@sap/cds-compiler 3.8.2 → 3.9.2

package/lib/compiler/extend.js

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
-// Extend, include, localized data and managed compositions
-
-// Is handled together in this file because people want to extend the generated
-// definitions in the future.
+// Extend
 
 'use strict';
 
 const { searchName, weakLocation } = require('../base/messages');
 const {
-  isDeprecatedEnabled,
-  forEachGeneric, forEachInOrder, forEachDefinition,
+  forEachInOrder, forEachDefinition,
   forEachMember,
   isBetaEnabled,
 } = require('../base/model');
@@ -18,15 +14,10 @@ const {
   setLink,
   setArtifactLink,
   copyExpr,
-  setAnnotation,
   setExpandStatusAnnotate,
   linkToOrigin,
-  setMemberParent,
   dependsOnSilent,
-  augmentPath,
   pathName,
-  splitIntoPath,
-  isDirectComposition,
   annotationHasEllipsis,
 } = require('./utils');
 const layers = require('./moduleLayers');
@@ -35,6 +26,8 @@ const $location = Symbol.for('cds.$location');
 
 const genLocation = { file: '' }; // attach stupid location - TODO: remove in v4
 
+// Array.prototype.spread = 42;   // prototype-polluted JS classes
+
 function extend( model ) {
   const { options } = model;
   // Get simplified "resolve" functionality and the message function:
@@ -46,84 +39,24 @@ function extend( model ) {
     resolveUncheckedPath,
     resolveTypeArgumentsUnchecked,
     attachAndEmitValidNames,
-    initArtifact,
     initMembers,
   } = model.$functions;
 
   Object.assign( model.$functions, {
-    lateExtensions,
-    chooseAnnotationsInArtifact,
+    createRemainingAnnotateStatements,
+    extendArtifactBefore,
     extendArtifactAfter,
+    applyIncludes,              // TODO: re-check
   } );
 
-  const extensionsDict = Object.create(null);
+  sortModelSources();
+  const extensionsDict = Object.create(null); // TODO TMP
   forEachDefinition( model, tagIncludes ); // TODO TMP
 
-  forEachDefinition( model, chooseAnnotationsInArtifact );
-  applyExtensions();
-
-  const addTextsLanguageAssoc = checkTextsLanguageAssocOption(model, options);
-  const useTextsAspect = checkTextsAspect();
-
-  Object.keys( model.definitions ).forEach( processArtifact );
-
-  compositionChildPersistence();
+  forEachDefinition( model, extendArtifactBefore );
+  applyExtensions();            // old-style
   return;
 
-  /**
-   * Process "composition of" artifacts.
-   *
-   * @param {string} name
-   */
-  function processArtifact( name ) {
-    const art = model.definitions[name];
-    if (!(art.$duplicates)) {
-      processAspectComposition( art );
-      if (art.kind === 'entity' && !art.query && art.elements)
-        // check potential entity parse error
-        processLocalizedData( art );
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Propagate the given `prop` (e.g. annotation) early, i.e. copy it from all `.includes`
-   * if they have the property.
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Definition} art
-   * @param {string} prop
-   */
-  function propagateEarly( art, prop ) {
-    if (art[prop])
-      return;
-    for (const ref of art.includes) {
-      const aspect = ref._artifact;
-      if (aspect) {
-        const anno = aspect[prop];
-        if (anno && (anno.val !== null || !art[prop]))
-          art[prop] = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, anno );
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Copy `@cds.persistence.skip` and `@cds.persistence.skip` from parent to child
-   * for managed compositions.  This needs to be done after extensions, i.e. annotations,
-   * have been applied or `annotate E.comp` would not have an effect on `E.comp.subComp`.
-   */
-  function compositionChildPersistence() {
-    const processed = new WeakSet();
-    forEachDefinition(model, processCompositionPersistence);
-
-    function processCompositionPersistence( def ) {
-      if (def.$inferred === 'composition-entity' && !processed.has(def)) {
-        if (def._parent)
-          processCompositionPersistence(def._parent);
-        copyPersistenceAnnotations( def, def._parent );
-        processed.add(def);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   // TMP:
   function tagIncludes( art ) {
     if (art.includes)
@@ -135,6 +68,43 @@ function extend( model ) {
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // extendArtifactBefore, extendArtifactAfter, createRemainingAnnotateStatements
 
+  /**
+   * Goes through all (applied) annotations in the given artifact and chooses one
+   * if multiple exist according to the module layer.
+   * TODO: update comment if extension algorithm is finished
+   *
+   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
+   */
+  function extendArtifactBefore( art ) {
+    // for main artifacts, move extensions from `$collectedExtensions` model dictionary:
+    if (!art._main && !art._outer && art._extensions === undefined &&
+        art.kind !== 'namespace') {
+      // if (!art.name) console.log(art)
+      const { absolute } = art.name;
+      setLink( art, '_extensions', model.$collectedExtensions[absolute]?._extensions || null );
+      if (art._extensions && !art.builtin) { // keep extensions for builtin in $collectedExtensions
+        delete model.$collectedExtensions[absolute];
+        // TODO: if the extension mechanism has been completed, we could uncomment:
+        // art._extensions.forEach( ext => resolvePath( ext.name, ext.kind, ext )); // for LSP
+        // for now, we do that at the end of createRemainingAnnotateStatements()
+      }
+    }
+    if (art._extensions) {
+      // TODO: the following function can now be simplified
+      // if (art.$inferred) console.log('CAI:', art.name, art.$inferred,art._extensions)
+      // With extensions, member appears in CSN, affects directly the rendering of
+      // elements etc.  TODO: do that more specifically on the dicts (via symbol)
+      // Probably better: we could use the _extensions dict prop directly in to-csn
+      if (art.$inferred)
+        setExpandStatusAnnotate( art, 'annotate' );
+      if (Array.isArray( art._extensions )) {
+        checkExtensionsKind( art._extensions, art ); // TODO: check with builtins
+        transformArtifactExtensions( art );
+      }
+      applyAllExtensions( art );
+    }
+  }
+
   // TODO: assert that we have not yet transformed/used _extensions on sub elements
   // TODO necessary(?): transformArtifactExtensions must ensure that each annotate
   // is in either returns,items,elements,enum
@@ -184,12 +154,12 @@ function extend( model ) {
   /**
    * Create super annotate statements for remaining extensions
    */
-  function lateExtensions() {   // -> createRemainingAnnotateStatements
-    model.extensions = Object.values( model.$lateExtensions );
+  function createRemainingAnnotateStatements() {
+    model.extensions = Object.values( model.$collectedExtensions );
     // TODO: testMode sort?
     model.extensions.forEach( createSuperAnnotate );
     // set _artifact links for “main extensions” late as it would disturb the
-    // still existing old extend mechanism, see chooseAnnotationsInArtifact(),
+    // still existing old extend mechanism, see extendArtifactBefore(),
     // needed for LSP and friends:
     Object.values( model.sources ).forEach( setArtifactLinkForExtensions );
     Object.values( model.definitions ).forEach( setArtifactLinkForExtensions );
@@ -206,1704 +176,971 @@ function extend( model ) {
     }
   }
 
-  // For extendArtifactAfter(): -------------------------------------------------
+  // For extendArtifactBefore(): ------------------------------------------------
 
-  // Remarks on messages: we allow the type extensions only if the artifact
-  // originally had that property → any check of the kind “type prop can only be
-  // used with FooBar” is independent from `extend … with type`.  Function
-  // checkTypeArguments() in resolve.js reports 'type-unexpected-argument', but
-  // that is currently incomplete.
-  //
-  // We then report (in the future), use the first message of:
-  // - the usual messages if a type argument is wrong, independently from `extend`
-  // - 'ext-unexpected-type-argument' (TODO) if the artifact does not have the prop
-  // - 'ext-invalid-type-argument' if the value is wrong for extend (no overwrite)
-  //
-  // TODO v4: do not allow `extend … with (precision: …)` alone if original def also has `scale`
-  function applyTypeExtensions( art, ext, prop, scaleDiff ) {
-    // console.log('ATE:',art?.[prop],ext?.[prop],scaleDiff)
-    if (!ext?.[prop])
-      return 0;
-    if (!art[prop]) {
-      const isBuiltin = art._effectiveType?.builtin;
-      if (isBuiltin && !allowsTypeArgument( art, prop )) {
-        // Let checkTypeArguments() in resolve.js report a message, is incomplete
-        // though, i.e. can only safely be used for scalars at the moment.  But we
-        // will improve that function and not try to do extra things here.
-        art[prop] = ext[prop];  // enable checkTypeArguments() doing its job
-        return 0;
+  function checkExtensionsKind( extensions, art ) {
+    for (const ext of extensions) {
+      const kind = ext.expectedKind?.val;
+      if (kind && kind !== art.kind) {
+        const loc = ext.expectedKind.location;
+        if (kind === 'context' || kind === 'service') {
+          // We have no real artifact during the construction of a super-annotate statement:
+          const msgArgs = {
+            '#': (art.kind === 'service' || art.kind === 'annotate') ? art.kind : 'std',
+            art,
+            kind,
+            code: 'extend … with definitions',
+            keyword: 'extend service',
+          };
+          warning( 'ext-invalid-kind', [ loc, ext ], msgArgs, {
+            std: 'Artifact $(ART) is not of kind $(KIND), use $(CODE) instead',
+            annotate: 'There is no artifact $(ART), use $(CODE) instead',
+            // do not mention 'extend context', that is not in CAPire
+            service: 'Artifact $(ART) is not of kind $(KIND), use $(CODE) or $(KEYWORD) instead',
+          });
+        }
+        // TODO: Use similar checks for EXTEND ENTITY etc - 'ext-ignoring-kind'
       }
-      // TODO: think about 'ext-unexpected-type-argument'
-      error( 'ext-invalid-type-property', [ ext[prop].location, ext ],
-             { '#': (isBuiltin ? 'indirect' : 'new-prop'), prop } );
-      return 0;
-    }
-    const artVal = art[prop].val;
-    const extVal = ext[prop].val;
-    if (prop === 'srid') {
-      error( 'ext-invalid-type-property', [ ext[prop].location, ext ], { '#': 'prop', prop } );
-    }
-    else if (typeof artVal !== 'number' || typeof extVal !== 'number' ) {
-      // Users can't change from/to string value for property,
-      // e.g. `variable`/`floating` for Decimal
-      // TODO: Shouldn't the text distinguish between orig string and extension string?
-      // Not sure whether to talk about strings if we have a keyword in CDL
-      error( 'ext-invalid-type-property', [ ext[prop].location, ext ], { '#': 'string', prop } );
-    }
-    else if (extVal < artVal + (scaleDiff || 0)) {
-      const number = artVal + (scaleDiff || 0);
-      error( 'ext-invalid-type-property', [ ext[prop].location, ext ],
-             // eslint-disable-next-line object-curly-newline
-             { '#': (scaleDiff ? 'scale' : 'number'), prop, number, otherprop: 'scale' } );
     }
-    else {
-      art[prop] = ext[prop];
-      return extVal - artVal;
-    }
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  function allowsTypeArgument( art, prop ) {
-    const { parameters } = art._effectiveType;
-    if (!parameters)
-      return false;
-    return parameters.includes( prop ) || parameters[0]?.name === prop;
   }
 
