@scure/btc-signer 2.0.0 → 2.2.0

package/src/musig2.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { schnorr, secp256k1 } from '@noble/curves/secp256k1.js';
 import { aInRange, concatBytes, equalBytes, numberToBytesBE } from '@noble/curves/utils.js';
 import { abytes, anumber, randomBytes } from '@noble/hashes/utils.js';
 import * as P from 'micro-packed';
-import { compareBytes, hasEven } from './utils.ts';
+import { compareBytes, hasEven, type TArg, type TRet } from './utils.ts';
 
 /*
 MuSig2. This is not the full protocol: only an implementation of primitives from BIP-327.
@@ -16,19 +16,37 @@ Links:
 - https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0327/reference.py
 */
 // Types
+/** Represents a pair of public and secret nonces used in MuSig2 signing. */
+export type Nonces = {
+  /** Public nonce that gets shared with the other participants. */
+  public: Uint8Array;
+  /** Secret nonce that stays local until partial signing finishes. */
+  secret: Uint8Array;
+};
 /**
- * Represents a pair of public and secret nonces used in MuSig2 signing.
+ * Represents a deterministic nonce, including its public part and the
+ * resulting partial signature.
  */
-export type Nonces = { public: Uint8Array; secret: Uint8Array };
-/**
- * Represents a deterministic nonce, including its public part and the resulting partial signature.
- */
-export type DetNonce = { publicNonce: Uint8Array; partialSig: Uint8Array };
+export type DetNonce = {
+  /** Public nonce that the signer shares for this deterministic signing round. */
+  publicNonce: Uint8Array;
+  /** Partial signature produced after combining all participant data. */
+  partialSig: Uint8Array;
+};
 /**
  * Represents an error indicating an invalid contribution from a signer.
  * This allows pointing out which participant is malicious and what specifically is wrong.
+ * @param idx - signer index with the invalid contribution
+ * @param m - error message
+ * @example
+ * Create an error that points to the participant who sent invalid data.
+ * ```ts
+ * new InvalidContributionErr(0, 'pubkey');
+ * ```
  */
 export class InvalidContributionErr extends Error {
+  // BIP327 identifiable aborts blame exactly one signer by participant index in the
+  // caller's session ordering, so callers interpret idx using the same ordering they signed with.
   readonly idx: number; // Indice of participant
   constructor(idx: number, m: string) {
     super(m);
@@ -37,88 +55,165 @@ export class InvalidContributionErr extends Error {
 }
 
 // Utils
-const { taggedHash, pointToBytes } = schnorr.utils;
-const Point = secp256k1.Point;
+// MuSig2 reuses BIP340 tagged hashing, i.e. SHA256(SHA256(tag) || SHA256(tag) || msg...),
+// for all of the domain-separated hashes below (KeyAgg list, noncecoef, challenge, aux, ...).
+const taggedHash = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => schnorr.utils.taggedHash)();
+// BIP327 uses xbytes(P) = bytes(32, x(P)) for aggregate keys, nonce/challenge hashes,
+// and final signatures, so this alias is intentionally x-only instead of 33-byte SEC1.
+const pointToBytes = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => schnorr.utils.pointToBytes)();
+// MuSig2 keeps aggregate keys/nonces as full secp256k1 points so it can represent infinity
+// and inspect parity before exporting compressed or x-only encodings at the API boundaries.
+const Point = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => secp256k1.Point)();
 type Point = typeof Point.BASE;
-const Fn = Point.Fn;
-const PUBKEY_LEN = secp256k1.lengths.publicKey!;
-const ZERO = new Uint8Array(PUBKEY_LEN); // Compressed zero point
+// MuSig2 scalars live in Z_n with fixed 32-byte encodings: strict inputs like secret keys
+// use Fn.fromBytes(...), tweak bytes allow 0 per ApplyTweak, and hash-derived values are
+// intentionally reduced mod n.
+const Fn = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => Point.Fn)();
+// BIP327 signer keys are plain compressed pubkeys (33 bytes); only aggregate exports switch
+// to BIP340's 32-byte x-only format, so the internal input length stays on secp256k1.publicKey.
+const PUBKEY_LEN = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => secp256k1.lengths.publicKey!)();
+// BIP327 uses bytes(33, 0) both as cbytes_ext(Point.ZERO) for infinity and as GetSecondKey's
+// "no second distinct key" sentinel, so this all-zero compressed slot is intentionally out-of-band.
+const ZERO = /* @__PURE__ */ new Uint8Array(PUBKEY_LEN); // Compressed zero point
 
