@sap/cds-dk 9.9.2 → 10.0.3

package/node_modules/@sap/cds/libx/_runtime/fiori/lean-draft.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2604 @@
+const cds = require('../cds')
+const LOG = cds.log('fiori|drafts')
+
+const { Object_keys } = cds.utils
+
+const { Readable, PassThrough } = require('stream')
+
+const { getPageSize, commonGenericPaging } = require('../common/generic/paging')
+const { getPreferReturnHeader } = require('../../odata/utils')
+const { commonGenericSorting } = require('../common/generic/sorting')
+const { addEtagColumns } = require('../common/utils/etag')
+const { handleStreamProperties } = require('../common/utils/streamProp')
+
+const { prototype: odata } = require('../../odata/ODataAdapter')
+const { Responses, prepareError } = require('../../../lib/req/response')
+const location4 = require('../../http/location')
+
+const $original = Symbol('original')
+const $draftParams = Symbol('draftParams')
+
+const { WELL_KNOWN_EVENTS } = require('../../../lib/req/event')
+
+const AGGREGATION_FUNCTIONS = ['sum', 'min', 'max', 'avg', 'average', 'count']
+const MAX_RECURSION_DEPTH = cds.env.features.recursion_depth != null ? Number(cds.env.features.recursion_depth) : 4
+const IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED =
+  !!cds.model?.definitions?.['DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData']?.elements?.DraftMessages
+
+const _config_to_ms = (config, _default) => {
+  const timeout = cds.env.fiori?.[config]
+  let timeout_ms
+  if (timeout === true) {
+    timeout_ms = cds.utils.ms4(_default)
+  } else if (typeof timeout === 'string') {
+    timeout_ms = cds.utils.ms4(timeout)
+    if (!timeout_ms)
+      cds.error`
+${timeout} is an invalid value for \`cds.fiori.${config}\`.
+Please provide a value in format /^([0-9]+)(w|d|h|hrs|min)$/.
+`
+  } else {
+    timeout_ms = timeout
+  }
+
+  return timeout_ms
+}
+
+const DEL_TIMEOUT = {
+  get value() {
+    const timeout_ms = _config_to_ms('draft_deletion_timeout', '30d')
+    Object.defineProperty(DEL_TIMEOUT, 'value', { value: timeout_ms })
+    return timeout_ms
+  }
+}
+
+const LOCK_TIMEOUT = {
+  get value() {
+    let timeout_ms = _config_to_ms('draft_lock_timeout', '15min')
+
+    Object.defineProperty(LOCK_TIMEOUT, 'value', { value: timeout_ms })
+    return timeout_ms
+  }
+}
+
+const reject_bypassed_draft = () => {
+  const message =
+    !cds.profiles?.includes('production') &&
+    '`cds.fiori.bypass_draft` must be enabled to support direct modifications of active instances.'
+  cds.error({ status: 501, message })
+}
+
+const DRAFT_ELEMENTS = new Set([
+  'IsActiveEntity',
+  'HasDraftEntity',
+  'HasActiveEntity',
+  'DraftAdministrativeData',
+  'DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID',
+  'SiblingEntity'
+])
+const DRAFT_ELEMENTS_WITHOUT_HASACTIVE = new Set(DRAFT_ELEMENTS)
+DRAFT_ELEMENTS_WITHOUT_HASACTIVE.delete('HasActiveEntity')
+const REDUCED_DRAFT_ELEMENTS = new Set(['IsActiveEntity', 'HasDraftEntity', 'SiblingEntity'])
+
+const numericCollator = { numeric: true }
+const emptyObject = {}
+
+const _isKeyValue = (i, keys, where) => {
+  if (!where[i].ref || !keys.includes(where[i].ref[0])) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return where[i + 1] === '=' && 'val' in where[i + 2]
+}
+
+const _getKeyData = (keys, where) => {
+  if (!where) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  const data = {}
+  let i = 0
+
+  while (where[i]) {
+    if (_isKeyValue(i, keys, where)) {
+      data[where[i].ref[0]] = where[i + 2].val
+      i = i + 3
+    } else {
+      i++
+    }
+  }
+
+  return data
+}
+
+const _fillIsActiveEntity = (row, IsActiveEntity, target) => {
+  if (target.drafts) row.IsActiveEntity = IsActiveEntity
+  for (const key in target.associations) {
+    const prop = row[key]
+    if (!prop) continue
+    const el = target.elements[key]
+    const childIsActiveEntity = el._target.isDraft ? IsActiveEntity : true
+    const propArray = Array.isArray(prop) ? prop : [prop]
+    propArray.forEach(r => _fillIsActiveEntity(r, childIsActiveEntity, el._target))
+  }
+}
+
+const _filterResultSet = (resultSet, limit, offset) => {
+  const pageResultSet = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < resultSet.length; i++) {
+    if (i < offset) continue
+    pageResultSet.push(resultSet[i])
+    if (pageResultSet.length === limit) break
+  }
+
+  return pageResultSet
+}
+
+// It's important to wait for the completion of all promises, otherwise a rollback might happen too soon
+const _promiseAll = async array => {
+  const results = await Promise.allSettled(array)
+  const firstRejected = results.find(response => response.status === 'rejected')
+  if (firstRejected) throw firstRejected.reason
+  return results.map(result => result.value)
+}
+
+const _isCount = query => query.SELECT.columns?.length === 1 && query.SELECT.columns[0].func === 'count'
+const _entityKeys = entity =>
+  Object_keys(entity.keys).filter(key => key !== 'IsActiveEntity' && !entity.keys[key].isAssociation)
+
+const _inProcessByUserXpr = lockShiftedNow => ({
+  xpr: [
+    'case',
+    'when',
+    { ref: ['LastChangeDateTime'] },
+    '<',
+    { val: lockShiftedNow },
+    'then',
+    { val: '' },
+    'else',
+    { ref: ['InProcessByUser'] },
+    'end'
+  ],
+  as: 'InProcessByUser',
+  cast: { type: 'cds.String' }
+})
+
+const _lock = {
+  get shiftedNow() {
+    return new Date(Math.max(0, Date.now() - LOCK_TIMEOUT.value)).toISOString()
+  }
+}
+
+const _redirectRefToDrafts = (ref, model) => {
+  const [root, ...tail] = ref
+  const target = model.definitions[root.id || root]
+  const draft = target.drafts || target
+  return [root.id ? { ...root, id: draft.name } : draft.name, ...tail]
+}
+
+const _redirectRefToActives = (ref, model) => {
+  const [root, ...tail] = ref
+  const target = model.definitions[root.id || root]
+  const active = target.actives || target
+  return [root.id ? { ...root, id: active.name } : active.name, ...tail]
+}
+
+const lastCheckMap = new Map()
+const _cleanUpOldDrafts = (service, tenant) => {
+  if (!DEL_TIMEOUT.value) return
+
+  const expiryDate = new Date(Date.now() - DEL_TIMEOUT.value).toISOString()
+  const interval = DEL_TIMEOUT.value / 2
+  const lastCheck = lastCheckMap.get(tenant)
+
+  if (lastCheck && Date.now() - lastCheck < Number(interval)) return
+
+  cds.spawn({ tenant, user: cds.User.privileged }, async () => {
+    const expiredDrafts = await SELECT.from('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData', ['DraftUUID']).where(
+      `LastChangeDateTime <`,
+      expiryDate
+    )
+
+    if (!expiredDrafts.length) return
+
+    const expiredDraftsIds = expiredDrafts.map(el => el.DraftUUID)
+    const promises = []
+
+    const draftRoots = []
+
+    for (const name in service.model.definitions) {
+      const target = service.model.definitions[name]
+      if (target.drafts && target['@Common.DraftRoot.ActivationAction']) {
+        draftRoots.push(target.drafts)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const draftRootIds = await Promise.all(
+      draftRoots.map(draftRoot =>
+        SELECT.from(draftRoot, _entityKeys(draftRoot)).where(`DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID IN`, expiredDraftsIds)
+      )
+    )
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < draftRoots.length; i++) {
+      const ids = draftRootIds[i]
+      if (!ids.length) continue
+      const srv = await cds.connect.to(draftRoots[i]._service.name).catch(() => {})
+      if (!srv) continue // srv might not be loaded
+      for (const idObj of ids) {
+        promises.push(srv.send({ event: 'CANCEL', query: DELETE.from(draftRoots[i], idObj), data: idObj }))
+      }
+    }
+
+    await Promise.allSettled(promises)
+  })
+
+  lastCheckMap.set(tenant, Date.now())
+}
+
+const _hasStreaming = (cols, target, deep) => {
+  return cols?.some(col => {
+    const name = col.as || col.ref?.at(-1)
+    if (!target.elements[name]) return
+    return (
+      target.elements[name]._type === 'cds.LargeBinary' ||
+      (deep && col.expand && _hasStreaming(col.expand, target.elements[name]._target, deep))
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+const _waitForReadable = readable => {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    readable.once('readable', resolve)
+    readable.once('error', reject)
+  })
+}
+
+const _removeEmptyStreams = async result => {
+  if (!result) return
+
+  const res = Array.isArray(result) ? result : [result]
+  for (let r of res) {
+    for (let key in r) {
+      const el = r[key]
+      if (el instanceof Readable) {
+        // In case hana-client Readable may not be ready
+        if (cds.db?.constructor?.name === 'HANAService') await _waitForReadable(el)
+        const chunk0 = el.read()
+        if (chunk0 === null) delete r[key]
+        else el.unshift(chunk0)
+      } else if (typeof el === 'object') {
+        const res = Array.isArray(el) ? el : [el]
+        for (let r of res) {
+          await _removeEmptyStreams(r)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const getUpdateFromSelectQueries = (target, draftRef, activeRef, depth = 0) => {
+  const updateMediaDataQueries = []
+
+  // Collect relevant elements
+  const compositionElements = []
+  const mediaDataElements = []
+  const autogeneratedElements = []
+  const targetElements = Array.isArray(target.elements) ? target.elements : Object.values(target.elements)
+  for (const element of targetElements) {
+    if (element['@cds.on.update']) autogeneratedElements.push(element)
+    else if (element.isComposition) compositionElements.push(element)
+    else if (element._type === 'cds.LargeBinary') mediaDataElements.push(element)
+  }
+
+  // Recurse into compositions
+  const nextDepth = depth + 1
+  if (nextDepth <= MAX_RECURSION_DEPTH) {
+    for (const composition of compositionElements) {
+      const compositionTargetElement = cds.model.definitions[composition.target]
+
+      const nextDraftRef = [...draftRef, composition.name]
+      const nextActiveRef = [...activeRef, composition.name]
+
+      updateMediaDataQueries.push(
+        ...getUpdateFromSelectQueries(compositionTargetElement, nextDraftRef, nextActiveRef, nextDepth)
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Construct update queries for media data elements
+  if (mediaDataElements.length) {
+    const updateWith = {}
+    for (const element of autogeneratedElements) {
+      updateWith[element.name] = { ref: ['active', element.name] }
+    }
+
+    // Construct WHERE to match draft and active entities
+    const selectWhere = Object.values(target.keys).reduce((acc, key) => {
+      if (key.virtual || key.isAssociation) return acc
+      if (acc.length) acc.push('and')
+      acc.push({ ref: ['draft', key.name] })
+      acc.push('=')
+      acc.push({ ref: ['active', key.name] })
+      return acc
+    }, [])
+
+    for (const element of mediaDataElements) {
+      const activeElementRef = { ref: ['active', element.name] }
+      const draftElementRef = { ref: ['draft', element.name] }
+
+      // cds.ql.xpr`CASE WHEN (${draftElementRef} IS NULL OR length(${draftElementRef}) > 0) THEN ${draftElementRef} ELSE ${activeElementRef} END`
+      const columnExpression = {
+        xpr: [
+          'case',
+          'when',
+          {
+            xpr: [
+              draftElementRef,
+              '=',
+              { val: null },
+              'or',
+              { func: 'length', args: [draftElementRef] },
+              '>',
+              { val: 0 }
+            ]
+          },
+          'then',
+          draftElementRef,
+          'else',
+          activeElementRef,
+          'end'
+        ]
+      }
+      columnExpression.as = element.name
+
+      const qSelectNextMediaData = SELECT.columns([columnExpression])
+        .from({ ref: draftRef, as: 'draft' })
+        .where(selectWhere)
+
+      updateWith[element.name] = qSelectNextMediaData
+    }
+
+    // Construct & Collect the actual update query for this composition level
+    const updateMediaDataQuery = UPDATE.entity({ ref: activeRef, as: 'active' }).with(updateWith)
+    updateMediaDataQueries.push(updateMediaDataQuery)
+  }
+
+  return updateMediaDataQueries
+}
+
+// REVISIT: Can be replaced with SQL WHEN statement (see commented code in expandStarStar) in the new HANA db layer - doesn't work with old db layer
+const _replaceStreams = result => {
+  if (!result) return
+
+  const res = Array.isArray(result) ? result : [result]
+  for (let r of res) {
+    for (let key in r) {
+      const el = r[key]
+      if (el instanceof Readable) {
+        const stream = new Readable()
+        stream.push(null)
+        r[key] = stream
+      } else if (typeof el === 'object') {
+        const res = Array.isArray(el) ? el : [el]
+        res.forEach(_replaceStreams)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const _extractPrefixRef = (draftsRef, targetEntity, requestData = null) => {
+  const prefixRef = []
+  for (let refIdx = 0; refIdx < draftsRef.length; refIdx++) {
+    const dRef = draftsRef[refIdx],
+      dRefId = dRef.id ?? dRef
+
+    // Determine entity, referenced by the processesd segment of 'draftsRef'
+    if (refIdx > 0) targetEntity = targetEntity.elements[dRefId]._target
+
+    // Construct 'prefixRef' segment
+    const pRef = { where: [] }
+
+    if (dRefId === targetEntity.name) {
+      pRef.id = targetEntity.isDraft ? targetEntity.actives.name : targetEntity.name
+    } else pRef.id = dRefId
+
+    if (targetEntity.isDraft) targetEntity = targetEntity.actives
+
+    if ((typeof dRef === 'string' || !dRef.where?.length) && requestData) {
+      // In case of CREATE: The WHERE for the created entity must be constructed for use in 'prefixRef'
+
+      for (const k in targetEntity.keys) {
+        const key = targetEntity.keys[k]
+        let v = requestData[key.name]
+        if (v === undefined)
+          if (key.name === 'IsActiveEntity') v = false
+          else return null
+        if (v instanceof Buffer) v = v.toString('base64') //> convert binary keys to base64
+        if (pRef.where.length > 0) pRef.where.push('and')
+        pRef.where.push({ ref: [key.name] }, '=', { val: v })
+      }
+
+      prefixRef.push(pRef)
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (dRef.where?.length) {
+      // Use the existing where clause from draftRef
+      pRef.where.push(...dRef.where)
+
+      if (!pRef.where.some(w => w === 'IsActiveEntity' || w.ref?.[0] === 'IsActiveEntity'))
+        pRef.where.push('and', { ref: ['IsActiveEntity'] }, '=', { val: false })
+
+      prefixRef.push(pRef)
+      continue
+    }
+
+    prefixRef.push(pRef.id)
+  }
+
+  return prefixRef
+}
+
+const compileUpdatedDraftMessages = (newMessages, persistedMessages, requestData, draftsRef) => {
+  const txModel = cds.context.tx.model // REVISIT: prefer srv.model!
