id: u.id,
-   *   postCount: expr.subquery(
-   *     "number",
-   *     db.post()
-   *       .where((p) => [expr.eq(p.userId, u.id)])
-   *       .select(() => ({ cnt: expr.count() }))
-   *   ),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT id, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Post WHERE userId = User.id) AS postCount
-   * ```
-   */
-  subquery(dataType, queryable) {
-    return new ExprUnit(dataType, {
-      type: "subquery",
-      queryDef: queryable.getSelectQueryDef()
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== SELECT - Window Functions ==========
-  /**
-   * ROW_NUMBER() - Row number within a partition
-   *
-   * Assigns sequential numbers starting from 1 within each partition
-   *
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Row number (starting from 1)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   ...o,
-   *   rowNum: expr.rowNumber({
-   *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
-   *     orderBy: [[o.createdAt, "DESC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * // SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY userId ORDER BY createdAt DESC)
-   * ```
-   */
-  rowNumber(spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "rowNumber" },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * RANK() - Rank within a partition (ties get same rank, next rank is skipped)
-   *
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Rank (skips after ties: 1, 1, 3)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.student().select((s) => ({
-   *   name: s.name,
-   *   rank: expr.rank({
-   *     orderBy: [[s.score, "DESC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  rank(spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "rank" },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * DENSE_RANK() - Dense rank within a partition (ties get same rank, next rank is consecutive)
-   *
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Dense rank (consecutive after ties: 1, 1, 2)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.student().select((s) => ({
-   *   name: s.name,
-   *   denseRank: expr.denseRank({
-   *     orderBy: [[s.score, "DESC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  denseRank(spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "denseRank" },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * NTILE(n) - Split partition into n groups
-   *
-   * @param n - Number of groups to split into
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Group number (1 ~ n)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Quartile split to find top 25%
-   * db.user().select((u) => ({
-   *   name: u.name,
-   *   quartile: expr.ntile(4, {
-   *     orderBy: [[u.score, "DESC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  ntile(n, spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "ntile", n },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * LAG() - Reference value from a previous row
-   *
-   * @param column - Column to reference
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @param options - offset (default 1), default (default value when no previous row)
-   * @returns Previous row's value (or default value/NULL)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.stock().select((s) => ({
-   *   date: s.date,
-   *   price: s.price,
-   *   prevPrice: expr.lag(s.price, {
-   *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
-   *     orderBy: [[s.date, "ASC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  lag(column, spec, options) {
-    return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: {
-        type: "lag",
-        column: toExpr(column),
-        offset: options == null ? void 0 : options.offset,
-        default: (options == null ? void 0 : options.default) != null ? toExpr(options.default) : void 0
-      },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * LEAD() - Reference value from a following row
-   *
-   * @param column - Column to reference
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @param options - offset (default 1), default (default value when no following row)
-   * @returns Following row's value (or default value/NULL)
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.stock().select((s) => ({
-   *   date: s.date,
-   *   price: s.price,
-   *   nextPrice: expr.lead(s.price, {
-   *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
-   *     orderBy: [[s.date, "ASC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  lead(column, spec, options) {
-    return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: {
-        type: "lead",
-        column: toExpr(column),
-        offset: options == null ? void 0 : options.offset,
-        default: (options == null ? void 0 : options.default) != null ? toExpr(options.default) : void 0
-      },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * FIRST_VALUE() - First value in the partition/frame
-   *
-   * @param column - Column to reference
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns First value
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   ...o,
-   *   firstOrderAmount: expr.firstValue(o.amount, {
-   *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
-   *     orderBy: [[o.createdAt, "ASC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  firstValue(column, spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "firstValue", column: toExpr(column) },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * LAST_VALUE() - Last value in the partition/frame
-   *
-   * @param column - Column to reference
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Last value
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   ...o,
-   *   lastOrderAmount: expr.lastValue(o.amount, {
-   *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
-   *     orderBy: [[o.createdAt, "ASC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  lastValue(column, spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "lastValue", column: toExpr(column) },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * SUM() OVER - Window sum
-   *
-   * @param column - Column to sum
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Sum within window
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Running total
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   ...o,