 // Encoding
 // TODO: re-use in PSBT?
-const compressed = P.apply(P.bytes(33), {
-  decode: (p: Point) => (isZero(p) ? ZERO : p.toBytes(true)),
-  encode: (b: Uint8Array) => (equalBytes(b, ZERO) ? Point.ZERO : Point.fromBytes(b)),
-});
-const scalar = P.validate(P.U256BE, (n) => {
-  aInRange('n', n, 1n, Fn.ORDER);
-  return n;
-});
-const PubNonce = P.struct({ R1: compressed, R2: compressed });
-const SecretNonce = P.struct({ k1: scalar, k2: scalar, publicKey: P.bytes(PUBKEY_LEN) });
+// This is BIP327's cbytes_ext/cpoint_ext adapter: normal points stay in compressed SEC1,
+// while Point.ZERO maps to bytes(33, 0) as the out-of-band infinity sentinel for aggnonce.
+const compressed = /* @__PURE__ */ (() =>
+  P.apply(P.bytes(33), {
+    decode: (p: Point) => (isZero(p) ? ZERO : p.toBytes(true)),
+    encode: (b: TArg<Uint8Array>) => (equalBytes(b, ZERO) ? Point.ZERO : Point.fromBytes(b)),
+  }))();
+// This coder is only for stored secnonce limbs k1/k2, which BIP327 requires to be
+// nonzero scalars in [1, n); tweak scalars use different validation because 0 is allowed there.
+const scalar = /* @__PURE__ */ (() =>
+  P.validate(P.U256BE, (n) => {
+    aInRange('n', n, 1n, Fn.ORDER);
+    return n;
+  }))();
+// Shared for both per-signer pubnonce bytes and aggregate aggnonce bytes. Because it accepts
+// the BIP327 infinity sentinel, so individual pubnonce callers still need
+// an explicit zero-point check.
+const PubNonce = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => P.struct({ R1: compressed, R2: compressed }))();
+// BIP327 stores secnonce as k1 || k2 || pk so Sign can reject reused or
+// invalid nonce limbs and detect when the caller pairs the nonce with a
+// different individual public key than NonceGen used.
+const SecretNonce = /* @__PURE__ */ (() =>
+  P.struct({
+    k1: scalar,
+    k2: scalar,
+    publicKey: P.bytes(PUBKEY_LEN),
+  }))();
 
-function abytesOptional(b: Uint8Array | undefined, ...lengths: number[]) {
+function abytesOptional(b: TArg<Uint8Array | undefined>, ...lengths: number[]) {
+  // Optional-byte helper: exact-length checks only happen when callers pass them explicitly.
   if (b !== undefined) abytes(b, ...lengths);
 }
 
-function abytesArray(lst: Uint8Array[], ...lengths: number[]) {
-  if (!Array.isArray(lst)) throw new Error('expected array');
+function abytesArray(lst: TArg<Uint8Array[]>, ...lengths: number[]) {
+  // Element-shape helper only: callers still enforce list-size rules like BIP327's 0 < u < 2^32.
+  if (!Array.isArray(lst)) throw new TypeError('expected array');
   lst.forEach((i) => abytes(i, ...lengths));
 }
 
 function aXonly(lst: boolean[]) {
-  if (!Array.isArray(lst)) throw new Error('expected array');
+  // BIP327 tweak modes are strict booleans; callers should run this before
+  // branching on isXonly values because plain JS truthiness would accept invalid inputs.
+  if (!Array.isArray(lst)) throw new TypeError('expected array');
   lst.forEach((i, j) => {
     if (typeof i !== 'boolean')
-      throw new Error('expected boolean in xOnly array, got' + i + '(' + j + ')');
+      throw new TypeError('expected boolean in xOnly array, got' + i + '(' + j + ')');
   });
 }
 
-const taggedInt = (tag: string, ...messages: Uint8Array[]) =>
+// BIP327/BIP340 treat tagged-hash outputs as big-endian integers reduced mod n for
+// coefficients, nonce scalars, and challenges; this helper is that int(hash_tag(...)) mod n step.
+const taggedInt = (tag: string, ...messages: TArg<Uint8Array[]>) =>
   Fn.create(Fn.fromBytes(taggedHash(tag, ...messages), true));
+// BIP327 repeatedly says "use x if the point has even Y, otherwise use n - x"; this
+// helper is that parity-conditioned scalar negation for nonce limbs and Q-dependent signs.
 const evenScalar = (p: Point, n: bigint) => (hasEven(p.y) ? n : Fn.neg(n));
 
 // Short utility for compat with reference implementation
-export function IndividualPubkey(seckey: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
-  return secp256k1.getPublicKey(seckey, true);
+/**
+ * Derives a compressed secp256k1 public key from a private key.
+ * @param seckey - signer private key
+ * @returns Compressed public key bytes.
+ * @example
+ * Turn a signer's secret key into the compressed key format MuSig2 expects.
+ * ```ts
+ * import { schnorr } from '@noble/curves/secp256k1.js';
+ * import { IndividualPubkey } from '@scure/btc-signer/musig2.js';
+ * IndividualPubkey(schnorr.utils.randomSecretKey());
+ * ```
+ */
+// BIP327 IndividualPubkey is cbytes(d*G): the 33-byte compressed signer key.
+// Aggregate exports use separate x-only encoding and should not call this helper.
+export function IndividualPubkey(seckey: TArg<Uint8Array>): TRet<Uint8Array> {
+  return secp256k1.getPublicKey(seckey, true) as TRet<Uint8Array>;
 }
 // Same, but returns Point
+// Base-point multiply helper for the BIP327 x*G steps below. Point.BASE.multiply rejects 0,
+// so call sites that allow zero scalars need to handle that case explicitly instead of using this.
 function mulBase(n: bigint): Point {
   return Point.BASE.multiply(n);
 }
+// Local alias for BIP327's is_infinite(P): used both for rejecting infinity where cpoint(...)
+// must never yield it and for the "if R' is infinite, use G" nonce-aggregation fallback.
 function isZero(point: Point): boolean {
   return point.equals(Point.ZERO);
 }
 