-  function moveDictExtensions( art, extensionsMap, artProp, extProp = artProp ) {
-    // TODO: setExpandStatusAnnotate
-    const extensions = extensionsMap[extProp];
-    if (!extensions)
-      return;
-    const artDict = art[artProp] || annotateFor( art, extProp ); // no auto-correction in annotate
-
-    for (const ext of extensions) {
-      const extDict = ext[extProp];
-      for (const name in extDict) {
-        let dictCheck = (art.kind !== 'annotate'); // no check in super annotate statement
-        const elemExt = extDict[name];
-        if (elemExt.kind !== 'annotate' && elemExt.kind !== 'extend') // TODO: specified elems
-          continue;             // definitions inside extend, already handled
-        dictCheck = dictCheck && checkRemainingMemberExtensions( art, elemExt, artProp, name );
-        const elem = artDict[name] || annotateFor( art, extProp, name );
-        setLink( elemExt.name, '_artifact', (elem.kind !== 'annotate' ? elem : null) );
-        pushToDict( elem, '_extensions', elemExt );
+  // TODO: if extensions has more than one of returns,items,elements,enum, delete all those props
+  function transformArtifactExtensions( art ) {
+    const hasOnlySubExtensions = art._outer; // items, anonymous aspects
+    const dict = Object.create(null);
+    for (const ext of art._extensions) {
+      for (const prop in ext) {
+        if (ext[prop] === undefined) // deleted propery
+          continue;
+        // TODO: do this check nicer (after complete move to new extensions mechanism)
+        if (prop.charAt(0) === '@' || prop === 'doc' ||
+            prop === 'includes' || prop === 'columns' ||
+            prop === 'length' || prop === 'scale' || prop === 'precision' || prop === 'srid') {
+          if (!hasOnlySubExtensions)
+            pushToDict( dict, prop, ext );
+        }
+        else if (prop === 'elements' || prop === 'enum' || prop === 'actions' ||
+                 prop === 'params' || prop === 'returns') {
+          if (ext.kind === 'extend')
+            pushToDict( dict, 'includes', ext );
+          pushToDict( dict, prop, ext );
+        }
       }
     }
+    art._extensions = dict;
   }
 
-  // function moveReturnsExtensions( art, extensionsMap ) {
-  //   const artReturns = art.returns;
-  //   const extensions = extensionsMap.returns;
-  //   // TODO: artItem is null
-  //   for (const ext of extensions)
-  //     pushToDict( artReturns, '_extensions', ext.returns );
-  // }
-
-  function annotateFor( art, prop, name ) {
-    const base = annotateBase( art );
-    if (name === '' && prop === 'params')
-      return base.returns || annotateCreate( base, name, base, 'returns' );
-    const dict = base[prop] || (base[prop] = Object.create( null ));
-    if (name == null)
-      return dict;
-    return dict[name] || annotateCreate( dict, name, base );
+  /**
+   * Sort sources according to the reversed layered extension order without
+   * reporting any messages.
+   *
+   * The order of the CSN property `$sources` (from XSN `_sortedSources`) is
+   * defined as follows: for _any_ model
+   *
+   *  - add `type $Sources: String @(Names: []);` to one of the source files
+   *  - add `annotate $Sources with @Names: [..., ‹sourceName›]` to each source
+   *    file where ‹sourceName› is the file name of the source
+   *  - then the array value of `‹csn›.$sources` is the reverse of the array value
+   *    of `‹csn›.definitions.$Sources.@Names`
+   */
+  function sortModelSources() {
+    const scheduled = [];
+    const layered = layeredExtensions( Object.values( model.sources ) );
+    for (;;) {
+      const { highest } = extensionsOfHighestLayers( layered );
+      if (!highest.length)
+        break;
+      highest.reverse();
+      scheduled.push( ...highest );
+    }
+    setLink( model, '_sortedSources', scheduled );
   }
 
-  function annotateBase( art ) {
-    while (art._outer)          // TOOD: think about anonymous target aspect
-      art = art._outer;
-    // if (art._annotateS)
-    //   return art._annotateS;
-    if (art.kind === 'annotate')
-      return art;
+  function applyAllExtensions( art ) {
+    const extensions = art._extensions;
+    for (const prop in extensions) {
+      // TODO: do the following `if` in a nicer way
+      if ([ 'elements', 'enum', 'actions', 'params', 'returns' ].includes( prop ))
+        continue;               // currently just annotates on sub elements - TODO: error here
+      // annotations, `doc`, `includes`, `columns`, `length`, ...
+      const scheduled = [];
+      // sort extensions according to layer (specified elements are bottom layer):
+      const layered = layeredExtensions( extensions[prop] );
 
-    // TODO: more to do if annotate can have `returns` property
-    if (art.kind === 'select')
-      art = art._parent;
-    if (art._main)
-      return annotateFor( art._parent, kindProperties[art.kind].dict, art.name.id );
+      let cont = true;
+      while (cont) {
+        const { highest, issue } = extensionsOfHighestLayers( layered );
+        // console.log( 'CA:', annoName, issue, extensions)
+        let index = highest.length;
+        cont = !!index;         // safety
+        while (--index >= 0) {
+          const ext = highest[index];
+          scheduled.push( ext );
+          if (extensionOverwrites( ext, prop )) {
+            cont = false;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (issue || index > 0)
+          reportDuplicateExtensions( highest, prop, issue, index, art );
+      }
+      // Now apply the relevant extensions
+      scheduled.reverse();
+      for (const ext of scheduled)
+        applySingleExtension( art, ext, prop );
+      delete extensions[prop];
+    }
+  }
 
-    const { absolute } = art.name;
-    return model.$lateExtensions[absolute] || annotateCreate( model.$lateExtensions, absolute );
+  function extensionOverwrites( ext, prop ) {
+    return (prop.charAt(0) !== '@')
+      ? [ 'doc', 'length', 'precision', 'scale', 'srid' ].includes( prop )
+      : !annotationHasEllipsis( ext[prop] );
   }
 
