@scure/btc-signer 2.3.0 → 2.4.1

package/src/utils.ts

@@ -411,10 +411,32 @@ export function taprootTweakPubkey(pubKey: TArg<Bytes>, h: TArg<Bytes>): TRet<[B
 // This is the fixed BIP 341 H example, not the privacy-preserving H + rG variant.
 // Downstream helpers use exact-byte equality with it to recognize
 // library-generated script-only outputs.
-/** Standard unspendable internal key used for script-only Taproot outputs. */
-export const TAPROOT_UNSPENDABLE_KEY: TRet<Bytes> = /* @__PURE__ */ (() =>
+// Keep the value used by library internals private: exported Uint8Arrays are mutable, so the
+// public compatibility export below cannot safely be a source of cryptographic key material.
+const INTERNAL_TAPROOT_NUMS: TRet<Bytes> = /* @__PURE__ */ (() =>
   sha256(Point.BASE.toBytes(false)) as TRet<Bytes>)();
 
+/**
+ * Standard unspendable internal key used for script-only Taproot outputs.
+ * @deprecated Use {@link taprootNumsKey} to receive an owned copy.
+ */
+export const TAPROOT_UNSPENDABLE_KEY: TRet<Bytes> = /* @__PURE__ */ (() =>
+  Uint8Array.from(INTERNAL_TAPROOT_NUMS) as TRet<Bytes>)();
+
+/**
+ * Returns an owned copy of the library's stable Taproot NUMS key.
+ * @returns A new 32-byte NUMS key copy.
+ * @example
+ * Obtain an internal key without sharing mutable exported storage.
+ * ```ts
+ * import { taprootNumsKey } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * const internalKey = taprootNumsKey();
+ * ```
+ */
+export function taprootNumsKey(): TRet<Bytes> {
+  return Uint8Array.from(INTERNAL_TAPROOT_NUMS) as TRet<Bytes>;
+}
+
 /** Bitcoin network parameters. */
 export type BTC_NETWORK = {
   /** Human-readable prefix used by Bech32 and Bech32m addresses. */

package/src/utxo.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
 import { hex } from '@scure/base';
 import * as P from 'micro-packed';
-import { Address, type CustomScript, OutScript, checkScript, tapLeafHash } from './payment.ts';
+import {
+  Address,
+  type CustomScript,
+  OutScript,
+  _WitnessOutScript,
+  checkScript,
+  tapLeafHash,
+} from './payment.ts';
 import * as psbt from './psbt.ts';
-import { CompactSizeLen, Script } from './script.ts';
+import { CompactSizeLen, RawWitness, Script } from './script.ts';
 import {
   SignatureHash,
   Transaction,
@@ -20,12 +27,14 @@ import {
   type Bytes,
   NETWORK,
   PubT,
-  TAPROOT_UNSPENDABLE_KEY,
   type TArg,
+  type TRet,
   compareBytes,
   equalBytes,
   isBytes,
   sha256,
+  taprootNumsKey,
+  taprootTweakPubkey,
   validatePubkey,
   validateObject,
 } from './utils.ts';
@@ -43,6 +52,7 @@ export type Accumulated =
     }
   | undefined;
 type TapLeafScript = psbt.TransactionInput['tapLeafScript'];
+type TapLeaf = NonNullable<TapLeafScript>[number];
 type TB = Parameters<typeof psbt.TaprootControlBlock.encode>[0];
 const encodeTapBlock = (item: TB) => psbt.TaprootControlBlock.encode(item);
 // Be friendly to bad ECMAScript parsers by not using bigint literals.
@@ -51,70 +61,165 @@ const _0n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(0), _3n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(3);
 // Serialized length of VarBytes(data) without allocating the encoded copy
 const varLen = (dataLen: number) => CompactSizeLen.encode(dataLen).length + dataLen;
 
