@scratch/scratch-render 11.0.0-beta.1

package/src/RenderWebGL.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2029 @@
+const EventEmitter = require('events');
+
+const hull = require('hull.js');
+const twgl = require('twgl.js');
+
+const BitmapSkin = require('./BitmapSkin');
+const Drawable = require('./Drawable');
+const Rectangle = require('./Rectangle');
+const PenSkin = require('./PenSkin');
+const RenderConstants = require('./RenderConstants');
+const ShaderManager = require('./ShaderManager');
+const SVGSkin = require('./SVGSkin');
+const TextBubbleSkin = require('./TextBubbleSkin');
+const EffectTransform = require('./EffectTransform');
+const log = require('./util/log');
+
+const __isTouchingDrawablesPoint = twgl.v3.create();
+const __candidatesBounds = new Rectangle();
+const __fenceBounds = new Rectangle();
+const __touchingColor = new Uint8ClampedArray(4);
+const __blendColor = new Uint8ClampedArray(4);
+
+// More pixels than this and we give up to the GPU and take the cost of readPixels
+// Width * Height * Number of drawables at location
+const __cpuTouchingColorPixelCount = 4e4;
+
+/**
+ * @callback RenderWebGL#idFilterFunc
+ * @param {int} drawableID The ID to filter.
+ * @return {bool} True if the ID passes the filter, otherwise false.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Maximum touch size for a picking check.
+ * @todo Figure out a reasonable max size. Maybe this should be configurable?
+ * @type {Array<int>}
+ * @memberof RenderWebGL
+ */
+const MAX_TOUCH_SIZE = [3, 3];
+
+/**
+ * Passed to the uniforms for mask in touching color
+ */
+const MASK_TOUCHING_COLOR_TOLERANCE = 2;
+
+/**
+ * Maximum number of pixels in either dimension of "extracted drawable" data
+ * @type {int}
+ */
+const MAX_EXTRACTED_DRAWABLE_DIMENSION = 2048;
+
+/**
+ * Determines if the mask color is "close enough" (only test the 6 top bits for
+ * each color).  These bit masks are what scratch 2 used to use, so we do the same.
+ * @param {Uint8Array} a A color3b or color4b value.
+ * @param {Uint8Array} b A color3b or color4b value.
+ * @returns {boolean} If the colors match within the parameters.
+ */
+const maskMatches = (a, b) => (
+    // has some non-alpha component to test against
+    a[3] > 0 &&
+    (a[0] & 0b11111100) === (b[0] & 0b11111100) &&
+    (a[1] & 0b11111100) === (b[1] & 0b11111100) &&
+    (a[2] & 0b11111100) === (b[2] & 0b11111100)
+);
+
+/**
+ * Determines if the given color is "close enough" (only test the 5 top bits for
+ * red and green, 4 bits for blue).  These bit masks are what scratch 2 used to use,
+ * so we do the same.
+ * @param {Uint8Array} a A color3b or color4b value.
+ * @param {Uint8Array} b A color3b or color4b value / or a larger array when used with offsets
+ * @param {number} offset An offset into the `b` array, which lets you use a larger array to test
+ *                  multiple values at the same time.
+ * @returns {boolean} If the colors match within the parameters.
+ */
+const colorMatches = (a, b, offset) => (
+    (a[0] & 0b11111000) === (b[offset + 0] & 0b11111000) &&
+    (a[1] & 0b11111000) === (b[offset + 1] & 0b11111000) &&
+    (a[2] & 0b11110000) === (b[offset + 2] & 0b11110000)
+);
+
+/**
+ * Sprite Fencing - The number of pixels a sprite is required to leave remaining
+ * onscreen around the edge of the staging area.
+ * @type {number}
+ */
+const FENCE_WIDTH = 15;
+
+
+class RenderWebGL extends EventEmitter {
+    /**
+     * Check if this environment appears to support this renderer before attempting to create an instance.
+     * Catching an exception from the constructor is also a valid way to test for (lack of) support.
+     * @param {canvas} [optCanvas] - An optional canvas to use for the test. Otherwise a temporary canvas will be used.
+     * @returns {boolean} - True if this environment appears to support this renderer, false otherwise.
+     */
+    static isSupported (optCanvas) {
+        try {
+            // Create the context the same way that the constructor will: attributes may make the difference.
+            return !!RenderWebGL._getContext(optCanvas || document.createElement('canvas'));
+        } catch (e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ask TWGL to create a rendering context with the attributes used by this renderer.
+     * @param {canvas} canvas - attach the context to this canvas.
+     * @returns {WebGLRenderingContext} - a TWGL rendering context (backed by either WebGL 1.0 or 2.0).
+     * @private
+     */
+    static _getContext (canvas) {
+        const contextAttribs = {alpha: false, stencil: true, antialias: false};
+        // getWebGLContext = try WebGL 1.0 only
+        // getContext = try WebGL 2.0 and if that doesn't work, try WebGL 1.0
+        // getWebGLContext || getContext = try WebGL 1.0 and if that doesn't work, try WebGL 2.0
+        return twgl.getWebGLContext(canvas, contextAttribs) ||
+            twgl.getContext(canvas, contextAttribs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a renderer for drawing Scratch sprites to a canvas using WebGL.
+     * Coordinates will default to Scratch 2.0 values if unspecified.
+     * The stage's "native" size will be calculated from the these coordinates.
+     * For example, the defaults result in a native size of 480x360.
+     * Queries such as "touching color?" will always execute at the native size.
+     * @see RenderWebGL#setStageSize
+     * @see RenderWebGL#resize
+     * @param {canvas} canvas The canvas to draw onto.
+     * @param {int} [xLeft=-240] The x-coordinate of the left edge.
+     * @param {int} [xRight=240] The x-coordinate of the right edge.
+     * @param {int} [yBottom=-180] The y-coordinate of the bottom edge.
+     * @param {int} [yTop=180] The y-coordinate of the top edge.
+     * @constructor
+     * @listens RenderWebGL#event:NativeSizeChanged
+     */
+    constructor (canvas, xLeft, xRight, yBottom, yTop) {
+        super();
+
+        /** @type {WebGLRenderingContext} */
+        const gl = this._gl = RenderWebGL._getContext(canvas);
+        if (!gl) {
+            throw new Error('Could not get WebGL context: this browser or environment may not support WebGL.');
+        }
+
+        /** @type {RenderWebGL.UseGpuModes} */
+        this._useGpuMode = RenderWebGL.UseGpuModes.Automatic;
+
+        /** @type {Drawable[]} */
+        this._allDrawables = [];
+
+        /** @type {Skin[]} */
+        this._allSkins = [];
+
+        /** @type {Array<int>} */
+        this._drawList = [];
+
+        // A list of layer group names in the order they should appear
+        // from furthest back to furthest in front.
+        /** @type {Array<String>} */
+        this._groupOrdering = [];
+
+        /**
+         * @typedef LayerGroup
+         * @property {int} groupIndex The relative position of this layer group in the group ordering
+         * @property {int} drawListOffset The absolute position of this layer group in the draw list
+         * This number gets updated as drawables get added to or deleted from the draw list.
+         */
+
+        // Map of group name to layer group
+        /** @type {Object.<string, LayerGroup>} */
+        this._layerGroups = {};
+
+        /** @type {int} */
+        this._nextDrawableId = RenderConstants.ID_NONE + 1;
+
+        /** @type {int} */
+        this._nextSkinId = RenderConstants.ID_NONE + 1;
+
+        /** @type {module:twgl/m4.Mat4} */
+        this._projection = twgl.m4.identity();
+
+        /** @type {ShaderManager} */
+        this._shaderManager = new ShaderManager(gl);
+
+        /** @type {HTMLCanvasElement} */
+        this._tempCanvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+
+        /** @type {any} */
+        this._regionId = null;
+
+        /** @type {function} */
+        this._exitRegion = null;
+
+        /** @type {object} */
+        this._backgroundDrawRegionId = {
+            enter: () => this._enterDrawBackground(),
+            exit: () => this._exitDrawBackground()
+        };
+
+        /** @type {Array.<snapshotCallback>} */
+        this._snapshotCallbacks = [];
+
+        /** @type {Array<number>} */
+        // Don't set this directly-- use setBackgroundColor so it stays in sync with _backgroundColor3b
+        this._backgroundColor4f = [0, 0, 0, 1];
+
+        /** @type {Uint8ClampedArray} */
+        // Don't set this directly-- use setBackgroundColor so it stays in sync with _backgroundColor4f
+        this._backgroundColor3b = new Uint8ClampedArray(3);
+
+        this._createGeometry();
+
+        this.on(RenderConstants.Events.NativeSizeChanged, this.onNativeSizeChanged);
+
+        this.setBackgroundColor(1, 1, 1);
+        this.setStageSize(xLeft || -240, xRight || 240, yBottom || -180, yTop || 180);
+        this.resize(this._nativeSize[0], this._nativeSize[1]);
+
+        gl.disable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+        /** @todo disable when no partial transparency? */
+        gl.enable(gl.BLEND);
+        gl.blendFunc(gl.ONE, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @returns {WebGLRenderingContext} the WebGL rendering context associated with this renderer.
+     */
+    get gl () {
+        return this._gl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @returns {HTMLCanvasElement} the canvas of the WebGL rendering context associated with this renderer.
+     */
+    get canvas () {
+        return this._gl && this._gl.canvas;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the physical size of the stage in device-independent pixels.
+     * This will be multiplied by the device's pixel ratio on high-DPI displays.
+     * @param {int} pixelsWide The desired width in device-independent pixels.