 /**
  * Lexicographically sorts an array of public keys.
- * @param publicKeys An array of public keys (Uint8Array).
+ * @param publicKeys - array of public keys
  * @returns A new array containing the sorted public keys.
- * @throws {Error} If the input is not an array or if any element is not a Uint8Array of the correct length.
+ * @throws On wrong argument types. {@link TypeError}
+ * @throws On wrong argument ranges or values. {@link RangeError}
+ * @example
+ * Sort participant public keys before building the aggregate MuSig2 key.
+ * ```ts
+ * import { IndividualPubkey, sortKeys } from '@scure/btc-signer/musig2.js';
+ * import { randomPrivateKeyBytes } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * sortKeys([
+ *   IndividualPubkey(randomPrivateKeyBytes()),
+ *   IndividualPubkey(randomPrivateKeyBytes()),
+ * ]);
+ * ```
  */
-export function sortKeys(publicKeys: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array[] {
+export function sortKeys(publicKeys: TArg<Uint8Array[]>): TRet<Uint8Array[]> {
+  // BIP327 KeySort is defined for non-empty signer-key lists, and this helper returns a sorted copy
+  // so callers do not lose their original participant ordering as a side effect of key aggregation.
   abytesArray(publicKeys, PUBKEY_LEN);
-  return publicKeys.sort(compareBytes);
+  if (!publicKeys.length) throw new RangeError('sortKeys: expected non-empty signer key list');
+  return Array.from(publicKeys).sort(compareBytes) as TRet<Uint8Array[]>;
 }
 
 // Finds second distinct key (to make coefficient 1)
-function getSecondKey(publicKeys: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
+function getSecondKey(publicKeys: TArg<Uint8Array[]>): TRet<Uint8Array> {
+  // BIP327 GetSecondKey returns bytes(33, 0) when all signer keys are equal; that sentinel
+  // means no key hits the special pk' = pk2 coefficient-1 shortcut in the all-equal case.
   abytesArray(publicKeys, PUBKEY_LEN);
   for (let j = 1; j < publicKeys.length; j++)
-    if (!equalBytes(publicKeys[j], publicKeys[0])) return publicKeys[j];
-  return ZERO;
+    if (!equalBytes(publicKeys[j], publicKeys[0])) return publicKeys[j] as TRet<Uint8Array>;
+  return ZERO as TRet<Uint8Array>;
 }
 
-function keyAggL(publicKeys: Uint8Array[]) {
+function keyAggL(publicKeys: TArg<Uint8Array[]>): TRet<Uint8Array> {
+  // BIP327 HashKeys hashes keys in the caller-provided order. Run KeySort first when
+  // the surrounding protocol requires the canonical lexicographic participant ordering.
   abytesArray(publicKeys, PUBKEY_LEN);
-  return taggedHash('KeyAgg list', ...publicKeys);
+  return taggedHash('KeyAgg list', ...publicKeys) as TRet<Uint8Array>;
 }
 
 function keyAggCoeffInternal(
-  publicKey1: Uint8Array,
-  publicKey2: Uint8Array,
-  L: Uint8Array
+  publicKey1: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  publicKey2: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  L: TArg<Uint8Array>
 ): bigint {
+  // BIP327 only short-circuits to coefficient 1 for pk' = pk2. When all keys are equal,
+  // pk2 is the all-zero sentinel from GetSecondKey, so every real signer key still hashes.
   abytes(publicKey1, PUBKEY_LEN);
   abytes(publicKey2, PUBKEY_LEN);
   if (equalBytes(publicKey1, publicKey2)) return 1n;
@@ -127,22 +222,41 @@ function keyAggCoeffInternal(
 