+const tapLeafWitness = (
+  leaf: TArg<TapLeaf>,
+  sigSize: number,
+  customScripts?: TArg<CustomScript[]>,
+  pubkeys?: Set<string>,
+  unknownError = 'Finalize: Unknown tapLeafScript'
+): TRet<Bytes[] | undefined> => {
+  const [cb, _script] = leaf as TapLeaf;
+  const _customScripts = customScripts as CustomScript[] | undefined;
+  // Last byte is version
+  const script = _script.slice(0, -1);
+  const ver = _script[_script.length - 1];
+  const outs = OutScript.decode(script);
+  const available = (pubkey: TArg<Bytes>) => !pubkeys || pubkeys.has(hex.encode(pubkey as Bytes));
+  const empty = () => new Uint8Array(sigSize);
+  let signatures: Bytes[] = [];
+  if (outs.type === 'tr_ms') {
+    let added = 0;
+    for (const pubkey of outs.pubkeys) {
+      if (added === outs.m || !available(pubkey)) signatures.push(P.EMPTY);
+      else {
+        signatures.push(empty());
+        added++;
+      }
+    }
+    if (added !== outs.m) return;
+  } else if (outs.type === 'tr_ns') {
+    for (const pubkey of outs.pubkeys) {
+      if (!available(pubkey)) return;
+      signatures.push(empty());
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (!_customScripts) throw new Error(unknownError);
+    const leafHash = tapLeafHash(script, ver);
+    const scriptDecoded = Script.decode(script);
+    const scriptPubkeys = scriptDecoded.filter((i) => {
+      if (!isBytes(i)) return false;
+      try {
+        validatePubkey(i, PubT.schnorr);
+        return true;
+      } catch (e) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }) as Bytes[];
+    const availablePubkeys = scriptPubkeys.filter(available);
+    // A custom finalizer may treat an unexpected empty signature list as malformed input. If the
+    // script embeds keys but none are owned, the path is unavailable without consulting the hook.
+    if (pubkeys && scriptPubkeys.length && !availablePubkeys.length) return;
+    let recognized = false;
+    for (const c of _customScripts) {
+      if (!c.finalizeTaproot) continue;
+      const csEncoded = c.encode(scriptDecoded);
+      if (csEncoded === undefined) continue;
+      recognized = true;
+      const finalized = c.finalizeTaproot(
+        script,
+        csEncoded,
+        availablePubkeys.map((pubKey) => [{ pubKey, leafHash }, empty()])
+      );
+      if (finalized) return finalized.concat(encodeTapBlock(cb)) as TRet<Bytes[]>;
+    }
+    if (recognized && pubkeys) return;
+    throw new Error(unknownError);
+  }
+  // Witness is stack, so last element will be used first
+  return signatures.reverse().concat([script, encodeTapBlock(cb)]) as TRet<Bytes[]>;
+};
+
 function iterLeafs(
   tapLeafScript: TArg<TapLeafScript>,
   sigSize: number,
   customScripts?: TArg<CustomScript[]>
-) {
+): TRet<Bytes[]> {
   const _tapLeafScript = tapLeafScript as TapLeafScript;
   const _customScripts = customScripts as CustomScript[] | undefined;
   if (!_tapLeafScript || !_tapLeafScript.length) throw new Error('no leafs');
-  // Dummy non-empty Schnorr signature bytes for weight estimation.
-  // Unsigned tr_ms slots use P.EMPTY below.
-  const empty = () => new Uint8Array(sigSize);
-  // If user want to select specific leaf, which can signed,
-  // it is possible to remove all other leafs manually.
-  // Sort leafs by control block length.
-  const leafs = _tapLeafScript.sort(
-    (a, b) => encodeTapBlock(a[0]).length - encodeTapBlock(b[0]).length
-  );
-  for (const [cb, _script] of leafs) {
-    // Last byte is version
-    const script = _script.slice(0, -1);
-    const ver = _script[_script.length - 1];
-    const outs = OutScript.decode(script);
+  // Start with the old shallowest-path order for stable equal-weight ties. Full witness size can
+  // reverse that order when a shallow leaf needs a larger script or more signatures.
+  const leafs = _tapLeafScript
+    .slice()
+    .sort((a, b) => encodeTapBlock(a[0]).length - encodeTapBlock(b[0]).length);
+  let smallest: Bytes[] | undefined;
+  let smallestSize = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+  for (const leaf of leafs) {
+    const witness = tapLeafWitness(leaf, sigSize, _customScripts);
+    if (!witness) continue;
+    const size = RawWitness.encode(witness).length;
+    if (size >= smallestSize) continue;
+    smallest = witness;
+    smallestSize = size;
+  }
+  if (!smallest) throw new Error('there was no witness');
+  return smallest as TRet<Bytes[]>;
+}
 