+  let targetEntity = txModel.definitions[draftsRef[0].id || draftsRef[0]]
+
+  // The 'target' of validation errors needs to specify the full path from the draft root
+  // > Since success of establishment of containment can't be guaranteed, we clean up messages
+  if (!targetEntity['@Common.DraftRoot.ActivationAction']) return []
+
+  // Determine the path prefix required for a fully qualified validation message 'target'
+  const prefixRef = _extractPrefixRef(draftsRef, targetEntity, requestData)
+  if (!prefixRef) return null
+
+  const draftMessageTargetPrefix = cds.odata.urlify(
+    { SELECT: { from: { ref: prefixRef } } },
+    { kind: 'odata-v4', model: txModel }
+  ).path
+
+  const nextMessages = []
+
+  // Collect messages that were created during the most recent validation run
+  const newMessagesByMessageKeyAndTarget = newMessages.reduce((acc, message) => {
+    if (!message.target) return acc //> silently ignore messages without target
+
+    message.numericSeverity ??= 4
+    message.additionalTargets = message.additionalTargets?.map(t => t.replace(/^in\//, ''))
+
+    // Remove prefix 'in/' in favor of fully qualified path to the target
+    const messageTarget = message.target.replace(/^in\//, '')
+
+    // Process the message target produced by validation
+    // > The message target contains the relative path of the erroneous entity
+    // > For a message specific 'prefixRef', this info must be added to the entity 'prefixRef'
+    const messagePrefixRef = [...prefixRef]
+    const messageTargetRef = cds.odata.parse(messageTarget).SELECT.from.ref
+    message.target = messageTargetRef.pop()
+
+    for (const tRef of messageTargetRef) {
+      messagePrefixRef.push(tRef)
+      if ((tRef.where ??= []).some(w => w === 'IsActiveEntity' || w.ref?.[0] === 'IsActiveEntity')) continue
+      if (tRef.where.length > 0) tRef.where.push('and', 'IsActiveEntity', '=', false)
+    }
+
+    message.prefix = cds.odata.urlify(
+      { SELECT: { from: { ref: messagePrefixRef } } },
+      { kind: 'odata-v4', model: txModel }
+    ).path
+
+    nextMessages.push(message)
+
+    return acc.set(`${message.message}:${message.prefix}:${message.target}`, message)
+  }, new Map())
+
+  // Merge new messages with persisted ones & eliminate outdated ones
+  const simplePathElements = prefixRef.map(pRef => pRef.id)
+  for (const message of persistedMessages) {
+    // Drop persisted draft messages that are replaced by new ones
+    if (newMessagesByMessageKeyAndTarget.has(`${message.message}:${message.prefix}:${message.target}`)) continue
+    const hasNewMessageForAdditionalTarget = message.additionalTargets?.some(target =>
+      newMessagesByMessageKeyAndTarget.has(`${message.message}:${message.prefix}:${target}`)
+    )
+    if (hasNewMessageForAdditionalTarget) continue
+
+    // Drop persisted draft messages where the value of the target field changed
+    if (message.prefix === draftMessageTargetPrefix) {
+      if (requestData[message.target] !== undefined) continue
+      if (message.additionalTargets?.some(target => requestData[target] !== undefined)) continue
+    }
+
+    // Drop persisted draft messages, whose target's use navigations, where the value of the target field changed
+    const messageSimplePathElements = message.prefix.replaceAll(/\([^(]*\)/g, '').split('/')
+    if (messageSimplePathElements.length > simplePathElements.length)
+      if (requestData[messageSimplePathElements[simplePathElements.length]] !== undefined) continue
+
+    nextMessages.push(message)
+  }
+
+  return nextMessages.map(msg => odata.normalized(msg))
+}
+
+const _createNewDraftData = (obj, target, draftUUID) => {
+  const newDraftData = Object.assign({}, obj, {
+    DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID: draftUUID,
+    HasActiveEntity: false
+  })
+  if (!target) return newDraftData
+
+  for (const key in newDraftData) {
+    if (!target.elements[key]?.isComposition) continue
+
+    // Recurse into payload entries for nested associated entities
+    if (Array.isArray(newDraftData[key]))
+      newDraftData[key] = newDraftData[key].map(v => _createNewDraftData(v, target.elements[key]._target, draftUUID))
+    else if (typeof newDraftData[key] === 'object')
+      newDraftData[key] = _createNewDraftData(newDraftData[key], target.elements[key]._target, draftUUID)
+  }
+
+  return newDraftData
+}
+
+const _newReq = (req, query, draftParams, { event, headers }) => {
+  // REVISIT: This is a bit hacky -> better way?
+  query._target = undefined
+  query[$draftParams] = draftParams
+
+  // REVISIT: This is extremely bad. We should be able to just create a copy without such hacks.
+  const _req = cds.Request.for(req._) // REVISIT: this causes req._.data of WRITE reqs copied to READ reqs
+  // To create a `READ` event based on a modifying request, we need to delete req.data
+  if (event === 'READ' && req.event !== 'READ') delete _req.data
+
+  if (headers) {
+    _req.headers = Object.create(req.headers)
+    Object.assign(_req.headers, headers)
+  }
+
+  // Set relevant attributes of the inner request based on the outer
+  _req.target = cds.infer.target(query)
+  _req.query = query
+  _req.params = req.params
+  _req._ = req._
+
+  const cqnData = _req.query.UPDATE?.data || _req.query.INSERT?.entries?.[0]
+  if (cqnData) _req.data = cqnData // must point to the same object
+
+  if (req.protocol) _req.protocol = req.protocol
+  if (!_req._.event) _req._.event = req.event
+  if (req.tx && !_req.tx) _req.tx = req.tx
+
+  // Determine the proper event for the inner request
+  if (event) _req.event = event
+  else if (query.SELECT) _req.event = 'READ'
+  else if (query.INSERT) _req.event = 'CREATE'
+  else if (query.UPDATE) _req.event = 'UPDATE'
+  else if (query.DELETE) _req.event = 'DELETE'
+  else _req.event = req.event
+
+  // Divert messages and validation errors to outer request
+  /* prettier-ignore */ Object.defineProperty(_req, '_messages', { get() { return req._messages } })
+  /* prettier-ignore */ Object.defineProperty(_req, '_validationErrors', { get() { return req._validationErrors } })
+
+  const shouldCollectValidationErrorsSeparately =
+    _req.target.isDraft && IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED && req.protocol && ['UPDATE', 'NEW'].includes(_req.event)
+  if (shouldCollectValidationErrorsSeparately) {
+    // Add a separate collection for validation errors, to the outer request
+    req._validationErrors ??= new Responses()
+
+    // Override .error to collect validation errors separately, for the inner request
+    // > Validation errors being classified by having a 'target'
+    _req.error = (...args) => {
+      const err = prepareError(4, ...args)
+      if (err.target) _req._validationErrors.push(err)
+      else _req._errors.add(null, ...args)
+      return err
+    }
+  }
+
+  return _req
+}
+
+// REVISIT: Can we do a regular handler function instead of monky patching?
+const protoHandle = cds.ApplicationService.prototype.handle
+const draftHandle = async function (req) {
+  if (req.event === 'DISCARD') req.event = 'CANCEL'
+  else if (req.event === 'SAVE') {
+    req.event = 'draftActivate'
+    req.query ??= SELECT.from(req.target, req.data) //> support simple srv.send('SAVE',entity,...)
+  }
+
+  // Fast exit for non-draft requests
+  // REVISIT: should also start with else, but then this test fails: cds/tests/_runtime/odata/__tests__/integration/draft-custom-handlers.test.js
+  if (!req.query) return protoHandle.call(this, req)
+  if ($draftParams in req.query) return protoHandle.call(this, req)
+  /* prettier-ignore */ if (!(
+    // Note: we skip UPSERTs as these might have an additional INSERT
+    'SELECT' in req.query ||
+    'INSERT' in req.query ||
+    'UPDATE' in req.query ||
+    'DELETE' in req.query
+  )) return protoHandle.call(this, req)
+  // TODO: also skip quickly if no draft-enabled entities are involved ?!?
+  // TODO: also skip quickly if no isActiveEntity is part of the query ?!?
+  // TODO: also skip quickly for CREATE request not from Fiori clients ???
+
+  // rewrite event if necessary
+  if (req.protocol && req.target.drafts && req.event in { CREATE: 1, DELETE: 1 }) {
+    if (req.event === 'CREATE' && req.data.IsActiveEntity !== true) req.event = 'NEW'
+    if (req.event === 'DELETE' && req.data.IsActiveEntity === false) req.event = 'CANCEL'
+  }
+
+  const query = _cleansed(req.query, this.model)
+  _cleanseParams(req.params, req.target)
+  if (req.data) _cleanseParams(req.data, req.target)
+  const draftParams = query[$draftParams]
+
+  const run = (query, options = {}) => {
+    const _req = _newReq(req, query, draftParams, options)
+    return protoHandle.call(this, _req)
+  }
+
+  if (req.event === 'READ') {
+    if (
+      !Object.keys(draftParams).length &&
+      !req.query._target.name?.endsWith('DraftAdministrativeData') &&
+      !req.query._target.drafts
+    ) {
+      req.query = query
+      return protoHandle.call(this, req)
+    }
+
+    // For direct CRUD: Simply forward the read query
+    if (
+      cds.env.fiori.bypass_draft &&
+      query.SELECT.one &&
+      !req.query._target.isDraft &&
+      draftParams.IsActiveEntity === undefined &&
+      !req.target.name.includes('DraftAdministrativeData') // draft admin data requires special handling
+    ) {
+      req.query = query
+      return protoHandle.call(this, req)
+    }
+
+    // apply paging and sorting on original query for protocol adapters relying on it
+    commonGenericPaging(req)
+    commonGenericSorting(req)
+
+    const determineRead = () => {
+      // 'draftParams' as filled in '_cleanseQuery'
+      const isActiveEntity = draftParams.IsActiveEntity
+      const hasDraftEntity = draftParams.HasDraftEntity
+      const hasStreaming = _hasStreaming(query.SELECT.columns, query._target)
+      const isBinaryDraftCompat = cds.env.features.binary_draft_compat
+      const isTargetDraft = req.query._target.name.endsWith('.drafts')
+      const inProcessByUserEqNullString = ['not ', 'not null'].includes(
+        draftParams.DraftAdministrativeData_InProcessByUser
+      )
+      const inProcessByUserEqEmptyString = draftParams.DraftAdministrativeData_InProcessByUser === ''
+      const isSiblingIsActiveEntityNull = draftParams.SiblingEntity_IsActiveEntity === null
+
+      if (isActiveEntity === false && hasStreaming && !isBinaryDraftCompat) return Read.draftStream
+      if (isTargetDraft) return Read.ownDrafts
+      if (isActiveEntity === false && isSiblingIsActiveEntityNull) return Read.all
+      if (isActiveEntity === true && isSiblingIsActiveEntityNull && inProcessByUserEqNullString)
+        return Read.lockedByAnotherUser
+      if (isActiveEntity === true && isSiblingIsActiveEntityNull && inProcessByUserEqEmptyString)
+        return Read.unsavedChangesByAnotherUser
+      if (isActiveEntity === true && hasDraftEntity === false) return Read.unchanged
+      if (isActiveEntity === false) return Read.ownDrafts
+      return Read.onlyActives
+    }
+
+    const read = determineRead()
+    const result = await read.bind(this)(run, query)
+    return result
+  }
+
+  if (req.event === 'draftEdit') req.event = 'EDIT'
+  if (req.event === 'draftPrepare' && draftParams.IsActiveEntity)
+    cds.error({ status: 400, message: 'Action "draftPrepare" can only be called on the draft entity' })
+
+  // REVISIT: Can't use req.subject here:
+  // REVISIT: > Caching in req.subject will yield erroneous result
+  // REVISIT: > after replacing req.query by draft adapted query
+  let rootEntityName = (
+    query.SELECT?.from ||
+    query.INSERT?.into ||
+    query.UPSERT?.into ||
+    query.UPDATE?.entity ||
+    query.DELETE?.from
+  )?.ref?.[0]
+  if (typeof rootEntityName === 'object') rootEntityName = rootEntityName.id
+  const rootEntity = this.model.definitions[rootEntityName]
+
+  const newDraftAction =
+    cds.env.fiori.draft_new_action && rootEntity['@Common.DraftRoot.NewAction']?.split?.('.').at(-1)
+  const shouldHandleNewDraftAction = newDraftAction && req.target.name === rootEntity.name
+
+  const shouldBeConsideredForCreateBypass =
+    req.target.drafts &&
+    !req.target.isDraft &&
+    draftParams.IsActiveEntity !== false &&
+    req.data?.IsActiveEntity !== false
+
+  // Create active instance of draft-enabled entity
+  // REVISIT: New OData adapter only sets `NEW` for drafts... how to distinguish programmatic modifications?