+     * @param {int} pixelsTall The desired height in device-independent pixels.
+     */
+    resize (pixelsWide, pixelsTall) {
+        const {canvas} = this._gl;
+        const pixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+        const newWidth = pixelsWide * pixelRatio;
+        const newHeight = pixelsTall * pixelRatio;
+
+        // Certain operations, such as moving the color picker, call `resize` once per frame, even though the canvas
+        // size doesn't change. To avoid unnecessary canvas updates, check that we *really* need to resize the canvas.
+        if (canvas.width !== newWidth || canvas.height !== newHeight) {
+            canvas.width = newWidth;
+            canvas.height = newHeight;
+            // Resizing the canvas causes it to be cleared, so redraw it.
+            this.draw();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the background color for the stage. The stage will be cleared with this
+     * color each frame.
+     * @param {number} red The red component for the background.
+     * @param {number} green The green component for the background.
+     * @param {number} blue The blue component for the background.
+     */
+    setBackgroundColor (red, green, blue) {
+        this._backgroundColor4f[0] = red;
+        this._backgroundColor4f[1] = green;
+        this._backgroundColor4f[2] = blue;
+
+        this._backgroundColor3b[0] = red * 255;
+        this._backgroundColor3b[1] = green * 255;
+        this._backgroundColor3b[2] = blue * 255;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tell the renderer to draw various debug information to the provided canvas
+     * during certain operations.
+     * @param {canvas} canvas The canvas to use for debug output.
+     */
+    setDebugCanvas (canvas) {
+        this._debugCanvas = canvas;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Control the use of the GPU or CPU paths in `isTouchingColor`.
+     * @param {RenderWebGL.UseGpuModes} useGpuMode - automatically decide, force CPU, or force GPU.
+     */
+    setUseGpuMode (useGpuMode) {
+        this._useGpuMode = useGpuMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set logical size of the stage in Scratch units.
+     * @param {int} xLeft The left edge's x-coordinate. Scratch 2 uses -240.
+     * @param {int} xRight The right edge's x-coordinate. Scratch 2 uses 240.
+     * @param {int} yBottom The bottom edge's y-coordinate. Scratch 2 uses -180.
+     * @param {int} yTop The top edge's y-coordinate. Scratch 2 uses 180.
+     */
+    setStageSize (xLeft, xRight, yBottom, yTop) {
+        this._xLeft = xLeft;
+        this._xRight = xRight;
+        this._yBottom = yBottom;
+        this._yTop = yTop;
+
+        // swap yBottom & yTop to fit Scratch convention of +y=up
+        this._projection = twgl.m4.ortho(xLeft, xRight, yBottom, yTop, -1, 1);
+
+        this._setNativeSize(Math.abs(xRight - xLeft), Math.abs(yBottom - yTop));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return {Array<int>} the "native" size of the stage, which is used for pen, query renders, etc.
+     */
+    getNativeSize () {
+        return [this._nativeSize[0], this._nativeSize[1]];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the "native" size of the stage, which is used for pen, query renders, etc.
+     * @param {int} width - the new width to set.
+     * @param {int} height - the new height to set.
+     * @private
+     * @fires RenderWebGL#event:NativeSizeChanged
+     */
+    _setNativeSize (width, height) {
+        this._nativeSize = [width, height];
+        this.emit(RenderConstants.Events.NativeSizeChanged, {newSize: this._nativeSize});
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new bitmap skin from a snapshot of the provided bitmap data.
+     * @param {ImageData|HTMLImageElement|HTMLCanvasElement|HTMLVideoElement} bitmapData - new contents for this skin.
+     * @param {!int} [costumeResolution=1] - The resolution to use for this bitmap.
+     * @param {?Array<number>} [rotationCenter] Optional: rotation center of the skin. If not supplied, the center of
+     * the skin will be used.
+     * @returns {!int} the ID for the new skin.
+     */
+    createBitmapSkin (bitmapData, costumeResolution, rotationCenter) {
+        const skinId = this._nextSkinId++;
+        const newSkin = new BitmapSkin(skinId, this);
+        newSkin.setBitmap(bitmapData, costumeResolution, rotationCenter);
+        this._allSkins[skinId] = newSkin;
+        return skinId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new SVG skin.
+     * @param {!string} svgData - new SVG to use.
+     * @param {?Array<number>} rotationCenter Optional: rotation center of the skin. If not supplied, the center of the
+     * skin will be used
+     * @returns {!int} the ID for the new skin.
+     */
+    createSVGSkin (svgData, rotationCenter) {
+        const skinId = this._nextSkinId++;
+        const newSkin = new SVGSkin(skinId, this);
+        newSkin.setSVG(svgData, rotationCenter);
+        this._allSkins[skinId] = newSkin;
+        return skinId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new PenSkin - a skin which implements a Scratch pen layer.
+     * @returns {!int} the ID for the new skin.
+     */
+    createPenSkin () {
+        const skinId = this._nextSkinId++;
+        const newSkin = new PenSkin(skinId, this);
+        this._allSkins[skinId] = newSkin;
+        return skinId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new SVG skin using the text bubble svg creator. The rotation center
+     * is always placed at the top left.
+     * @param {!string} type - either "say" or "think".
+     * @param {!string} text - the text for the bubble.
+     * @param {!boolean} pointsLeft - which side the bubble is pointing.
+     * @returns {!int} the ID for the new skin.
+     */
+    createTextSkin (type, text, pointsLeft) {
+        const skinId = this._nextSkinId++;
+        const newSkin = new TextBubbleSkin(skinId, this);
+        newSkin.setTextBubble(type, text, pointsLeft);
+        this._allSkins[skinId] = newSkin;
+        return skinId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update an existing SVG skin, or create an SVG skin if the previous skin was not SVG.
+     * @param {!int} skinId the ID for the skin to change.
+     * @param {!string} svgData - new SVG to use.
+     * @param {?Array<number>} rotationCenter Optional: rotation center of the skin. If not supplied, the center of the
+     * skin will be used
+     */
+    updateSVGSkin (skinId, svgData, rotationCenter) {
+        if (this._allSkins[skinId] instanceof SVGSkin) {
+            this._allSkins[skinId].setSVG(svgData, rotationCenter);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const newSkin = new SVGSkin(skinId, this);
+        newSkin.setSVG(svgData, rotationCenter);
+        this._reskin(skinId, newSkin);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update an existing bitmap skin, or create a bitmap skin if the previous skin was not bitmap.
+     * @param {!int} skinId the ID for the skin to change.
+     * @param {!ImageData|HTMLImageElement|HTMLCanvasElement|HTMLVideoElement} imgData - new contents for this skin.
+     * @param {!number} bitmapResolution - the resolution scale for a bitmap costume.
+     * @param {?Array<number>} rotationCenter Optional: rotation center of the skin. If not supplied, the center of the
+     * skin will be used
+     */
+    updateBitmapSkin (skinId, imgData, bitmapResolution, rotationCenter) {
+        if (this._allSkins[skinId] instanceof BitmapSkin) {
+            this._allSkins[skinId].setBitmap(imgData, bitmapResolution, rotationCenter);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const newSkin = new BitmapSkin(skinId, this);
+        newSkin.setBitmap(imgData, bitmapResolution, rotationCenter);
+        this._reskin(skinId, newSkin);
+    }
+
+    _reskin (skinId, newSkin) {
+        const oldSkin = this._allSkins[skinId];
+        this._allSkins[skinId] = newSkin;
+
+        // Tell drawables to update
+        for (const drawable of this._allDrawables) {
+            if (drawable && drawable.skin === oldSkin) {
+                drawable.skin = newSkin;
+            }
+        }
+        oldSkin.dispose();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a skin using the text bubble svg creator.
+     * @param {!int} skinId the ID for the skin to change.
+     * @param {!string} type - either "say" or "think".
+     * @param {!string} text - the text for the bubble.
+     * @param {!boolean} pointsLeft - which side the bubble is pointing.
+     */
+    updateTextSkin (skinId, type, text, pointsLeft) {
+        if (this._allSkins[skinId] instanceof TextBubbleSkin) {
+            this._allSkins[skinId].setTextBubble(type, text, pointsLeft);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const newSkin = new TextBubbleSkin(skinId, this);
+        newSkin.setTextBubble(type, text, pointsLeft);
+        this._reskin(skinId, newSkin);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Destroy an existing skin. Do not use the skin or its ID after calling this.
+     * @param {!int} skinId - The ID of the skin to destroy.
+     */
+    destroySkin (skinId) {
+        const oldSkin = this._allSkins[skinId];
+        oldSkin.dispose();
+        delete this._allSkins[skinId];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new Drawable and add it to the scene.
+     * @param {string} group Layer group to add the drawable to
+     * @returns {int} The ID of the new Drawable.
+     */
+    createDrawable (group) {
+        if (!group || !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this._layerGroups, group)) {
+            log.warn('Cannot create a drawable without a known layer group');
+            return;
+        }
+        const drawableID = this._nextDrawableId++;
+        const drawable = new Drawable(drawableID);
+        this._allDrawables[drawableID] = drawable;
+        this._addToDrawList(drawableID, group);
+
+        drawable.skin = null;
+
+        return drawableID;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the layer group ordering for the renderer.