-    let signatures: Bytes[] = [];
-    if (outs.type === 'tr_ms') {
-      const m = outs.m;
-      const n = outs.pubkeys.length - m;
-      for (let i = 0; i < m; i++) signatures.push(empty());
-      for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) signatures.push(P.EMPTY);
-    } else if (outs.type === 'tr_ns') {
-      for (const _pub of outs.pubkeys) signatures.push(empty());
-    } else {
-      if (!_customScripts) throw new Error('Finalize: Unknown tapLeafScript');
-      const leafHash = tapLeafHash(script, ver);
-      for (const c of _customScripts) {
-        if (!c.finalizeTaproot) continue;
-        const scriptDecoded = Script.decode(script);
-        const csEncoded = c.encode(scriptDecoded);
-        if (csEncoded === undefined) continue;
-        const pubKeys = scriptDecoded.filter((i) => {
-          if (!isBytes(i)) return false;
-          try {
-            validatePubkey(i, PubT.schnorr);
-            return true;
-          } catch (e) {
-            return false;
-          }
-        }) as Bytes[];
-        const finalized = c.finalizeTaproot(
-          script,
-          csEncoded,
-          pubKeys.map((pubKey) => [{ pubKey, leafHash }, empty()])
-        );
-        if (!finalized) continue;
-        return finalized.concat(encodeTapBlock(cb));
-      }
-      // UTXO selection may run without the real signer/finalizer process. When no matching local
-      // finalizeTaproot hook exists, keep a minimal script-path witness lower bound here instead of
-      // failing selection; callers that need exact fee estimates must provide the matching hook.
+/**
+ * Removes Taproot spend paths that cannot be satisfied by the supplied Schnorr public keys.
+ * Non-Taproot inputs are retained, and caller-owned input metadata is never mutated.
+ * @param inputs - candidate PSBT input records to filter
+ * @param pubkeys - available x-only Schnorr public keys
+ * @returns Copies of inputs that retain at least one available path
+ * @example
+ * Filter wallet UTXOs before selecting coins.
+ * ```ts
+ * import { filterTaproot } from '@scure/btc-signer/utxo.js';
+ * import { pubSchnorr, randomPrivateKeyBytes } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * const spendable = filterTaproot([], [pubSchnorr(randomPrivateKeyBytes())]);
+ * ```
+ */
+export function filterTaproot(
+  inputs: TArg<psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[]>,
+  pubkeys: TArg<Bytes[]>
+): TRet<psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[]> {
+  aarray(inputs, 'inputs');
+  aarray(pubkeys, 'pubkeys');
+  const _inputs = inputs as psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[];
+  const _pubkeys = pubkeys as Bytes[];
+  const keys = new Set<string>();
+  for (const pubkey of _pubkeys) keys.add(hex.encode(validatePubkey(pubkey, PubT.schnorr)));
+  const res: psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[] = [];
+  for (const input of _inputs) {
+    const filtered = { ...input };
+    // BIP371 path fields are optional and empty keyed lists encode as absence, so the committed
+    // previous-output script is the authoritative input type.
+    const prevScript = _WitnessOutScript.decode(
+      getPrevOut(filtered as TArg<psbt.TransactionInput>).script
+    );
+    if (prevScript.type !== 'tr') {
+      res.push(filtered);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (filtered.tapInternalKey) {
+      // A control block can reconstruct the root, but BIP371 does not require that inference.
+      // Omission may be broken data or an earlier filter deliberately disabling the key path.
+      // Recognize root omission only when the prevout proves this is an empty-tree commitment.
+      const hasRoot =
+        filtered.tapMerkleRoot !== undefined ||
+        equalBytes(taprootTweakPubkey(filtered.tapInternalKey, P.EMPTY)[0], prevScript.pubkey);
+      if (
+        !hasRoot ||
+        equalBytes(filtered.tapInternalKey, taprootNumsKey()) ||
+        (!keys.has(hex.encode(filtered.tapInternalKey)) && !keys.has(hex.encode(prevScript.pubkey)))
+      )
+        delete filtered.tapInternalKey;
     }
-    // Witness is stack, so last element will be used first
-    return signatures.reverse().concat([script, encodeTapBlock(cb)]);
+    if (filtered.tapLeafScript) {
+      const sigSize =
+        filtered.sighashType !== undefined && filtered.sighashType !== SignatureHash.DEFAULT
+          ? 65
+          : 64;
+      const leafs = filtered.tapLeafScript.filter((leaf) =>
+        tapLeafWitness(leaf, sigSize, undefined, keys, 'filterTaproot: unknown Taproot leaf')
+      );
+      if (leafs.length) filtered.tapLeafScript = leafs;
+      else delete filtered.tapLeafScript;
+    }
+    if (filtered.tapInternalKey || filtered.tapLeafScript) res.push(filtered);
   }
-  throw new Error('there was no witness');
+  return res as TRet<psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[]>;
 }
 