 /**
  * Aggregates multiple public keys using the MuSig2 key aggregation algorithm.
- * @param publicKeys An array of individual public keys (Uint8Array).
- * @param tweaks An optional array of tweaks (Uint8Array) to apply to the aggregate public key.
- * @param isXonly An optional array of booleans indicating whether each tweak is an X-only tweak.
- * @returns An object containing the aggregate public key, accumulated sign, and accumulated tweak.
- * @throws {Error} If the input is invalid, such as non array publicKeys, tweaks and isXonly array length not matching.
- * @throws {InvalidContributionErr} If any of the public keys are invalid and cannot be processed.
+ * @param publicKeys - individual participant public keys
+ * @param tweaks - optional tweaks applied to the aggregate key
+ * @param isXonly - whether each tweak uses x-only semantics
+ * @returns An object containing the aggregate public key, accumulated sign,
+ * and accumulated tweak.
+ * @throws If the input is invalid, such as non-array public keys or mismatched
+ * tweak metadata. {@link Error}
+ * @throws On wrong argument types. {@link TypeError}
+ * @throws On wrong argument ranges or values. {@link RangeError}
+ * @throws If any of the public keys are invalid and cannot be processed.
+ * {@link InvalidContributionErr}
+ * @example
+ * Combine all participant public keys into the shared MuSig2 context.
+ * ```ts
+ * import { IndividualPubkey, keyAggregate } from '@scure/btc-signer/musig2.js';
+ * import { randomPrivateKeyBytes } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * keyAggregate([
+ *   IndividualPubkey(randomPrivateKeyBytes()),
+ *   IndividualPubkey(randomPrivateKeyBytes()),
+ * ]);
+ * ```
  */
 export function keyAggregate(
-  publicKeys: Uint8Array[],
-  tweaks: Uint8Array[] = [],
+  publicKeys: TArg<Uint8Array[]>,
+  tweaks: TArg<Uint8Array[]> = [],
   isXonly: boolean[] = []
 ) {
+  // BIP327 KeyAgg inputs require `0 < u < 2^32`, and ApplyTweak consumes a one-for-one
+  // list of boolean tweak modes; callers should enforce that public contract here.
   abytesArray(publicKeys, PUBKEY_LEN);
+  if (publicKeys.length < 1) throw new RangeError('keyAggregate: expected at least 1 public key');
   abytesArray(tweaks, 32);
+  aXonly(isXonly);
   if (tweaks.length !== isXonly.length)
-    throw new Error('The tweaks and isXonly arrays must have the same length');
+    throw new RangeError('The tweaks and isXonly arrays must have the same length');
   // Aggregate
   const pk2 = getSecondKey(publicKeys);
   const L = keyAggL(publicKeys);
@@ -161,8 +275,10 @@ export function keyAggregate(
   // Apply tweaks
   for (let i = 0; i < tweaks.length; i++) {
     const g = isXonly[i] && !hasEven(aggPublicKey.y) ? Fn.neg(Fn.ONE) : Fn.ONE;
-    const t = Fn.fromBytes(tweaks[i]);
-    aggPublicKey = aggPublicKey.multiply(g).add(mulBase(t));
+    // BIP327 ApplyTweak: `Let t = int(tweak); fail if t >= n`, so 32-byte zero tweaks are valid.
+    const t = Fn.fromBytes(tweaks[i], true);
+    if (!Fn.isValid(t)) throw new RangeError('invalid scalar: out of range');
+    aggPublicKey = aggPublicKey.multiply(g).add(Fn.is0(t) ? Point.ZERO : mulBase(t));
     if (isZero(aggPublicKey)) throw new Error('The result of tweaking cannot be infinity');
     gAcc = Fn.mul(g, gAcc);
     tweakAcc = Fn.add(t, Fn.mul(g, tweakAcc));
@@ -171,29 +287,46 @@ export function keyAggregate(
 }
 /**
  * Exports the aggregate public key to a byte array.
- * @param ctx The result of the keyAggregate function.
+ * @param ctx - result of {@link keyAggregate}
  * @returns The aggregate public key as a byte array.
+ * @example
+ * Serialize the aggregate key after building the MuSig2 context.
+ * ```ts
+ * import { IndividualPubkey, keyAggregate, keyAggExport } from '@scure/btc-signer/musig2.js';
+ * import { randomPrivateKeyBytes } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * const ctx = keyAggregate([
+ *   IndividualPubkey(randomPrivateKeyBytes()),
+ *   IndividualPubkey(randomPrivateKeyBytes()),
+ * ]);
+ * keyAggExport(ctx);
+ * ```
  */
-export function keyAggExport(ctx: ReturnType<typeof keyAggregate>): Uint8Array {
-  return pointToBytes(ctx.aggPublicKey);
+export function keyAggExport(ctx: ReturnType<typeof keyAggregate>): TRet<Uint8Array> {
+  // BIP327 GetXonlyPubkey returns xbytes(Q), so this is the 32-byte x-only aggregate key
+  // instead of the 33-byte compressed SEC1 form.
+  return pointToBytes(ctx.aggPublicKey) as TRet<Uint8Array>;
 }
 
-function aux(secret: Uint8Array, rand: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+function aux(secret: TArg<Uint8Array>, rand: TArg<Uint8Array>): TRet<Uint8Array> {
+  // BIP327 NonceGen and DeterministicSign blind the caller-provided 32-byte randomness with
+  // hash_MuSig/aux(rand) before hashing the session inputs into nonce scalars.
   const rand2 = taggedHash('MuSig/aux', rand);
   if (secret.length !== rand2.length) throw new Error('Cannot XOR arrays of different lengths');
   const res = new Uint8Array(secret.length);
   for (let i = 0; i < secret.length; i++) res[i] = secret[i] ^ rand2[i];
-  return res;
+  return res as TRet<Uint8Array>;
 }
 
 const nonceHash = (
-  rand: Uint8Array,
-  publicKey: Uint8Array,
-  aggPublicKey: Uint8Array,
+  rand: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  publicKey: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  aggPublicKey: TArg<Uint8Array>,
   i: number,
-  msgPrefixed: Uint8Array,
-  extraIn: Uint8Array
+  msgPrefixed: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  extraIn: TArg<Uint8Array>
 ): bigint =>
+  // BIP327 NonceGen hashes rand || len(pk) || pk || len(aggpk) || aggpk || m_prefixed ||
+  // len(extra_in) || extra_in || bytes(1, i - 1), so callers pass i = 0/1 here.
   taggedInt(
     'MuSig/nonce',
     rand,
@@ -209,32 +342,44 @@ const nonceHash = (
 