+     * @param {Array<string>} groupOrdering The ordered array of layer group
+     * names
+     */
+    setLayerGroupOrdering (groupOrdering) {
+        this._groupOrdering = groupOrdering;
+        for (let i = 0; i < this._groupOrdering.length; i++) {
+            this._layerGroups[this._groupOrdering[i]] = {
+                groupIndex: i,
+                drawListOffset: 0
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    _addToDrawList (drawableID, group) {
+        const currentLayerGroup = this._layerGroups[group];
+        const currentGroupOrderingIndex = currentLayerGroup.groupIndex;
+
+        const drawListOffset = this._endIndexForKnownLayerGroup(currentLayerGroup);
+        this._drawList.splice(drawListOffset, 0, drawableID);
+
+        this._updateOffsets('add', currentGroupOrderingIndex);
+    }
+
+    _updateOffsets (updateType, currentGroupOrderingIndex) {
+        for (let i = currentGroupOrderingIndex + 1; i < this._groupOrdering.length; i++) {
+            const laterGroupName = this._groupOrdering[i];
+            if (updateType === 'add') {
+                this._layerGroups[laterGroupName].drawListOffset++;
+            } else if (updateType === 'delete'){
+                this._layerGroups[laterGroupName].drawListOffset--;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    get _visibleDrawList () {
+        return this._drawList.filter(id => this._allDrawables[id]._visible);
+    }
+
+    // Given a layer group, return the index where it ends (non-inclusive),
+    // e.g. the returned index does not have a drawable from this layer group in it)
+    _endIndexForKnownLayerGroup (layerGroup) {
+        const groupIndex = layerGroup.groupIndex;
+        if (groupIndex === this._groupOrdering.length - 1) {
+            return this._drawList.length;
+        }
+        return this._layerGroups[this._groupOrdering[groupIndex + 1]].drawListOffset;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroy a Drawable, removing it from the scene.
+     * @param {int} drawableID The ID of the Drawable to remove.
+     * @param {string} group Group name that the drawable belongs to
+     */
+    destroyDrawable (drawableID, group) {
+        if (!group || !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this._layerGroups, group)) {
+            log.warn('Cannot destroy drawable without known layer group.');
+            return;
+        }
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        drawable.dispose();
+        delete this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+
+        const currentLayerGroup = this._layerGroups[group];
+        const endIndex = this._endIndexForKnownLayerGroup(currentLayerGroup);
+
+        let index = currentLayerGroup.drawListOffset;
+        while (index < endIndex) {
+            if (this._drawList[index] === drawableID) {
+                break;
+            }
+            index++;
+        }
+        if (index < endIndex) {
+            this._drawList.splice(index, 1);
+            this._updateOffsets('delete', currentLayerGroup.groupIndex);
+        } else {
+            log.warn('Could not destroy drawable that could not be found in layer group.');
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the position of the given drawableID in the draw list. This is
+     * the absolute position irrespective of layer group.
+     * @param {number} drawableID The drawable ID to find.
+     * @return {number} The postion of the given drawable ID.
+     */
+    getDrawableOrder (drawableID) {
+        return this._drawList.indexOf(drawableID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set a drawable's order in the drawable list (effectively, z/layer).
+     * Can be used to move drawables to absolute positions in the list,
+     * or relative to their current positions.
+     * "go back N layers": setDrawableOrder(id, -N, true, 1); (assuming stage at 0).
+     * "go to back": setDrawableOrder(id, 1); (assuming stage at 0).
+     * "go to front": setDrawableOrder(id, Infinity);
+     * @param {int} drawableID ID of Drawable to reorder.
+     * @param {number} order New absolute order or relative order adjusment.
+     * @param {string=} group Name of layer group drawable belongs to.
+     * Reordering will not take place if drawable cannot be found within the bounds
+     * of the layer group.
+     * @param {boolean=} optIsRelative If set, `order` refers to a relative change.
+     * @param {number=} optMin If set, order constrained to be at least `optMin`.
+     * @return {?number} New order if changed, or null.
+     */
+    setDrawableOrder (drawableID, order, group, optIsRelative, optMin) {
+        if (!group || !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this._layerGroups, group)) {
+            log.warn('Cannot set the order of a drawable without a known layer group.');
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const currentLayerGroup = this._layerGroups[group];
+        const startIndex = currentLayerGroup.drawListOffset;
+        const endIndex = this._endIndexForKnownLayerGroup(currentLayerGroup);
+
+        let oldIndex = startIndex;
+        while (oldIndex < endIndex) {
+            if (this._drawList[oldIndex] === drawableID) {
+                break;
+            }
+            oldIndex++;
+        }
+
+        if (oldIndex < endIndex) {
+            // Remove drawable from the list.
+            if (order === 0) {
+                return oldIndex;
+            }
+
+            const _ = this._drawList.splice(oldIndex, 1)[0];
+            // Determine new index.
+            let newIndex = order;
+            if (optIsRelative) {
+                newIndex += oldIndex;
+            }
+
+            const possibleMin = (optMin || 0) + startIndex;
+            const min = (possibleMin >= startIndex && possibleMin < endIndex) ? possibleMin : startIndex;
+            newIndex = Math.max(newIndex, min);
+
+            newIndex = Math.min(newIndex, endIndex);
+
+            // Insert at new index.
+            this._drawList.splice(newIndex, 0, drawableID);
+            return newIndex;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw all current drawables and present the frame on the canvas.
+     */
+    draw () {
+        this._doExitDrawRegion();
+
+        const gl = this._gl;
+
+        twgl.bindFramebufferInfo(gl, null);
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.canvas.width, gl.canvas.height);
+        gl.clearColor(...this._backgroundColor4f);
+        gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+        this._drawThese(this._drawList, ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.default, this._projection, {
+            framebufferWidth: gl.canvas.width,
+            framebufferHeight: gl.canvas.height
+        });
+        if (this._snapshotCallbacks.length > 0) {
+            const snapshot = gl.canvas.toDataURL();
+            this._snapshotCallbacks.forEach(cb => cb(snapshot));
+            this._snapshotCallbacks = [];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the precise bounds for a Drawable.
+     * @param {int} drawableID ID of Drawable to get bounds for.
+     * @return {object} Bounds for a tight box around the Drawable.
+     */
+    getBounds (drawableID) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // Tell the Drawable about its updated convex hull, if necessary.
+        if (drawable.needsConvexHullPoints()) {
+            const points = this._getConvexHullPointsForDrawable(drawableID);
+            drawable.setConvexHullPoints(points);
+        }
+        const bounds = drawable.getFastBounds();
+        // In debug mode, draw the bounds.
+        if (this._debugCanvas) {
+            const gl = this._gl;
+            this._debugCanvas.width = gl.canvas.width;
+            this._debugCanvas.height = gl.canvas.height;
+            const context = this._debugCanvas.getContext('2d');
+            context.drawImage(gl.canvas, 0, 0);
+            context.strokeStyle = '#FF0000';
+            const pr = window.devicePixelRatio;
+            context.strokeRect(
+                pr * (bounds.left + (this._nativeSize[0] / 2)),
+                pr * (-bounds.top + (this._nativeSize[1] / 2)),
+                pr * (bounds.right - bounds.left),
+                pr * (-bounds.bottom + bounds.top)
+            );
+        }
+        return bounds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the precise bounds for a Drawable around the top slice.
+     * Used for positioning speech bubbles more closely to the sprite.
+     * @param {int} drawableID ID of Drawable to get bubble bounds for.
+     * @return {object} Bounds for a tight box around the Drawable top slice.
+     */
+    getBoundsForBubble (drawableID) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // Tell the Drawable about its updated convex hull, if necessary.
+        if (drawable.needsConvexHullPoints()) {
+            const points = this._getConvexHullPointsForDrawable(drawableID);
+            drawable.setConvexHullPoints(points);
+        }
+        const bounds = drawable.getBoundsForBubble();
+        // In debug mode, draw the bounds.
+        if (this._debugCanvas) {
+            const gl = this._gl;
+            this._debugCanvas.width = gl.canvas.width;
+            this._debugCanvas.height = gl.canvas.height;
+            const context = this._debugCanvas.getContext('2d');
+            context.drawImage(gl.canvas, 0, 0);
+            context.strokeStyle = '#FF0000';
+            const pr = window.devicePixelRatio;
+            context.strokeRect(
+                pr * (bounds.left + (this._nativeSize[0] / 2)),
+                pr * (-bounds.top + (this._nativeSize[1] / 2)),
+                pr * (bounds.right - bounds.left),
+                pr * (-bounds.bottom + bounds.top)
+            );
+        }
+        return bounds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current skin (costume) size of a Drawable.
+     * @param {int} drawableID The ID of the Drawable to measure.
+     * @return {Array<number>} Skin size, width and height.
+     */
+    getCurrentSkinSize (drawableID) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        return this.getSkinSize(drawable.skin.id);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the size of a skin by ID.
+     * @param {int} skinID The ID of the Skin to measure.
+     * @return {Array<number>} Skin size, width and height.
+     */
+    getSkinSize (skinID) {
+        const skin = this._allSkins[skinID];
+        return skin.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rotation center of a skin by ID.
+     * @param {int} skinID The ID of the Skin
+     * @return {Array<number>} The rotationCenterX and rotationCenterY
+     */
+    getSkinRotationCenter (skinID) {
+        const skin = this._allSkins[skinID];
+        return skin.calculateRotationCenter();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if a particular Drawable is touching a particular color.
+     * Unlike touching drawable, if the "tester" is invisble, we will still test.
+     * @param {int} drawableID The ID of the Drawable to check.
+     * @param {Array<int>} color3b Test if the Drawable is touching this color.
+     * @param {Array<int>} [mask3b] Optionally mask the check to this part of Drawable.
+     * @returns {boolean} True iff the Drawable is touching the color.