 function estimateInput(
@@ -130,13 +235,9 @@ function estimateInput(
   // schnorr sig is always 64 bytes. except for cases when sighash is not default!
   if (inputType.txType === 'taproot') {
     const SCHNORR_SIG_SIZE = inputType.sighash !== SignatureHash.DEFAULT ? 65 : 64;
-    // BIP371 `PSBT_IN_TAP_INTERNAL_KEY` is signer metadata, but UTXO selection
-    // runs before signer availability is known. We intentionally treat a
-    // present internal key as a key-path hint here to avoid overestimating fees
-    // on the online side. Callers that know only script-path signing is
-    // possible should omit `tapInternalKey` or pre-filter `tapLeafScript`
-    // before estimation.
-    if (_input.tapInternalKey && !equalBytes(_input.tapInternalKey, TAPROOT_UNSPENDABLE_KEY)) {
+    // A real internal key and every retained leaf declare paths available to this caller. Use
+    // filterTaproot before estimation when the supplied input contains unavailable paths.
+    if (_input.tapInternalKey && !equalBytes(_input.tapInternalKey, taprootNumsKey())) {
       witness = [new Uint8Array(SCHNORR_SIG_SIZE)];
     } else if (_input.tapLeafScript) {
       witness = iterLeafs(_input.tapLeafScript, SCHNORR_SIG_SIZE, _opts.customScripts);
@@ -219,6 +320,8 @@ export type EstimatorOpts = TxOpts & {
   createTx?: boolean; // Create tx inside selection
   requiredInputs?: psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[]; // these inputs always will be used
   allowSameUtxo?: boolean; // allow using UTXO multiple times (for test purposes)
+  /** Filter Taproot candidate paths to those satisfiable by these Schnorr public keys. */
+  filterTaproot?: Bytes[];
 };
 
 function getScript(o: TArg<Output>, opts: TArg<TxOpts> = {}, network = NETWORK) {
@@ -241,7 +344,7 @@ function getScript(o: TArg<Output>, opts: TArg<TxOpts> = {}, network = NETWORK)
   // Keep selector-only `createTx: false` flows aligned with the transaction/PSBT output boundary:
   // satoshi-denominated outputs are not allowed to go negative.
   abigint(_o.amount, 'output.amount');
-  if (script && !_opts.allowUnknownOutputs && OutScript.decode(script).type === 'unknown') {
+  if (script && !_opts.allowUnknownOutputs && _WitnessOutScript.decode(script).type === 'unknown') {
     throw new Error(
       'Estimator: unknown output script type, there is a chance that input is unspendable. Pass allowUnknownOutputs=true, if you sure'
     );
@@ -258,10 +361,7 @@ type AccumStrategy = `accum${SortStrategy}`;
 
 /** Supported UTXO selection strategies. */
 export type SelectionStrategy =
-  | 'all'
-  | 'default'
-  | AccumStrategy
-  | `${ExactStrategy}/${AccumStrategy}`;
+  'all' | 'default' | AccumStrategy | `${ExactStrategy}/${AccumStrategy}`;
 