+  if (
+    (req.event === 'NEW' && shouldHandleNewDraftAction && req.data.IsActiveEntity !== false) ||
+    (req.event === 'NEW' && shouldBeConsideredForCreateBypass && req.target.name !== rootEntity.name) ||
+    (req.event === 'CREATE' && shouldBeConsideredForCreateBypass)
+  ) {
+    if (
+      !cds.env.fiori.bypass_draft &&
+      req.protocol === 'odata' && // FIXME: lean-draft should never be involved for non-odata requests!
+      !('IsActiveEntity' in req.data)
+    ) {
+      return reject_bypassed_draft(req)
+    }
+
+    const queryUsesContainment = !!rootEntity['@Common.DraftRoot.ActivationAction']
+    if (!queryUsesContainment) cds.error({ status: 422, message: 'DRAFT_MODIFICATION_ONLY_VIA_ROOT' })
+
+    const isDirectAccess = req.query.INSERT.into.ref?.length === 1
+    const data = Array.isArray(req.data) ? [...req.data] : Object.assign({}, req.data) // IsActiveEntity is not enumerable
+    const draftsRootRef = _redirectRefToDrafts([query.INSERT.into.ref[0]], this.model)
+
+    let draftRootEntityExists
+
+    // Children: check root entity has no draft
+    if (!isDirectAccess) draftRootEntityExists = await SELECT.one([1]).from({ ref: draftsRootRef })
+
+    // Direct access and req.data contains keys: check if root has no draft with that keys
+    if (isDirectAccess && _entityKeys(query._target).every(k => k in data)) {
+      const keyData = _entityKeys(query._target).reduce((res, k) => {
+        res[k] = req.data[k]
+        return res
+      }, {})
+      draftRootEntityExists = await SELECT.one([1]).from({ ref: draftsRootRef }).where(keyData)
+    }
+
+    if (draftRootEntityExists) cds.error({ status: 409, message: 'DRAFT_ALREADY_EXISTS' })
+
+    const cqn = INSERT.into(query.INSERT.into).entries(data)
+    const result = await run(cqn, { event: 'CREATE' })
+
+    let _data = data
+    if (!newDraftAction) {
+      if (Array.isArray(data)) _data = data.map(d => ({ ...d, IsActiveEntity: true }))
+      else _data = { ...data, IsActiveEntity: true }
+      if (Array.isArray(result)) result.forEach(d => (d.IsActiveEntity = true))
+      else result.IsActiveEntity = true
+      req.data = _data //> make keys available via req.data (as with normal crud)
+    } else {
+      req.data = Object.assign(req.data, _data) //> make keys available via req.data (as with normal crud)
+    }
+
+    return result
+  }
+
+  // Prevent creating active entities via drafts
+  if (req.event === 'CREATE' && draftParams.IsActiveEntity === false && !req.target.isDraft) {
+    cds.error({ status: 403, message: 'ACTIVE_MODIFICATION_VIA_DRAFT' })
+  }
+
+  // Handle 'newDraftAction' event if enabled
+  if (shouldHandleNewDraftAction && req.event === newDraftAction) {
+    if (!req.target.isDraft) req.target = req.target.drafts
+
+    // Rewrite 'newDraftAction' into regular 'NEW' event
+    query.SELECT.from.ref = _redirectRefToDrafts(query.SELECT.from.ref, this.model)
+    const createNewQuery = INSERT.into(query.SELECT.from).entries(req.data)
+
+    req.event = req._.event = 'NEW'
+    req.query = req._.query = createNewQuery
+
+    const innerReq = _newReq(req, createNewQuery, draftParams, { event: 'NEW' })
+    _deepRemoveIsActiveEntity(innerReq.data, innerReq.target)
+    await protoHandle.call(this, innerReq)
+    const createNewResult = innerReq.data
+
+    req.data = createNewResult
+    req.res.status(201)
+
+    const result = await _readAfterDraftAction.call(this, { req, payload: createNewResult, action: 'draftNew' })
+    if (result === null) req.res.status(204)
+    req.res.set(
+      'location',
+      '../' + location4(req.target.actives, this, result || { ...createNewResult, IsActiveEntity: false })
+    )
+    return result
+  }
+
+  // Handle draft-only events, that can only ever target entities in draft state
+  if (
+    (req.event === 'NEW' && (!shouldHandleNewDraftAction || req.data.IsActiveEntity === false)) ||
+    req.event === 'CANCEL' ||
+    req.event === 'draftPrepare'
+  ) {
+    if (!req.target.isDraft) req.target = req.target.drafts // COMPAT: also support these events for actives
+
+    if (query.INSERT) query.INSERT.into.ref = _redirectRefToDrafts(query.INSERT.into.ref, this.model)
+    else if (query.DELETE) query.DELETE.from.ref = _redirectRefToDrafts(query.DELETE.from.ref, this.model)
+    else if (query.SELECT) query.SELECT.from.ref = _redirectRefToDrafts(query.SELECT.from.ref, this.model)
+
+    const _req = _newReq(req, query, draftParams, { event: req.event, headers: req.headers })
+
+    // Do not allow to create active instances via drafts
+    if (req.event === 'NEW' && draftParams.IsActiveEntity === false && !_req.target.isDraft) {
+      cds.error({ status: 403, message: 'ACTIVE_MODIFICATION_VIA_DRAFT' })
+    }
+
+    if (req.event === 'NEW') _deepRemoveIsActiveEntity(_req.data, _req.target)
+
+    const result = await protoHandle.call(this, _req)
+
+    req.data = _req.data //> make keys available via req.data (as with normal crud)
+    return result
+  }
+
+  // Handle 'DELETE' event on entities in active state
+  if (req.target.drafts && !req.target.isDraft && req.event === 'DELETE' && draftParams.IsActiveEntity !== false) {
+    const draftsRef = _redirectRefToDrafts(query.DELETE.from.ref, this.model)
+    const inProcessByUserCol = {
+      ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData'],
+      expand: [_inProcessByUserXpr(_lock.shiftedNow)]
+    }
+    const draftQuery = SELECT.one
+      .from({ ref: draftsRef })
+      .columns([{ ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID'] }, inProcessByUserCol])
+    if (query.DELETE.where) draftQuery.where(query.DELETE.where)
+
+    // Deletion of active instance outside draft tree, no need to check for draft
+    const target = cds.infer.target(draftQuery) // FIXME: this should not be neccessary, does it?
+    if (!target?.isDraft) {
+      await run(query)
+      return Object.assign([], { affected: 1 })
+    }
+
+    // Deletion of active instance inside draft tree, need to check that no draft exists
+    const drafts = []
+    const draftsRes = await draftQuery
+    if (draftsRes) drafts.push(draftsRes)
+
+    // For hierarchies, check that no sub node exists.
+    if (target?.elements?.LimitedDescendantCount) {
+      let key
+      for (const _key in req.target.keys) {
+        if (_key === 'IsActiveEntity') continue
+        key = _key // only single key supported
+      }
+      // We must only do this for recursive _composition_ children.
+      // For recursive _association_ children, app developers must deal with dangling pointers themselves.
+      const _recursiveComposition = target => {
+        for (const _comp in target.compositions) {
+          if (target.compositions[_comp]['@odata.draft.ignore']) {
+            return target.compositions[_comp]
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      const recursiveComposition = _recursiveComposition(req.target)
+      if (recursiveComposition) {
+        let uplinkName
+        for (const key in req.target) {
+          if (key.match(/@Aggregation\.RecursiveHierarchy\s*#.*\.ParentNavigationProperty/)) {
+            uplinkName = req.target[key]['=']
+            break
+          }
+        }
+        const keyVal = req.query.DELETE.from.ref[0].where?.[2]?.val
+        if (keyVal === undefined) cds.error({ status: 400, message: 'Deletion not supported' })
+        // We must select actives and check for corresponding drafts (drafts themselve don't necessarily form a hierarchy)
+        const recursiveQ = SELECT.from(req.target).columns(key)
+        recursiveQ.SELECT.recurse = {
+          ref: [uplinkName],
+          where: [{ func: 'DistanceTo', args: [{ val: keyVal }, { val: null }] }]
+        }
+        const recursives = await recursiveQ
+        if (recursives.length) {
+          const recursiveDrafts = await SELECT.from(req.target.drafts)
+            .columns(inProcessByUserCol)
+            .where(Read.whereIn(req.target, recursives))
+          drafts.push(...recursiveDrafts)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const draft of drafts) {
+      const inProcessByUser = draft?.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser
+      if (!cds.context.user._is_privileged && inProcessByUser && inProcessByUser !== cds.context.user.id)
+        cds.error({ status: 403, message: 'DRAFT_LOCKED_BY_ANOTHER_USER', args: [inProcessByUser] })
+      else cds.error({ status: 403, message: 'DRAFT_ACTIVE_DELETE_FORBIDDEN_DRAFT_EXISTS' })
+    }
+    await run(query)
+    return Object.assign([], { affected: 1 })
+  }
+
+  // Handle 'draftActivate' event
+  if (req.event === 'draftActivate') {
+    LOG.debug('activate draft')
+
+    if (req.query.SELECT.from.ref.length > 1 || draftParams.IsActiveEntity === true) {
+      cds.error({
+        status: 400,
+        message: 'Action "draftActivate" can only be called on the root draft entity'
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (req.target._etag && !req.headers['if-match'] && !req.headers['if-none-match']) {
+      cds.error(428)
+    }
+
+    const columns = expandStarStar(req.target.drafts, true)
+
+    const draftRef = _redirectRefToDrafts(query.SELECT.from.ref, this.model)
+    const draftQuery = SELECT.one
+      .from({ ref: draftRef })
+      .columns(columns)
+      .columns([
+        // Will automatically select 'IsActiveEntity' as key column
+        { ref: ['HasActiveEntity'] },
+        { ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID'] },
+        {
+          ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData'],
+          expand: [
+            { ref: ['InProcessByUser'] },
+            ...(IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED ? [{ ref: ['DraftMessages'] }] : [])
+          ]
+        }
+      ])
+      .where(query.SELECT.where)
+    const res = await run(draftQuery)
+
+    if (!res) {
+      const _etagValidationType = req.headers['if-match']
+        ? 'if-match'
+        : req.headers['if-none-match']
+          ? 'if-none-match'
+          : undefined
+      cds.error(_etagValidationType ? { status: 412 } : { status: 404, message: 'DRAFT_NOT_EXISTING' })
+    }
+    if (!cds.context.user._is_privileged && res.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser !== cds.context.user.id) {
+      cds.error({
+        status: 403,
+        message: 'DRAFT_LOCKED_BY_ANOTHER_USER',
+        args: [res.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser]
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Remove draft artefacts from persistedDraft entry
+    const DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID = res.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+    const persistedDraftMessages = res.DraftAdministrativeData?.DraftMessages || []
+    delete res.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+    delete res.DraftAdministrativeData
+    const HasActiveEntity = res.HasActiveEntity
+    delete res.HasActiveEntity
+
+    if (
+      _hasStreaming(draftQuery.SELECT.columns, draftQuery._target, true) &&
+      !cds.env.features.binary_draft_compat &&
+      !cds.env.fiori.move_media_data_in_db
+    ) {
+      await _removeEmptyStreams(res)
+    }
+
+    // First run the handlers as they might need access to DraftAdministrativeData or the draft entities
+    const activesRef = _redirectRefToActives(query.SELECT.from.ref, this.model)
+
+    // Upsert draft into active, not considering media data columns
+    const upsertQuery = HasActiveEntity
+      ? UPDATE({ ref: activesRef }).data(res).where(query.SELECT.where)
+      : INSERT.into({ ref: activesRef }).entries(res)
+    const upsertOptions = { headers: Object.assign({}, req.headers, { 'if-match': '*' }) }
+
+    const _req = _newReq(req, upsertQuery, draftParams, upsertOptions)
+
+    if (IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED) {
+      _req.on('failed', async error => {
+        if (!error && !_req.errors?.length) {
+          LOG.debug('Draft activation failed without error information: Skip update of DraftMessages.')