-  function annotateCreate( dict, id, parent, prop ) {
-    const annotate = {
-      kind: 'annotate',
-      name: { id, location: genLocation },
-      $inferred: '',
-      location: genLocation,
-    };
-    if (parent) {
-      setLink( annotate, '_parent', parent );
-      setLink( annotate, '_main', parent._main || parent );
-    }
-    else {
-      annotate.name.absolute = id; // TODO later (if all names are sparse): delete absolute
-    }
-    dict[prop || id] = annotate;
-    return annotate;
-  }
-
-  function extendHandleReturns( extensions, art ) {
-    for (const ext of extensions || []) {
-      if (ext.$syntax === 'returns') { // TODO tmp: no proper XSN representation
-        ext.$syntax = '$inside-returns';
-        delete ext.params;
-      }
-      else {
-        warning( 'ext-expected-returns', [ ext.name.location, ext ], {
-          '#': art.kind, keyword: 'returns', code: 'annotate ‹name› with returns { … }',
-        }, {
-          std: 'Expected $(CODE)', // unused variant
-          action: 'Expected $(KEYWORD) when annotating action return structure, i.e. $(CODE)',
-          function: 'Expected $(KEYWORD) when annotating function return structure, i.e. $(CODE)',
-        } );
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // const unexpected_props = {
-  //   elements: 'anno-unexpected-elements',
-  //   enum: 'anno-unexpected-elements', // TODO
-  //   params: 'anno-unexpected-params',
-  //   actions: 'anno-unexpected-actions',
-  // };
-  // const undefined_props = {
-  //   elements: 'anno-undefined-element',
-  //   enum: 'anno-undefined-element', // TODO
-  //   params: 'anno-undefined-param',
-  //   actions: 'anno-undefined-action',
-  // };
-
-  function checkRemainingMemberExtensions( parent, ext, prop, name ) {
-    // console.log('CRME:',prop,name,parent,ext)
-    const dict = parent[prop];
-    if (!dict) {
-      // TODO: check - for each name? - better locations
-      const location = ext._parent[prop][$location] || ext.name.location;
-      // Remark: no `elements` dict location with `annotate Main:elem`
-      switch (prop) {
-        // TODO: change texts, somehow similar to checkDefinitions() ?
-        case 'elements':
-        case 'enum':            // TODO: extra?
-          warning( 'anno-unexpected-elements', [ location, ext._parent ],
-                   { '#': (parent._effectiveType?.kind === 'entity') ? 'entity' : 'std' }, {
-                     std: 'Elements only exist in entities, types or typed constructs',
-                     entity: 'Elements of entity types can\'t be annotated',
-                   });
-          break;
-        case 'params':
-          warning( 'anno-unexpected-params', [ location, ext._parent ], {},
-                   'Parameters only exist for actions or functions' );
-          break;
-        case 'actions':
-          warning( 'anno-unexpected-actions', [ location, ext._parent ], {},
-                   'Actions and functions only exist top-level and for entities' );
-          break;
-        default:
-          // assert
-      }
-      return false;
-    }
-    else if (!dict[name]) {
-      // TODO: make variant `returns` an auto-variant for ($ART) ?
-      const inReturns = parent._parent?.returns && parent._parent;
-      const art = inReturns || parent;
-      switch (prop) {
-        case 'elements':
-          notFound( 'anno-undefined-element', ext.name.location, ext,
-                    { '#': (inReturns ? 'returns' : 'element'), art, name },
-                    parent.elements );
-          break;
-        case 'enum':            // TODO: extra msg id?
-          notFound( 'anno-undefined-element', ext.name.location, ext,
-                    { '#': (inReturns ? 'enum-returns' : 'enum'), art, name },
-                    parent.enum );
-          break;
-        case 'params':
-          notFound( 'anno-undefined-param', ext.name.location, ext,
-                    { '#': 'param', art: parent, name },
-                    parent.params );
-          break;
-        case 'actions':
-          notFound( 'anno-undefined-action', ext.name.location, ext,
-                    { '#': 'action', art: parent, name },
-                    parent.actions );
-          break;
-        default:
-          // assert
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  function notFound( msgId, location, address, args, validDict ) {
-    const msg = message( msgId, [ location, address ], args );
-    attachAndEmitValidNames( msg, validDict );
-  }
-
-  // For createRemainingAnnotateStatements(): -----------------------------------
-
-  function createSuperAnnotate( annotate ) {
-    const extensions = annotate._extensions;
-    if (extensions && !annotate._main) {
-      const { absolute } = annotate.name;
-      const isLocalized = absolute.startsWith( 'localized.' ); // TODO: && anno
-      const art = model.definitions[absolute];
-      for (const ext of extensions)
-        checkRemainingMainExtensions( art, ext, isLocalized );
-      if (art?.builtin && art.kind !== 'namespace') { // TODO: do not set `builtin` on cds, cds.hana
-        setLink( annotate, '_extensions', art._extensions ); // for messages and member extensions
-        // direct annotations on builtins or on the builtins for propagation, and
-        // also shallow-copied to $collectedExtensions for to-csn
-        for (const prop in art) {
-          if (prop.charAt(0) === '@' || prop === 'doc')
-            annotate[prop] = art[prop];
-        }
-      }
-      if (extensions.length === 1) { // i.e. no proper location if from more than one extensions
-        annotate.location = extensions[0].location;
-        annotate.name.location = extensions[0].name.location;
-      }
-    }
-    chooseAnnotationsInArtifact( annotate );
-    extendArtifactAfter( annotate );
-    forEachMember( annotate, createSuperAnnotate );
-  }
-
-  function checkRemainingMainExtensions( art, ext, localized ) {
-    if (localized)              // TODO v4: ignore only for annotate
-      return;
-    if (!resolvePath( ext.name, ext.kind, ext )) // error for extend, info for annotate
-      return;
-    // else if (ext.kind === 'extend') { // TODO v4 - add error
-    // }
-    if (art?.kind === 'namespace') {
-      // TODO: not at all different to having no definition
-      info( 'anno-namespace', [ ext.name.location, ext ], {}, // TODO: better location?
-            'Namespaces can\'t be annotated' );
-    }
-    else if (art?.builtin) {
-      info( 'anno-builtin', [ ext.name.location, ext ], {}, // TODO: better location?
-            'Builtin types should not be annotated. Use custom type instead' );
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Issue messages for annotations on namespaces and builtins
-  // (TODO: really here?, probably split main artifacts vs returns)
-  // see also lateExtensions() where similar messages are reported
-  function checkAnnotate( construct, art ) {
-    // TODO: Handle extend statements properly: Different message for empty extend?
-
-    // --> without art._block, art not found
-    if (construct.kind === 'annotate' && art._block?.$frontend === 'cdl') {
-      if (construct.$syntax === 'returns' && art.kind !== 'action' && art.kind !== 'function' ) {
-        // `annotate ABC with returns {}` is handled just like `elements`. Warn if it is used
-        // for non-actions.  We can't only check for !art.returns, because `action A();` is valid.
-        // `art._block` ensures that `art` is a defined def.
-        return;
-        // warning('ext-unexpected-returns', [ construct.name.location, construct ],
-        //         { keyword: 'returns', meta: art.kind }, 'Unexpected $(KEYWORD) for $(META)');
-      }
-      else if (construct.$syntax !== 'returns' &&
-          (art.kind === 'action' || art.kind === 'function') && construct.elements) {
-        warning('ext-expected-returns', [ construct.name.location, construct ], {
-          '#': art.kind, keyword: 'returns', code: 'annotate ‹name› with returns { … }',
-        }, {
-          std: 'Expected $(CODE)', // unused variant
-          action: 'Expected $(KEYWORD) when annotating action return structure, i.e. $(CODE)',
-          function: 'Expected $(KEYWORD) when annotating function return structure, i.e. $(CODE)',
-        });
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // extend ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  /**
-   * Apply the extensions inside the extensionsDict on the model.
-   *
-   * First try normally: extends with structure includes; with remaining cyclic
-   * includes, do so without includes.
-   */
-  function applyExtensions() {
-    let noIncludes = false;
-    let extNames = Object.keys( extensionsDict ).sort();
-
-    while (extNames.length) {
-      const { length } = extNames;
-      for (const name of extNames) {
-        const art = model.definitions[name];
-        if (art && art.kind !== 'namespace' &&
-            extendArtifact( extensionsDict[name], art, noIncludes ))
-          delete extensionsDict[name];
-      }
-      extNames = Object.keys( extensionsDict ); // no sort() required anymore
-      if (extNames.length >= length)
-        noIncludes = Object.keys( extensionsDict ); // = no includes
-    }
-  }
-
-  function checkExtensionsKind( extensions, art ) {
-    for (const ext of extensions) {
-      const kind = ext.expectedKind?.val;
-      if (kind && kind !== art.kind) {
-        const loc = ext.expectedKind.location;
-        if (kind === 'context' || kind === 'service') {
-          // We have no real artifact during the construction of a super-annotate statement:
-          const msgArgs = {
-            '#': (art.kind === 'service' || art.kind === 'annotate') ? art.kind : 'std',
-            art,
-            kind,
-            code: 'extend … with definitions',
-            keyword: 'extend service',
-          };
-          warning( 'ext-invalid-kind', [ loc, ext ], msgArgs, {
-            std: 'Artifact $(ART) is not of kind $(KIND), use $(CODE) instead',
-            annotate: 'There is no artifact $(ART), use $(CODE) instead',
-            // do not mention 'extend context', that is not in CAPire
-            service: 'Artifact $(ART) is not of kind $(KIND), use $(CODE) or $(KEYWORD) instead',
-          });
-        }
-        // TODO: Use similar checks for EXTEND ENTITY etc - 'ext-ignoring-kind'
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Extend artifact `art` by `extensions`.  `noIncludes` can have values:
-   * - false: includes are applied, extend and annotate is performed
-   * - true:  includes are not applied, extend and annotate is performed
-   * - 'gen': no includes and no extensions allowed, annotate is performed
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Extension[]} extensions
-   * @param {XSN.Definition} art
-   * @param {boolean|'gen'} [noIncludes=false]
-   */
-  function extendArtifact( extensions, art, noIncludes = false ) {
-    if (!noIncludes && !(canApplyIncludes( art, art ) &&
-        extensions.every( ext => canApplyIncludes(ext, art) )))
-      return false;
-    if (Array.isArray( noIncludes )) {
-      canApplyIncludes( art, art, noIncludes );
-      extensions.forEach( ext => canApplyIncludes( ext, art, noIncludes ) );
-    }
-    else if (!noIncludes &&
-             !(canApplyIncludes( art, art ) &&
-               extensions.every( ext => canApplyIncludes( ext, art) ))) {
-      // console.log( 'FALSE:',art.name, extensions.map( e => e.name ) )
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (!art.query) {
-      model._entities.push( art ); // add structure with includes in dep order
-      art.$entity = ++model.$entity;
-    }
-    if (!noIncludes && art.includes)
-      applyIncludes( art, art );
-    // checkExtensionsKind( extensions, art );
-    extendMembers( extensions, art, noIncludes === 'gen' );
-    if (!noIncludes && art.includes) {
-      // early propagation of specific annotation assignments
-      propagateEarly( art, '@cds.autoexpose' );
-      propagateEarly( art, '@fiori.draft.enabled' );
-    }
-    // TODO: complain about element extensions inside projection
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  function extendMembers( extensions, art, noExtend ) {
-    // TODO: do the whole extension stuff lazily if the elements are requested
-    const elemExtensions = [];
-    if (art._main)              // extensions already sorted for main artifacts
-      extensions.sort( layers.compareLayer );
-    // TODO: use same sequence as in chooseAssignment() - better: use common code with that fn
-    // console.log('EM:',art.name,extensions,art._extensions)
-    for (const ext of extensions) { // those in extMap.includes
-      // console.log(message( 'id', [ext.location, ext], { art: ext.name._artifact },
-      //                      'Info', 'EXT').toString())
-      if (ext.name._artifact === undefined) { // not already applied
-        setArtifactLink( ext.name, art );
-        if (noExtend && ext.kind === 'extend') {
-          error( 'extend-for-generated', [ ext.name.location, ext ], { art },
-                 'You can\'t use EXTEND on the generated $(ART)' );
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (ext.includes) {
-          // TODO: currently, re-compiling from gensrc does not give the exact
-          // element sequence - we need something like
-          //    includes = ['Base1',3,'Base2']
-          // where 3 means adding the next 3 elements before applying include 'Base2'
-          if (art.includes)
-            art.includes.push(...ext.includes);
-          else
-            art.includes = [ ...ext.includes ];
-          applyIncludes( ext, art );
-        }
-        // console.log(ext,art)
-        checkAnnotate( ext, art );
-        // TODO: do we allow to add elements with array of {...}?  If yes, adapt
-        initMembers( ext, art, ext._block ); // might set _extend, _annotate
-        dependsOnSilent(art, ext); // art depends silently on ext (inverse to normal dep!)
-      }
-      for (const name in ext.elements) {
-        const elem = ext.elements[name];
-        if (elem.kind === 'element') { // i.e. not extend or annotate
-          elemExtensions.push( elem );
-          break;                // more than one elem in same EXTEND is fine
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (elemExtensions.length > 1)
-      reportUnstableExtensions( elemExtensions );
-
-    // This whole function will be removed with a next change - no need to have nice code here:
-    const extsTmp = { elements: Object.create(null), actions: Object.create(null) };
-    for (const e of extensions) {
-      for (const n in e.elements || []) {
-        if (e.elements[n].kind === 'extend')
-          pushToDict( extsTmp.elements, n, e.elements[n] );
-      }
-      for (const n in extensions.actions || []) {
-        if (e.actions[n].kind === 'extend')
-          pushToDict( extsTmp.actions, n, e.actions[n] );
-      }
-    }
-    [ 'elements', 'actions' ].forEach( (prop) => {
-      const dict = extsTmp[prop];
-      for (const name in dict) {
-        let obj = art;
-        if (obj.targetAspect)
-          obj = obj.targetAspect;
-        while (obj.items)
-          obj = obj.items;
-        const validDict = obj[prop] || prop === 'elements' && obj.enum;
-        const member = validDict && validDict[name];
-        if (!member)
-          extendNothing( dict[name], prop, name, art, validDict );
-        else if (!(member.$duplicates))
-          extendMembers( dict[name], member );
-      }
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Check that special `sap.common.*` aspects for `.texts` entities are
-   * consistent with compiler expectations.  Emits messages and returns
-   * false if the aspects are not valid.
-   *
-   * @return {boolean}
-   */
-  function checkTextsAspect() {
-    const textsAspect = model.definitions['sap.common.TextsAspect'];
-    if (!textsAspect)
-      return false;
-
-    const specialElements = { locale: { key: true } };
-
-    if (textsAspect.kind !== 'aspect' || !textsAspect.elements) {
-      error('def-invalid-texts-aspect', [ textsAspect.name.location, textsAspect ],
-            { '#': 'no-aspect', art: textsAspect });
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    let hasError = false;
-    if (addTextsLanguageAssoc && textsAspect.elements.language) {
-      const lang = textsAspect.elements.language;
-      error('def-unexpected-element', [ lang.name.location, lang ],
-            { option: 'addTextsLanguageAssoc', art: textsAspect, name: 'language' },
-            // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
-            '$(ART) is not used because option $(OPTION) conflicts with existing element $(NAME); remove either option or element' );
-      hasError = true;
-    }
-
-    for (const name in specialElements) {
-      const expected = specialElements[name];
-      const elem = textsAspect.elements[name];
-      if (!elem) {
-        error('def-invalid-texts-aspect', [ textsAspect.name.location, textsAspect ],
-              { '#': 'missing', art: textsAspect, name });
-        hasError = true;
-      }
-      else if (expected.key !== undefined && !!elem.key?.val !== expected.key) {
-        const loc = elem.key?.location || elem.name?.location || textsAspect.name.location;
-        error('def-invalid-texts-aspect', [ loc, elem ],
-              { '#': expected.key ? 'key' : 'no-key', art: elem });
-        hasError = true;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (hasError) // avoid subsequent errors, if the special elements are already wrong
-      return false;
-
-    for (const name in textsAspect.elements) {
-      const elem = textsAspect.elements[name];
-      const include = elem.$inferred === 'include';
-      if (!specialElements[name] && elem.key) {
-        const loc = include ? elem.location : elem.key.location;
-        error( 'def-unexpected-key', [ loc, elem ],
-               { '#': !include ? 'std' : 'include', art: textsAspect } );
-        hasError = true;
-      }
-      else if (hasTruthyProp( elem, 'localized' )) {
-        // TODO: T:loc, i.e. "localized" from other type (needs resolver?)
-        //       Not supported anyway, but important for recompilation (which fails correctly).
-        const loc = elem.localized?.location || elem.location;
-        error( 'def-unexpected-localized', [ loc, elem ],
-               { '#': !include ? 'std' : 'include', art: textsAspect } );
-        hasError = true;
-      }
-      else if (elem.targetAspect) {
-        error( 'def-unexpected-composition', [ elem.targetAspect.location, elem ],
-               { art: textsAspect },
-               '$(ART) can\'t have composition of aspects' );
-        hasError = true;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return !hasError;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Report 'Warning: Unstable element order due to repeated extensions'
-   * except if all extensions are in the same file.
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Extension[]} extensions
-   */
-  function reportUnstableExtensions( extensions ) {
-    // No message if all extensions are in the same file:
-    const file = layers.realname( extensions[0] );
-    if (extensions.every( ( ext, i ) => !i || file === layers.realname( ext ) ))
-      return;
-    // Similar to chooseAssignment(), TODO there: also extra intralayer message
-    // as this is a modeling error
-    let lastExt = null;
-    let open = [];              // the "highest" layers
-    for (const ext of extensions) {
-      const extLayer = layers.layer( ext ) || { realname: '', _layerExtends: Object.create(null) };
-      if (!open.length) {
-        lastExt = ext;
-        open = [ extLayer.realname ];
-      }
-      else if (extLayer.realname === open[open.length - 1]) { // in same layer
-        if (lastExt) {
-          message( 'extend-repeated-intralayer', [ lastExt.location, lastExt ] );
-          lastExt = null;
-        }
-        message( 'extend-repeated-intralayer', [ ext.location, ext ] );
-      }
-      else {
-        if (lastExt && (open.length > 1 || !extLayer._layerExtends[open[0]])) {
-          // report for lastExt if that is unrelated to other open exts or current ext
-          message( 'extend-unrelated-layer', [ lastExt.location, lastExt ], {},
-                   'Unstable element order due to other extension in unrelated layer' );
-        }
-        lastExt = ext;
-        open = open.filter( name => !extLayer._layerExtends[name] );
-        open.push( extLayer.realname );
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-
-  /**
-   * @param {XSN.Extension[]} extensions
-   * @param {string} prop
-   * @param {string} name
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
-   * @param {object} validDict
-   */
-  function extendNothing( extensions, prop, name, art, validDict ) {
-    const artName = searchName( art, name, dictKinds[prop] );
-    for (const ext of extensions) {
-      // TODO: use shared functionality with notFound in resolver.js
-      const { location } = ext.name;
-      const extName = { ...artName, kind: ext.kind };
-      const msg
-        = error( 'extend-undefined', [ location, extName ],
-                 { art: artName },
-                 {
-                   std: 'Unknown $(ART) - nothing to extend',
-                   // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
-                   element: 'Artifact $(ART) has no element or enum $(MEMBER) - nothing to extend',
-                   action: 'Artifact $(ART) has no action $(MEMBER) - nothing to extend',
-                 } );
-      attachAndEmitValidNames(msg, validDict);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // includes ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  /**
-   * Returns true, if `art.includes` can be applied on `target`.
-   * They can't be applied if any of the artifacts referenced in
-   * `art.includes` are yet to be extended.
-   * `art !== target` if `art` is an extension.
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Definition} art
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} target
-   * @returns {boolean}
-   */
-  function canApplyIncludes( art, target, justResolveCyclic ) {
-    if (!art.includes)
-      return true;
-    const isView = !!target.query;
-    for (const ref of art.includes) {
-      const name = resolveUncheckedPath( ref, 'include', art );
-      // console.log('CAI:',justResolveCyclic, name, ref.path, Object.keys(extensionsDict))
-      if (justResolveCyclic) {
-        if (!justResolveCyclic.includes( name ))
-          continue;
-        delete ref._artifact;
-      }
-      else if (name && name in extensionsDict) {
-        // one of the includes has itself extensions that need to be applied first
-        return false;
-      }
-      else if (ref._artifact) {
-        delete ref._artifact;
-      }
-      resolvePath( ref, isView ? 'viewInclude' : 'include', art );
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Apply all includes of `ext` on `ext`.  Checks that `art` allows includes.
-   * If `ext === art`, then includes of the artifact itself are applied.
-   * If `ext !== art`, applies includes on the extensions, not artifact.
-   * Sets `_ancestor` links on `art`.
-   *
-   * Examples:
-   *   ext === art:  `entity E : F {}`  => add elements of F to E
-   *   ext !== art:  `extend E with F`  => add elements of F to extension on E
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Extension} ext
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
-   */
-  function applyIncludes( ext, art ) {
-    if (kindProperties[art.kind].include !== true) {
-      error('extend-unexpected-include', [ ext.includes[0]?.location, ext ],
-            { meta: art.kind });
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (!art.query) {
-      if (!art._ancestors)
-        setLink( art, '_ancestors', [] ); // recursive array of includes
-      for (const ref of ext.includes) {
-        const template = ref._artifact;
-        // !template -> non-includable, e.g. scalar type, or cyclic
-        if (template) {
-          if (template._ancestors)
-            art._ancestors.push( ...template._ancestors );
-          art._ancestors.push( template );
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (!art.query)    // do not set art.elements and art.enums with query entity!
-      includeMembers( ext, art, 'elements' );
-    includeMembers( ext, art, 'actions' );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add all members (e.g. elements or actions) of `ext.includes` to `ext[prop]`.
-   * If `art` is `ext`, set the parent link accordingly.
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Extension} ext
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
-   * @param {string} prop: 'elements' or 'actions'
-   */
-  function includeMembers( ext, art, prop ) {
-    // TODO two kind of messages:
-    // Error 'More than one include defines element "A"' (at include ref)
-    // Warning 'Overwrites definition from include "I" (at elem def)
-    const parent = ext === art && art;
-    const members = ext[prop];
-    ext[prop] = Object.create(null); // TODO: do not set actions property if there are none
-    for (const ref of ext.includes) {
-      const template = ref._artifact; // already resolved
-      if (template) {           // be robust
-        forEachInOrder( template, prop, ( origin, name ) => {
-          if (members && name in members)
-            return;               // TODO: warning for overwritten element
-          const elem = linkToOrigin( origin, name, parent, prop, weakLocation( ref.location ) );
-          if (!parent) // not yet set for EXTEND foo WITH bar => linkToOrigin() did not add it
-            dictAdd( ext[prop], name, elem );
-          elem.$inferred = 'include';
-          if (origin.masked)
-            elem.masked = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, origin.masked );
-          if (origin.key)
-            elem.key = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, origin.key );
-          if (origin.value && origin.$syntax === 'calc') {
-            // TODO: If paths become invalid in the new artifact, should we mark
-            //       all usages in the expressions? Possibly just the first one?
-            elem.value = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, copyExpr( origin.value ));
-            elem.$syntax = 'calc';
-            setLink( elem, '_calcOrigin', origin._calcOrigin || origin );
-          }
-          // TODO: also complain if elem is just defined in art
-        });
-      }
-    }
-    checkRedefinitionThroughIncludes( parent, prop );
-    // TODO: expand elements having direct elements (if needed)
-    if (members) {
-      forEachInOrder( { [prop]: members }, prop, ( elem, name ) => {
-        dictAdd( ext[prop], name, elem );
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Report duplicates in parent[prop] that happen due to multiple includes having the
-   * same member.  Covers `entity G : E, G {};` but not `entity G : E {};  extend G with F;`.
-   *
-   * TODO(v4): Make this a hard error; see checkRedefinition(); maybe combine both;
-   */
-  function checkRedefinitionThroughIncludes( parent, prop ) {
-    if (!parent[prop])
-      return;
-    forEachInOrder(parent, prop, ( member, name ) => {
-      if (member.$inferred === 'include' && Array.isArray(member.$duplicates)) {
-        const includes = [ member, ...member.$duplicates ].map(dup => dup._origin._main);
-        if (isBetaEnabled(options, 'v4preview')) {
-          error( 'duplicate-definition', [ parent.name.location, member ],
-                 { '#': `include-${ prop }`, name, sorted_arts: includes } );
-        }
-        else {
-          // Error accidentally removed in v2/v3, therefore only a warning.
-          warning( 'ref-duplicate-include-member', [ parent.name.location, member ],
-                   { '#': prop, name, sorted_arts: includes } );
-        }
-      }
-    });
-  }
-
-  // localized texts entities
-
-  /**
-   * Process localized data for `art`.  This includes creating `.texts` entities
-   * and `locale` associations.
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
-   */
-  function processLocalizedData( art ) {
-    const fioriAnno = art['@fiori.draft.enabled'];
-    const fioriEnabled = fioriAnno && (fioriAnno.val === undefined || fioriAnno.val);
-
-    const textsName = `${ art.name.absolute }.texts`;
-    const textsEntity = model.definitions[textsName];
-    const localized = localizedData( art, textsEntity, fioriEnabled );
-    if (!localized)
-      return;
-    if (textsEntity)            // expanded localized data in source
-      return;                   // -> make it idempotent
-    createTextsEntity( art, textsName, localized, fioriEnabled );
-    addTextsAssociations( art, textsName, localized );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns `false`, if there is no localized data or an array of elements
-   * that are required for `.texts` entities such as keys and localized elements.
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact|undefined} textsEntity
-   * @param {boolean} fioriEnabled
-   * @returns {false|XSN.Element[]}
-   */
-  function localizedData( art, textsEntity, fioriEnabled ) {
-    let keys = 0;
-    const textElems = [];
-    const conflictingElements = [];
-    // These elements are required or the localized-mechanism does not work.
-    // Other elements from sap.common.TextsAspect may be "overridden" as per
-    // usual include-mechanism.
-    const protectedElements = [ 'locale', 'texts', 'localized' ];
-    if (fioriEnabled)
-      protectedElements.push('ID_texts');
-    if (addTextsLanguageAssoc)
-      protectedElements.push('language');
-
-    for (const name in art.elements) {
-      const elem = art.elements[name];
-      if (elem.$duplicates)
-        return false;           // no localized-data unfold with redefined elems
-      if (protectedElements.includes( name ))
-        conflictingElements.push( elem );
-
-      const isKey = elem.key && elem.key.val;
-      const isLocalized = hasTruthyProp( elem, 'localized' );
-
-      if (isKey) {
-        keys += 1;
-        textElems.push( elem );
-      }
-      else if (isLocalized) {
-        textElems.push( elem );
+  // TODO: still a bit annotation assignment specific
+  function reportDuplicateExtensions( extensions, prop, issue, index, art ) {
+    // TODO: think about messages for these
+    if (prop === 'elements' || prop === 'enum' || prop === 'actions' || prop === 'columns' ||
+        prop === 'params' || prop === 'returns' || prop === 'includes' )
+      return;                   // extensions currently handled extra
+    if (issue) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-nested-ternary
+      let msg = (index < 0)
+        ? 'anno-unstable-array'
+        : (issue === true)
+          ? 'anno-duplicate'
+          : 'anno-duplicate-unrelated-layer';
+      if (prop.charAt(0) !== '@' && prop !== 'doc') {
+        msg = (issue === true)
+          ? 'ext-duplicate-extend-type'
+          : 'ext-duplicate-extend-type-unrelated-layer';
+        // not sure whether to repeat the extended artifact in the message (we
+        // have the semantic location, after all)
       }
-
-      if (isKey && isLocalized) { // key with localized is wrong - ignore localized
-        const errpos = elem.localized || elem.type || elem.name;
-        warning( 'def-ignoring-localized-key', [ errpos.location, elem ], { keyword: 'localized' },
-                 'Keyword $(KEYWORD) is ignored for primary keys' );
+      const variant = prop === 'doc' ? 'doc' : 'std';
+      for (const ext of extensions) {
+        const anno = ext[prop];
+        if (anno && !anno.$errorReported) {
+          message( msg, [ anno.name?.location || anno.location, ext ],
+                   { '#': variant, anno: prop, type: art } );
+        }
       }
     }
-    if (textElems.length <= keys)
-      return false;
-
-    if (!keys) {
-      warning( 'def-expecting-key', [ art.name.location, art ], {},
-               'No texts entity can be created when no key element exists' );
-      return false;
+    else if (index > 0) {     // more than one set (not just ...)
+      const variant = prop === 'doc' ? 'doc' : 'std';
+      const msgid = (prop.charAt(0) === '@' || prop === 'doc')
+        ? 'anno-duplicate-same-file' // TODO: always ext-duplicate-…
+        : 'ext-duplicate-same-file';
+      while (index >= 0) {    // do not report for trailing [...]
+        const ext = extensions[index--];
+        const anno = ext[prop];
+        warning( msgid, [ anno.name?.location || anno.location, ext ],
+                 { '#': variant, prop, anno: prop } );
+      }
     }
+  }
 