-   *   runningTotal: expr.sumOver(o.amount, {
-   *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
-   *     orderBy: [[o.createdAt, "ASC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  sumOver(column, spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "sum", column: toExpr(column) },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * AVG() OVER - Window average
-   *
-   * @param column - Column to average
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Average within window
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * // Moving average
-   * db.stock().select((s) => ({
-   *   ...s,
-   *   movingAvg: expr.avgOver(s.price, {
-   *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
-   *     orderBy: [[s.date, "ASC"]],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  avgOver(column, spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "avg", column: toExpr(column) },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * COUNT() OVER - Window count
-   *
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @param column - Column to count (all rows if omitted)
-   * @returns Row count within window
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.order().select((o) => ({
-   *   ...o,
-   *   totalOrdersPerUser: expr.countOver({
-   *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  countOver(spec, column) {
-    return new ExprUnit("number", {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "count", column: column != null ? toExpr(column) : void 0 },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * MIN() OVER - Window minimum
-   *
-   * @param column - Column to find minimum of
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Minimum value within window
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.stock().select((s) => ({
-   *   ...s,
-   *   minPriceInPeriod: expr.minOver(s.price, {
-   *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  minOver(column, spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "min", column: toExpr(column) },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  /**
-   * MAX() OVER - Window maximum
-   *
-   * @param column - Column to find maximum of
-   * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
-   * @returns Maximum value within window
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * db.stock().select((s) => ({
-   *   ...s,
-   *   maxPriceInPeriod: expr.maxOver(s.price, {
-   *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
-   *   }),
-   * }))
-   * ```
-   */
-  maxOver(column, spec) {
-    return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
-      type: "window",
-      fn: { type: "max", column: toExpr(column) },
-      spec: toWinSpec(spec)
-    });
-  },
-  //#endregion
-  //#region ========== Helper ==========
-  /**
-   * Transform ExprInput to Expr (internal use)
-   *
-   * @param value - Value to transform
-   * @returns Expr JSON AST
-   */
-  toExpr(value) {
-    return toExpr(value);
-  }
-  //#endregion
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "inQuery",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            query: queryDef,
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * EXISTS (SELECT ...) - Check if subquery returns any rows
+     *
+     * 서브쿼리가 하나 이상의 행을 반환하면 true 반환
+     *
+     * @param query - Queryable to check for existence
+     * @returns WHERE condition expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Query users who have orders
+     * db.user().where((u) => [
+     *   expr.exists(
+     *     db.order().where((o) => [expr.eq(o.userId, u.id)])
+     *   ),
+     * ])
+     * // WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Order WHERE userId = User.id)
+     * ```
+     */
+    exists(query) {
+        const { select: _, ...queryDefWithoutSelect } = query.getSelectQueryDef(); // EXISTS는 SELECT 절이 불필요, 패킷 크기 절약
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "exists",
+            query: queryDefWithoutSelect,
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== WHERE - Logical operators ==========
+    /**
+     * NOT operator - Negate a condition
+     *
+     * @param arg - Condition to negate
+     * @returns Negated WHERE condition expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [expr.not(expr.eq(u.status, "deleted"))])
+     * // WHERE NOT (status <=> 'deleted')
+     * ```
+     */
+    not(arg) {
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "not",
+            arg: arg.expr,
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * AND operator - All conditions must be satisfied
+     *
+     * 여러 조건을 AND로 결합. where()에 배열을 전달하면 자동으로 AND 적용
+     *
+     * @param conditions - List of conditions to combine with AND
+     * @returns Combined WHERE condition expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [
+     *   expr.and([
+     *     expr.eq(u.status, "active"),
+     *     expr.gte(u.age, 18),
+     *   ]),
+     * ])
+     * // WHERE (status <=> 'active' AND age >= 18)
+     * ```
+     */
+    and(conditions) {
+        if (conditions.length === 0) {
+            throw new ArgumentError({ conditions: "empty arrays are not allowed" });
+        }
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "and",
+            conditions: conditions.map((c) => c.expr),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * OR operator - At least one condition must be satisfied
+     *
+     * @param conditions - List of conditions to combine with OR
+     * @returns Combined WHERE condition expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().where((u) => [
+     *   expr.or([
+     *     expr.eq(u.status, "active"),
+     *     expr.eq(u.status, "pending"),
+     *   ]),
+     * ])
+     * // WHERE (status <=> 'active' OR status <=> 'pending')
+     * ```
+     */
+    or(conditions) {
+        if (conditions.length === 0) {
+            throw new ArgumentError({ conditions: "empty arrays are not allowed" });
+        }
+        return new WhereExprUnit({
+            type: "or",
+            conditions: conditions.map((c) => c.expr),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== SELECT - String ==========
+    /**
+     * 문자열 연결 (CONCAT)
+     *
+     * NULL 값은 빈 문자열로 처리 (DBMS별 자동 변환)
+     *
+     * @param args - Strings to concatenate