 /**
  * Generates a nonce pair (public and secret) for MuSig2 signing.
- * @param publicKey The individual public key of the signer (Uint8Array).
- * @param secretKey The secret key of the signer (Uint8Array). Optional, included to xor randomness
- * @param aggPublicKey The aggregate public key of all signers (Uint8Array).
- * @param msg The message to be signed (Uint8Array).
- * @param extraIn Extra input for nonce generation (Uint8Array).
- * @param rand Random 32-bytes for generating the nonces (Uint8Array).
+ * @param publicKey - individual public key of the signer
+ * @param secretKey - optional secret key, mixed in to blind the randomness source
+ * @param aggPublicKey - aggregate public key of all signers
+ * @param msg - message to be signed
+ * @param extraIn - extra input mixed into nonce generation
+ * @param rand - random 32-byte seed for the nonce derivation
  * @returns An object containing the public and secret nonces.
- * @throws {Error} If the input is invalid, such as non array publicKey, secretKey, aggPublicKey.
+ * @throws If the input is invalid, such as non-array public keys or malformed
+ * nonce inputs. {@link Error}
+ * @throws On wrong argument ranges or values. {@link RangeError}
+ * @example
+ * Generate the signer-local nonce pair before sharing the public nonce with peers.
+ * ```ts
+ * import { IndividualPubkey, nonceGen } from '@scure/btc-signer/musig2.js';
+ * import { randomPrivateKeyBytes } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * const secretKey = randomPrivateKeyBytes();
+ * nonceGen(IndividualPubkey(secretKey), secretKey);
+ * ```
  */
 export function nonceGen(
-  publicKey: Uint8Array,
-  secretKey?: Uint8Array,
-  aggPublicKey: Uint8Array = new Uint8Array(0),
-  msg?: Uint8Array,
-  extraIn: Uint8Array = new Uint8Array(0),
-  rand: Uint8Array = randomBytes(32)
-): Nonces {
+  publicKey: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  secretKey?: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  aggPublicKey: TArg<Uint8Array> = new Uint8Array(0),
+  msg?: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  extraIn: TArg<Uint8Array> = new Uint8Array(0),
+  rand: TArg<Uint8Array> = randomBytes(32)
+): TRet<Nonces> {
   abytes(publicKey, PUBKEY_LEN);
   abytesOptional(secretKey, 32);
   abytes(aggPublicKey);
-  if (![0, 32].includes(aggPublicKey.length)) throw new Error('wrong aggPublicKey');
+  if (![0, 32].includes(aggPublicKey.length)) throw new RangeError('wrong aggPublicKey');
   abytesOptional(msg);
   abytes(extraIn);
   abytes(rand, 32);
 
   if (secretKey !== undefined) rand = aux(secretKey, rand);
+  // BIP327 distinguishes an omitted message from an explicitly empty one so the two cases
+  // derive different nonces even when every other session parameter matches.
   const msgPrefixed =
     msg !== undefined
       ? concatBytes(Uint8Array.of(1), numberToBytesBE(msg.length, 8), msg)
@@ -244,18 +389,38 @@ export function nonceGen(
   return {
     secret: SecretNonce.encode({ k1, k2, publicKey }),
     public: PubNonce.encode({ R1: mulBase(k1), R2: mulBase(k2) }),
-  };
+  } as TRet<Nonces>;
 }
 
 /**
  * Aggregates public nonces from multiple signers into a single aggregate nonce.
- * @param pubNonces An array of public nonces from each signer (Uint8Array). Each pubnonce is assumed to be 66 bytes (two 33‐byte parts).
+ * @param pubNonces - public nonces from each signer
  * @returns The aggregate nonce (Uint8Array).
- * @throws {Error} If the input is not an array or if any element is not a Uint8Array of the correct length.
- * @throws {InvalidContributionErr} If any of the public nonces are invalid and cannot be processed.
+ * @throws If the nonce payloads are malformed or contain infinity points. {@link Error}
+ * @throws On wrong argument types. {@link TypeError}
+ * @throws On wrong argument ranges or values. {@link RangeError}
+ * @throws If any of the public nonces are invalid and cannot be processed.
+ * {@link InvalidContributionErr}
+ * @example
+ * Combine all participant public nonces before building the session.
+ * ```ts
+ * import { IndividualPubkey, nonceAggregate, nonceGen } from '@scure/btc-signer/musig2.js';
+ * import { randomPrivateKeyBytes } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * const alice = randomPrivateKeyBytes();
+ * const bob = randomPrivateKeyBytes();
+ * nonceAggregate([
+ *   nonceGen(IndividualPubkey(alice), alice).public,
+ *   nonceGen(IndividualPubkey(bob), bob).public,
+ * ]);
+ * ```
  */
-export function nonceAggregate(pubNonces: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
+export function nonceAggregate(pubNonces: TArg<Uint8Array[]>): TRet<Uint8Array> {
   abytesArray(pubNonces, 66);
+  // BIP327 NonceAgg input: "The number u of pubnonces with 0 < u < 2^32".
+  // cbytes_ext uses bytes(33, 0) as the infinity sentinel for summed real contributions,
+  // not as an "empty aggregate" encoding.
+  if (pubNonces.length < 1)
+    throw new RangeError('nonceAggregate: expected at least 1 public nonce');
   let R1 = Point.ZERO;
   let R2 = Point.ZERO;
   for (let i = 0; i < pubNonces.length; i++) {
@@ -269,12 +434,45 @@ export function nonceAggregate(pubNonces: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
       throw new InvalidContributionErr(i, 'pubnonce');
     }
   }
-  return PubNonce.encode({ R1, R2 });
+  return PubNonce.encode({ R1, R2 }) as TRet<Uint8Array>;
 }
 