 // class, because we need to re-use normalized inputs, instead of parsing each time
 // internal stuff, exported for tests only
@@ -284,6 +384,9 @@ export class _Estimator {
   private outputs: Output[];
   private opts: EstimatorOpts;
   constructor(inputs: psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[], outputs: Output[], opts: EstimatorOpts) {
+    // EstimatorOpts extends TxOpts, so resolve the complete transaction policy once even when
+    // createTx=false. This keeps selection normalization and a returned Transaction identical.
+    opts = new Transaction(opts).opts as EstimatorOpts;
     this.outputs = outputs;
     this.opts = opts;
     // Zero-fee estimation is useful on regtest/in tests, but negative fee rates would make
@@ -350,7 +453,8 @@ export class _Estimator {
         undefined,
         undefined,
         opts.disableScriptCheck,
-        opts.allowUnknown
+        opts.unknown!,
+        opts.proprietary!
       );
       inputBeforeSign(normalized as TArg<psbt.TransactionInput>); // check fields
       const key = `${hex.encode(normalized.txid!)}:${normalized.index}`;
@@ -632,6 +736,16 @@ export function selectUTXO(
   astring(strategy, 'strategy');
   // Public wrapper defaults to BIP69 ordering and tx construction unless callers override them.
   const _opts = { createTx: true, bip69: true, ...(opts as EstimatorOpts) };
-  const est = new _Estimator(inputs as psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[], outputs as Output[], _opts);
+  let candidates = inputs as psbt.TransactionInputUpdate[];
+  if (_opts.filterTaproot !== undefined) {
+    candidates = filterTaproot(candidates, _opts.filterTaproot);
+    if (_opts.requiredInputs) {
+      const requiredInputs = filterTaproot(_opts.requiredInputs, _opts.filterTaproot);
+      if (requiredInputs.length !== _opts.requiredInputs.length)
+        throw new Error('filterTaproot: required input has no available Taproot path');
+      _opts.requiredInputs = requiredInputs;
+    }
+  }
+  const est = new _Estimator(candidates, outputs as Output[], _opts);
   return est.result(strategy);
 }