+     * @returns Concatenated string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   fullName: expr.concat(u.firstName, " ", u.lastName),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT CONCAT(firstName, ' ', lastName) AS fullName
+     * ```
+     */
+    concat(...args) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "concat",
+            args: args.map((arg) => toExpr(arg)),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 왼쪽에서 지정 길이만큼 추출 (LEFT)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @param length - Number of characters to extract
+     * @returns Extracted string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   initial: expr.left(u.name, 1),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT LEFT(name, 1) AS initial
+     * ```
+     */
+    left(source, length) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "left",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            length: toExpr(length),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 오른쪽에서 지정 길이만큼 추출 (RIGHT)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @param length - Number of characters to extract
+     * @returns Extracted string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.phone().select((p) => ({
+     *   lastFour: expr.right(p.number, 4),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT RIGHT(number, 4) AS lastFour
+     * ```
+     */
+    right(source, length) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "right",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            length: toExpr(length),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 양쪽 공백 제거 (TRIM)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @returns String expression with whitespace removed
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   name: expr.trim(u.name),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT TRIM(name) AS name
+     * ```
+     */
+    trim(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "trim",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 왼쪽 패딩 (LPAD)
+     *
+     * 대상 길이에 도달할 때까지 왼쪽에 fillString을 반복 추가
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @param length - Target length
+     * @param fillString - String to use for padding
+     * @returns Padded string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   orderNo: expr.padStart(expr.cast(o.id, { type: "varchar", length: 10 }), 8, "0"),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT LPAD(CAST(id AS VARCHAR(10)), 8, '0') AS orderNo
+     * // Result: "00000123"
+     * ```
+     */
+    padStart(source, length, fillString) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "padStart",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            length: toExpr(length),
+            fillString: toExpr(fillString),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 치환 (REPLACE)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @param from - String to find
+     * @param to - Replacement string
+     * @returns Replaced string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   phone: expr.replace(u.phone, "-", ""),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT REPLACE(phone, '-', '') AS phone
+     * ```
+     */
+    replace(source, from, to) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "replace",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            from: toExpr(from),
+            to: toExpr(to),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 대문자 변환 (UPPER)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @returns Uppercase string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   code: expr.upper(u.code),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT UPPER(code) AS code
+     * ```
+     */
+    upper(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "upper",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 소문자 변환 (LOWER)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @returns Lowercase string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   email: expr.lower(u.email),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT LOWER(email) AS email
+     * ```
+     */
+    lower(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "lower",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 길이 (문자 수)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @returns Character count
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   nameLength: expr.length(u.name),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT CHAR_LENGTH(name) AS nameLength
+     * ```
+     */
+    length(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "length",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 바이트 길이
+     *
+     * UTF-8에서 CJK 문자는 각 3바이트
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @returns Byte count
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   byteLen: expr.byteLength(u.name),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT OCTET_LENGTH(name) AS byteLen
+     * ```
+     */
+    byteLength(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "byteLength",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 부분 추출 (SUBSTRING)
+     *
+     * SQL 표준에 따라 1부터 시작하는 인덱스 사용
+     *
+     * @param source - Original string
+     * @param start - Start position (starting from 1)
+     * @param length - Length to extract (to the end if omitted)
+     * @returns Extracted string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   // From "Hello World", 5 characters starting at index 1: "Hello"
+     *   prefix: expr.substring(u.name, 1, 5),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT SUBSTRING(name, 1, 5) AS prefix
+     * ```
+     */
+    substring(source, start, length) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "substring",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            start: toExpr(start),
+            ...(length != null ? { length: toExpr(length) } : {}),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 문자열 내 위치 찾기 (LOCATE/CHARINDEX)
+     *
+     * 1부터 시작하는 인덱스 반환, 찾지 못하면 0 반환
+     *
+     * @param source - String to search in
+     * @param search - String to find
+     * @returns Position (starting from 1, 0 if not found)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   atPos: expr.indexOf(u.email, "@"),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT LOCATE('@', email) AS atPos (MySQL)
+     * // "john@example.com" → 5
+     * ```