 // Class allows us re-use pre-computed stuff
-// NOTE: it would be nice to aggregate nonce in construdctor, but there is test that passes already aggregated nonce here.
+// NOTE: it would be nice to aggregate nonce in constructor, but there is a
+// test that passes an already aggregated nonce here.
+/**
+ * MuSig2 session context for partial signing and aggregation.
+ * @param aggNonce - aggregate nonce from all participants combined
+ * @param publicKeys - all participant public keys
+ * @param msg - message to be signed
+ * @param tweaks - optional tweaks applied to the aggregate public key
+ * @param isXonly - whether each tweak uses x-only semantics
+ * @example
+ * Build one session object and reuse it for all partial-signature steps.
+ * ```ts
+ * import {
+ *   IndividualPubkey,
+ *   Session,
+ *   keyAggregate,
+ *   keyAggExport,
+ *   nonceAggregate,
+ *   nonceGen,
+ * } from '@scure/btc-signer/musig2.js';
+ * import { randomPrivateKeyBytes } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * const alice = randomPrivateKeyBytes();
+ * const bob = randomPrivateKeyBytes();
+ * const publicKeys = [IndividualPubkey(alice), IndividualPubkey(bob)];
+ * const agg = keyAggregate(publicKeys);
+ * const aggNonce = nonceAggregate([
+ *   nonceGen(publicKeys[0], alice, keyAggExport(agg)).public,
+ *   nonceGen(publicKeys[1], bob, keyAggExport(agg)).public,
+ * ]);
+ * const msg = new TextEncoder().encode('hello musig2');
+ * new Session(aggNonce, publicKeys, msg);
+ * ```
+ */
 export class Session {
+  private aggNonce: Uint8Array;
   private publicKeys: Uint8Array[];
   private Q: Point;
   private gAcc: bigint;
@@ -290,12 +488,12 @@ export class Session {
    * Constructor for the Session class.
    * It precomputes and stores values derived from the aggregate nonce, public keys,
    * message, and optional tweaks, optimizing the signing process.
-   * @param aggNonce The aggregate nonce (Uint8Array) from all participants combined, must be 66 bytes.
-   * @param publicKeys An array of public keys (Uint8Array) from each participant, must be 33 bytes.
-   * @param msg The message (Uint8Array) to be signed.
-   * @param tweaks Optional array of tweaks (Uint8Array) to be applied to the aggregate public key, each must be 32 bytes. Defaults to [].
-   * @param isXonly Optional array of booleans indicating whether each tweak is an X-only tweak. Defaults to [].
-   * @throws {Error} If the input is invalid, such as wrong array sizes or lengths.
+   * @param aggNonce - aggregate nonce from all participants combined
+   * @param publicKeys - participant public keys
+   * @param msg - message to be signed
+   * @param tweaks - tweaks applied to the aggregate public key
+   * @param isXonly - whether each tweak uses x-only semantics
+   * @throws If the input is invalid, such as wrong array sizes or lengths. {@link Error}
    */
   constructor(
     aggNonce: Uint8Array,
@@ -309,10 +507,15 @@ export class Session {
     aXonly(isXonly);
     abytes(msg);
     if (tweaks.length !== isXonly.length)
-      throw new Error('The tweaks and isXonly arrays must have the same length');
+      throw new RangeError('The tweaks and isXonly arrays must have the same length');
     const { aggPublicKey, gAcc, tweakAcc } = keyAggregate(publicKeys, tweaks, isXonly);
     const { R1, R2 } = PubNonce.decode(aggNonce);
-    this.publicKeys = publicKeys;
+    // BIP327 requires cached session-context state to be protected from third-party mutation,
+    // so Session must own detached copies of the caller-provided arrays and byte entries.
+    // Use Uint8Array.from(...) here instead of .slice() because Node Buffer overrides slice()
+    // to return a shared-memory view, which would let later caller mutation rewrite session state.
+    this.aggNonce = Uint8Array.from(aggNonce);
+    this.publicKeys = publicKeys.map((pk) => Uint8Array.from(pk));
     this.Q = aggPublicKey;
     this.gAcc = gAcc;
     this.tweakAcc = tweakAcc;
@@ -320,21 +523,23 @@ export class Session {
     const R = R1.add(R2.multiply(this.b));
     this.R = isZero(R) ? Point.BASE : R;
     this.e = taggedInt('BIP0340/challenge', pointToBytes(this.R), pointToBytes(aggPublicKey), msg);
-    this.tweaks = tweaks;
-    this.isXonly = isXonly;
-    this.L = keyAggL(publicKeys);
-    this.secondKey = getSecondKey(publicKeys);
+    this.tweaks = tweaks.map((t) => Uint8Array.from(t));
+    this.isXonly = isXonly.slice();
+    this.L = keyAggL(this.publicKeys);
+    this.secondKey = getSecondKey(this.publicKeys);
   }
   /**
    * Calculates the key aggregation coefficient for a given point.
    * @private
-   * @param P The point to calculate the coefficient for.
+   * @param P - point to calculate the coefficient for
    * @returns The key aggregation coefficient as a bigint.
-   * @throws {Error} If the provided public key is not included in the list of pubkeys.
+   * @throws If the provided public key is not included in the list of pubkeys. {@link Error}
    */
   private getSessionKeyAggCoeff(P: Point): bigint {
     const { publicKeys } = this;
     const pk = P.toBytes(true);
+    // BIP327 GetSessionKeyAggCoeff fails if cbytes(P) is not one of the session pubkeys;
+    // once membership is confirmed, the cached L/secondKey state is enough to derive KeyAggCoeff.
     const found = publicKeys.some((p) => equalBytes(p, pk));
     if (!found) throw new Error("The signer's pubkey must be included in the list of pubkeys");
     return keyAggCoeffInternal(pk, this.secondKey, this.L);
@@ -347,33 +552,39 @@ export class Session {
     const { Q, gAcc, b, R, e } = this;
     const s = Fn.fromBytes(partialSig, true);
     if (!Fn.isValid(s)) return false;
+    // BIP327 PartialSigVerifyInternal: `Let s = int(psig); fail if s >= n`, so s=0 must stay
+    // in the public verification equation and return false on mismatch instead of throwing.
     const { R1, R2 } = PubNonce.decode(publicNonce);
     const Re_s_ = R1.add(R2.multiply(b));
     const Re_s = hasEven(R.y) ? Re_s_ : Re_s_.negate();
     const P = Point.fromBytes(publicKey);
     const a = this.getSessionKeyAggCoeff(P);
     const g = Fn.mul(evenScalar(Q, 1n), gAcc);
-    const left = mulBase(s);
+    const left = Point.BASE.multiplyUnsafe(s);
     const right = Re_s.add(P.multiply(Fn.mul(e, Fn.mul(a, g))));