-    if (textsEntity) {
-      if (textsEntity.$duplicates)
-        return false;
-      if (textsEntity.kind !== 'entity' || textsEntity.query ||
-          // already have elements "texts" and "localized" (and optionally ID_texts)
-          conflictingElements.length !== 2 || art.elements.locale ||
-          (fioriEnabled && art.elements.ID_texts)) {
-        // TODO if we have too much time: check all elements of texts entity for safety
-        warning( null, [ art.name.location, art ], { art: textsEntity },
-                 // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
-                 'Texts entity $(ART) can\'t be created as there is another definition with that name' );
-        info( null, [ textsEntity.name.location, textsEntity ], { art },
-              'Texts entity for $(ART) can\'t be created with this definition' );
-      }
-      else if (!art._block || art._block.$frontend !== 'json') {
-        info( null, [ art.name.location, art ], {},
-              'Localized data expansions has already been done' );
-        return textElems;       // make double-compilation even with after toHana
-      }
-      else if (!art._block.$withLocalized && !options.$recompile) {
-        art._block.$withLocalized = true;
-        info( 'recalculated-text-entities', [ art.name.location, null ], {},
-              'Input CSN contains expansions for localized data' );
-        return textElems;       // make compilation idempotent
+  function applySingleExtension( art, ext, prop ) {
+    if (prop === 'includes') {
+      if (ext.kind === 'extend' && art.$inferred) {
+        error( 'extend-for-generated', [ ext.name.location, ext ], { art },
+               'You can\'t use EXTEND on the generated $(ART)' );
       }
-      else {
-        return textElems;
+      else if (art.kind !== 'annotate' && !art._outer) { // not with elem extension in targetAspect
+        const { absolute } = art.name;
+        const dict = extensionsDict[absolute] || (extensionsDict[absolute] = []);
+        dict.push( ext ); // TODO: change
+        // console.log( 'ASI:',prop,art.name,ext,extensionsDict[absolute])
       }
+      // art[prop] = (art[prop]) ? art[prop].concat( ext[prop] ) : ext[prop];
+    }
+    else if (prop === 'columns') {
+      const { query } = art;
+      if (!query?.from?.path)
+        error( 'extend-columns', [ ext.columns[$location], ext ], { art } );
+      else if (!query.columns)
+        query.columns = [ { location: query.from.location, val: '*' }, ...ext.columns ];
+      else
+        query.columns.push( ...ext.columns );
+    }
+    else if ([ 'length', 'precision', 'scale', 'srid' ].includes( prop )) {
+      const typeExts = art.$typeExts || (art.$typeExts = {});
+      typeExts[prop] = ext;
     }
-    for (const elem of conflictingElements) {
-      warning( null, [ elem.name.location, art ], { name: elem.name.id },
-               'No texts entity can be created when element $(NAME) exists' );
+    else {
+      const result = applyAssignment( art[prop], ext[prop], ext, prop );
+      art[prop] = (result.name) ? result : Object.assign( {}, art[prop], result );
     }
-    return !textsEntity && !conflictingElements.length && textElems;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Create the `.texts` entity for the given base artifact.
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} base
-   * @param {string} absolute
-   * @param {XSN.Element[]} textElems
-   * @param {boolean} fioriEnabled
-   */
-  function createTextsEntity( base, absolute, textElems, fioriEnabled ) {
-    const art = useTextsAspect
-      ? createTextsEntityWithInclude( base, absolute, fioriEnabled )
-      : createTextsEntityWithDefaultElements( base, absolute, fioriEnabled );
-    // both functions are rather similar...
-
-    const { location } = base.name;
-
-    if (addTextsLanguageAssoc) {
-      const language = {
-        name: { location, id: 'language' },
-        kind: 'element',
-        location,
-        type: augmentPath( location, 'cds.Association' ),
-        target: augmentPath( location, 'sap.common.Languages' ),
-        on: {
-          op: { val: '=', location },
-          args: [
-            { path: [ { id: 'language', location }, { id: 'code', location } ], location },
-            { path: [ { id: 'locale', location } ], location },
-          ],
-          location,
-        },
-      };
-      setLink( language, '_block', model.$internal );
-      dictAdd( art.elements, 'language', language );
+  function applyAssignment( previousAnno, anno, art, annoName ) {
+    const firstEllipsis = annotationHasEllipsis( anno );
+    if (!firstEllipsis)
+      return anno;
+    const hasBase = previousAnno?.literal === 'array';
+    if (!previousAnno) {
+      const loc = firstEllipsis.location || anno.name.location;
+      message( 'anno-unexpected-ellipsis', [ loc, art ], { code: '...' } );
+      previousAnno = { val: [] };
     }
-
-    // assertUnique array value, first entry is 'locale'
-    const assertUniqueValue = [];
-
-    for (const orig of textElems) {
-      const elem = linkToOrigin( orig, orig.name.id, art, 'elements' );
-      if (orig.key && orig.key.val) {
-        // elem.key = { val: fioriEnabled ? null : true, $inferred: 'localized', location };
-        // TODO: the previous would be better, but currently not supported in toCDL
-        if (!fioriEnabled) {
-          elem.key = { val: true, $inferred: 'localized', location };
-          // If the propagated elements remain key (that is not fiori.draft.enabled)
-          // they should be omitted from OData containment EDM
-          setAnnotation( elem, '@odata.containment.ignore', location );
+    else if (previousAnno.literal !== 'array') {
+      // TODO: If we introduce sub-messages, point to the non-array base value.
+      error( 'anno-mismatched-ellipsis', [ anno.name.location, art ], { code: '...' } );
+      previousAnno = { val: [] };
+    }
+    const previousValue = previousAnno.val;
+    let prevPos = 0;
+    const result = [];
+    for (const item of anno.val) {
+      const ell = item && item.literal === 'token' && item.val === '...';
+      if (!ell) {
+        result.push( item );
+      }
+      else {
+        let upToSpec = item.upTo && checkUpToSpec( item.upTo, art, annoName, true );
+        while (prevPos < previousValue.length) {
+          const prevItem = previousValue[prevPos++];
+          result.push( prevItem );
+          if (upToSpec && prevItem && equalUpTo( prevItem, item.upTo)) {
+            upToSpec = false;
+            break;
+          }
         }
-        else {
-          // add the former key paths to the unique constraint
-          assertUniqueValue.push({
-            path: [ { id: orig.name.id, location: orig.location } ],
-            location: orig.location,
-          });
+        if (upToSpec && hasBase) {
+          // non-matched UP TO; if there is no base to apply to, there is already an error.
+          warning( null, [ item.upTo.location, art ], { anno: annoName, code: '... up to' },
+                   'The $(CODE) value does not match any item in the base annotation $(ANNO)' );
         }
       }
-      if (hasTruthyProp( orig, 'localized' )) { // use location of LOCALIZED keyword
-        const localized = orig.localized || orig.type || orig.name;
-        elem.localized = { val: null, $inferred: 'localized', location: localized.location };
-      }
     }
+    // console.log('TP:',previousValue.map(se),anno.val.map(se),'->',result.map(se))
+    return { val: result, literal: 'array' };
+  }
+  // function se(a) { return a.upTo ? [a.val,a.upTo.val] : a.val ; }
 