+     */
+    indexOf(source, search) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "indexOf",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            search: toExpr(search),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== SELECT - Number ==========
+    /**
+     * 절대값 (ABS)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original number
+     * @returns Absolute value expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.account().select((a) => ({
+     *   balance: expr.abs(a.balance),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT ABS(balance) AS balance
+     * ```
+     */
+    abs(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "abs",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 반올림 (ROUND)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original number
+     * @param digits - Number of decimal places
+     * @returns Rounded number expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.product().select((p) => ({
+     *   price: expr.round(p.price, 2),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT ROUND(price, 2) AS price
+     * // 123.456 → 123.46
+     * ```
+     */
+    round(source, digits) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "round",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+            digits,
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 올림 (CEILING)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original number
+     * @returns Ceiling number expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   pages: expr.ceil(expr.divide(o.itemCount, 10)),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT CEILING(itemCount / 10) AS pages
+     * // 25 / 10 = 2.5 → 3
+     * ```
+     */
+    ceil(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "ceil",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 내림 (FLOOR)
+     *
+     * @param source - Original number
+     * @returns Floor number expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   ageGroup: expr.floor(expr.divide(u.age, 10)),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT FLOOR(age / 10) AS ageGroup
+     * // 25 / 10 = 2.5 → 2
+     * ```
+     */
+    floor(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "floor",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== SELECT - Date ==========
+    /**
+     * 연도 추출 (YEAR)
+     *
+     * @param source - DateTime or DateOnly expression
+     * @returns Year (4-digit number)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   birthYear: expr.year(u.birthDate),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT YEAR(birthDate) AS birthYear
+     * ```
+     */
+    year(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "year",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 월 추출 (MONTH)
+     *
+     * @param source - DateTime or DateOnly expression
+     * @returns Month (1~12)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   orderMonth: expr.month(o.createdAt),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT MONTH(createdAt) AS orderMonth
+     * ```
+     */
+    month(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "month",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 일 추출 (DAY)
+     *
+     * @param source - DateTime or DateOnly expression
+     * @returns Day (1~31)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   birthDay: expr.day(u.birthDate),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT DAY(birthDate) AS birthDay
+     * ```
+     */
+    day(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "day",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 시 추출 (HOUR)
+     *
+     * @param source - DateTime or Time expression
+     * @returns Hour (0~23)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.log().select((l) => ({
+     *   logHour: expr.hour(l.createdAt),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT HOUR(createdAt) AS logHour
+     * ```
+     */
+    hour(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "hour",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 분 추출 (MINUTE)
+     *
+     * @param source - DateTime or Time expression
+     * @returns Minute (0~59)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.log().select((l) => ({
+     *   logMinute: expr.minute(l.createdAt),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT MINUTE(createdAt) AS logMinute
+     * ```
+     */
+    minute(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "minute",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 초 추출 (SECOND)
+     *
+     * @param source - DateTime or Time expression
+     * @returns Second (0~59)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.log().select((l) => ({
+     *   logSecond: expr.second(l.createdAt),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT SECOND(createdAt) AS logSecond
+     * ```
+     */
+    second(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "second",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * ISO 주 번호 추출
+     *
+     * ISO 8601 week number (starts Monday, 1~53)
+     *
+     * @param source - DateOnly expression
+     * @returns ISO week number
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   weekNum: expr.isoWeek(o.orderDate),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT WEEK(orderDate, 3) AS weekNum (MySQL)
+     * ```
+     */
+    isoWeek(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "isoWeek",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * ISO week start date (Monday)
+     *
+     * 주어진 날짜가 속한 주의 월요일 반환
+     *
+     * @param source - DateOnly expression
+     * @returns Week start date (Monday)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   weekStart: expr.isoWeekStartDate(o.orderDate),
+     * }))
+     * // 2024-01-10 (Wed) → 2024-01-08 (Mon)
+     * ```
+     */
+    isoWeekStartDate(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("DateOnly", {
+            type: "isoWeekStartDate",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * ISO year-month (first day of the month)
+     *
+     * 주어진 날짜의 해당 월 첫째 날 반환
+     *
+     * @param source - DateOnly expression
+     * @returns First day of the month
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   yearMonth: expr.isoYearMonth(o.orderDate),
+     * }))
+     * // 2024-01-15 → 2024-01-01
+     * ```
+     */
+    isoYearMonth(source) {