     return left.equals(right);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Generates a partial signature for a given message, secret nonce, secret key, and session context.
-   * @param secretNonce The secret nonce for this signing session (Uint8Array). MUST be securely erased after use.
-   * @param secret The secret key of the signer (Uint8Array).
-   * @param sessionCtx The session context containing all necessary information for signing.
-   * @param fastSign if set to true, the signature is created without checking validity.
+   * Generates a partial signature for a given message, secret nonce,
+   * secret key, and session context.
+   * @param secretNonce - secret nonce for this signing session; it is zeroed after use
+   * @param secret - secret key of the signer
+   * @param fastSign - if `true`, skip the self-verification pass
    * @returns The partial signature (Uint8Array).
-   * @throws {Error} If the input is invalid, such as wrong array sizes, invalid nonce or secret key.
+   * @throws If the input is invalid, such as wrong array sizes,
+   * invalid nonce, or invalid secret key. {@link Error}
    */
   sign(secretNonce: Uint8Array, secret: Uint8Array, fastSign = false): Uint8Array {
     abytes(secret, 32);
-    if (typeof fastSign !== 'boolean') throw new Error('expected boolean');
+    if (typeof fastSign !== 'boolean') throw new TypeError('expected boolean');
     const { Q, gAcc, b, R, e } = this;
     const { k1: k1_, k2: k2_, publicKey: originalPk } = SecretNonce.decode(secretNonce);
     // zero-out the first 64 bytes of secretNonce so it cannot be reused
-    // TODO: this was in reference implementation, but feels very broken. Modifying input arguments is pretty bad.
+    // BIP327 permits overwriting the first 64 secnonce bytes after reading k1/k2 so
+    // accidental reuse fails fast instead of reusing the same nonce scalars.
+    // TODO: this was in the reference implementation, but feels very broken.
+    // Modifying input arguments is pretty bad.
     secretNonce.fill(0, 0, 64);
     if (!Fn.isValid(k1_)) throw new Error('wrong k1');
     if (!Fn.isValid(k2_)) throw new Error('wrong k1');
@@ -403,15 +614,12 @@ export class Session {
   }
   /**
    * Verifies a partial signature against the aggregate public key and other session parameters.
-   * @param partialSig The partial signature to verify (Uint8Array).
-   * @param pubNonces An array of public nonces from each signer (Uint8Array).
-   * @param pubKeys An array of public keys from each signer (Uint8Array).
-   * @param tweaks An array of tweaks applied to the aggregate public key.
-   * @param isXonly An array of booleans indicating whether each tweak is an X-only tweak.
-   * @param msg The message that was signed (Uint8Array).
-   * @param i The index of the signer whose partial signature is being verified.
-   * @returns True if the partial signature is valid, false otherwise.
-   * @throws {Error} If the input is invalid, such as non array partialSig, pubNonces, pubKeys, tweaks.
+   * @param partialSig - partial signature to verify
+   * @param pubNonces - public nonces from each signer
+   * @param i - index of the signer whose partial signature is being verified
+   * @returns `true` if the partial signature is valid.
+   * @throws If the input is invalid, such as non-array partial signatures
+   * or mismatched nonce counts. {@link Error}
    */
   partialSigVerify(partialSig: Uint8Array, pubNonces: Uint8Array[], i: number): boolean {
     const { publicKeys, tweaks, isXonly } = this;
@@ -422,21 +630,29 @@ export class Session {
     aXonly(isXonly);
     anumber(i);
     if (pubNonces.length !== publicKeys.length)
-      throw new Error('The pubNonces and publicKeys arrays must have the same length');
+      throw new RangeError('The pubNonces and publicKeys arrays must have the same length');
     if (tweaks.length !== isXonly.length)
-      throw new Error('The tweaks and isXonly arrays must have the same length');
-    if (i >= pubNonces.length) throw new Error('index outside of pubKeys/pubNonces');
+      throw new RangeError('The tweaks and isXonly arrays must have the same length');
+    // BIP327 PartialSigVerify rebuilds session_ctx from aggnonce = NonceAgg(pubnonce_1..u),
+    // and GetSessionValues derives b and R from that aggnonce. This Session caches b/R/e from
+    // the constructor aggNonce, so a stale Session would otherwise accept mismatched pubNonces
+    // as long as pubNonces[i] still matched the signer slot.
+    if (i >= pubNonces.length) throw new RangeError('index outside of pubKeys/pubNonces');
+    if (!equalBytes(this.aggNonce, nonceAggregate(pubNonces))) return false;
     return this.partialSigVerifyInternal(partialSig, pubNonces[i], publicKeys[i]);
   }
   /**
    * Aggregates partial signatures from multiple signers into a single final signature.
-   * @param partialSigs An array of partial signatures from each signer (Uint8Array).
-   * @param sessionCtx The session context containing all necessary information for signing.
+   * @param partialSigs - partial signatures from each signer
    * @returns The final aggregate signature (Uint8Array).
-   * @throws {Error} If the input is invalid, such as wrong array sizes, invalid signature.
+   * @throws If the input is invalid, such as wrong array sizes or malformed
+   * signatures. {@link Error}
    */
-  partialSigAgg(partialSigs: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
+  partialSigAgg(partialSigs: TArg<Uint8Array[]>): TRet<Uint8Array> {
     abytesArray(partialSigs, 32);
+    // BIP327 PartialSigAgg is defined for a non-empty psig_1..u list tied to this session_ctx;
+    // [] is not a valid aggregate-signature input even though the sum starts from zero.
+    if (partialSigs.length < 1) throw new RangeError('partialSigs.length must be >= 1');
     const { Q, tweakAcc, R, e } = this;
     let s = 0n;
     for (let i = 0; i < partialSigs.length; i++) {
@@ -446,15 +662,15 @@ export class Session {
     }
     const g = evenScalar(Q, 1n);
     s = Fn.add(s, Fn.mul(e, Fn.mul(g, tweakAcc))); // s + e * g * tweakAcc
-    return concatBytes(pointToBytes(R), Fn.toBytes(s));
+    return concatBytes(pointToBytes(R), Fn.toBytes(s)) as TRet<Uint8Array>;
   }
 }
 