-    initArtifact( art );
-    if (art.includes) {
-      // add elements `locale`, etc. which are required below.
-      applyIncludes(art, art);
+  function checkUpToSpec( upToSpec, art, annoName, isFullUpTo ) {
+    const { literal } = upToSpec;
+    if (!isFullUpTo) {          // inside struct of UP TO
+      if (literal !== 'struct' && literal !== 'array' )
+        return true;
     }
-
-    if (fioriEnabled) {
-      // The includes mechanism puts TextsAspect's elements before .texts' elements.
-      // Because ID_texts is not copied from TextsAspect, the order is messed
-      // up.  Fix it.
-      const { elements } = art;
-      art.elements = Object.create(null);
-      const names = [ 'ID_texts', 'locale', ...Object.keys(elements) ];
-      for (const name of names)
-        art.elements[name] = elements[name];
-
-      const { locale } = art.elements;
-      assertUniqueValue.unshift({
-        path: [ { id: locale.name.id, location: locale.location } ],
-        location: locale.location,
-      });
-      setAnnotation( art, '@assert.unique.locale', art.location, assertUniqueValue, 'array' );
+    else if (literal === 'struct') {
+      return Object.values( upToSpec.struct ).every( v => checkUpToSpec( v, art, annoName ) );
     }
-
-    copyPersistenceAnnotations( art, base );
-    return art;
+    else if (literal !== 'array' && literal !== 'boolean' && literal !== 'null') {
+      return true;
+    }
+    error( null, [ upToSpec.location, art ],
+           { anno: annoName, code: '... up to', '#': literal },
+           {
+             std: 'Unexpected $(CODE) value type in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
+             array: 'Unexpected array as $(CODE) value in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
+             // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
+             struct: 'Unexpected structure as $(CODE) structure property value in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
+             boolean: 'Unexpected boolean as $(CODE) value in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
+             null: 'Unexpected null as $(CODE) value in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
+           } );
+    return false;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Create the `.texts` entity for the given base artifact.
-   * In contrast to createTextsEntityWithDefaultElements(), this one creates
-   * an include for `sap.common.TextsAspect`.
-   *
-   * Does NOT apply the include!
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} base
-   * @param {string} absolute
-   * @param {boolean} fioriEnabled
-   */
-  function createTextsEntityWithInclude( base, absolute, fioriEnabled ) {
-    const textsAspectName = 'sap.common.TextsAspect';
-    const textsAspect = model.definitions['sap.common.TextsAspect'];
-    const elements = Object.create(null);
-    const { location } = base.name;
-    const art = {
-      kind: 'entity',
-      name: { path: splitIntoPath( location, absolute ), absolute, location },
-      includes: [ createInclude( textsAspectName, base.location ) ],
-      location: base.location,
-      elements,
-      $inferred: 'localized-entity',
-    };
-
-    if (!fioriEnabled) {
-      // To be compatible, we switch off draft without @fiori.draft.enabled
-      // TODO (next major version): remove?
-      setAnnotation( art, '@odata.draft.enabled', art.location, false );
+  function equalUpTo( previousItem, upToSpec ) {
+    if (!previousItem)
+      return false;
+    if ('val' in upToSpec) {
+      if (previousItem.val === upToSpec.val) // enum, struct and ref have no val
+        return true;
+      const typeUpTo = typeof upToSpec.val;
+      const typePrev = typeof previousItem.val;
+      if (typeUpTo === 'number')
+        return typePrev === 'string' && previousItem.val === upToSpec.val.toString();
+      if (typePrev === 'number')
+        return typeUpTo === 'string' && upToSpec.val === previousItem.val.toString();
     }
-    else {
-      // @fiori.draft.enabled artifacts need default elements ID_texts and locale.
-      // `locale` is copied from `sap.common.TextsAspect`, but without "key".
-      const textId = {
-        name: { location, id: 'ID_texts' },
-        kind: 'element',
-        key: { val: true, location },
-        type: augmentPath( location, 'cds.UUID' ),
-        location,
-      };
-      dictAdd( art.elements, 'ID_texts', textId );
-
-      // "Early" include; only for element `locale`, which has its `key` property
-      // removed (or rather: it is not copied).
-      linkToOrigin( textsAspect.elements.locale, 'locale', art, 'elements', location );
+    else if (upToSpec.path) {
+      return previousItem.path && normalizeRef( previousItem ) === normalizeRef( upToSpec );
     }
-
-    if (addTextsLanguageAssoc && art.elements.language)
-      art.elements.language = undefined; // TODO: Message? Ignore?
-    // TODO: what is this necessary?  We do not create a text entity in this case
-
-    setLink( art, '_block', model.$internal );
-    model.definitions[absolute] = art;
-    chooseAnnotationsInArtifact( art ); // having extensions here would be wrong
-    return art;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} base
-   * @param {string} absolute
-   * @param {boolean} fioriEnabled
-   */
-  function createTextsEntityWithDefaultElements( base, absolute, fioriEnabled ) {
-    const elements = Object.create(null);
-    const { location } = base.name;
-    const art = {
-      kind: 'entity',
-      name: { path: splitIntoPath( location, absolute ), absolute, location },
-      location: base.location,
-      elements,
-      $inferred: 'localized-entity',
-    };
-    // If there is a type `sap.common.Locale`, then use it as the type for the element `locale`.
-    // If not, use the default `cds.String` with a length of 14.
-    const hasLocaleType = model.definitions['sap.common.Locale']?.kind === 'type';
-    const locale = {
-      name: { location, id: 'locale' },
-      kind: 'element',
-      type: augmentPath( location, hasLocaleType ? 'sap.common.Locale' : 'cds.String' ),
-      location,
-    };
-    if (!hasLocaleType)
-      locale.length = { literal: 'number', val: 14, location };
-
-    if (!fioriEnabled) {
-      locale.key = { val: true, location };
-      // To be compatible, we switch off draft without @fiori.draft.enabled
-      // TODO (next major version): remove?
-      setAnnotation( art, '@odata.draft.enabled', art.location, false );
+    else if (upToSpec.sym) {
+      return previousItem.sym && previousItem.sym.id === upToSpec.sym.id;
     }
-    else {
-      const textId = {
-        name: { location, id: 'ID_texts' },
-        kind: 'element',
-        key: { val: true, location },
-        type: augmentPath( location, 'cds.UUID' ),
-        location,
-      };
-      dictAdd( art.elements, 'ID_texts', textId );
+    else if (upToSpec.struct && previousItem.struct) {
+      return Object.entries( upToSpec.struct )
+        .every( ([ n, v ]) => equalUpTo( previousItem.struct[n], v ) );
     }
-    dictAdd( art.elements, 'locale', locale );
-
-    setLink( art, '_block', model.$internal );
-    model.definitions[absolute] = art;
-    chooseAnnotationsInArtifact( art ); // having extensions here would be wrong
-    return art;
+    return false;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
-   * @param {string} textsName
-   * @param {XSN.Element[]} textElems
-   */
-  function addTextsAssociations( art, textsName, textElems ) {
-    // texts : Composition of many Books.texts on texts.ID=ID;
-    /** @type {array} */
-    const keys = textElems.filter( e => e.key && e.key.val );
-    const { location } = art.name;
-    const texts = {
-      name: { location, id: 'texts' },
-      kind: 'element',
-      location,
-      $inferred: 'localized',
-      type: augmentPath( location, 'cds.Composition' ),
-      cardinality: { targetMax: { literal: 'string', val: '*', location }, location },
-      target: augmentPath( location, textsName ),
-      on: augmentEqual( location, 'texts', keys ),
-    };
-    setMemberParent( texts, 'texts', art, 'elements' );
-    setLink( texts, '_block', model.$internal );
-    // localized : Association to Books.texts on
-    //             localized.ID=ID and localized.locale = $user.locale;
-    keys.push( [ 'localized.locale', '$user.locale' ] );
-    const localized = {
-      name: { location, id: 'localized' },
-      kind: 'element',
-      location,
-      $inferred: 'localized',
-      type: augmentPath( location, 'cds.Association' ),
-      target: augmentPath( location, textsName ),
-      on: augmentEqual( location, 'localized', keys ),
-    };
-    setMemberParent( localized, 'localized', art, 'elements' );
-    setLink( localized, '_block', model.$internal );
+  function normalizeRef( node ) { // see to-csn.js
+    const ref = pathName( node.path );
+    return node.variant ? `${ ref }#${ node.variant.id }` : ref;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Create a structure that can be used as an item in `includes`.
-   *
-   * @param {string} name
-   * @param {XSN.Location} location
-   */
-  function createInclude( name, location ) {
-    const include = {
-      path: [ { id: name, location } ],
-      location,
-    };
-    setArtifactLink( include.path[0], model.definitions[name] );
-    setArtifactLink( include, model.definitions[name] );
-    return include;
-  }
+  // For extendArtifactAfter(): -------------------------------------------------
 