+        return new ExprUnit("DateOnly", {
+            type: "isoYearMonth",
+            arg: toExpr(source),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 날짜 차이 계산 (DATEDIFF)
+     *
+     * @param unit - Unit ("year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second")
+     * @param from - Start date
+     * @param to - End date
+     * @returns Difference value (to - from)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   age: expr.dateDiff("year", u.birthDate, expr.val("DateOnly", DateOnly.today())),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT DATEDIFF(year, birthDate, '2024-01-15') AS age
+     * ```
+     */
+    dateDiff(unit, from, to) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "dateDiff",
+            unit,
+            from: toExpr(from),
+            to: toExpr(to),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 날짜 더하기 (DATEADD)
+     *
+     * @param unit - Unit ("year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second")
+     * @param source - Original date
+     * @param value - Value to add (negative allowed)
+     * @returns Calculated date
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.subscription().select((s) => ({
+     *   expiresAt: expr.dateAdd("month", s.startDate, 12),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT DATEADD(month, 12, startDate) AS expiresAt
+     * ```
+     */
+    dateAdd(unit, source, value) {
+        return new ExprUnit(source.dataType, {
+            type: "dateAdd",
+            unit,
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            value: toExpr(value),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 날짜 포맷 (DATE_FORMAT)
+     *
+     * 포맷 문자열 규칙은 DBMS 구현에 따라 다를 수 있음
+     *
+     * @param source - Date expression
+     * @param format - Format string (e.g., "%Y-%m-%d")
+     * @returns Formatted string expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   orderDate: expr.formatDate(o.createdAt, "%Y-%m-%d"),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT DATE_FORMAT(createdAt, '%Y-%m-%d') AS orderDate (MySQL)
+     * // 2024-01-15 10:30:00 → "2024-01-15"
+     * ```
+     */
+    formatDate(source, format) {
+        return new ExprUnit("string", {
+            type: "formatDate",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            format,
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== SELECT - Condition ==========
+    /**
+     * NULL replacement (COALESCE/IFNULL)
+     *
+     * 첫 번째 non-null 값 반환. 마지막 인수가 non-nullable이면 결과도 non-nullable
+     *
+     * @param args - Values to inspect (last is default value)
+     * @returns First non-null value
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   displayName: expr.coalesce(u.nickname, u.name, "Guest"),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT COALESCE(nickname, name, 'Guest') AS displayName
+     * ```
+     */
+    coalesce,
+    /**
+     * 값이 일치하면 NULL 반환 (NULLIF)
+     *
+     * source === value이면 NULL 반환, 아니면 source 반환
+     *
+     * @param source - Original value
+     * @param value - Value to compare
+     * @returns NULL or original value
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   // Convert empty string to NULL
+     *   bio: expr.nullIf(u.bio, ""),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT NULLIF(bio, '') AS bio
+     * ```
+     */
+    nullIf(source, value) {
+        return new ExprUnit(source.dataType, {
+            type: "nullIf",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            value: toExpr(value),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * WHERE expression을 boolean으로 변환
+     *
+     * 조건 결과를 SELECT 절에서 boolean column으로 사용할 때 사용
+     *
+     * @param condition - Condition to transform
+     * @returns boolean expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   isActive: expr.is(expr.eq(u.status, "active")),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT (status <=> 'active') AS isActive
+     * ```
+     */
+    is(condition) {
+        return new ExprUnit("boolean", {
+            type: "is",
+            condition: condition.expr,
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * CASE WHEN expression builder
+     *
+     * 메서드 체이닝으로 조건 분기 구성
+     *
+     * @returns SwitchExprBuilder instance
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   grade: expr.switch<string>()
+     *     .case(expr.gte(u.score, 90), "A")
+     *     .case(expr.gte(u.score, 80), "B")
+     *     .case(expr.gte(u.score, 70), "C")
+     *     .default("F"),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT CASE WHEN score >= 90 THEN 'A' ... ELSE 'F' END AS grade
+     * ```
+     */
+    switch() {
+        return createSwitchBuilder();
+    },
+    /**
+     * 단순 IF 조건 (삼항 연산자)
+     *
+     * @param condition - Condition
+     * @param then - Value when condition is true
+     * @param else_ - Value when condition is false
+     * @returns Conditional value expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   type: expr.if(expr.gte(u.age, 18), "adult", "minor"),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT IF(age >= 18, 'adult', 'minor') AS type
+     * ```
+     */
+    if(condition, then, else_) {
+        const allValues = [then, else_];
+        // 1. Find dataType from ExprUnit
+        const exprUnit = allValues.find((v) => v instanceof ExprUnit);
+        if (exprUnit) {
+            return new ExprUnit(exprUnit.dataType, {
+                type: "if",
+                condition: condition.expr,
+                then: toExpr(then),
+                else: toExpr(else_),
+            });
+        }
+        // 2. Infer from non-null literal
+        const nonNullLiteral = allValues.find((v) => v != null);
+        if (nonNullLiteral == null) {
+            throw new Error("At least one of if's then/else must be non-null.");
+        }
+        return new ExprUnit(inferColumnPrimitiveStr(nonNullLiteral), {
+            type: "if",
+            condition: condition.expr,
+            then: toExpr(then),
+            else: toExpr(else_),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== SELECT - Aggregate ==========
+    // SUM, AVG, MAX 등 집계는 모든 값이 NULL이거나 행이 없을 때만 NULL 반환 (NULL 값을 가진 행은 무시됨)
+    /**
+     * 행 수 세기 (COUNT)
+     *
+     * @param arg - Column to count (all rows if omitted)
+     * @param distinct - If true, remove duplicates