+     */
+    isTouchingColor (drawableID, color3b, mask3b) {
+        const candidates = this._candidatesTouching(drawableID, this._visibleDrawList);
+
+        let bounds;
+        if (colorMatches(color3b, this._backgroundColor3b, 0)) {
+            // If the color we're checking for is the background color, don't confine the check to
+            // candidate drawables' bounds--since the background spans the entire stage, we must check
+            // everything that lies inside the drawable.
+            bounds = this._touchingBounds(drawableID);
+            // e.g. empty costume, or off the stage
+            if (bounds === null) return false;
+        } else if (candidates.length === 0) {
+            // If not checking for the background color, we can return early if there are no candidate drawables.
+            return false;
+        } else {
+            bounds = this._candidatesBounds(candidates);
+        }
+
+        const maxPixelsForCPU = this._getMaxPixelsForCPU();
+
+        const debugCanvasContext = this._debugCanvas && this._debugCanvas.getContext('2d');
+        if (debugCanvasContext) {
+            this._debugCanvas.width = bounds.width;
+            this._debugCanvas.height = bounds.height;
+        }
+
+        // if there are just too many pixels to CPU render efficiently, we need to let readPixels happen
+        if (bounds.width * bounds.height * (candidates.length + 1) >= maxPixelsForCPU) {
+            this._isTouchingColorGpuStart(drawableID, candidates.map(({id}) => id).reverse(), bounds, color3b, mask3b);
+        }
+
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        const point = __isTouchingDrawablesPoint;
+        const color = __touchingColor;
+        const hasMask = Boolean(mask3b);
+
+        drawable.updateCPURenderAttributes();
+
+        // Masked drawable ignores ghost effect
+        const effectMask = ~ShaderManager.EFFECT_INFO.ghost.mask;
+
+        // Scratch Space - +y is top
+        for (let y = bounds.bottom; y <= bounds.top; y++) {
+            if (bounds.width * (y - bounds.bottom) * (candidates.length + 1) >= maxPixelsForCPU) {
+                return this._isTouchingColorGpuFin(bounds, color3b, y - bounds.bottom);
+            }
+            for (let x = bounds.left; x <= bounds.right; x++) {
+                point[1] = y;
+                point[0] = x;
+                // if we use a mask, check our sample color...
+                if (hasMask ?
+                    maskMatches(Drawable.sampleColor4b(point, drawable, color, effectMask), mask3b) :
+                    drawable.isTouching(point)) {
+                    RenderWebGL.sampleColor3b(point, candidates, color);
+                    if (debugCanvasContext) {
+                        debugCanvasContext.fillStyle = `rgb(${color[0]},${color[1]},${color[2]})`;
+                        debugCanvasContext.fillRect(x - bounds.left, bounds.bottom - y, 1, 1);
+                    }
+                    // ...and the target color is drawn at this pixel
+                    if (colorMatches(color, color3b, 0)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    _getMaxPixelsForCPU () {
+        switch (this._useGpuMode) {
+        case RenderWebGL.UseGpuModes.ForceCPU:
+            return Infinity;
+        case RenderWebGL.UseGpuModes.ForceGPU:
+            return 0;
+        case RenderWebGL.UseGpuModes.Automatic:
+        default:
+            return __cpuTouchingColorPixelCount;
+        }
+    }
+
+    _enterDrawBackground () {
+        const gl = this.gl;
+        const currentShader = this._shaderManager.getShader(ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.background, 0);
+        gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+        gl.useProgram(currentShader.program);
+        twgl.setBuffersAndAttributes(gl, currentShader, this._bufferInfo);
+    }
+
+    _exitDrawBackground () {
+        const gl = this.gl;
+        gl.enable(gl.BLEND);
+    }
+
+    _isTouchingColorGpuStart (drawableID, candidateIDs, bounds, color3b, mask3b) {
+        this._doExitDrawRegion();
+
+        const gl = this._gl;
+        twgl.bindFramebufferInfo(gl, this._queryBufferInfo);
+
+        // Limit size of viewport to the bounds around the target Drawable,
+        // and create the projection matrix for the draw.
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, bounds.width, bounds.height);
+        const projection = twgl.m4.ortho(bounds.left, bounds.right, bounds.top, bounds.bottom, -1, 1);
+
+        // Clear the query buffer to fully transparent. This will be the color of pixels that fail the stencil test.
+        gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+        gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+        let extraUniforms;
+        if (mask3b) {
+            extraUniforms = {
+                u_colorMask: [mask3b[0] / 255, mask3b[1] / 255, mask3b[2] / 255],
+                u_colorMaskTolerance: MASK_TOUCHING_COLOR_TOLERANCE / 255
+            };
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // Using the stencil buffer, mask out the drawing to either the drawable's alpha channel
+            // or pixels of the drawable which match the mask color, depending on whether a mask color is given.
+            // Masked-out pixels will not be checked.
+            gl.enable(gl.STENCIL_TEST);
+            gl.stencilFunc(gl.ALWAYS, 1, 1);
+            gl.stencilOp(gl.KEEP, gl.KEEP, gl.REPLACE);
+            gl.colorMask(false, false, false, false);
+            this._drawThese(
+                [drawableID],
+                mask3b ?
+                    ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.colorMask :
+                    ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.silhouette,
+                projection,
+                {
+                    extraUniforms,
+                    ignoreVisibility: true, // Touching color ignores sprite visibility,
+                    effectMask: ~ShaderManager.EFFECT_INFO.ghost.mask
+                });
+
+            gl.stencilFunc(gl.EQUAL, 1, 1);
+            gl.stencilOp(gl.KEEP, gl.KEEP, gl.KEEP);
+            gl.colorMask(true, true, true, true);
+
+            // Draw the background as a quad. Drawing a background with gl.clear will not mask to the stenciled area.
+            this.enterDrawRegion(this._backgroundDrawRegionId);
+
+            const uniforms = {
+                u_backgroundColor: this._backgroundColor4f
+            };
+
+            const currentShader = this._shaderManager.getShader(ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.background, 0);
+            twgl.setUniforms(currentShader, uniforms);
+            twgl.drawBufferInfo(gl, this._bufferInfo, gl.TRIANGLES);
+
+            // Draw the candidate drawables on top of the background.
+            this._drawThese(candidateIDs, ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.default, projection,
+                {idFilterFunc: testID => testID !== drawableID}
+            );
+        } finally {
+            gl.colorMask(true, true, true, true);
+            gl.disable(gl.STENCIL_TEST);
+            this._doExitDrawRegion();
+        }
+    }
+
+    _isTouchingColorGpuFin (bounds, color3b, stop) {
+        const gl = this._gl;
+        const pixels = new Uint8Array(Math.floor(bounds.width * (bounds.height - stop) * 4));
+        gl.readPixels(0, 0, bounds.width, (bounds.height - stop), gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+
+        if (this._debugCanvas) {
+            this._debugCanvas.width = bounds.width;
+            this._debugCanvas.height = bounds.height;
+            const context = this._debugCanvas.getContext('2d');
+            const imageData = context.getImageData(0, 0, bounds.width, bounds.height - stop);
+            imageData.data.set(pixels);
+            context.putImageData(imageData, 0, 0);
+        }
+
+        for (let pixelBase = 0; pixelBase < pixels.length; pixelBase += 4) {
+            // Transparent pixels are masked (either by the drawable's alpha channel or color mask).
+            if (pixels[pixelBase + 3] !== 0 && colorMatches(color3b, pixels, pixelBase)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if a particular Drawable is touching any in a set of Drawables.
+     * @param {int} drawableID The ID of the Drawable to check.
+     * @param {?Array<int>} candidateIDs The Drawable IDs to check, otherwise all visible drawables in the renderer
+     * @returns {boolean} True if the Drawable is touching one of candidateIDs.
+     */
+    isTouchingDrawables (drawableID, candidateIDs = this._drawList) {
+        const candidates = this._candidatesTouching(drawableID,
+            // even if passed an invisible drawable, we will NEVER touch it!
+            candidateIDs.filter(id => this._allDrawables[id]._visible));
+        // if we are invisble we don't touch anything.
+        if (candidates.length === 0 || !this._allDrawables[drawableID]._visible) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Get the union of all the candidates intersections.
+        const bounds = this._candidatesBounds(candidates);
+
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        const point = __isTouchingDrawablesPoint;
+
+        drawable.updateCPURenderAttributes();
+
+        // This is an EXTREMELY brute force collision detector, but it is
+        // still faster than asking the GPU to give us the pixels.
+        for (let x = bounds.left; x <= bounds.right; x++) {
+            // Scratch Space - +y is top
+            point[0] = x;
+            for (let y = bounds.bottom; y <= bounds.top; y++) {
+                point[1] = y;
+                if (drawable.isTouching(point)) {
+                    for (let index = 0; index < candidates.length; index++) {
+                        if (candidates[index].drawable.isTouching(point)) {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert a client based x/y position on the canvas to a Scratch 3 world space
+     * Rectangle.  This creates recangles with a radius to cover selecting multiple
+     * scratch pixels with touch / small render areas.
+     *
+     * @param {int} centerX The client x coordinate of the picking location.
+     * @param {int} centerY The client y coordinate of the picking location.
+     * @param {int} [width] The client width of the touch event (optional).
+     * @param {int} [height] The client width of the touch event (optional).
+     * @returns {Rectangle} Scratch world space rectangle, iterate bottom <= top,
+     *                      left <= right.