+          return
+        }
+        const errors = []
+        if (_req.errors?.length) {
+          // Need to clone errors to avoid side effects on original error objects
+          errors.push(..._req.errors.map(e => ({ ...e })))
+        } else {
+          // NOTE: this branch is for on-commit errors, which don't end up in req.errors
+          // IMPORTANT: copy error objects to avoid side effects on original error
+          if (typeof error === 'object') errors.push({ ...error })
+          if (error.details) errors.push(...error.details.map(e => ({ ...e })))
+        }
+        const nextDraftMessages = compileUpdatedDraftMessages(errors, persistedDraftMessages, _req.data || {}, draftRef)
+        await cds.tx(async () => {
+          await UPDATE('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData')
+            .set({ DraftMessages: nextDraftMessages })
+            .where({ DraftUUID: DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID })
+        })
+      })
+    }
+
+    const result = await protoHandle.call(this, _req).catch(err => {
+      // block pop-up in fiori draft activation flow
+      if (err.code === 'MULTIPLE_ERRORS' || err.message === 'MULTIPLE_ERRORS') err.target ??= 'in'
+      throw err
+    })
+
+    // REVISIT: Remove feature flag dependency
+    if (cds.env.fiori.move_media_data_in_db) {
+      // Move cds.LargeBinary data from draft to active
+      const updateMediaDataQueries = getUpdateFromSelectQueries(req.target, draftRef, activesRef)
+      await _promiseAll(updateMediaDataQueries)
+    }
+
+    // Delete draft artefacts
+    await _promiseAll([
+      DELETE.from({ ref: draftRef }).where(query.SELECT.where),
+      DELETE.from('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData').where({ DraftUUID: DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID })
+    ])
+
+    if (req.res) {
+      // status code must be set in handler to allow overriding for FE V2
+      // REVISIT: needs reworking for new adapter, especially re $batch
+      if (!HasActiveEntity) req.res.status(201)
+
+      const read_result = await _readAfterDraftAction.bind(this)({
+        req,
+        payload: res,
+        action: 'draftActivate'
+      })
+      req.res.set('location', '../' + location4(req.target, this, read_result || { ...res, IsActiveEntity: true }))
+
+      if (read_result == null) req.res.status(204)
+
+      return read_result
+    }
+
+    return Object.assign(result, { IsActiveEntity: true })
+  }
+
+  // Handle regular custom actions on entities in draft state
+  if (req.target.actions?.[req.event] && !(req.event in WELL_KNOWN_EVENTS) && draftParams.IsActiveEntity === false) {
+    if (query.SELECT?.from?.ref) query.SELECT.from.ref = _redirectRefToDrafts(query.SELECT.from.ref, this.model)
+
+    // Check if the draft is locked by another user
+    const rootQuery = query.clone()
+    rootQuery.SELECT.columns = [{ ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData'], expand: [{ ref: ['InProcessByUser'] }] }]
+    rootQuery.SELECT.one = true
+    rootQuery.SELECT.from = { ref: [query.SELECT.from.ref[0]] }
+    const root = await cds.run(rootQuery)
+
+    if (!root) cds.error(404)
+    if (root.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser !== cds.context.user.id) {
+      cds.error({
+        status: 403,
+        message: 'DRAFT_LOCKED_BY_ANOTHER_USER',
+        args: [root.DraftAdministrativeData.InProcessByUser]
+      })
+    }
+
+    const _req = _newReq(req, query, draftParams, { event: req.event })
+    const result = await protoHandle.call(this, _req)
+
+    return result
+  }
+
+  // Handle 'UPDATE' events on entities in draft or active state
+  if (req.event === 'PATCH' || (req.event === 'UPDATE' && req.target.drafts)) {
+    // also delete `IsActiveEntity` for references
+    const _rmIsActiveEntity = (data, target) => {
+      delete data.IsActiveEntity
+      for (const assoc in target.associations) {
+        const val = data[assoc]
+        if (val && typeof val === 'object') {
+          const _target = req.target.associations[assoc]._target
+          if (Array.isArray(val)) {
+            val.forEach(v => _rmIsActiveEntity(v, _target))
+          } else {
+            _rmIsActiveEntity(val, _target)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    _rmIsActiveEntity(req.data, req.target)
+
+    // REVISIT: This should allow `IsActiveEntity: false` to be passed in the body
+    // REVISIT: > Enabling this would re-establish symmetry with CREATE
+    if (draftParams.IsActiveEntity === false) {
+      LOG.debug('patch draft')
+
+      if (req.target?.name.endsWith('DraftAdministrativeData')) cds.error(405)
+
+      const draftsRef = _redirectRefToDrafts(query.UPDATE.entity.ref, this.model)
+      const res = await SELECT.one.from({ ref: draftsRef }).columns('DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID', {
+        ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData'],
+        expand: [
+          { ref: ['InProcessByUser'] },
+          ...(IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED ? [{ ref: ['DraftMessages'] }] : [])
+        ]
+      })
+
+      if (!res) cds.error(404)
+      if (!cds.context.user._is_privileged && res.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser !== cds.context.user.id) {
+        cds.error({
+          status: 403,
+          message: 'DRAFT_LOCKED_BY_ANOTHER_USER',
+          args: [res.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser]
+        })
+      }
+
+      // Propagate parent's DraftUUID into nested composition children
+      const draftUUID = res.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+      for (const key in req.data) {
+        const elem = req.target.elements[key]
+        if (!elem?.isComposition) continue
+        const val = req.data[key]
+        if (Array.isArray(val)) req.data[key] = val.map(v => _createNewDraftData(v, elem._target, draftUUID))
+        else if (val && typeof val === 'object') req.data[key] = _createNewDraftData(val, elem._target, draftUUID)
+      }
+
+      const innerQuery = UPDATE({ ref: draftsRef }).data(req.data)
+      const innerReq = _newReq(req, innerQuery, draftParams, {})
+      await protoHandle.call(this, innerReq).catch(error => {
+        // > This prevents thrown req.errors from being added to 'sap-messages'
+        // > Downgraded req.error will add to req.messages, regardless of whether the error is thrown
+        // > Unless we prevent it here, the response will contain the error in both body and header
+        // > Downgrading is only required for PATCH, to prevent a rollback in case validation fails
+        if (req.messages?.length) req.messages = req.messages.filter(m => m !== error)
+        throw req.error(error)
+      })
+
+      const nextDraftAdminData = {
+        InProcessByUser: req.user.id,
+        LastChangedByUser: req.user.id,
+        LastChangeDateTime: new Date()
+      }
+
+      if (IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED) {
+        nextDraftAdminData.DraftMessages = compileUpdatedDraftMessages(
+          req._validationErrors ?? [],
+          res.DraftAdministrativeData?.DraftMessages ?? [],
+          req.data ?? {},
+          draftsRef
+        )
+      }
+
+      await UPDATE('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData')
+        .data(nextDraftAdminData)
+        .where({ DraftUUID: res.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID })
+
+      req.data.IsActiveEntity = false
+      return Object.assign([], { affected: 1 })
+    }
+
+    LOG.debug('patch active')
+
+    if (
+      req.protocol === 'odata' && // FIXME: lean-draft should never be involved for non-odata requests!
+      !cds.env.fiori.bypass_draft &&
+      !req.target['@odata.draft.bypass']
+    )
+      return reject_bypassed_draft(req)
+
+    const entityRef = query.UPDATE.entity.ref
+
+    if (!this.model.definitions[entityRef[0].id || entityRef[0]]['@Common.DraftRoot.ActivationAction']) {
+      cds.error({ status: 422, message: 'DRAFT_MODIFICATION_ONLY_VIA_ROOT' })
+    }
+
+    const draftsRef = _redirectRefToDrafts(entityRef, this.model)
+    const draftsQuery = SELECT.one([1]).from({ ref: [draftsRef[0]] })
+    if (query.UPDATE.where) draftsQuery.where(query.UPDATE.where)
+    const hasDraft = !!(await draftsQuery)
+    if (hasDraft) cds.error({ status: 409, message: 'DRAFT_ALREADY_EXISTS' })
+
+    await run(query)
+    return Object.assign([], { affected: 1 })
+  }
+
+  req.query = query
+
+  return protoHandle.call(this, req)
+}
+
+// REVISIT: It's not optimal to first calculate the whole result array and only later
+//          delete unrequested properties. However, as a first step, we do it that way,
+//          especially since the current db driver always adds those fields.
+//          Once we switch to the new driver, we'll adapt it.