-  /**
-   * Returns whether `art` directly or indirectly has the property 'prop',
-   * following the 'origin' and the 'type' (not involving elements).
-   *
-   * DON'T USE FOR ANNOTATIONS (see TODO below)
-   *
-   * TODO: we should issue a warning if we get localized via TYPE OF
-   * TODO: XSN: for anno short form, use { val: true, location, <no literal prop> }
-   *       ...then this function also works with annotations
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
-   * @param {string} prop
-   * @returns {boolean}
-   */
-  function hasTruthyProp( art, prop ) {
-    const processed = Object.create(null); // avoid infloops with circular refs
-    let name = art.name.absolute;        // is ok, since no recursive type possible
-    while (art && !processed[name]) {
-      if (art[prop])
-        return art[prop].val;
-      processed[name] = art;
-      if (art._origin) {
-        art = art._origin;
-        if (!art.name)          // anonymous aspect
-          return false;
-        name = art && art.name.absolute;
-      }
-      else if (art.type && art._block && art.type.scope !== 'typeOf') {
-        // TODO: also do something special for TYPE OF inside `art`s own elements
-        name = resolveUncheckedPath( art.type, 'type', art );
-        art = name && model.definitions[name];
-      }
-      else {
-        return false;
+  // Remarks on messages: we allow the type extensions only if the artifact
+  // originally had that property → any check of the kind “type prop can only be
+  // used with FooBar” is independent from `extend … with type`.  Function
+  // checkTypeArguments() in resolve.js reports 'type-unexpected-argument', but
+  // that is currently incomplete.
+  //
+  // We then report (in the future), use the first message of:
+  // - the usual messages if a type argument is wrong, independently from `extend`
+  // - 'ext-unexpected-type-argument' (TODO) if the artifact does not have the prop
+  // - 'ext-invalid-type-argument' if the value is wrong for extend (no overwrite)
+  //
+  // TODO v4: do not allow `extend … with (precision: …)` alone if original def also has `scale`
+  function applyTypeExtensions( art, ext, prop, scaleDiff ) {
+    // console.log('ATE:',art?.[prop],ext?.[prop],scaleDiff)
+    if (!ext?.[prop])
+      return 0;
+    if (!art[prop]) {
+      const isBuiltin = art._effectiveType?.builtin;
+      if (isBuiltin && !allowsTypeArgument( art, prop )) {
+        // Let checkTypeArguments() in resolve.js report a message, is incomplete
+        // though, i.e. can only safely be used for scalars at the moment.  But we
+        // will improve that function and not try to do extra things here.
+        art[prop] = ext[prop];  // enable checkTypeArguments() doing its job
+        return 0;
       }
+      // TODO: think about 'ext-unexpected-type-argument'
+      error( 'ext-invalid-type-property', [ ext[prop].location, ext ],
+             { '#': (isBuiltin ? 'indirect' : 'new-prop'), prop } );
+      return 0;
     }
-    return false;
+    const artVal = art[prop].val;
+    const extVal = ext[prop].val;
+    if (prop === 'srid') {
+      error( 'ext-invalid-type-property', [ ext[prop].location, ext ], { '#': 'prop', prop } );
+    }
+    else if (typeof artVal !== 'number' || typeof extVal !== 'number' ) {
+      // Users can't change from/to string value for property,
+      // e.g. `variable`/`floating` for Decimal
+      // TODO: Shouldn't the text distinguish between orig string and extension string?
+      // Not sure whether to talk about strings if we have a keyword in CDL
+      error( 'ext-invalid-type-property', [ ext[prop].location, ext ], { '#': 'string', prop } );
+    }
+    else if (extVal < artVal + (scaleDiff || 0)) {
+      const number = artVal + (scaleDiff || 0);
+      error( 'ext-invalid-type-property', [ ext[prop].location, ext ],
+             // eslint-disable-next-line object-curly-newline
+             { '#': (scaleDiff ? 'scale' : 'number'), prop, number, otherprop: 'scale' } );
+    }
+    else {
+      art[prop] = ext[prop];
+      return extVal - artVal;
+    }
+    return 0;
   }
 