 const deterministicNonceHash = (
-  secret: Uint8Array,
-  aggOtherNonce: Uint8Array,
-  aggPublicKey: Uint8Array,
-  msg: Uint8Array,
+  secret: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  aggOtherNonce: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  aggPublicKey: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  msg: TArg<Uint8Array>,
   i: number
 ): bigint =>
   taggedInt(
@@ -464,36 +680,62 @@ const deterministicNonceHash = (
     aggPublicKey,
     numberToBytesBE(msg.length, 8),
     msg,
+    // BIP327 hashes bytes(1, i - 1) for i=1,2; callers pass 0/1 directly here.
     new Uint8Array([i])
   );
 
 /**
  * Generates a nonce pair and partial signature deterministically for a single signer.
- * @param secret The secret key of the signer (Uint8Array).
- * @param aggOtherNonce The aggregate public nonce of all other signers (Uint8Array).
- * @param publicKeys An array of all signers' public keys (Uint8Array).
- * @param tweaks An array of tweaks to apply to the aggregate public key.
- * @param isXonly An array of booleans indicating whether each tweak is an X-only tweak.
- * @param msg The message to be signed (Uint8Array).
- * @param rand Optional extra randomness (Uint8Array).
+ * @param secret - secret key of the signer
+ * @param aggOtherNonce - aggregate public nonce of the other signers
+ * @param publicKeys - public keys of all signers
+ * @param msg - message to be signed
+ * @param tweaks - tweaks applied to the aggregate public key
+ * @param isXonly - whether each tweak uses x-only semantics
+ * @param rand - optional extra randomness
+ * @param fastSign - whether to skip partial-signature self-verification
  * @returns An object containing the public nonce and partial signature.
+ * @throws If MuSig2 session setup or signing fails. {@link Error}
+ * @throws On wrong argument types. {@link TypeError}
+ * @throws On wrong argument ranges or values. {@link RangeError}
+ * @throws If one of the aggregated public keys or nonces is invalid. {@link InvalidContributionErr}
+ * @example
+ * Generate one signer's deterministic nonce and partial signature in one step.
+ * ```ts
+ * import {
+ *   IndividualPubkey,
+ *   deterministicSign,
+ *   keyAggregate,
+ *   keyAggExport,
+ *   nonceGen,
+ * } from '@scure/btc-signer/musig2.js';
+ * import { randomPrivateKeyBytes } from '@scure/btc-signer/utils.js';
+ * const alice = randomPrivateKeyBytes();
+ * const bob = randomPrivateKeyBytes();
+ * const publicKeys = [IndividualPubkey(alice), IndividualPubkey(bob)];
+ * const agg = keyAggregate(publicKeys);
+ * const otherNonce = nonceGen(publicKeys[1], bob, keyAggExport(agg)).public;
+ * deterministicSign(alice, otherNonce, publicKeys, new TextEncoder().encode('hello musig2'));
+ * ```
  */
 export function deterministicSign(
-  secret: Uint8Array,
-  aggOtherNonce: Uint8Array,
-  publicKeys: Uint8Array[],
-  msg: Uint8Array,
-  tweaks: Uint8Array[] = [],
+  secret: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  aggOtherNonce: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  publicKeys: TArg<Uint8Array[]>,
+  msg: TArg<Uint8Array>,
+  tweaks: TArg<Uint8Array[]> = [],
   isXonly: boolean[] = [],
-  rand?: Uint8Array,
+  rand?: TArg<Uint8Array>,
   fastSign = false
-): DetNonce {
+): TRet<DetNonce> {
   abytes(secret, 32);
   abytes(aggOtherNonce, 66);
   abytesArray(publicKeys, PUBKEY_LEN);
   abytesArray(tweaks, 32);
   abytes(msg);
-  abytesOptional(rand);
+  abytesOptional(rand, 32);
+  // BIP327 DeterministicSign input bullet: `The auxiliary randomness rand: a 32-byte array`
+  // when present, so this optional argument still needs the exact-length check here.
   const sk = rand !== undefined ? aux(secret, rand) : secret;
   const aggPublicKey = keyAggExport(keyAggregate(publicKeys, tweaks, isXonly));
   const k1 = deterministicNonceHash(sk, aggOtherNonce, aggPublicKey, msg, 0);
@@ -505,5 +747,5 @@ export function deterministicSign(
   const aggNonce = nonceAggregate([publicNonce, aggOtherNonce]);
   const session = new Session(aggNonce, publicKeys, msg, tweaks, isXonly);
   const partialSig = session.sign(secretNonce, secret, fastSign);
-  return { publicNonce, partialSig };
+  return { publicNonce, partialSig } as TRet<DetNonce>;
 }