+     * @returns Row count
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Total row count
+     * db.user().select(() => ({ total: expr.count() }))
+     *
+     * // Distinct count
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   uniqueCustomers: expr.count(o.customerId, true),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    count(arg, distinct) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "count",
+            arg: arg != null ? toExpr(arg) : undefined,
+            distinct,
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 합계 (SUM)
+     *
+     * NULL values are ignored. Returns NULL if all values are NULL
+     *
+     * @param arg - Number column to sum
+     * @returns Sum (or NULL)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().groupBy((o) => o.userId).select((o) => ({
+     *   userId: o.userId,
+     *   totalAmount: expr.sum(o.amount),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    sum(arg) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "sum",
+            arg: toExpr(arg),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 평균 (AVG)
+     *
+     * NULL values are ignored. Returns NULL if all values are NULL
+     *
+     * @param arg - Number column to average
+     * @returns Average (or NULL)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.product().groupBy((p) => p.categoryId).select((p) => ({
+     *   categoryId: p.categoryId,
+     *   avgPrice: expr.avg(p.price),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    avg(arg) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "avg",
+            arg: toExpr(arg),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 최대값 (MAX)
+     *
+     * NULL values are ignored. Returns NULL if all values are NULL
+     *
+     * @param arg - Column to find maximum of
+     * @returns Maximum value (or NULL)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().groupBy((o) => o.userId).select((o) => ({
+     *   userId: o.userId,
+     *   lastOrderDate: expr.max(o.createdAt),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    max(arg) {
+        return new ExprUnit(arg.dataType, {
+            type: "max",
+            arg: toExpr(arg),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 최소값 (MIN)
+     *
+     * NULL values are ignored. Returns NULL if all values are NULL
+     *
+     * @param arg - Column to find minimum of
+     * @returns Minimum value (or NULL)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.product().groupBy((p) => p.categoryId).select((p) => ({
+     *   categoryId: p.categoryId,
+     *   minPrice: expr.min(p.price),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    min(arg) {
+        return new ExprUnit(arg.dataType, {
+            type: "min",
+            arg: toExpr(arg),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== SELECT - Other ==========
+    /**
+     * 여러 값 중 최대값 선택 (GREATEST)
+     *
+     * @param args - Values to compare
+     * @returns Greatest value
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.product().select((p) => ({
+     *   effectivePrice: expr.greatest(p.price, p.minPrice),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT GREATEST(price, minPrice) AS effectivePrice
+     * ```
+     */
+    greatest(...args) {
+        return new ExprUnit(findDataType(args), {
+            type: "greatest",
+            args: args.map((a) => toExpr(a)),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 여러 값 중 최소값 선택 (LEAST)
+     *
+     * @param args - Values to compare
+     * @returns Least value
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.product().select((p) => ({
+     *   effectivePrice: expr.least(p.price, p.maxDiscount),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT LEAST(price, maxDiscount) AS effectivePrice
+     * ```
+     */
+    least(...args) {
+        return new ExprUnit(findDataType(args), {
+            type: "least",
+            args: args.map((a) => toExpr(a)),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 행 번호 (ROW_NUMBER 없이 모든 행에 순번 부여)
+     *
+     * @returns Row number (starting from 1)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   rowNum: expr.rowNum(),
+     *   name: u.name,
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    rowNum() {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "rowNum",
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 난수 생성 (RAND/RANDOM)
+     *
+     * 0과 1 사이의 난수 반환. 주로 ORDER BY에서 무작위 정렬에 사용
+     *
+     * @returns Random number between 0 and 1
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Random sorting
+     * db.user().orderBy(() => expr.random()).limit(10)
+     * ```
+     */
+    random() {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "random",
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * type transformation (CAST)
+     *
+     * @param source - Expression to transform
+     * @param targetType - Target data type
+     * @returns Transformed expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   idStr: expr.cast(o.id, { type: "varchar", length: 20 }),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT CAST(id AS VARCHAR(20)) AS idStr
+     * ```
+     */
+    cast(source, targetType) {
+        return new ExprUnit(dataTypeStrToColumnPrimitiveStr[targetType.type], {
+            type: "cast",
+            source: toExpr(source),
+            targetType,
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * 스칼라 Subquery - SELECT 절에서 단일 값을 반환하는 서브쿼리
+     *
+     * 서브쿼리는 정확히 하나의 행과 하나의 column을 반환해야 함
+     *
+     * @param dataType - Data type of the returned value
+     * @param queryable - Queryable that returns a scalar value
+     * @returns Subquery result expression
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   id: u.id,
+     *   postCount: expr.subquery(
+     *     "number",
+     *     db.post()
+     *       .where((p) => [expr.eq(p.userId, u.id)])
+     *       .select(() => ({ cnt: expr.count() }))
+     *   ),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT id, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Post WHERE userId = User.id) AS postCount
+     * ```
+     */
+    subquery(dataType, queryable) {
+        return new ExprUnit(dataType, {
+            type: "subquery",
+            queryDef: queryable.getSelectQueryDef(),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== SELECT - Window Functions ==========