+     */
+    clientSpaceToScratchBounds (centerX, centerY, width = 1, height = 1) {
+        const gl = this._gl;
+
+        const clientToScratchX = this._nativeSize[0] / gl.canvas.clientWidth;
+        const clientToScratchY = this._nativeSize[1] / gl.canvas.clientHeight;
+
+        width *= clientToScratchX;
+        height *= clientToScratchY;
+
+        width = Math.max(1, Math.min(Math.round(width), MAX_TOUCH_SIZE[0]));
+        height = Math.max(1, Math.min(Math.round(height), MAX_TOUCH_SIZE[1]));
+        const x = (centerX * clientToScratchX) - ((width - 1) / 2);
+        // + because scratch y is inverted
+        const y = (centerY * clientToScratchY) + ((height - 1) / 2);
+
+        const xOfs = (width % 2) ? 0 : -0.5;
+        // y is offset +0.5
+        const yOfs = (height % 2) ? 0 : -0.5;
+
+        const bounds = new Rectangle();
+        bounds.initFromBounds(Math.floor(this._xLeft + x + xOfs), Math.floor(this._xLeft + x + xOfs + width - 1),
+            Math.ceil(this._yTop - y + yOfs), Math.ceil(this._yTop - y + yOfs + height - 1));
+        return bounds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if the drawable is touching a client based x/y.  Helper method for sensing
+     * touching mouse-pointer.  Ignores visibility.
+     *
+     * @param {int} drawableID The ID of the drawable to check.
+     * @param {int} centerX The client x coordinate of the picking location.
+     * @param {int} centerY The client y coordinate of the picking location.
+     * @param {int} [touchWidth] The client width of the touch event (optional).
+     * @param {int} [touchHeight] The client height of the touch event (optional).
+     * @returns {boolean} If the drawable has any pixels that would draw in the touch area
+     */
+    drawableTouching (drawableID, centerX, centerY, touchWidth, touchHeight) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        if (!drawable) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const bounds = this.clientSpaceToScratchBounds(centerX, centerY, touchWidth, touchHeight);
+        const worldPos = twgl.v3.create();
+
+        drawable.updateCPURenderAttributes();
+
+        for (worldPos[1] = bounds.bottom; worldPos[1] <= bounds.top; worldPos[1]++) {
+            for (worldPos[0] = bounds.left; worldPos[0] <= bounds.right; worldPos[0]++) {
+                if (drawable.isTouching(worldPos)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detect which sprite, if any, is at the given location.
+     * This function will pick all drawables that are visible, unless specific
+     * candidate drawable IDs are provided.  Used for determining what is clicked
+     * or dragged.  Will not select hidden / ghosted sprites.
+     *
+     * @param {int} centerX The client x coordinate of the picking location.
+     * @param {int} centerY The client y coordinate of the picking location.
+     * @param {int} [touchWidth] The client width of the touch event (optional).
+     * @param {int} [touchHeight] The client height of the touch event (optional).
+     * @param {Array<int>} [candidateIDs] The Drawable IDs to pick from, otherwise all visible drawables.
+     * @returns {int} The ID of the topmost Drawable under the picking location, or
+     * RenderConstants.ID_NONE if there is no Drawable at that location.
+     */
+    pick (centerX, centerY, touchWidth, touchHeight, candidateIDs) {
+        const bounds = this.clientSpaceToScratchBounds(centerX, centerY, touchWidth, touchHeight);
+        if (bounds.left === -Infinity || bounds.bottom === -Infinity) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        candidateIDs = (candidateIDs || this._drawList).filter(id => {
+            const drawable = this._allDrawables[id];
+            // default pick list ignores visible and ghosted sprites.
+            if (drawable.getVisible() && drawable.getUniforms().u_ghost !== 0) {
+                const drawableBounds = drawable.getFastBounds();
+                const inRange = bounds.intersects(drawableBounds);
+                if (!inRange) return false;
+
+                drawable.updateCPURenderAttributes();
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        });
+        if (candidateIDs.length === 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        const hits = [];
+        const worldPos = twgl.v3.create(0, 0, 0);
+        // Iterate over the scratch pixels and check if any candidate can be
+        // touched at that point.
+        for (worldPos[1] = bounds.bottom; worldPos[1] <= bounds.top; worldPos[1]++) {
+            for (worldPos[0] = bounds.left; worldPos[0] <= bounds.right; worldPos[0]++) {
+
+                // Check candidates in the reverse order they would have been
+                // drawn. This will determine what candiate's silhouette pixel
+                // would have been drawn at the point.
+                for (let d = candidateIDs.length - 1; d >= 0; d--) {
+                    const id = candidateIDs[d];
+                    const drawable = this._allDrawables[id];
+                    if (drawable.isTouching(worldPos)) {
+                        hits[id] = (hits[id] || 0) + 1;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Bias toward selecting anything over nothing
+        hits[RenderConstants.ID_NONE] = 0;
+
+        let hit = RenderConstants.ID_NONE;
+        for (const hitID in hits) {
+            if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(hits, hitID) && (hits[hitID] > hits[hit])) {
+                hit = hitID;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Number(hit);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @typedef DrawableExtraction
+     * @property {ImageData} data Raw pixel data for the drawable
+     * @property {number} x The x coordinate of the drawable's bounding box's top-left corner, in 'CSS pixels'
+     * @property {number} y The y coordinate of the drawable's bounding box's top-left corner, in 'CSS pixels'
+     * @property {number} width The drawable's bounding box width, in 'CSS pixels'
+     * @property {number} height The drawable's bounding box height, in 'CSS pixels'
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Return a drawable's pixel data and bounds in screen space.
+     * @param {int} drawableID The ID of the drawable to get pixel data for
+     * @return {DrawableExtraction} Data about the picked drawable
+     */
+    extractDrawableScreenSpace (drawableID) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        if (!drawable) throw new Error(`Could not extract drawable with ID ${drawableID}; it does not exist`);
+
+        this._doExitDrawRegion();
+
+        const nativeCenterX = this._nativeSize[0] * 0.5;
+        const nativeCenterY = this._nativeSize[1] * 0.5;
+
+        const scratchBounds = drawable.getFastBounds();
+
+        const canvas = this.canvas;
+        // Ratio of the screen-space scale of the stage's canvas to the "native size" of the stage
+        const scaleFactor = canvas.width / this._nativeSize[0];
+
+        // Bounds of the extracted drawable, in "canvas pixel space"
+        // (origin is 0, 0, destination is the canvas width, height).
+        const canvasSpaceBounds = new Rectangle();
+        canvasSpaceBounds.initFromBounds(
+            (scratchBounds.left + nativeCenterX) * scaleFactor,
+            (scratchBounds.right + nativeCenterX) * scaleFactor,
+            // in "canvas space", +y is down, but Rectangle methods assume bottom < top, so swap them
+            (nativeCenterY - scratchBounds.top) * scaleFactor,
+            (nativeCenterY - scratchBounds.bottom) * scaleFactor
+        );
+        canvasSpaceBounds.snapToInt();
+
+        // undo the transformation to transform the bounds, snapped to "canvas-pixel space", back to "Scratch space"
+        // We have to transform -> snap -> invert transform so that the "Scratch-space" bounds are snapped in
+        // "canvas-pixel space".
+        scratchBounds.initFromBounds(
+            (canvasSpaceBounds.left / scaleFactor) - nativeCenterX,
+            (canvasSpaceBounds.right / scaleFactor) - nativeCenterX,
+            nativeCenterY - (canvasSpaceBounds.top / scaleFactor),
+            nativeCenterY - (canvasSpaceBounds.bottom / scaleFactor)
+        );
+
+        const gl = this._gl;
+
+        // Set a reasonable max limit width and height for the bufferInfo bounds
+        const maxTextureSize = gl.getParameter(gl.MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE);
+        const clampedWidth = Math.min(MAX_EXTRACTED_DRAWABLE_DIMENSION, canvasSpaceBounds.width, maxTextureSize);
+        const clampedHeight = Math.min(MAX_EXTRACTED_DRAWABLE_DIMENSION, canvasSpaceBounds.height, maxTextureSize);
+
+        // Make a new bufferInfo since this._queryBufferInfo is limited to 480x360
+        const bufferInfo = twgl.createFramebufferInfo(gl, [{format: gl.RGBA}], clampedWidth, clampedHeight);
+
+        try {
+            twgl.bindFramebufferInfo(gl, bufferInfo);
+
+            // Limit size of viewport to the bounds around the target Drawable,
+            // and create the projection matrix for the draw.
+            gl.viewport(0, 0, clampedWidth, clampedHeight);
+            const projection = twgl.m4.ortho(
+                scratchBounds.left,
+                scratchBounds.right,
+                scratchBounds.top,
+                scratchBounds.bottom,
+                -1, 1
+            );
+
+            gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+            this._drawThese([drawableID], ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.straightAlpha, projection,
+                {
+                    // Don't apply the ghost effect. TODO: is this an intentional design decision?
+                    effectMask: ~ShaderManager.EFFECT_INFO.ghost.mask,
+                    // We're doing this in screen-space, so the framebuffer dimensions should be those of the canvas in
+                    // screen-space. This is used to ensure SVG skins are rendered at the proper resolution.
+                    framebufferWidth: canvas.width,
+                    framebufferHeight: canvas.height
+                });
+
+            const data = new Uint8Array(Math.floor(clampedWidth * clampedHeight * 4));
+            gl.readPixels(0, 0, clampedWidth, clampedHeight, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
+            // readPixels can only read into a Uint8Array, but ImageData has to take a Uint8ClampedArray.
+            // We can share the same underlying buffer between them to avoid having to copy any data.
+            const imageData = new ImageData(new Uint8ClampedArray(data.buffer), clampedWidth, clampedHeight);
+
+            // On high-DPI devices, the canvas' width (in canvas pixels) will be larger than its width in CSS pixels.