-  // managed composition of aspects ------------------------------------------
+  function allowsTypeArgument( art, prop ) {
+    const { parameters } = art._effectiveType;
+    if (!parameters)
+      return false;
+    return parameters.includes( prop ) || parameters[0]?.name === prop;
+  }
 
-  function processAspectComposition( base ) {
-    // TODO: we need to forbid COMPOSITION of entity w/o keys and ON anyway
-    // TODO: consider entity includes
-    // TODO: nested containment
-    // TODO: better do circular checks in the aspect!
-    if (base.kind !== 'entity' || base.query)
+  function moveDictExtensions( art, extensionsMap, artProp, extProp = artProp ) {
+    // TODO: setExpandStatusAnnotate
+    const extensions = extensionsMap[extProp];
+    if (!extensions)
       return;
-    const keys = baseKeys();
-    if (keys)
-      forEachGeneric( base, 'elements', expand ); // TODO: recursively here?
-    return;
-
-    function baseKeys() {
-      const k = Object.create(null);
-      for (const name in base.elements) {
-        const elem = base.elements[name];
-        if (elem.$duplicates)
-          return false;           // no composition-of-type unfold with redefined elems
-        if (elem.key && elem.key.val)
-          k[name] = elem;
-      }
-      return k;
-    }
+    const artDict = art[artProp] || annotateFor( art, extProp ); // no auto-correction in annotate
 