+    /**
+     * ROW_NUMBER() - Row number within a partition
+     *
+     * 각 파티션 내에서 1부터 시작하는 순번 부여
+     *
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Row number (starting from 1)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   ...o,
+     *   rowNum: expr.rowNumber({
+     *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
+     *     orderBy: [[o.createdAt, "DESC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * // SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY userId ORDER BY createdAt DESC)
+     * ```
+     */
+    rowNumber(spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "rowNumber" },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * RANK() - Rank within a partition (ties get same rank, next rank is skipped)
+     *
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Rank (skips after ties: 1, 1, 3)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.student().select((s) => ({
+     *   name: s.name,
+     *   rank: expr.rank({
+     *     orderBy: [[s.score, "DESC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    rank(spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "rank" },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * DENSE_RANK() - Dense rank within a partition (ties get same rank, next rank is consecutive)
+     *
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Dense rank (consecutive after ties: 1, 1, 2)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.student().select((s) => ({
+     *   name: s.name,
+     *   denseRank: expr.denseRank({
+     *     orderBy: [[s.score, "DESC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    denseRank(spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "denseRank" },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * NTILE(n) - Split partition into n groups
+     *
+     * @param n - Number of groups to split into
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Group number (1 ~ n)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Quartile split to find top 25%
+     * db.user().select((u) => ({
+     *   name: u.name,
+     *   quartile: expr.ntile(4, {
+     *     orderBy: [[u.score, "DESC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    ntile(n, spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "ntile", n },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * LAG() - Reference value from a previous row
+     *
+     * @param column - Column to reference
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @param options - offset (default 1), default (default value when no previous row)
+     * @returns Previous row's value (or default value/NULL)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.stock().select((s) => ({
+     *   date: s.date,
+     *   price: s.price,
+     *   prevPrice: expr.lag(s.price, {
+     *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
+     *     orderBy: [[s.date, "ASC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    lag(column, spec, options) {
+        return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: {
+                type: "lag",
+                column: toExpr(column),
+                offset: options?.offset,
+                default: options?.default != null ? toExpr(options.default) : undefined,
+            },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * LEAD() - Reference value from a following row
+     *
+     * @param column - Column to reference
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @param options - offset (default 1), default (default value when no following row)
+     * @returns Following row's value (or default value/NULL)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.stock().select((s) => ({
+     *   date: s.date,
+     *   price: s.price,
+     *   nextPrice: expr.lead(s.price, {
+     *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
+     *     orderBy: [[s.date, "ASC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    lead(column, spec, options) {
+        return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: {
+                type: "lead",
+                column: toExpr(column),
+                offset: options?.offset,
+                default: options?.default != null ? toExpr(options.default) : undefined,
+            },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * FIRST_VALUE() - First value in the partition/frame
+     *
+     * @param column - Column to reference
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns First value
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   ...o,
+     *   firstOrderAmount: expr.firstValue(o.amount, {
+     *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
+     *     orderBy: [[o.createdAt, "ASC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    firstValue(column, spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "firstValue", column: toExpr(column) },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * LAST_VALUE() - Last value in the partition/frame
+     *
+     * @param column - Column to reference
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Last value
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   ...o,
+     *   lastOrderAmount: expr.lastValue(o.amount, {
+     *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
+     *     orderBy: [[o.createdAt, "ASC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    lastValue(column, spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "lastValue", column: toExpr(column) },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * SUM() OVER - Window sum
+     *
+     * @param column - Column to sum
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Sum within window
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Running total
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   ...o,
+     *   runningTotal: expr.sumOver(o.amount, {
+     *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
+     *     orderBy: [[o.createdAt, "ASC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    sumOver(column, spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "sum", column: toExpr(column) },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * AVG() OVER - Window average
+     *
+     * @param column - Column to average
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Average within window