+const _requested = (result, query) => {
+  const originalQuery = query[$original]
+  if (!result || !originalQuery) return result
+  const all = ['HasActiveEntity', 'HasDraftEntity']
+
+  const ignoredCols = new Set(all.concat('DraftAdministrativeData'))
+  const _isODataV2 = cds.context?.http?.req?.headers?.['x-cds-odata-version'] === 'v2'
+  if (!_isODataV2) ignoredCols.add('DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID')
+  for (const col of originalQuery.SELECT.columns || ['*']) {
+    const name = col.as || col.ref?.[0] || col
+    if (all.includes(name) || name === 'DraftAdministrativeData' || name === 'DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID')
+      ignoredCols.delete(name)
+    if (name === '*') all.forEach(c => ignoredCols.delete(c))
+  }
+  if (!ignoredCols.size) return result
+  const resArray = Array.isArray(result) ? result : [result]
+  for (const row of resArray) {
+    for (const ignoredCol of ignoredCols) delete row[ignoredCol]
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+const _readDraftStream = (draftStream, activeCQN, property) =>
+  Readable.from(
+    (async function* () {
+      let isActive = true
+      this._stream = draftStream
+      for await (const chunk of draftStream) {
+        isActive = false
+        yield chunk
+      }
+
+      if (isActive) {
+        const active = (await activeCQN)?.[property]
+        if (active) {
+          for await (const chunk of active) {
+            yield chunk
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    })()
+  )
+
+// REVISIT: HanaLobStream of @sap/hana-client cannot read chunks with "for await" - hangs
+const _readDraftStreamHanaClient = async (draftStream, activeCQN, property) =>
+  Readable.from(
+    (async function* () {
+      let isActive = true
+      const pth = new PassThrough()
+      draftStream.pipe(pth)
+      for await (const chunk of pth) {
+        isActive = false
+        yield chunk
+      }
+
+      if (isActive) {
+        const active = (await activeCQN)?.[property]
+        if (active) {
+          const pth = new PassThrough()
+          active.pipe(pth)
+          for await (const chunk of pth) {
+            yield chunk
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    })()
+  )
+
+const { count_as_string } = cds.env.features
+
+const Read = {
+  onlyActives: async function (run, query, { ignoreDrafts } = {}) {
+    LOG.debug('List Editing Status: Only Active')
+
+    if (_isCount(query)) return run(query)
+
+    if (query._target.name.endsWith('.DraftAdministrativeData')) {
+      // DraftAdministrativeData is only accessible via drafts
+      if (query.SELECT.from.ref?.length === 1) {
+        cds.error({ status: 400, message: 'INVALID_DRAFT_REQUEST' })
+      }
+
+      return run(query._drafts)
+    }
+
+    if (!query._target._isDraftEnabled) return run(query)
+
+    if (
+      !query.SELECT.groupBy &&
+      query.SELECT.columns &&
+      !query.SELECT.columns.some(c => c === '*') &&
+      !query.SELECT.columns.some(c => c.func && AGGREGATION_FUNCTIONS.includes(c.func))
+    ) {
+      const keys = _entityKeys(query._target)
+      for (const key of keys) {
+        if (!query.SELECT.columns.some(c => c.ref?.[0] === key)) query.SELECT.columns.push({ ref: [key] })
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Query active entity instances
+    const actives = await run(query)
+
+    if (!actives || (Array.isArray(actives) && !actives.length)) return actives
+    if (!query._target.drafts) return actives
+
+    // Query corresponding drafts, if not explicitly ignored
+    const drafts = !ignoreDrafts ? await this.run(Read.complementaryDrafts(query, actives)) : []
+
+    Read.merge(query._target, actives, drafts, (row, other) => {
+      if (other) {
+        if ('DraftAdministrativeData' in other) row.DraftAdministrativeData = other.DraftAdministrativeData
+        if ('DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID' in other)
+          row.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID = other.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+        Object.assign(row, { HasActiveEntity: false, HasDraftEntity: true })
+      } else
+        Object.assign(row, {
+          HasActiveEntity: false,
+          HasDraftEntity: false,
+          DraftAdministrativeData: null,
+          DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID: null
+        })
+      _fillIsActiveEntity(row, true, query._target)
+    })
+
+    return _requested(actives, query)
+  },
+
+  unchanged: async function (run, query) {
+    LOG.debug('List Editing Status: Unchanged')
+
+    const draftsQuery = query._drafts
+    if (!draftsQuery) cds.error({ status: 400, message: 'INVALID_DRAFT_REQUEST' }) // only via drafts
+    draftsQuery.SELECT.count = undefined
+    draftsQuery.SELECT.orderBy = undefined
+    draftsQuery.SELECT.limit = null
+    draftsQuery.SELECT.columns = _entityKeys(query._target).map(k => ({ ref: [k] }))
+
+    const drafts = await draftsQuery.where({ HasActiveEntity: true })
+    const res = await Read.onlyActives(run, query.where(Read.whereNotIn(query._target, drafts)), {
+      ignoreDrafts: true
+    })
+    return _requested(res, query)
+  },
+
+  ownDrafts: async function (run, query) {
+    LOG.debug('List Editing Status: Own Draft')
+
+    if (!query._drafts) cds.error({ status: 400, message: 'INVALID_DRAFT_REQUEST' }) // only via drafts
+
+    // read active from draft
+    if (!query._drafts._target?.name.endsWith('.drafts')) {
+      const result = await run(query._drafts)
+
+      // active entity is draft enabled, draft columns have to be removed
+      if (query._drafts._target?.drafts) {
+        Read.merge(query._drafts._target, result, [], row => {
+          delete row.IsActiveEntity
+          delete row.HasDraftEntity
+          delete row.HasActiveEntity
+          delete row.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+        })
+      }
+      return result
+    }
+
+    const selectedColumnNames = query._drafts.SELECT.columns?.map(c => c.ref?.[0] || c) || ['*']
+    const isAllKeysSelected =
+      selectedColumnNames.includes('*') ||
+      Object.keys(query._drafts._target.keys).every(k => selectedColumnNames.includes(k))
+
+    let txModel
+    if (IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED && isAllKeysSelected) {
+      // Replace selection of 'DraftMessages' with the proper path expression
+
+      query._drafts.SELECT.columns = [
+        ...(query._drafts.SELECT.columns ?? ['*']).filter(c => c.ref?.[0] !== 'DraftMessages'),
+        { ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData', 'DraftMessages'], as: 'DraftMessages' }
+      ]
+
+      txModel = cds.context.tx.model
+    }
+
+    const draftsQuery = query._drafts.where(
+      { ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData', 'InProcessByUser'] },
+      '=',
+      cds.context.user.id
+    )
+
+    const drafts = await run(draftsQuery)
+    Read.merge(query._target, drafts, [], row => {
+      Object.assign(row, {
+        HasDraftEntity: false
+      })
+      _fillIsActiveEntity(row, false, query._drafts._target)
+
+      if (IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED && row.DraftMessages?.length) {
+        // Based on the query for own drafts, compile the ref of a query matching
+        // the format produced by cds.odata.parse to compare against message prefixes
+
+        const queryRootEntity = txModel.definitions[draftsQuery.SELECT.from.ref[0].id || draftsQuery.SELECT.from.ref[0]]
+        const queryPrefixRef = _extractPrefixRef(draftsQuery.SELECT.from.ref, queryRootEntity)
+
+        if (queryPrefixRef.length > 1) {
+          let targetRef = queryPrefixRef[queryPrefixRef.length - 1]
+          if (typeof targetRef === 'string') {
+            // Construct key from model info and result data
+
+            queryPrefixRef[queryPrefixRef.length - 1] = targetRef = { id: targetRef, where: [] }
+
+            // This repliactes the strucutally equivalent logic from _compileUpdatedDraftMessages
+            // > This is necessary to enable filtering for messages realted to a newly created entity
+            // > Since readAfterRide will put key info into a filter rather than into the path
+            for (const k in draftsQuery._target.actives.keys) {
+              const key = draftsQuery._target.actives.keys[k]
+              let v = row[key.name]
+              if (v === undefined)
+                if (key.name === 'IsActiveEntity') v = false
+                else continue
+              if (v instanceof Buffer) v = v.toString('base64') //> convert binary keys to base64
+              if (targetRef.where.length > 0) targetRef.where.push('and')
+              targetRef.where.push({ ref: [key.name] }, '=', { val: v })
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Reduce persisted draft messages to the set of those that are relevant for this result row:
+        // Specification: https://sapui5.hana.ondemand.com/#/topic/fbe1cb5613cf4a40a841750bf813238e:~:text=Lifecycle%20Management%20for%20State%20Messages,-The%20lifecycle%20management
+        const filteredDraftMessages = row.DraftMessages.reduce((acc, msg) => {
+          const msgPrefixRef = cds.odata.parse(msg.prefix).SELECT.from.ref
+          if (queryPrefixRef.length > msgPrefixRef.length) return acc
+
+          // TODO: This seems excessive ... how to compare more efficiently?
+          const queryPrefixUrl = cds.odata.urlify(
+            { SELECT: { from: { ref: queryPrefixRef } } },
+            { kind: 'odata-v4', model: txModel }
+          ).path
+          const msgPrefixUrl = cds.odata.urlify(
+            { SELECT: { from: { ref: msgPrefixRef } } },
+            { kind: 'odata-v4', model: txModel }
+          ).path
+
+          if (!msgPrefixUrl.startsWith(queryPrefixUrl)) return acc
+
+          msg.target = `/${msg.prefix}/${msg.target}`
+          if (msg.additionalTargets?.length)
+            msg.additionalTargets = msg.additionalTargets.map(additionalTarget => `/${msg.prefix}/${additionalTarget}`)
+
+          delete msg.prefix
+
+          acc.push(msg)
+          return acc
+        }, [])
+
+        const { locale } = cds.context
+        row.DraftMessages = filteredDraftMessages.map(e => {
+          // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
+          const { status, args, _i18n, ...cleansed } = odata.localized(e, locale)
+          return cleansed
+        })
+      }
+    })
+
+    return _requested(drafts, query)
+  },
+
+  all: async function (run, query) {
+    LOG.debug('List Editing Status: All')
+
+    if (!query._drafts) return []
+
+    query._drafts.SELECT.count = false
+    query._drafts.SELECT.limit = null // we need all entries for the keys to properly select actives (count)
+    const isCount = _isCount(query._drafts)
+    if (isCount) {
+      query._drafts.SELECT.columns = _entityKeys(query._target).map(k => ({ ref: [k] }))
+    }
+    if (!query._drafts.SELECT.columns) query._drafts.SELECT.columns = ['*']
+    if (!query._drafts.SELECT.columns.some(c => c.ref?.[0] === 'HasActiveEntity')) {
+      query._drafts.SELECT.columns.push({ ref: ['HasActiveEntity'] })
+    }
+
+    const orderByExpr = query.SELECT.orderBy
+    const getOrderByColumns = columns => {
+      const selectAll = columns === undefined || columns.includes('*')
+      const queryColumns = !selectAll && columns && columns.map(column => column.as || column?.ref?.[0]).filter(c => c)
+      const newColumns = []
+
+      for (const column of orderByExpr) {
+        if (selectAll || !queryColumns.includes(column.ref.join('_'))) {
+          if (column.ref.length === 1 && selectAll) continue
+          const columnClone = { ...column }
+          delete columnClone.sort
+          columnClone.as = columnClone.ref.join('_')
+          newColumns.push(columnClone)
+        }
+      }
+
+      return newColumns
+    }
+
+    let orderByDraftColumns
+    if (orderByExpr) {
+      orderByDraftColumns = getOrderByColumns(query._drafts.SELECT.columns)
+      if (orderByDraftColumns.length) query._drafts.SELECT.columns.push(...orderByDraftColumns)
+    }
+
+    const ownDrafts = await run(
+      query._drafts.where({ ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData', 'InProcessByUser'] }, '=', cds.context.user.id)
+    )
+    const draftLength = ownDrafts.length
+    const limit = query.SELECT.limit?.rows?.val ?? getPageSize(query._target).max
+    const offset = query.SELECT.limit?.offset?.val ?? 0
+    query.SELECT.limit = {
+      rows: { val: limit + draftLength }, // virtual limit
+      offset: { val: Math.max(0, offset - draftLength) } // virtual offset
+    }
+
+    let orderByColumns
+    if (orderByExpr) {
+      orderByColumns = getOrderByColumns(query.SELECT.columns)
+      if (orderByColumns.length) {
+        query.SELECT.columns = query.SELECT.columns ?? ['*']
+        query.SELECT.columns.push(...orderByColumns)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const queryElements = query.elements
+    const actives = await run(query.where(Read.whereNotIn(query._target, ownDrafts)))
+    const removeColumns = (columns, toRemoveCols) => {
+      if (!toRemoveCols) return
+      for (const c of toRemoveCols) columns.forEach((column, index) => c.as === column.as && columns.splice(index, 1))
+    }
+    removeColumns(query._drafts.SELECT.columns, orderByDraftColumns)
+    removeColumns(query.SELECT.columns, orderByColumns)
+
+    const ownNewDrafts = []
+    const ownEditDrafts = []
+    for (const draft of ownDrafts) {
+      if (draft.HasActiveEntity) ownEditDrafts.push(draft)
+      else ownNewDrafts.push(draft)
+    }
+
+    let $count = isCount ? actives[0]?.$count : actives?.$count