+            // We want to return the CSS-space bounds,
+            // so take into account the ratio between the canvas' pixel dimensions and its layout dimensions.
+            // This is usually the same as 1 / window.devicePixelRatio, but if e.g. you zoom your browser window without
+            // the canvas resizing, then it'll differ.
+            const ratio = canvas.getBoundingClientRect().width / canvas.width;
+
+            return {
+                imageData,
+                x: canvasSpaceBounds.left * ratio,
+                y: canvasSpaceBounds.bottom * ratio,
+                width: canvasSpaceBounds.width * ratio,
+                height: canvasSpaceBounds.height * ratio
+            };
+        } finally {
+            gl.deleteFramebuffer(bufferInfo.framebuffer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @typedef ColorExtraction
+     * @property {Uint8Array} data Raw pixel data for the drawable
+     * @property {int} width Drawable bounding box width
+     * @property {int} height Drawable bounding box height
+     * @property {object} color Color object with RGBA properties at picked location
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Return drawable pixel data and color at a given position
+     * @param {int} x The client x coordinate of the picking location.
+     * @param {int} y The client y coordinate of the picking location.
+     * @param {int} radius The client radius to extract pixels with.
+     * @return {?ColorExtraction} Data about the picked color
+     */
+    extractColor (x, y, radius) {
+        this._doExitDrawRegion();
+
+        const scratchX = Math.round(this._nativeSize[0] * ((x / this._gl.canvas.clientWidth) - 0.5));
+        const scratchY = Math.round(-this._nativeSize[1] * ((y / this._gl.canvas.clientHeight) - 0.5));
+
+        const gl = this._gl;
+        twgl.bindFramebufferInfo(gl, this._queryBufferInfo);
+
+        const bounds = new Rectangle();
+        bounds.initFromBounds(scratchX - radius, scratchX + radius, scratchY - radius, scratchY + radius);
+
+        const pickX = scratchX - bounds.left;
+        const pickY = bounds.top - scratchY;
+
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, bounds.width, bounds.height);
+        const projection = twgl.m4.ortho(bounds.left, bounds.right, bounds.top, bounds.bottom, -1, 1);
+
+        gl.clearColor(...this._backgroundColor4f);
+        gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+        this._drawThese(this._drawList, ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.default, projection);
+
+        const data = new Uint8Array(Math.floor(bounds.width * bounds.height * 4));
+        gl.readPixels(0, 0, bounds.width, bounds.height, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
+
+        const pixelBase = Math.floor(4 * ((pickY * bounds.width) + pickX));
+        const color = {
+            r: data[pixelBase],
+            g: data[pixelBase + 1],
+            b: data[pixelBase + 2],
+            a: data[pixelBase + 3]
+        };
+
+        if (this._debugCanvas) {
+            this._debugCanvas.width = bounds.width;
+            this._debugCanvas.height = bounds.height;
+            const ctx = this._debugCanvas.getContext('2d');
+            const imageData = ctx.createImageData(bounds.width, bounds.height);
+            imageData.data.set(data);
+            ctx.putImageData(imageData, 0, 0);
+            ctx.strokeStyle = 'black';
+            ctx.fillStyle = `rgba(${color.r}, ${color.g}, ${color.b}, ${color.a})`;
+            ctx.rect(pickX - 4, pickY - 4, 8, 8);
+            ctx.fill();
+            ctx.stroke();
+        }
+
+        return {
+            data: data,
+            width: bounds.width,
+            height: bounds.height,
+            color: color
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the candidate bounding box for a touching query.
+     * @param {int} drawableID ID for drawable of query.
+     * @return {?Rectangle} Rectangle bounds for touching query, or null.
+     */
+    _touchingBounds (drawableID) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+
+        /** @todo remove this once URL-based skin setting is removed. */
+        if (!drawable.skin || !drawable.skin.getTexture([100, 100])) return null;
+
+        const bounds = drawable.getFastBounds();
+
+        // Limit queries to the stage size.
+        bounds.clamp(this._xLeft, this._xRight, this._yBottom, this._yTop);
+
+        // Use integer coordinates for queries - weird things happen
+        // when you provide float width/heights to gl.viewport and projection.
+        bounds.snapToInt();
+
+        if (bounds.width === 0 || bounds.height === 0) {
+            // No space to query.
+            return null;
+        }
+        return bounds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filter a list of candidates for a touching query into only those that
+     * could possibly intersect the given bounds.
+     * @param {int} drawableID - ID for drawable of query.
+     * @param {Array<int>} candidateIDs - Candidates for touching query.
+     * @return {?Array< {id, drawable, intersection} >} Filtered candidates with useful data.
+     */
+    _candidatesTouching (drawableID, candidateIDs) {
+        const bounds = this._touchingBounds(drawableID);
+        const result = [];
+        if (bounds === null) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        // iterate through the drawables list BACKWARDS - we want the top most item to be the first we check
+        for (let index = candidateIDs.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
+            const id = candidateIDs[index];
+            if (id !== drawableID) {
+                const drawable = this._allDrawables[id];
+                // Text bubbles aren't considered in "touching" queries
+                if (drawable.skin instanceof TextBubbleSkin) continue;
+                if (drawable.skin && drawable._visible) {
+                    // Update the CPU position data
+                    drawable.updateCPURenderAttributes();
+                    const candidateBounds = drawable.getFastBounds();
+
+                    // Push bounds out to integers. If a drawable extends out into half a pixel, that half-pixel still
+                    // needs to be tested. Plus, in some areas we construct another rectangle from the union of these,
+                    // and iterate over its pixels (width * height). Turns out that doesn't work so well when the
+                    // width/height aren't integers.
+                    candidateBounds.snapToInt();
+
+                    if (bounds.intersects(candidateBounds)) {
+                        result.push({
+                            id,
+                            drawable,
+                            intersection: Rectangle.intersect(bounds, candidateBounds)
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper to get the union bounds from a set of candidates returned from the above method
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array<object>} candidates info from _candidatesTouching
+     * @return {Rectangle} the outer bounding box union
+     */
+    _candidatesBounds (candidates) {
+        return candidates.reduce((memo, {intersection}) => {
+            if (!memo) {
+                return intersection;
+            }
+            // store the union of the two rectangles in our static rectangle instance
+            return Rectangle.union(memo, intersection, __candidatesBounds);
+        }, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a drawable's skin.
+     * @param {number} drawableID The drawable's id.
+     * @param {number} skinId The skin to update to.
+     */
+    updateDrawableSkinId (drawableID, skinId) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // TODO: https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288
+        if (!drawable) return;
+        drawable.skin = this._allSkins[skinId];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a drawable's position.
+     * @param {number} drawableID The drawable's id.
+     * @param {Array.<number>} position The new position.
+     */
+    updateDrawablePosition (drawableID, position) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // TODO: https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288
+        if (!drawable) return;
+        drawable.updatePosition(position);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a drawable's direction.
+     * @param {number} drawableID The drawable's id.
+     * @param {number} direction A new direction.
+     */
+    updateDrawableDirection (drawableID, direction) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // TODO: https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288
+        if (!drawable) return;
+        drawable.updateDirection(direction);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a drawable's scale.
+     * @param {number} drawableID The drawable's id.
+     * @param {Array.<number>} scale A new scale.
+     */
+    updateDrawableScale (drawableID, scale) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // TODO: https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288
+        if (!drawable) return;
+        drawable.updateScale(scale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a drawable's direction and scale together.
+     * @param {number} drawableID The drawable's id.
+     * @param {number} direction A new direction.
+     * @param {Array.<number>} scale A new scale.
+     */
+    updateDrawableDirectionScale (drawableID, direction, scale) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // TODO: https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288
+        if (!drawable) return;
+        drawable.updateDirection(direction);
+        drawable.updateScale(scale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a drawable's visibility.
+     * @param {number} drawableID The drawable's id.
+     * @param {boolean} visible Will the drawable be visible?
+     */
+    updateDrawableVisible (drawableID, visible) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // TODO: https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288
+        if (!drawable) return;
+        drawable.updateVisible(visible);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a drawable's visual effect.
+     * @param {number} drawableID The drawable's id.
+     * @param {string} effectName The effect to change.
+     * @param {number} value A new effect value.
+     */
+    updateDrawableEffect (drawableID, effectName, value) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        // TODO: https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288
+        if (!drawable) return;
+        drawable.updateEffect(effectName, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the position, direction, scale, or effect properties of this Drawable.
+     * @deprecated Use specific updateDrawable* methods instead.
+     * @param {int} drawableID The ID of the Drawable to update.
+     * @param {object.<string,*>} properties The new property values to set.
+     */
+    updateDrawableProperties (drawableID, properties) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        if (!drawable) {
+            /**
+             * @todo(https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288) fix whatever's wrong in the VM which causes this, then add a warning or throw here.
+             * Right now this happens so much on some projects that a warning or exception here can hang the browser.
+             */
+            return;
+        }
+        if ('skinId' in properties) {
+            this.updateDrawableSkinId(drawableID, properties.skinId);
+        }
+        drawable.updateProperties(properties);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the position object's x & y members to keep the drawable fenced in view.
+     * @param {int} drawableID - The ID of the Drawable to update.
+     * @param {Array.<number, number>} position to be fenced - An array of type [x, y]
+     * @return {Array.<number, number>} The fenced position as an array [x, y]
+     */
+    getFencedPositionOfDrawable (drawableID, position) {
+        let x = position[0];
+        let y = position[1];
+
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+        if (!drawable) {
+            // @todo(https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/issues/2288) fix whatever's wrong in the VM which causes this, then add a warning or throw here.