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Moving average
+     * db.stock().select((s) => ({
+     *   ...s,
+     *   movingAvg: expr.avgOver(s.price, {
+     *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
+     *     orderBy: [[s.date, "ASC"]],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    avgOver(column, spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "avg", column: toExpr(column) },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * COUNT() OVER - Window count
+     *
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @param column - Column to count (all rows if omitted)
+     * @returns Row count within window
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.order().select((o) => ({
+     *   ...o,
+     *   totalOrdersPerUser: expr.countOver({
+     *     partitionBy: [o.userId],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    countOver(spec, column) {
+        return new ExprUnit("number", {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "count", column: column != null ? toExpr(column) : undefined },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * MIN() OVER - Window minimum
+     *
+     * @param column - Column to find minimum of
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Minimum value within window
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.stock().select((s) => ({
+     *   ...s,
+     *   minPriceInPeriod: expr.minOver(s.price, {
+     *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    minOver(column, spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "min", column: toExpr(column) },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    /**
+     * MAX() OVER - Window maximum
+     *
+     * @param column - Column to find maximum of
+     * @param spec - Window spec (partitionBy, orderBy)
+     * @returns Maximum value within window
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * db.stock().select((s) => ({
+     *   ...s,
+     *   maxPriceInPeriod: expr.maxOver(s.price, {
+     *     partitionBy: [s.symbol],
+     *   }),
+     * }))
+     * ```
+     */
+    maxOver(column, spec) {
+        return new ExprUnit(column.dataType, {
+            type: "window",
+            fn: { type: "max", column: toExpr(column) },
+            spec: toWinSpec(spec),
+        });
+    },
+    //#endregion
+    //#region ========== Helper ==========
+    /**
+     * ExprInput을 Expr로 변환 (내부 사용)
+     *
+     * @param value - Value to transform
+     * @returns Expr JSON AST
+     */
+    toExpr(value) {
+        return toExpr(value);
+    },
+    //#endregion
 };
 function coalesce(...args) {
-  return new ExprUnit(findDataType(args), {
-    type: "coalesce",
-    args: args.map((a) => toExpr(a))
-  });
+    return new ExprUnit(findDataType(args), {
+        type: "coalesce",
+        args: args.map((a) => toExpr(a)),
+    });
 }
 function createSwitchBuilder() {
-  const cases = [];
-  const thenValues = [];
-  return {
-    case(condition, then) {
-      cases.push({
-        when: condition.expr,
-        then: toExpr(then)
-      });
-      thenValues.push(then);
-      return this;
-    },
-    default(value) {
-      const allValues = [...thenValues, value];
-      const exprUnit = allValues.find((v) => v instanceof ExprUnit);
-      if (exprUnit) {
-        return new ExprUnit(exprUnit.dataType, {
-          type: "switch",
-          cases,
-          else: toExpr(value)
-        });
-      }
-      const nonNullLiteral = allValues.find((v) => v != null);
-      if (nonNullLiteral == null) {
-        throw new Error("At least one of switch's case/default must be non-null.");
-      }
-      return new ExprUnit(inferColumnPrimitiveStr(nonNullLiteral), {
-        type: "switch",
-        cases,
-        else: toExpr(value)
-      });
-    }
-  };
+    const cases = [];
+    const thenValues = []; // then 값 저장
+    return {
+        case(condition, then) {
+            cases.push({
+                when: condition.expr,
+                then: toExpr(then),
+            });
+            thenValues.push(then);
+            return this;
+        },
+        default(value) {
+            const allValues = [...thenValues, value];
+            // 1. ExprUnit에서 dataType 찾기
+            const exprUnit = allValues.find((v) => v instanceof ExprUnit);
+            if (exprUnit) {
+                return new ExprUnit(exprUnit.dataType, {
+                    type: "switch",
+                    cases,
+                    else: toExpr(value),
+                });
+            }
+            // 2. non-null 리터럴에서 추론
+            const nonNullLiteral = allValues.find((v) => v != null);
+            if (nonNullLiteral == null) {
+                throw new Error("At least one of switch's case/default must be non-null.");
+            }
+            return new ExprUnit(inferColumnPrimitiveStr(nonNullLiteral), {
+                type: "switch",
+                cases,
+                else: toExpr(value),
+            });
+        },
+    };
 }
-function toExpr(value) {
-  if (value instanceof ExprUnit) {
-    return value.expr;
-  }
-  return { type: "value", value };
+export function toExpr(value) {
+    if (value instanceof ExprUnit) {
+        return value.expr;
+    }
+    return { type: "value", value };
 }
 function findDataType(args) {
-  const exprUnit = args.find((a) => a instanceof ExprUnit);
-  if (!exprUnit) {
-    throw new Error("At least one of the arguments must be an ExprUnit.");
-  }
-  return exprUnit.dataType;
+    const exprUnit = args.find((a) => a instanceof ExprUnit);
+    if (!exprUnit) {
+        throw new Error("At least one of the arguments must be an ExprUnit.");
+    }
+    return exprUnit.dataType;
 }
 function toWinSpec(spec) {
-  const result = {};
-  if (spec.partitionBy != null) {
-    result.partitionBy = spec.partitionBy.map((e) => toExpr(e));
-  }
-  if (spec.orderBy != null) {
-    result.orderBy = spec.orderBy.map(([e, dir]) => [toExpr(e), dir]);
-  }
-  return result;
+    const result = {};
+    if (spec.partitionBy != null) {
+        result.partitionBy = spec.partitionBy.map((e) => toExpr(e));
+    }
+    if (spec.orderBy != null) {
+        result.orderBy = spec.orderBy.map(([e, dir]) => [toExpr(e), dir]);
+    }
+    return result;
 }
-export {
-  expr,
-  toExpr
-};
-//# sourceMappingURL=expr.js.map
+//#endregion
+//# sourceMappingURL=expr.js.map