+    $count = $count != null ? Number($count) : 0
+    $count += ownDrafts.length
+
+    if (isCount) return { $count: count_as_string ? `${$count}` : $count }
+
+    Read.merge(query._target, ownDrafts, [], row => {
+      Object.assign(row, { HasDraftEntity: false })
+      _fillIsActiveEntity(row, false, query._drafts._target)
+    })
+    const otherEditDrafts = actives?.length ? await this.run(Read.complementaryDrafts(query, actives)) : []
+    Read.merge(query._target, actives, otherEditDrafts, (row, other) => {
+      if (other) {
+        Object.assign(row, {
+          HasDraftEntity: true,
+          HasActiveEntity: false,
+          DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID: other.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID,
+          DraftAdministrativeData: other.DraftAdministrativeData
+        })
+      } else {
+        Object.assign(row, {
+          HasDraftEntity: false,
+          HasActiveEntity: false,
+          DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID: null,
+          DraftAdministrativeData: null
+        })
+      }
+      _fillIsActiveEntity(row, true, query._target)
+    })
+    const resultSet =
+      actives.length > 0 && ownDrafts.length === 0
+        ? actives
+        : ownDrafts.length > 0 && actives.length === 0
+          ? ownDrafts
+          : [...ownDrafts, ...actives]
+
+    // runtime sort required
+    if (orderByExpr && ownDrafts.length > 0 && actives.length > 0) {
+      const locale = cds.context.locale?.replaceAll('_', '-')
+      const collatorMap = new Map()
+      const elementNamesToSort = orderByExpr.map(orderByExp => orderByExp.ref.join('_'))
+
+      for (const elementName of elementNamesToSort) {
+        const element = queryElements[elementName] ?? query._target.elements[elementName] // The latter is needed for CDS orderBy statements
+        if (!element) continue
+
+        let collatorOptions
+
+        switch (element.type) {
+          case 'cds.Integer':
+          case 'cds.UInt8':
+          case 'cds.Int16':
+          case 'cds.Int32':
+          case 'cds.Integer64':
+          case 'cds.Int64':
+          case 'cds.Decimal':
+          case 'cds.DecimalFloat':
+          case 'cds.Double':
+            collatorOptions = numericCollator
+            break
+
+          default:
+            collatorOptions = emptyObject
+        }
+
+        const collator = Intl.Collator(locale, collatorOptions)
+        collatorMap.set(elementName, collator)
+      }
+
+      const getSortFn =
+        (index = 0) =>
+        (entityA, entityB) => {
+          const orderBy = orderByExpr[index]
+          const elementName = elementNamesToSort[index]
+          const collator = collatorMap.get(elementName)
+          const valueA = entityA[elementName]
+          const valueB = entityB[elementName]
+
+          if (valueA == null && valueB == null) {
+            // continue to next sort criterion
+            if (index + 1 < orderByExpr.length) return getSortFn(index + 1)(entityA, entityB)
+            return 0
+          }
+
+          const nullsFirst = orderBy.nulls ? orderBy.nulls.toLowerCase() === 'first' : orderBy.sort === 'asc'
+          if (valueA == null) return nullsFirst ? -1 : 1
+          if (valueB == null) return nullsFirst ? 1 : -1
+
+          const diff = collator.compare(valueA, valueB)
+
+          if (diff === 0 && index + 1 < orderByExpr.length) return getSortFn(index + 1)(entityA, entityB)
+          if (orderBy.sort === 'desc') return diff * -1
+          return diff
+        }
+
+      resultSet.sort(getSortFn())
+    }
+
+    let virtualOffset = offset - draftLength
+    virtualOffset = virtualOffset > 0 ? draftLength : draftLength + virtualOffset
+    const pageResultSet = _filterResultSet(resultSet, limit, virtualOffset)
+    if (query.SELECT.count) {
+      $count += ownDrafts.$count != null ? Number(ownDrafts.$count) : 0
+      pageResultSet.$count = count_as_string ? `${$count}` : $count
+    }
+    return _requested(pageResultSet, query)
+  },
+
+  activesFromDrafts: async function (run, query, { isLocked = true }) {
+    const draftsQuery = query._drafts
+    if (!draftsQuery) cds.error({ status: 400, message: 'INVALID_DRAFT_REQUEST' }) // only via drafts
+
+    const additionalCols = draftsQuery.SELECT.columns
+      ? draftsQuery.SELECT.columns.filter(
+          c => c.ref && ['DraftAdministrativeData', 'DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID'].includes(c.ref[0])
+        )
+      : [{ ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID'] }]
+    draftsQuery.SELECT.columns = _entityKeys(query._target)
+      .map(k => ({ ref: [k] }))
+      .concat(additionalCols)
+    draftsQuery.where({
+      HasActiveEntity: true,
+      'DraftAdministrativeData.InProcessByUser': { '!=': cds.context.user.id },
+      'DraftAdministrativeData.LastChangeDateTime': {
+        [isLocked ? '>' : '<']: _lock.shiftedNow
+      }
+    })
+    const drafts = await draftsQuery
+    const actives = drafts.length
+      ? await run(query.where(Read.whereIn(query._target, drafts)))
+      : Object.assign([], { $count: count_as_string ? '0' : 0 })
+    Read.merge(query._target, actives, drafts, (row, other) => {
+      if (other) Object.assign(row, other, { HasDraftEntity: true, HasActiveEntity: false })
+      else Object.assign({ HasDraftEntity: false, HasActiveEntity: false })
+      _fillIsActiveEntity(row, true, query._target)
+    })
+    return _requested(actives, query)
+  },
+
+  unsavedChangesByAnotherUser: async function (run, query) {
+    LOG.debug('List Editing Status: Unsaved Changes by Another User')
+
+    return Read.activesFromDrafts(run, query, { isLocked: false })
+  },
+
+  lockedByAnotherUser: async function (run, query) {
+    LOG.debug('List Editing Status: Locked by Another User')
+
+    return Read.activesFromDrafts(run, query, { isLocked: true })
+  },
+
+  whereNotIn: (target, data) => Read.whereIn(target, data, true),
+
+  whereIn: (target, data, not = false) => {
+    const keys = _entityKeys(target)
+    const dataArray = data ? (Array.isArray(data) ? data : [data]) : []
+    if (not && !dataArray.length) return []
+    if (keys.length === 1) {
+      // For single keys, make it nicer (without unnecessary lists)
+      const key = keys[0]
+      const left = { ref: [key] }
+      const op = not ? ['not', 'in'] : ['in']
+      const right = { list: dataArray.map(r => ({ val: r[key] })) }
+      return [left, ...op, right]
+    } else {
+      const left = { list: keys.map(k => ({ ref: [k] })) }
+      const op = not ? ['not', 'in'] : ['in']
+      const right = { list: dataArray.map(r => ({ list: keys.map(k => ({ val: r[k] })) })) }
+      return [left, ...op, right]
+    }
+  },
+
+  complementaryDrafts: (query, _actives) => {
+    const actives = Array.isArray(_actives) ? _actives : [_actives]
+    if (!actives.length) return []
+    const drafts = SELECT.from(query._target.drafts)
+    drafts[$draftParams] = query[$draftParams]
+    drafts.SELECT.where = Read.whereIn(query._target, actives)
+    const newColumns = _entityKeys(query._target).map(k => ({ ref: [k] }))
+    const queryDrafts = query._drafts
+    if (queryDrafts) {
+      if (
+        !queryDrafts.SELECT.columns ||
+        queryDrafts.SELECT.columns.some(c => c === '*' || c.ref?.[0] === 'DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID')
+      )
+        newColumns.push({ ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID'] })
+      const draftAdmin = queryDrafts.SELECT.columns?.find(c => c.ref?.[0] === 'DraftAdministrativeData')
+      if (draftAdmin) newColumns.push(draftAdmin)
+    }
+    drafts.SELECT.columns = newColumns
+    return drafts
+  },
+
+  draftStream: async (run, query) => {
+    // read from draft
+    const result = await Read.ownDrafts(run, query)
+    if (!Array.isArray(result)) {
+      for (let key in result) {
+        if (result[key] instanceof Readable) {
+          result[key] =
+            result[key].constructor.name === 'HanaLobStream'
+              ? await _readDraftStreamHanaClient(result[key], query, key)
+              : _readDraftStream(result[key], query, key)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result
+  },
+
+  _makeArray: data => (Array.isArray(data) ? data : data ? [data] : []),
+
+  _index: (target, data) => {
+    // Indexes the data for fast key access
+    const dataArray = Read._makeArray(data)
+    if (!dataArray.length) return
+    const hash = row =>
+      _entityKeys(target)
+        .map(k => row[k])
+        .reduce((res, curr) => res + '|$|' + curr, '')
+    const hashMap = new Map()
+    for (const row of dataArray) hashMap.set(hash(row), row)
+    return { hashMap, hash }
+  },
+
+  // Calls `cb` for each entry of data with a potential counterpart in otherData
+  merge: (target, data, otherData, cb) => {
+    const dataArray = Read._makeArray(data)
+    if (!dataArray.length) return
+
+    const index = Read._index(target, otherData)
+    for (const row of dataArray) {
+      const other = index?.hashMap.get(index.hash(row))
+      cb(row, other)
+    }
+  },
+
+  // Deletes entries of data with a counterpart in otherData
+  delete: (target, data, otherData) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(data) || !data.length) return
+
+    const index = Read._index(target, otherData)
+    let i = data.length
+    while (i--) {
+      if (index?.hashMap.get(index.hash(data[i]))) data.splice(i, 1)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function _cleanseParams(params, target) {
+  if (!target?.drafts) return
+  if (Array.isArray(params)) {
+    for (const param of params) _cleanseParams(param, target)
+    return
+  }
+  if (typeof params === 'object') {
+    for (const key in params) {
+      if (key === 'IsActiveEntity') {
+        const value = params[key]
+        delete params[key]
+        Object.defineProperty(params, key, { value, enumerable: false, writeable: true, configurable: true })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function _cleanseCols(columns, elements, target) {
+  // TODO: sometimes target is undefined
+  if (!target || typeof columns?.filter !== 'function') return columns
+  const filtered = target?.drafts ? columns.filter(c => !elements.has(c.ref?.[0])) : columns
+  return filtered.map(c => {
+    if (c.expand && c.ref) {
+      return { ...c, expand: _cleanseCols(c.expand, elements, target.elements[c.ref[0]]?._target) }
+    }
+    return c
+  })
+}
+
+let DRAFT_ADMIN_ELEMENTS
+/**
+ * Creates a clone of the query, cleanses and collects all draft parameters into DRAFT_PARAMS.
+ */
+function _cleansed(query, model) {
+  const draftParams = {} //> used to collect draft filter criteria
+  const q = _cleanseQuery(query, draftParams, model)
+  if (query.SELECT) {
+    const getDrafts = () => {
+      // could just clone `query` but the latter is ruined by database layer
+      const draftsQuery = _cleanseQuery(query, {}, model)
+
+      // set the target to null to ensure cds.infer(...) correctly infer the
+      // target after query modifications
+      Object.defineProperty(draftsQuery, '_target', { value: null, configurable: true, writable: true })
+      let draftSelect = draftsQuery.SELECT
+      let querySelect = query.SELECT
+
+      // in the $apply scenario, only the most inner nested SELECT data structure must be cleansed
+      while (draftSelect.from.SELECT) {
+        // set the target to null to ensure cds.infer(...) correctly infer the
+        // target after query modifications
+        if (draftSelect.from._target)
+          Object.defineProperty(draftSelect.from, '_target', { value: null, configurable: true, writable: true })
+        draftSelect = draftSelect.from.SELECT
+        querySelect = querySelect.from.SELECT
+      }
+
+      if (!draftSelect.from.ref) return // invalid draft request
+
+      const [root, ...tail] = draftSelect.from.ref
+      const draft = model.definitions[root.id || root].drafts
+      if (!draft) return
+      draftSelect.from = {
+        ref: [root.id ? { ...root, id: draft.name } : draft.name, ...tail]
+      }
+      cds.infer.target(draftsQuery)
+
+      // draftsQuery._target = draftsQuery._target?.drafts || draftsQuery._target
+      if (querySelect.columns && query._target.drafts) {
+        if (draftsQuery._target.isDraft)
+          draftSelect.columns = _cleanseCols(querySelect.columns, REDUCED_DRAFT_ELEMENTS, draft)
+        else draftSelect.columns = _cleanseCols(querySelect.columns, DRAFT_ELEMENTS, draft)
+      }
+
+      if (querySelect.where && query._target.drafts) {
+        if (draftsQuery._target.isDraft)
+          draftSelect.where = _cleanseWhere(querySelect.where, {}, DRAFT_ELEMENTS_WITHOUT_HASACTIVE)
+        else draftSelect.where = _cleanseWhere(querySelect.where, {}, DRAFT_ELEMENTS)
+      }
+
+      if (querySelect.orderBy && query._target.drafts) {
+        if (draftsQuery._target.isDraft)
+          draftSelect.orderBy = _cleanseWhere(querySelect.orderBy, {}, REDUCED_DRAFT_ELEMENTS)
+        else draftSelect.orderBy = _cleanseWhere(querySelect.orderBy, {}, DRAFT_ELEMENTS)
+      }
+
+      if (draftsQuery._target.name.endsWith('.DraftAdministrativeData')) {
+        draftSelect.columns = _tweakAdminCols(draftSelect.columns)
+      } else if (draftsQuery._target?.name.endsWith('.drafts')) {
+        draftSelect.columns = _tweakAdminExpand(draftSelect.columns)
+      }
+
+      draftsQuery[$draftParams] = draftParams
+      Object.defineProperty(q, '_drafts', { value: draftsQuery })
+      return draftsQuery
+    }
+
+    Object.defineProperty(q, '_drafts', {
+      configurable: true,
+      get() {
+        return getDrafts()