package/transaction.d.ts

@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ export declare const def: <T>(value: T | undefined, def: T) => T;
  * ```
  */
 export declare function cloneDeep<T>(obj: T): T;
+/** PSBT unknown/proprietary-field handling policy. */
+export type Unknowns = psbt.Unknowns;
 /** Transaction construction and parsing options. */
 export interface TxOpts {
     /** Transaction version to place into new transactions and imported PSBTs. */
@@ -98,17 +100,36 @@ export interface TxOpts {
     allowUnknowInput?: boolean;
     /** Allow signing and finalizing inputs with unknown script shapes. */
     allowUnknownInputs?: boolean;
-    /** Skip redeem-script and witness-script consistency checks. */
+    /** Skip redeem/witness-script and Taproot commitment consistency checks. */
     disableScriptCheck?: boolean;
     /** Match the odd empty-output encoding used by `bip174js`. */
     bip174jsCompat?: boolean;
     /** Permit legacy inputs that only provide witness UTXO data. */
     allowLegacyWitnessUtxo?: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Before signing, require every input to provide a full previous transaction whose txid and
+     * selected output match the input. Use this for untrusted or multi-party PSBTs to prevent forged
+     * witness-UTXO amounts from hiding an excessive transaction fee.
+     */
+    strictPrevoutValidation?: boolean;
     /** Grind ECDSA signatures until they use a low-R encoding. */
     lowR?: boolean;
     /** UNSAFE: additional custom payment-script codecs and finalizers. */
     customScripts?: CustomScript[];
-    /** Preserve unknown PSBT key/value pairs instead of stripping them. */
+    /** Unknown PSBT field policy. Defaults to `strip`. */
+    unknown?: Unknowns;
+    /** Proprietary PSBT field policy. Defaults to the resolved {@link unknown} policy. */
+    proprietary?: Unknowns;
+    /**
+     * Treat an absent PSBTv2 transaction-modifiable field as allowing input/output changes. Older
+     * scure versions emitted PSBTv2 without this field, so this opts out of strict BIP370 behavior
+     * when upgrading and editing their PSBTs.
+     */
+    allowMissingTxModifiable?: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Deprecated alias for {@link unknown}: true selects `ignore`, false selects `strip`.
+     * @deprecated Use `unknown`.
+     */
     allowUnknown?: boolean;
 }
 /**
@@ -200,9 +221,12 @@ export declare function getPrevOut(input: TArg<psbt.TransactionInput>): P.Unwrap
  * @param i - input update to normalize
  * @param cur - existing input value to merge with
  * @param allowedFields - fields that may still change on signed inputs
- * @param disableScriptCheck - whether to skip redeem/witness script sanity checks
- * @param allowUnknown - whether to keep unknown PSBT fields
+ * @param disableScriptCheck - whether to skip wrapper and Taproot commitment sanity checks
+ * @param unknown - handling policy for unknown PSBT fields
+ * @param proprietary - handling policy for proprietary PSBT fields
  * @returns Normalized PSBT input.
+ * @throws If the update conflicts with the existing input or its signatures. {@link Error}
+ * @throws If a numeric input field is outside its wire or protocol range. {@link RangeError}
  * @example
  * Accept hex txids from callers in the same display-order form used by `Transaction.id`, then
  * normalize them into the repo's internal `TransactionInput` shape.
@@ -216,7 +240,7 @@ export declare function getPrevOut(input: TArg<psbt.TransactionInput>): P.Unwrap
  * });
  * ```
  */
-export declare function normalizeInput(i: TArg<psbt.TransactionInputUpdate>, cur?: TArg<PSBTInputs>, allowedFields?: TArg<readonly (keyof PSBTInputs)[]>, disableScriptCheck?: boolean, allowUnknown?: boolean): TRet<PSBTInputs>;
+export declare function normalizeInput(i: TArg<psbt.TransactionInputUpdate>, cur?: TArg<PSBTInputs>, allowedFields?: TArg<readonly (keyof PSBTInputs)[]>, disableScriptCheck?: boolean, unknown?: Unknowns | boolean, proprietary?: Unknowns | boolean): TRet<PSBTInputs>;
 /**
  * Determines how an input should be signed and finalized.
  * Wrapper consistency is expected to be validated earlier by {@link normalizeInput}
@@ -305,13 +329,21 @@ export declare class Transaction {
     private outputs;
     readonly opts: ReturnType<typeof validateOpts>;
     constructor(opts?: TxOpts);
+    private isPSBTv2;
+    private requireTxModifiable;
+    private txModifiablePolicy;
+    private modifiable;
+    private get txModifiable();
     static fromRaw(raw: Bytes, opts?: TxOpts): Transaction;
     static fromPSBT(psbt_: Bytes, opts?: TxOpts): Transaction;
     toPSBT(PSBTVersion?: number | undefined): Uint8Array;
     get lockTime(): number;
     get version(): number;
     private inputStatus;
+    private cleanFinalInput;
     private inputSighash;
+    private signatures;
+    private signedInputKeys;
     private signStatus;
     get isFinal(): boolean;
     get hasWitnesses(): boolean;
@@ -323,6 +355,7 @@ export declare class Transaction {
     get hash(): string;
     get id(): string;
     private checkInputIdx;
+    private validatePrevoutsForSigning;
     getInput(idx: number): psbt.TransactionInput;
     get inputsLength(): number;
     addInput(input: TArg<psbt.TransactionInputUpdate>, _ignoreSignStatus?: boolean): number;
@@ -350,6 +383,7 @@ export declare class Transaction {
 /**
  * Merges multiple PSBT blobs into one.
  * @param psbts - PSBT byte arrays to combine
+ * @param opts - Transaction parsing, combination, and serialization options. See {@link TxOpts}.
  * @returns Combined PSBT bytes.
  * @throws If the PSBT list is empty or the partial transactions cannot be combined. {@link Error}
  * @example
@@ -360,7 +394,7 @@ export declare class Transaction {
  * PSBTCombine([psbt, psbt]);
  * ```
  */
-export declare function PSBTCombine(psbts: TArg<Bytes[]>): TRet<Bytes>;
+export declare function PSBTCombine(psbts: TArg<Bytes[]>, opts?: TArg<TxOpts>): TRet<Bytes>;
 /**
  * Parses a BIP32 path string into child indices.
  * @param path - derivation path such as `m/0'/1`