+            // Right now this happens so much on some projects that a warning or exception here can hang the browser.
+            return [x, y];
+        }
+
+        const dx = x - drawable._position[0];
+        const dy = y - drawable._position[1];
+        const aabb = drawable._skin.getFenceBounds(drawable, __fenceBounds);
+        const inset = Math.floor(Math.min(aabb.width, aabb.height) / 2);
+
+        const sx = this._xRight - Math.min(FENCE_WIDTH, inset);
+        if (aabb.right + dx < -sx) {
+            x = Math.ceil(drawable._position[0] - (sx + aabb.right));
+        } else if (aabb.left + dx > sx) {
+            x = Math.floor(drawable._position[0] + (sx - aabb.left));
+        }
+        const sy = this._yTop - Math.min(FENCE_WIDTH, inset);
+        if (aabb.top + dy < -sy) {
+            y = Math.ceil(drawable._position[1] - (sy + aabb.top));
+        } else if (aabb.bottom + dy > sy) {
+            y = Math.floor(drawable._position[1] + (sy - aabb.bottom));
+        }
+        return [x, y];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear a pen layer.
+     * @param {int} penSkinID - the unique ID of a Pen Skin.
+     */
+    penClear (penSkinID) {
+        const skin = /** @type {PenSkin} */ this._allSkins[penSkinID];
+        skin.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw a point on a pen layer.
+     * @param {int} penSkinID - the unique ID of a Pen Skin.
+     * @param {PenAttributes} penAttributes - how the point should be drawn.
+     * @param {number} x - the X coordinate of the point to draw.
+     * @param {number} y - the Y coordinate of the point to draw.
+     */
+    penPoint (penSkinID, penAttributes, x, y) {
+        const skin = /** @type {PenSkin} */ this._allSkins[penSkinID];
+        skin.drawPoint(penAttributes, x, y);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw a line on a pen layer.
+     * @param {int} penSkinID - the unique ID of a Pen Skin.
+     * @param {PenAttributes} penAttributes - how the line should be drawn.
+     * @param {number} x0 - the X coordinate of the beginning of the line.
+     * @param {number} y0 - the Y coordinate of the beginning of the line.
+     * @param {number} x1 - the X coordinate of the end of the line.
+     * @param {number} y1 - the Y coordinate of the end of the line.
+     */
+    penLine (penSkinID, penAttributes, x0, y0, x1, y1) {
+        const skin = /** @type {PenSkin} */ this._allSkins[penSkinID];
+        skin.drawLine(penAttributes, x0, y0, x1, y1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stamp a Drawable onto a pen layer.
+     * @param {int} penSkinID - the unique ID of a Pen Skin.
+     * @param {int} stampID - the unique ID of the Drawable to use as the stamp.
+     */
+    penStamp (penSkinID, stampID) {
+        const stampDrawable = this._allDrawables[stampID];
+        if (!stampDrawable) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const bounds = this._touchingBounds(stampID);
+        if (!bounds) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this._doExitDrawRegion();
+
+        const skin = /** @type {PenSkin} */ this._allSkins[penSkinID];
+
+        const gl = this._gl;
+        twgl.bindFramebufferInfo(gl, skin._framebuffer);
+
+        // Limit size of viewport to the bounds around the stamp Drawable and create the projection matrix for the draw.
+        gl.viewport(
+            (this._nativeSize[0] * 0.5) + bounds.left,
+            (this._nativeSize[1] * 0.5) - bounds.top,
+            bounds.width,
+            bounds.height
+        );
+        const projection = twgl.m4.ortho(bounds.left, bounds.right, bounds.top, bounds.bottom, -1, 1);
+
+        // Draw the stamped sprite onto the PenSkin's framebuffer.
+        this._drawThese([stampID], ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE.default, projection, {ignoreVisibility: true});
+        skin._silhouetteDirty = true;
+    }
+
+    /* ******
+     * Truly internal functions: these support the functions above.
+     ********/
+
+    /**
+     * Build geometry (vertex and index) buffers.
+     * @private
+     */
+    _createGeometry () {
+        const quad = {
+            a_position: {
+                numComponents: 2,
+                data: [
+                    -0.5, -0.5,
+                    0.5, -0.5,
+                    -0.5, 0.5,
+                    -0.5, 0.5,
+                    0.5, -0.5,
+                    0.5, 0.5
+                ]
+            },
+            a_texCoord: {
+                numComponents: 2,
+                data: [
+                    1, 0,
+                    0, 0,
+                    1, 1,
+                    1, 1,
+                    0, 0,
+                    0, 1
+                ]
+            }
+        };
+        this._bufferInfo = twgl.createBufferInfoFromArrays(this._gl, quad);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Respond to a change in the "native" rendering size. The native size is used by buffers which are fixed in size
+     * regardless of the size of the main render target. This includes the buffers used for queries such as picking and
+     * color-touching. The fixed size allows (more) consistent behavior across devices and presentation modes.
+     * @param {object} event - The change event.
+     * @private
+     */
+    onNativeSizeChanged (event) {
+        const [width, height] = event.newSize;
+
+        const gl = this._gl;
+        const attachments = [
+            {format: gl.RGBA},
+            {format: gl.DEPTH_STENCIL}
+        ];
+
+        if (!this._pickBufferInfo) {
+            this._pickBufferInfo = twgl.createFramebufferInfo(gl, attachments, MAX_TOUCH_SIZE[0], MAX_TOUCH_SIZE[1]);
+        }
+
+        /** @todo should we create this on demand to save memory? */
+        // A 480x360 32-bpp buffer is 675 KiB.
+        if (this._queryBufferInfo) {
+            twgl.resizeFramebufferInfo(gl, this._queryBufferInfo, attachments, width, height);
+        } else {
+            this._queryBufferInfo = twgl.createFramebufferInfo(gl, attachments, width, height);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enter a draw region.
+     *
+     * A draw region is where multiple draw operations are performed with the
+     * same GL state. WebGL performs poorly when it changes state like blend
+     * mode. Marking a collection of state values as a "region" the renderer
+     * can skip superfluous extra state calls when it is already in that
+     * region. Since one region may be entered from within another a exit
+     * handle can also be registered that is called when a new region is about
+     * to be entered to restore a common inbetween state.
+     *
+     * @param {any} regionId - id of the region to enter
+     * @param {function} enter - handle to call when first entering a region
+     * @param {function} exit - handle to call when leaving a region
+     */
+    enterDrawRegion (regionId, enter = regionId.enter, exit = regionId.exit) {
+        if (this._regionId !== regionId) {
+            this._doExitDrawRegion();
+            this._regionId = regionId;
+            enter();
+            this._exitRegion = exit;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forcefully exit the current region returning to a common inbetween GL
+     * state.
+     */
+    _doExitDrawRegion () {
+        if (this._exitRegion !== null) {
+            this._exitRegion();
+        }
+        this._exitRegion = null;
+        this._regionId = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw a set of Drawables, by drawable ID
+     * @param {Array<int>} drawables The Drawable IDs to draw, possibly this._drawList.
+     * @param {ShaderManager.DRAW_MODE} drawMode Draw normally, silhouette, etc.
+     * @param {module:twgl/m4.Mat4} projection The projection matrix to use.
+     * @param {object} [opts] Options for drawing
+     * @param {idFilterFunc} opts.filter An optional filter function.
+     * @param {object.<string,*>} opts.extraUniforms Extra uniforms for the shaders.
+     * @param {int} opts.effectMask Bitmask for effects to allow
+     * @param {boolean} opts.ignoreVisibility Draw all, despite visibility (e.g. stamping, touching color)
+     * @param {int} opts.framebufferWidth The width of the framebuffer being drawn onto. Defaults to "native" width
+     * @param {int} opts.framebufferHeight The height of the framebuffer being drawn onto. Defaults to "native" height
+     * @private
+     */
+    _drawThese (drawables, drawMode, projection, opts = {}) {
+
+        const gl = this._gl;
+        let currentShader = null;
+
+        const framebufferSpaceScaleDiffers = (
+            'framebufferWidth' in opts && 'framebufferHeight' in opts &&
+            opts.framebufferWidth !== this._nativeSize[0] && opts.framebufferHeight !== this._nativeSize[1]
+        );
+
+        const numDrawables = drawables.length;
+        for (let drawableIndex = 0; drawableIndex < numDrawables; ++drawableIndex) {
+            const drawableID = drawables[drawableIndex];
+
+            // If we have a filter, check whether the ID fails
+            if (opts.filter && !opts.filter(drawableID)) continue;
+
+            const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+            /** @todo check if drawable is inside the viewport before anything else */
+
+            // Hidden drawables (e.g., by a "hide" block) are not drawn unless
+            // the ignoreVisibility flag is used (e.g. for stamping or touchingColor).
+            if (!drawable.getVisible() && !opts.ignoreVisibility) continue;
+
+            // drawableScale is the "framebuffer-pixel-space" scale of the drawable, as percentages of the drawable's
+            // "native size" (so 100 = same as skin's "native size", 200 = twice "native size").
+            // If the framebuffer dimensions are the same as the stage's "native" size, there's no need to calculate it.
+            const drawableScale = framebufferSpaceScaleDiffers ? [
+                drawable.scale[0] * opts.framebufferWidth / this._nativeSize[0],
+                drawable.scale[1] * opts.framebufferHeight / this._nativeSize[1]
+            ] : drawable.scale;
+
+            // If the skin or texture isn't ready yet, skip it.