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  q[$draftParams] = draftParams
+  q[$original] = query
+  return q
+
+  function _cleanseQuery(query, draftParams, model) {
+    const target = query._target
+    const q = cds.ql.clone(query)
+
+    if (q.SELECT?.from.SELECT) q.SELECT.from = _cleanseQuery(q.SELECT?.from, draftParams, model)
+    const ref =
+      q.SELECT?.from.SELECT?.from.ref ||
+      q.SELECT?.from.ref ||
+      q.UPDATE?.entity.ref ||
+      q.INSERT?.into.ref ||
+      q.DELETE?.from.ref
+    const cqn = q.SELECT || q.UPDATE || q.INSERT || q.DELETE
+
+    if (ref) {
+      let entity
+      const cleansedRef = ref.map(r => {
+        entity = (entity && entity.elements[r.id || r]._target) || model.definitions[r.id || r]
+        if (!entity?.drafts) return r
+        return r.where ? { ...r, where: _cleanseWhere(r.where, draftParams, DRAFT_ELEMENTS) } : r
+      })
+      if (q.SELECT) q.SELECT.from = q.SELECT.from.SELECT ? q.SELECT.from : { ...q.SELECT.from, ref: cleansedRef }
+      else if (q.DELETE) q.DELETE.from = { ...q.DELETE.from, ref: cleansedRef }
+      else if (q.UPDATE) q.UPDATE.entity = { ...q.UPDATE.entity, ref: cleansedRef }
+      else if (q.INSERT) q.INSERT.into = { ...q.INSERT.into, ref: cleansedRef }
+
+      // This only works for simple cases of `SiblingEntity`, e.g. `root(ID=1,IsActiveEntity=false)/SiblingEntity`
+      // , check if there are more complicated use cases
+      const siblingIdx = cleansedRef.findIndex(r => r === 'SiblingEntity')
+      if (siblingIdx !== -1) {
+        cleansedRef.splice(siblingIdx, 1)
+        draftParams.IsActiveEntity = !draftParams.IsActiveEntity
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (target.drafts && cqn.where) cqn.where = _cleanseWhere(cqn.where, draftParams, DRAFT_ELEMENTS)
+    if (target.drafts && cqn.orderBy) cqn.orderBy = _cleanseCols(cqn.orderBy, DRAFT_ELEMENTS, target) // allowed to reuse
+    if (cqn.columns) cqn.columns = _cleanseCols(cqn.columns, DRAFT_ELEMENTS, target)
+    return q
+  }
+
+  function _tweakAdminExpand(columns) {
+    if (!columns) return columns
+    return columns.map(col => {
+      if (col.ref?.[0] === 'DraftAdministrativeData') {
+        return { ...col, expand: _tweakAdminCols(col.expand) }
+      }
+      return col
+    })
+  }
+
+  function _tweakAdminCols(columns) {
+    if (!DRAFT_ADMIN_ELEMENTS) {
+      DRAFT_ADMIN_ELEMENTS = []
+      for (const key in cds.model.definitions['DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData'].elements) DRAFT_ADMIN_ELEMENTS.push(key)
+    }
+
+    if (!columns || columns.some(c => c === '*')) columns = DRAFT_ADMIN_ELEMENTS.map(k => ({ ref: [k] }))
+    return columns.map(col => {
+      const name = col.ref?.[0]
+      if (!name) return col
+      switch (name) {
+        case 'DraftAdministrativeData':
+          return { ...col, expand: _tweakAdminCols(col.expand) }
+        case 'DraftIsCreatedByMe':
+          return {
+            xpr: [
+              'case',
+              'when',
+              { ref: ['CreatedByUser'] },
+              '=',
+              { val: cds.context.user.id },
+              'then',
+              'true',
+              'else',
+              'false',
+              'end'
+            ],
+            as: 'DraftIsCreatedByMe',
+            cast: { type: 'cds.Boolean' }
+          }
+        case 'InProcessByUser':
+          return _inProcessByUserXpr(_lock.shiftedNow)
+        case 'DraftIsProcessedByMe':
+          return {
+            xpr: [
+              'case',
+              'when',
+              { ref: ['InProcessByUser'] },
+              '=',
+              { val: cds.context.user.id },
+              'and',
+              { ref: ['LastChangeDateTime'] },
+              '>',
+              { val: _lock.shiftedNow },
+              'then',
+              'true',
+              'else',
+              'false',
+              'end'
+            ],
+            as: 'DraftIsProcessedByMe',
+            cast: { type: 'cds.Boolean' }
+          }
+        default:
+          return col
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  function _cleanseWhere(xpr, draftParams, ignoredElements) {
+    const cleansed = []
+    for (let i = 0; i < xpr.length; ++i) {
+      let x = xpr[i]
+      const e = x.ref?.[0]
+      if (ignoredElements.has(e) && !xpr[i + 2]) {
+        continue
+      }
+      if (ignoredElements.has(e) && xpr[i + 2]) {
+        let { val } = xpr[i + 2]
+        const param = x.ref.join('_')
+        // outer-most parameters win
+        if (draftParams[param] === undefined)
+          draftParams[param] = xpr[i + 1] === '!=' ? (typeof val === 'boolean' ? !val : 'not ' + val) : val
+        i += 2
+        const last = cleansed[cleansed.length - 1]
+        if (last === 'and' || last === 'or') cleansed.pop()
+        continue
+      }
+      if (x.xpr) {
+        x = { xpr: _cleanseWhere(x.xpr, draftParams, ignoredElements) }
+        if (!x.xpr) {
+          i += 1
+          continue
+        }
+      }
+      cleansed.push(x)
+    }
+    const first = cleansed[0]
+    if (first === 'and' || first === 'or') cleansed.shift()
+    const last = cleansed[cleansed.length - 1]
+    if (last === 'and' || last === 'or') cleansed.pop()
+    if (cleansed.length) return cleansed
+  }
+}
+
+// REVISIT: This function is better defined on DB layer
+function expandStarStar(target, draftActivate, recursion = new Map()) {
+  const columns = []
+
+  for (const el in target.elements) {
+    const element = target.elements[el]
+
+    // Skip calculated elements
+    if (draftActivate && element.value) continue
+
+    // Make sure column is releveant & add it to output
+    const isDraftInfo = DRAFT_ELEMENTS.has(el)
+    const isGenerated = draftActivate && !!(element['@cds.on.insert'] || element['@cds.on.update'])
+    const isLargeBinary = cds.env.fiori.move_media_data_in_db && draftActivate && element._type === 'cds.LargeBinary'
+    const isSkippedType = element.isAssociation || isLargeBinary
+    if (!isDraftInfo && !isGenerated && !isSkippedType && !element['@odata.draft.skip']) columns.push({ ref: [el] })
+
+    // Skip children where draft is explicitly disabled
+    if (!element.isComposition || element._target['@odata.draft.enabled'] === false || element['@odata.draft.ignore'])
+      continue // happens for texts if not @fiori.draft.enabled
+
+    // Make sure recursion depth is not exceeded
+    const cacheKey = target.name + ':' + el
+    let cache = recursion.get(cacheKey) ?? 0
+    recursion.set(cacheKey, ++cache)
+    if (cache >= MAX_RECURSION_DEPTH) continue
+
+    // Recurse
+    const expandedColumns = expandStarStar(element._target, draftActivate, recursion)
+
+    // Unpack recursion result
+    if (expandedColumns.length) columns.push({ ref: [el], expand: expandedColumns })
+  }
+
+  return columns
+}
+
+function _deepRemoveIsActiveEntity(data, target) {
+  if (!data) return
+
+  delete data.IsActiveEntity
+
+  if (!target) return
+
+  // Also support deep insertions
+  for (const key in data) {
+    if (!target.elements[key]) return
+    if (data[key] && target.elements[key].isAssociation) delete data[key].IsActiveEntity
+    if (!target.elements[key].isComposition) continue
+    if (Array.isArray(data[key])) data[key].map(v => _deepRemoveIsActiveEntity(v, target.elements[key]._target))
+    else if (typeof data[key] === 'object') _deepRemoveIsActiveEntity(data[key], target.elements[key]._target)
+  }
+}
+
+async function onNew(req, next) {
+  if (!req.target.isDraft) return next?.()
+
+  LOG.debug('new draft')
+
+  if (req.target.actives['@Capabilities.InsertRestrictions.Insertable'] === false || req.target.actives['@readonly'])
+    cds.error(405)
+
+  //> support simple srv.send('NEW',entity,...)
+  req.query ??= INSERT.into(req.subject).entries(req.data || {})
+
+  // Only allowed for pseudo draft roots (entities with this action)
+  const isDirectAccess = req.query.INSERT.into.ref?.length === 1
+  if (isDirectAccess && !req.target.actives['@Common.DraftRoot.ActivationAction'])
+    cds.error({ status: 422, message: 'DRAFT_MODIFICATION_ONLY_VIA_ROOT' })
+
+  _cleanUpOldDrafts(this, req.tenant)
+
+  let DraftUUID
+  let DraftMessages = []
+  let nextDraftMessages = []
+  if (isDirectAccess) DraftUUID = cds.utils.uuid()
+  else {
+    const rootData = await SELECT.one(req.query.INSERT.into.ref[0].id)
+      .columns([
+        { ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID'] },
+        {
+          ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData'],
+          expand: [
+            { ref: ['InProcessByUser'] },
+            ...(IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED ? [{ ref: ['DraftMessages'] }] : [])
+          ]
+        }
+      ])
+      .where(req.query.INSERT.into.ref[0].where)
+
+    if (!rootData) cds.error(404)
+    if (!cds.context.user._is_privileged && rootData.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser !== req.user.id)
+      cds.error({
+        status: 403,
+        message: 'DRAFT_LOCKED_BY_ANOTHER_USER',
+        args: [rootData.DraftAdministrativeData.InProcessByUser]
+      })
+
+    DraftUUID = rootData.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+    DraftMessages = rootData.DraftAdministrativeData?.DraftMessages || []
+  }
+
+  const timestamp = cds.context.timestamp.toISOString() // REVISIT: toISOString should be done on db layer
+  const draftData = _createNewDraftData(req.query.INSERT.entries[0], req.target, DraftUUID)
+  const draftCQN = INSERT.into(req.subject).entries(draftData)
+
+  const insertReq = _newReq(req, draftCQN, req.query[$draftParams], {})
+  await this.dispatch(insertReq)
+
+  if (IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED) {
+    nextDraftMessages = compileUpdatedDraftMessages(
+      req._validationErrors ?? [],
+      DraftMessages,
+      draftData,
+      req.query.INSERT.into.ref
+    )
+  }
+
+  const adminDataCQN = isDirectAccess
+    ? INSERT.into('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData').entries({
+        DraftUUID,
+        CreationDateTime: timestamp,
+        CreatedByUser: req.user.id,
+        LastChangeDateTime: timestamp,
+        LastChangedByUser: req.user.id,
+        DraftIsCreatedByMe: true, // Dummy values
+        DraftIsProcessedByMe: true, // Dummy values
+        InProcessByUser: req.user.id,
+        ...(IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED ? { DraftMessages: nextDraftMessages } : {})
+      })
+    : UPDATE('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData')
+        .data({
+          InProcessByUser: req.user.id,
+          LastChangedByUser: req.user.id,
+          LastChangeDateTime: timestamp,
+          ...(IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED ? { DraftMessages: nextDraftMessages } : {})
+        })
+        .where({ DraftUUID })
+
+  await adminDataCQN
+
+  req.data = { ...draftData, IsActiveEntity: false }
+  // prettier-ignore
+  const pk = Object.keys(req.target.keys).reduce((acc, cur) => ((acc[cur] = req.data[cur]), acc), { IsActiveEntity: false })
+  return Object.assign([pk], { affected: 1 })
+}
+
+async function onEdit(req, next) {
+  if (req.target.isDraft) return next?.()
+
+  LOG.debug('edit active')
+
+  req.query ??= SELECT.from(req.target, req.data).where({ IsActiveEntity: true }) //> support simple srv.send('EDIT',entity,...)
+
+  // REVISIT: can draftParams in the edit case ever be undefined or other than IsActiveEntity=true ?
+  const draftParams = req.query[$draftParams] || { IsActiveEntity: true }
+  if (req.query.SELECT.from.ref.length > 1 || draftParams.IsActiveEntity === false) {
+    cds.error({
+      status: 400,
+      message: 'Action "draftEdit" can only be called on the root active entity'
+    })
+  }
+
+  if (
+    req.target['@Capabilities.UpdateRestrictions.Updatable'] === false ||
+    req.target['@insertonly'] ||
+    req.target['@readonly']
+  ) {
+    cds.error({ status: 405 })
+  }
+
+  _cleanUpOldDrafts(this, req.tenant)
+
+  const DraftUUID = cds.utils.uuid()
+
+  // REVISIT: Later optimization if datasource === db: INSERT FROM SELECT
+  const cols = expandStarStar(req.target, false)
+  const _addDraftColumns = (target, columns) => {
+    if (target.drafts) {
+      columns.push({ val: true, as: 'HasActiveEntity' })
+      columns.push({ val: DraftUUID, as: 'DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID' })
+    }
+    for (const col of columns) {
+      if (col.expand) {
+        const el = target.elements[col.ref[0]]
+        _addDraftColumns(el._target, col.expand)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _addDraftColumns(req.target, cols)
+
+  const draftsRef = _redirectRefToDrafts(req.query.SELECT.from.ref, this.model)
+  const existingDraft = SELECT.one({ ref: draftsRef }).columns({
+    ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData'],
+    expand: [_inProcessByUserXpr(_lock.shiftedNow)]
+  })
+
+  // prevent service to check for own user
+  existingDraft[$draftParams] = draftParams
+
+  const selectActiveCQN = SELECT.one.from({ ref: req.query.SELECT.from.ref }).columns(cols)
+  selectActiveCQN.SELECT.localized = false
+
+  let res, draft
+
+  // Ensure exclusive access to the record of the active entity by applying a lock,
+  // which effectively prevents the creation or overwriting of duplicate draft entities.
+  // This lock mechanism enforces a strict processing order for active entities,
+  // allowing only one entity to be worked on at any given time.
+  // By using .forUpdate() with a wait value of 0, we immediately lock the record,
+  // ensuring there is no waiting time for other users attempting to edit the same record
+  // concurrently.