+            if (!drawable.skin || !drawable.skin.getTexture(drawableScale)) continue;
+
+            const uniforms = {};
+
+            let effectBits = drawable.enabledEffects;
+            effectBits &= Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(opts, 'effectMask') ? opts.effectMask : effectBits;
+            const newShader = this._shaderManager.getShader(drawMode, effectBits);
+
+            // Manually perform region check. Do not create functions inside a
+            // loop.
+            if (this._regionId !== newShader) {
+                this._doExitDrawRegion();
+                this._regionId = newShader;
+
+                currentShader = newShader;
+                gl.useProgram(currentShader.program);
+                twgl.setBuffersAndAttributes(gl, currentShader, this._bufferInfo);
+                Object.assign(uniforms, {
+                    u_projectionMatrix: projection
+                });
+            }
+
+            Object.assign(uniforms,
+                drawable.skin.getUniforms(drawableScale),
+                drawable.getUniforms());
+
+            // Apply extra uniforms after the Drawable's, to allow overwriting.
+            if (opts.extraUniforms) {
+                Object.assign(uniforms, opts.extraUniforms);
+            }
+
+            if (uniforms.u_skin) {
+                twgl.setTextureParameters(
+                    gl, uniforms.u_skin, {
+                        minMag: drawable.skin.useNearest(drawableScale, drawable) ? gl.NEAREST : gl.LINEAR
+                    }
+                );
+            }
+
+            twgl.setUniforms(currentShader, uniforms);
+            twgl.drawBufferInfo(gl, this._bufferInfo, gl.TRIANGLES);
+        }
+
+        this._regionId = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the convex hull points for a particular Drawable.
+     * To do this, calculate it based on the drawable's Silhouette.
+     * @param {int} drawableID The Drawable IDs calculate convex hull for.
+     * @return {Array<Array<number>>} points Convex hull points, as [[x, y], ...]
+     */
+    _getConvexHullPointsForDrawable (drawableID) {
+        const drawable = this._allDrawables[drawableID];
+
+        const [width, height] = drawable.skin.size;
+        // No points in the hull if invisible or size is 0.
+        if (!drawable.getVisible() || width === 0 || height === 0) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        drawable.updateCPURenderAttributes();
+
+        /**
+         * Return the determinant of two vectors, the vector from A to B and the vector from A to C.
+         *
+         * The determinant is useful in this case to know if AC is counter-clockwise from AB.
+         * A positive value means that AC is counter-clockwise from AB. A negative value means AC is clockwise from AB.
+         *
+         * @param {Float32Array} A A 2d vector in space.
+         * @param {Float32Array} B A 2d vector in space.
+         * @param {Float32Array} C A 2d vector in space.
+         * @return {number} Greater than 0 if counter clockwise, less than if clockwise, 0 if all points are on a line.
+         */
+        const determinant = function (A, B, C) {
+            // AB = B - A
+            // AC = C - A
+            // det (AB BC) = AB0 * AC1 - AB1 * AC0
+            return (((B[0] - A[0]) * (C[1] - A[1])) - ((B[1] - A[1]) * (C[0] - A[0])));
+        };
+
+        // This algorithm for calculating the convex hull somewhat resembles the monotone chain algorithm.
+        // The main difference is that instead of sorting the points by x-coordinate, and y-coordinate in case of ties,
+        // it goes through them by y-coordinate in the outer loop and x-coordinate in the inner loop.
+        // This gives us "left" and "right" hulls, whereas the monotone chain algorithm gives "top" and "bottom" hulls.
+        // Adapted from https://github.com/LLK/scratch-flash/blob/dcbeeb59d44c3be911545dfe54d46a32404f8e69/src/scratch/ScratchCostume.as#L369-L413
+
+        const leftHull = [];
+        const rightHull = [];
+
+        // While convex hull algorithms usually push and pop values from the list of hull points,
+        // here, we keep indices for the "last" point in each array. Any points past these indices are ignored.
+        // This is functionally equivalent to pushing and popping from a "stack" of hull points.
+        let leftEndPointIndex = -1;
+        let rightEndPointIndex = -1;
+
+        const _pixelPos = twgl.v3.create();
+        const _effectPos = twgl.v3.create();
+
+        let currentPoint;
+
+        // *Not* Scratch Space-- +y is bottom
+        // Loop over all rows of pixels, starting at the top
+        for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            _pixelPos[1] = y / height;
+
+            // We start at the leftmost point, then go rightwards until we hit an opaque pixel
+            let x = 0;
+            for (; x < width; x++) {
+                _pixelPos[0] = x / width;
+                EffectTransform.transformPoint(drawable, _pixelPos, _effectPos);
+                if (drawable.skin.isTouchingLinear(_effectPos)) {
+                    currentPoint = [x, y];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // If we managed to loop all the way through, there are no opaque pixels on this row. Go to the next one
+            if (x >= width) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Because leftEndPointIndex is initialized to -1, this is skipped for the first two rows.
+            // It runs only when there are enough points in the left hull to make at least one line.
+            // If appending the current point to the left hull makes a counter-clockwise turn,
+            // we want to append the current point. Otherwise, we decrement the index of the "last" hull point until the
+            // current point makes a counter-clockwise turn.
+            // This decrementing has the same effect as popping from the point list, but is hopefully faster.
+            while (leftEndPointIndex > 0) {
+                if (determinant(leftHull[leftEndPointIndex], leftHull[leftEndPointIndex - 1], currentPoint) > 0) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    // leftHull.pop();
+                    --leftEndPointIndex;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // This has the same effect as pushing to the point list.
+            // This "list head pointer" coding style leaves excess points dangling at the end of the list,
+            // but that doesn't matter; we simply won't copy them over to the final hull.
+
+            // leftHull.push(currentPoint);
+            leftHull[++leftEndPointIndex] = currentPoint;
+
+            // Now we repeat the process for the right side, looking leftwards for a pixel.
+            for (x = width - 1; x >= 0; x--) {
+                _pixelPos[0] = x / width;
+                EffectTransform.transformPoint(drawable, _pixelPos, _effectPos);
+                if (drawable.skin.isTouchingLinear(_effectPos)) {
+                    currentPoint = [x, y];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Because we're coming at this from the right, it goes clockwise this time.
+            while (rightEndPointIndex > 0) {
+                if (determinant(rightHull[rightEndPointIndex], rightHull[rightEndPointIndex - 1], currentPoint) < 0) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    --rightEndPointIndex;
+                }
+            }
+
+            rightHull[++rightEndPointIndex] = currentPoint;
+        }
+
+        // Start off "hullPoints" with the left hull points.
+        const hullPoints = leftHull;
+        // This is where we get rid of those dangling extra points.
+        hullPoints.length = leftEndPointIndex + 1;
+        // Add points from the right side in reverse order so all points are ordered clockwise.
+        for (let j = rightEndPointIndex; j >= 0; --j) {
+            hullPoints.push(rightHull[j]);
+        }
+
+        // Simplify boundary points using hull.js.
+        // TODO: Remove this; this algorithm already generates convex hulls.
+        return hull(hullPoints, Infinity);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sample a "final" color from an array of drawables at a given scratch space.
+     * Will blend any alpha values with the drawables "below" it.
+     * @param {twgl.v3} vec Scratch Vector Space to sample
+     * @param {Array<Drawables>} drawables A list of drawables with the "top most"
+     *              drawable at index 0
+     * @param {Uint8ClampedArray} dst The color3b space to store the answer in.
+     * @return {Uint8ClampedArray} The dst vector with everything blended down.
+     */
+    static sampleColor3b (vec, drawables, dst) {
+        dst = dst || new Uint8ClampedArray(3);
+        dst.fill(0);
+        let blendAlpha = 1;
+        for (let index = 0; blendAlpha !== 0 && index < drawables.length; index++) {
+            /*
+            if (left > vec[0] || right < vec[0] ||
+                bottom > vec[1] || top < vec[0]) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            */
+            Drawable.sampleColor4b(vec, drawables[index].drawable, __blendColor);
+            // Equivalent to gl.blendFunc(gl.ONE, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
+            dst[0] += __blendColor[0] * blendAlpha;
+            dst[1] += __blendColor[1] * blendAlpha;
+            dst[2] += __blendColor[2] * blendAlpha;
+            blendAlpha *= (1 - (__blendColor[3] / 255));
+        }
+        // Backdrop could be transparent, so we need to go to the "clear color" of the
+        // draw scene (white) as a fallback if everything was alpha
+        dst[0] += blendAlpha * 255;
+        dst[1] += blendAlpha * 255;
+        dst[2] += blendAlpha * 255;
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @callback RenderWebGL#snapshotCallback
+     * @param {string} dataURI Data URI of the snapshot of the renderer
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @param {snapshotCallback} callback Function called in the next frame with the snapshot data
+     */
+    requestSnapshot (callback) {
+        this._snapshotCallbacks.push(callback);
+    }
+}
+
+// :3
+RenderWebGL.prototype.canHazPixels = RenderWebGL.prototype.extractDrawableScreenSpace;
+
+/**
+ * Values for setUseGPU()
+ * @enum {string}
+ */
+RenderWebGL.UseGpuModes = {
+    /**
+     * Heuristically decide whether to use the GPU path, the CPU path, or a dynamic mixture of the two.
+     */
+    Automatic: 'Automatic',
+
+    /**
+     * Always use the GPU path.
+     */
+    ForceGPU: 'ForceGPU',
+
+    /**
+     * Always use the CPU path.
+     */
+    ForceCPU: 'ForceCPU'
+};
+
+module.exports = RenderWebGL;