+  if (this._datasource === cds.db) {
+    const keys = _entityKeys(req.target)
+    const keyData = _getKeyData(keys, req.query.SELECT.from.ref[0].where)
+    const rootWhere = keys.reduce((res, key) => {
+      res[key] = keyData[key]
+      return res
+    }, {})
+    const transition = cds.db.resolve.transitions(req.query)
+
+    // gets the underlying target entity, as record locking can't be
+    // applied to localized views
+    const lockTarget = transition.target
+    const lockWhere =
+      transition.mapping.size === 0
+        ? rootWhere
+        : (() => {
+            const whereKeys = Object.keys(rootWhere)
+            const w = {}
+            whereKeys.forEach(key => {
+              const mappedKey = transition.mapping.get(key)
+              const lockKey = mappedKey ? mappedKey.ref[0] : key
+              w[lockKey] = rootWhere[key]
+            })
+            return w
+          })()
+
+    const activeLockCQN = SELECT.from(lockTarget, [1]).where(lockWhere).forUpdate({ wait: 0 })
+    activeLockCQN.SELECT.localized = false
+    activeLockCQN[$draftParams] = draftParams
+
+    try {
+      await activeLockCQN
+    } catch (error) {
+      LOG._debug && LOG.debug('Failed to acquire database lock:', error)
+      const draft = await existingDraft
+      cds.error({ status: 409, message: draft ? 'DRAFT_ALREADY_EXISTS' : 'ENTITY_LOCKED' })
+    }
+
+    const cqns = [
+      cds.env.fiori.read_actives_from_db ? cds.db.run(selectActiveCQN) : this.run(selectActiveCQN),
+      existingDraft
+    ]
+
+    ;[res, draft] = await _promiseAll(cqns)
+  } else {
+    const activeLockCQN = SELECT.from({ ref: req.query.SELECT.from.ref }, [1]).forUpdate({ wait: 0 })
+    activeLockCQN.SELECT.localized = false
+    activeLockCQN[$draftParams] = draftParams
+
+    // Locking the underlying database table is effective only when the database is not
+    // hosted on an external service. This is because the active data might be stored in
+    // a separate system.
+    try {
+      await activeLockCQN
+    } catch (error) {
+      LOG._debug && LOG.debug('Failed to acquire database lock:', error)
+    }
+
+    ;[res, draft] = await _promiseAll([
+      // REVISIT: inofficial compat flag just in case it breaks something -> do not document
+      cds.env.fiori.read_actives_from_db ? cds.db.run(selectActiveCQN) : this.run(selectActiveCQN),
+      // no user check must be done here...
+      existingDraft
+    ])
+  }
+
+  if (!res) cds.error(404)
+
+  const preserveChanges = req.data?.PreserveChanges
+  const inProcessByUser = draft?.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser
+
+  if (draft) {
+    if (inProcessByUser || preserveChanges) cds.error({ status: 409, message: 'DRAFT_ALREADY_EXISTS' })
+    const keys = {}
+    for (const key in req.target.drafts.keys) keys[key] = res[key]
+    await _promiseAll([
+      DELETE.from('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData').where({ DraftUUID }),
+      DELETE.from(req.target.drafts).where(keys)
+    ])
+  }
+
+  if (!cds.env.features.binary_draft_compat) _replaceStreams(res)
+
+  const timestamp = cds.context.timestamp.toISOString() // REVISIT: toISOString should be done on db layer
+  await INSERT.into('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData').entries({
+    DraftUUID,
+    CreationDateTime: timestamp,
+    CreatedByUser: req.user.id,
+    LastChangeDateTime: timestamp,
+    LastChangedByUser: req.user.id,
+    DraftIsCreatedByMe: true, // Dummy values
+    DraftIsProcessedByMe: true, // Dummy values
+    InProcessByUser: req.user.id
+  })
+
+  // is set to `null` on srv layer
+  res.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID = DraftUUID
+  res.HasActiveEntity = true
+  delete res.DraftAdministrativeData
+  // change to db run
+  await INSERT.into(req.target.drafts).entries(res)
+
+  if (req.res) {
+    // status code must be set in handler to allow overriding for FE V2
+    // REVISIT: needs reworking for new adapter, especially re $batch
+    req.res.status(201)
+
+    const read_result = await _readAfterDraftAction.bind(this)({
+      req,
+      payload: res,
+      action: 'draftEdit'
+    })
+    req.res.set('location', '../' + location4(req.target, this, read_result || { ...res, IsActiveEntity: false }))
+
+    if (read_result == null) req.res.status(204)
+
+    return read_result
+  } else {
+    return { ...res, IsActiveEntity: false } // REVISIT: Flatten?
+  }
+}
+
+async function onCancel(req, next) {
+  if (!req.target.isDraft) return next?.()
+  LOG.debug('delete draft')
+
+  req.query ??= DELETE(req.target, req.data) //> support simple srv.send('CANCEL',entity,...)
+  const draftParams = req.query[$draftParams] || { IsActiveEntity: false }
+
+  const expandedDraftAdminElements = [_inProcessByUserXpr(_lock.shiftedNow)]
+  if (IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED) expandedDraftAdminElements.push({ ref: ['DraftMessages'] })
+
+  const draftQuery = SELECT.one.from({ ref: req.query.DELETE.from.ref }).columns([
+    'DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID',
+    {
+      ref: ['DraftAdministrativeData'],
+      expand: expandedDraftAdminElements
+    }
+  ])
+  if (req._etagValidationClause && draftParams.IsActiveEntity === false) draftQuery.where(req._etagValidationClause)
+
+  const draft = await draftQuery
+
+  if (!draft) cds.error({ status: req._etagValidationType ? 412 : 404 })
+
+  const processByUser = draft.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser
+  if (!cds.context.user._is_privileged && processByUser && processByUser !== cds.context.user.id)
+    cds.error({ status: 403, message: 'DRAFT_LOCKED_BY_ANOTHER_USER', args: [processByUser] })
+
+  const deleteQuery = DELETE.from({ ref: req.query.DELETE.from.ref })
+  const deleteReq = _newReq(req, deleteQuery, draftParams, {})
+  const queries = [this.dispatch(deleteReq)]
+
+  if (req.target['@Common.DraftRoot.ActivationAction']) {
+    // The root entity is being deleted and draft admin data can be deleted
+
+    queries.push(
+      DELETE.from('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData').where({
+        DraftUUID: draft.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+      })
+    )
+  } else {
+    // A child entity is being deleted and draft admin data must be updated
+
+    const nextDraftAdminData = {
+      InProcessByUser: cds.context.user.id,
+      LastChangedByUser: cds.context.user.id,
+      LastChangeDateTime: cds.context.timestamp.toISOString()
+    }
+
+    if (IS_PERSISTED_DRAFT_MESSAGES_ENABLED) {
+      // Determine persisted draft messages that relate to the deleted child entity
+
+      const queryRootEntity = this.model.definitions[req.query.DELETE.from.ref[0].id || req.query.DELETE.from.ref[0]]
+
+      if (queryRootEntity['@Common.DraftRoot.ActivationAction']) {
+        // The DELETE query uses containment & we can compile a target prefix
+        // > This allows us to only remove those messages that target the delted child
+
+        const prefixRef = _extractPrefixRef(req.query.DELETE.from.ref, queryRootEntity)
+        const messageTargetPrefix = cds.odata.urlify(
+          { SELECT: { from: { ref: prefixRef } } },
+          { kind: 'odata-v4', model: req.context.tx.model }
+        ).path
+
+        // Remove those draft messages whose prefix matches the deleted child entity
+        nextDraftAdminData.DraftMessages = (draft?.DraftAdministrativeData?.DraftMessages || []).filter(
+          msg => !msg.prefix.startsWith(messageTargetPrefix)
+        )
+      } else {
+        // The query does not use containment & we can not compile a target prefix
+        // > Best ew can do is to clear all persisted messages
+
+        nextDraftAdminData.DraftMessages = []
+      }
+    }
+
+    const updateDraftAdminDataQuery = UPDATE('DRAFT.DraftAdministrativeData')
+      .data(nextDraftAdminData)
+      .where({ DraftUUID: draft.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID })
+
+    queries.push(updateDraftAdminDataQuery)
+  }
+
+  await _promiseAll(queries)
+
+  return Object.assign([], { affected: 1 })
+}
+
+async function onPrepare(req, next) {
+  if (!req.target.isDraft) return next?.()
+  LOG.debug('prepare draft')
+
+  const draftParams = req.query[$draftParams]
+  if (req.query.SELECT.from.ref.length > 1 || draftParams.IsActiveEntity !== false) {
+    cds.error({
+      status: 400,
+      message: 'Action "draftPrepare" can only be called on the root draft entity'
+    })
+  }
+
+  const selectedCols = ['*']
+  if (req.target.actions.draftPrepare.returns.type === req.target.actives.name) {
+    selectedCols.push(...(req.query.SELECT.columns ?? []))
+    if (selectedCols.length > 1) selectedCols.shift()
+    const draftMsgColIdx = selectedCols.findIndex(c => c.ref?.[0] === 'DraftMessages')
+    if (draftMsgColIdx >= 0) {
+      selectedCols.splice(draftMsgColIdx)
+      selectedCols.push(...cds.ql.columns`DraftAdministrativeData.DraftMessages as DraftMessages`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const draftQuery = SELECT.one
+    .from(req.target)
+    .columns([...selectedCols, cds.ql.expand(cds.ql.ref`DraftAdministrativeData`, cds.ql.columns`InProcessByUser`)])
+    .where(req.subject.ref[0].where)
+
+  draftQuery[$draftParams] = draftParams
+
+  const data = await draftQuery
+
+  if (!data) cds.error(404)
+  if (!cds.context.user._is_privileged && data.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser !== req.user.id)
+    cds.error({
+      status: 403,
+      message: 'DRAFT_LOCKED_BY_ANOTHER_USER',
+      args: [data.DraftAdministrativeData?.InProcessByUser]
+    })
+
+  if (getPreferReturnHeader(req) === 'minimal') return null
+
+  delete data.DraftAdministrativeData
+  if (data && req.headers?.['x-cds-odata-version'] !== 'v2') {
+    // The result must not include DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+    // > in for OData V4, however, a value is required in OData V2
+    delete data.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...data,
+    IsActiveEntity: false,
+    HasDraftEntity: false,
+    HasActiveEntity: data.HasActiveEntity || false
+  }
+}
+
+const _readAfterDraftAction = async function ({ req, payload, action }) {
+  if (getPreferReturnHeader(req) === 'minimal') return null
+
+  const entity = action === 'draftActivate' ? req.target : req.target.drafts
+
+  // read after write with query options
+  const keys = {}
+  for (let key of entity.keys) {
+    if (key.name === 'IsActiveEntity' || key.isAssociation || key.virtual) continue
+    keys[key.name] = payload[key.name]
+  }
+  if (action === 'draftActivate') keys.IsActiveEntity = true
+
+  let read = SELECT.one.from(entity, keys)
+  if (req.req?.query.$select || req.req?.query.$expand) {
+    const queryOptions = []
+    if (req.req.query.$select) queryOptions.push(`$select=${req.req.query.$select}`)
+    if (req.req.query.$expand) queryOptions.push(`$expand=${req.req.query.$expand}`)
+    read.columns(cds.odata.parse(`/X?${queryOptions.join('&')}`).SELECT.columns)
+    // ensure keys are always selected
+    Object.keys(keys).forEach(key => {
+      if (!read.SELECT.columns.some(c => c.ref?.[0] === key)) read.SELECT.columns.push({ ref: [key] })
+    })
+    // also ensure selection of etag columns
+    addEtagColumns(read.SELECT.columns, entity)
+    handleStreamProperties(entity, read.SELECT.columns, this.model)
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const read_result = await this.run(read)
+    // result must not include DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID for plain v4 usage, however required for odata-v2
+    if (read_result && req.headers?.['x-cds-odata-version'] !== 'v2') {
+      delete read_result.DraftAdministrativeData_DraftUUID
+    }
+    return read_result
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (!(Number(err.code) in { 401: 1, 403: 1, 404: 1, 405: 1 })) throw err
+    // it's important to return null if one of the above accepted errors occurs
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = cds.service.impl(function () {
+  if (!this.entities?.DraftAdministrativeData) return
+
+  // REVISIT: don't pollute services... -> do we really need this?
+  Object.defineProperty(this, '_datasource', { value: cds.db })
+
+  // Extend the AppService's API by draft specific functions
+  this.new = (draft, key) => ({
+    then: (r, e) => this.send('NEW', draft, key).then(r, e),
+    for: key => this.send('EDIT', typeof draft === 'string' ? draft.replace(/\.drafts$/, '') : draft.actives, key)
+  })
+  this.edit = (active, key) => this.send('EDIT', active, key)
+  this.save = (draft, key) => this.send('SAVE', draft, key)
+  this.cancel = (draft, key) => this.send('CANCEL', draft, key)
+  this.discard = (draft, key) => this.send('DISCARD', draft, key)
+
+  // Override the AppService's handle function
+  this.handle = !cds.env.features.legacy_srv_results
+    ? draftHandle
+    : async function (req) {
+        if (req.protocol?.match(/odata/) && req.event in { NEW: 1 }) req._.readAfterWrite = true
+
+        const res = await draftHandle.call(this, req)
+        return Array.isArray(res) && 'affected' in res ? req.data : res
+      }
+
+  this.on('NEW', '*', onNew.bind(this))
+  this.on('EDIT', '*', onEdit.bind(this))
+  this.on('CANCEL', '*', onCancel.bind(this))
+  this.on('draftPrepare', '*', onPrepare.bind(this))
+})
+module.exports.compileUpdatedDraftMessages = compileUpdatedDraftMessages