-    function expand( elem ) {
-      if (elem.target)
-        return;
-      let origin = elem;
-      // included element do not have target aspect directly
-      while (origin && !origin.targetAspect && origin._origin)
-        origin = origin._origin;
-      let target = origin.targetAspect;
-      if (target && target.path)
-        target = resolvePath( origin.targetAspect, 'compositionTarget', origin );
-      if (!target || !target.elements)
-        return;
-      const entityName = `${ base.name.absolute }.${ elem.name.id }`;
-      const entity = allowAspectComposition( target, elem, keys, entityName ) &&
-            createTargetEntity( target, elem, keys, entityName, base );
-      elem.target = {
-        location: (elem.targetAspect || elem).location,
-        $inferred: 'aspect-composition',
-      };
-      setArtifactLink( elem.target, entity );
-      if (entity) {
-        // Support using the up_ element in the generated entity to be used
-        // inside the anonymous aspect:
-        const { up_ } = target.$tableAliases;
-        // TODO: invalidate "up_" alias (at least further navigation) if it
-        // already has an _origin (when the managed composition is included)
-        if (up_)
-          setLink( up_, '_origin', entity.elements.up_ );
-        model.$compositionTargets[entity.name.absolute] = true;
-        processAspectComposition( entity );
-        processLocalizedData( entity );
+    for (const ext of extensions) {
+      const extDict = ext[extProp];
+      for (const name in extDict) {
+        let dictCheck = (art.kind !== 'annotate'); // no check in super annotate statement
+        const elemExt = extDict[name];
+        if (elemExt.kind !== 'annotate' && elemExt.kind !== 'extend') // TODO: specified elems
+          continue;             // definitions inside extend, already handled
+        dictCheck = dictCheck && checkRemainingMemberExtensions( art, elemExt, artProp, name );
+        const elem = artDict[name] || annotateFor( art, extProp, name );
+        setLink( elemExt.name, '_artifact', (elem.kind !== 'annotate' ? elem : null) );
+        pushToDict( elem, '_extensions', elemExt );
       }
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * @returns {boolean|0} `true`, if allowed, `false` if forbidden, `0` if circular containment.
-   */
-  function allowAspectComposition( target, elem, keys, entityName ) {
-    if (!target.elements || Object.values( target.elements ).some( e => e.$duplicates ))
-      return false;             // no elements or with redefinitions
-    const location = elem.target && elem.target.location || elem.location;
-    if ((elem._main._upperAspects || []).includes( target ))
-      return 0;               // circular containment of the same aspect
-
-    const keyNames = Object.keys( keys );
-    if (!keyNames.length) {
-      // TODO: for "inner aspect-compositions", signal already in type
-      error( null, [ location, elem ], { target },
-             'An aspect $(TARGET) can\'t be used as target in an entity without keys' );
-      return false;
-    }
-    // if (keys.up_) {  // only to be tested if we allow to provide a prefix, which could be ''
-    //   // Cannot be in an "inner aspect-compositions" as it would already be wrong before
-    //   // TODO: if anonymous type, use location of "up_" element
-    //   // FUTURE: add sub info with location of "up_" element
-    //   message( 'id', [location, elem], { target, name: 'up_' }, 'Error',
-    //      'An aspect $(TARGET) can't be used as target in an entity with a key named $(NAME)' );
-    //   return false;
-    // }
-    if (target.elements.up_) {
-      // TODO: for "inner aspect-compositions", signal already in type
-      // TODO: if anonymous type, use location of "up_" element
-      // FUTURE: if named type, add sub info with location of "up_" element
-      error( null, [ location, elem ], { target, name: 'up_' },
-             'An aspect $(TARGET) with an element named $(NAME) can\'t be used as target' );
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (model.definitions[entityName]) {
-      error( null, [ location, elem ], { art: entityName },
-             // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
-             'Target entity $(ART) can\'t be created as there is another definition with this name' );
-      return false;
-    }
-    const names = Object.keys( target.elements )
-      .filter( n => n.startsWith('up__') && keyNames.includes( n.substring(4) ) );
-    if (names.length) {
-      // FUTURE: if named type, add sub info with location of "up_" element
-      error( null, [ location, elem ], { target: entityName, names }, {
-        std: 'Key elements $(NAMES) can\'t be added to $(TARGET) as these already exist',
-        one: 'Key element $(NAMES) can\'t be added to $(TARGET) as it already exist',
-      });
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (elem.type && !isDirectComposition(elem)) {
-      // Only issue warning for direct usages, not for projections, includes, etc.
-      // TODO: Make it configurable error; v4: error
-      warning( 'def-expected-comp-aspect', [ elem.type.location, elem ],
-               { prop: 'Composition of', otherprop: 'Association to' },
-               'Expected $(PROP), but found $(OTHERPROP) for composition of aspect');
-    }
+  // function moveReturnsExtensions( art, extensionsMap ) {
+  //   const artReturns = art.returns;
+  //   const extensions = extensionsMap.returns;
+  //   // TODO: artItem is null
+  //   for (const ext of extensions)
+  //     pushToDict( artReturns, '_extensions', ext.returns );
+  // }
 
-    return true;
+  function annotateFor( art, prop, name ) {
+    const base = annotateBase( art );
+    if (name === '' && prop === 'params')
+      return base.returns || annotateCreate( base, name, base, 'returns' );
+    const dict = base[prop] || (base[prop] = Object.create( null ));
+    if (name == null)
+      return dict;
+    return dict[name] || annotateCreate( dict, name, base );
   }
 
-  function createTargetEntity( target, elem, keys, entityName, base ) {
-    const { location } = elem.targetAspect || elem.target || elem;
-    elem.on = {
-      location,
-      op: { val: '=', location },
-      args: [
-        augmentPath( location, elem.name.id, 'up_' ),
-        augmentPath( location, '$self' ),
-      ],
-      $inferred: 'aspect-composition',
-    };
+  function annotateBase( art ) {
+    while (art._outer)          // TOOD: think about anonymous target aspect
+      art = art._outer;
+    if (art.kind === 'annotate')
+      return art;
 
-    const elements = Object.create(null);
-    const art = {
-      kind: 'entity',
-      name: { path: splitIntoPath( location, entityName ), absolute: entityName, location },
-      location,
-      elements,
-      $inferred: 'composition-entity',
-    };
-    if (target.name) {          // named target aspect
-      setLink( art, '_origin', target );
-      setLink( art, '_upperAspects', [ target, ...(elem._main._upperAspects || []) ] );
-    }
-    else {
-      setLink( art, '_origin', target );
-      // TODO: do we need to give the anonymous target aspect a kind and name?
-      setLink( art, '_upperAspects', elem._main._upperAspects || [] );
-    }
+    // TODO: more to do if annotate can have `returns` property
+    if (art.kind === 'select')
+      art = art._parent;
+    if (art._main)
+      return annotateFor( art._parent, kindProperties[art.kind].dict, art.name.id );
+
+    const { absolute } = art.name;
+    return model.$collectedExtensions[absolute] ||
+           annotateCreate( model.$collectedExtensions, absolute );
+  }
 
-    const up = { // elements.up_ = ...
-      name: { location, id: 'up_' },
-      kind: 'element',
-      location,
-      $inferred: 'aspect-composition',
-      type: augmentPath( location, 'cds.Association' ),
-      target: augmentPath( location, base.name.absolute ),
-      cardinality: {
-        targetMin: { val: 1, literal: 'number', location },
-        targetMax: { val: 1, literal: 'number', location },
-        location,
-      },
+  function annotateCreate( dict, id, parent, prop ) {
+    const annotate = {
+      kind: 'annotate',
+      name: { id, location: genLocation },
+      $inferred: '',
+      location: genLocation,
     };
-    // By default, 'up_' is a managed primary key association.
-    // If 'up_' shall be rendered unmanaged, infer the parent
-    // primary keys and add the ON condition
-    if (isDeprecatedEnabled( options, '_unmanagedUpInComponent' )) {
-      addProxyElements( art, keys, 'aspect-composition', target.name && location,
-                        'up__', '@odata.containment.ignore' );
-      up.on = augmentEqual( location, 'up_', Object.values( keys ), 'up__' );
+    if (parent) {
+      setLink( annotate, '_parent', parent );
+      setLink( annotate, '_main', parent._main || parent );
     }
     else {
-      up.key = { location, val: true };
-      // managed associations must be explicitly set to not null
-      // even if target cardinality is 1..1
-      up.notNull = { location, val: true };
+      annotate.name.absolute = id; // TODO later (if all names are sparse): delete absolute
     }
-
-    dictAdd( art.elements, 'up_', up);
-    addProxyElements( art, target.elements, 'aspect-composition', target.name && location );
-
-    setLink( art, '_block', model.$internal );
-    model.definitions[entityName] = art;
-    initArtifact( art );
-
-    chooseAnnotationsInArtifact( art ); // having extensions here would be wrong
-    // Copy persistence annotations from aspect.
-    copyPersistenceAnnotations( art, target ); // after chooseAnnotation()
-    return art;
+    dict[prop || id] = annotate;
+    return annotate;
   }
 
-  function addProxyElements( proxyDict, elements, inferred, location, prefix = '', anno = '' ) {
-    // TODO: also use for includeMembers()?
-    for (const name in elements) {
-      const pname = `${ prefix }${ name }`;
-      const origin = elements[name];
-      const proxy = linkToOrigin( origin, pname, null, null, location || origin.location );
-      proxy.$inferred = inferred;
-      if (origin.masked)
-        proxy.masked = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, origin.masked );
-      if (origin.key)
-        proxy.key = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, origin.key );
-      if (anno)
-        setAnnotation( proxy, anno );
-      dictAdd( proxyDict.elements, pname, proxy );
+  function extendHandleReturns( extensions, art ) {
+    for (const ext of extensions || []) {
+      if (ext.$syntax === 'returns') { // TODO tmp: no proper XSN representation
+        ext.$syntax = '$inside-returns';
+        delete ext.params;
+      }
+      else {
+        warning( 'ext-expected-returns', [ ext.name.location, ext ], {
+          '#': art.kind, keyword: 'returns', code: 'annotate ‹name› with returns { … }',
+        }, {
+          std: 'Expected $(CODE)', // unused variant
+          action: 'Expected $(KEYWORD) when annotating action return structure, i.e. $(CODE)',
+          function: 'Expected $(KEYWORD) when annotating function return structure, i.e. $(CODE)',
+        } );
+      }
     }
   }
 
+  // const unexpected_props = {
+  //   elements: 'anno-unexpected-elements',
+  //   enum: 'anno-unexpected-elements', // TODO
+  //   params: 'anno-unexpected-params',
+  //   actions: 'anno-unexpected-actions',
+  // };
+  // const undefined_props = {
+  //   elements: 'anno-undefined-element',
+  //   enum: 'anno-undefined-element', // TODO
+  //   params: 'anno-undefined-param',
+  //   actions: 'anno-undefined-action',
+  // };
 
-  // Phase 4 - annotations ---------------------------------------------------
-  // move to top
-
-  /**
-   * Goes through all (applied) annotations in the given artifact and chooses one
-   * if multiple exist according to the module layer.
-   * TODO: rename to extendArtifactBefore
-   *
-   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
-   */
-  function chooseAnnotationsInArtifact( art ) {
-    // for main artifacts, move extensions from `$lateExtensions` model dictionary:
-    if (!art._main && !art._outer && art._extensions === undefined &&
-        art.kind !== 'namespace') {
-      // if (!art.name) console.log(art)
-      const { absolute } = art.name;
-      setLink( art, '_extensions', model.$lateExtensions[absolute]?._extensions || null );
-      if (art._extensions && !art.builtin) { // keep extensions for builtin in $lateExtensions
-        delete model.$lateExtensions[absolute];
-        // TODO: if the extension mechanism has been completed, we could uncomment:
-        // art._extensions.forEach( ext => resolvePath( ext.name, ext.kind, ext )); // for LSP
-        // for now, we do that at the end of lateExtensions()
+  function checkRemainingMemberExtensions( parent, ext, prop, name ) {
+    // console.log('CRME:',prop,name,parent,ext)
+    const dict = parent[prop];
+    if (!dict) {
+      // TODO: check - for each name? - better locations
+      const location = ext._parent[prop][$location] || ext.name.location;
+      // Remark: no `elements` dict location with `annotate Main:elem`
+      switch (prop) {
+        // TODO: change texts, somehow similar to checkDefinitions() ?
+        case 'elements':
+        case 'enum':            // TODO: extra?
+          warning( 'anno-unexpected-elements', [ location, ext._parent ],
+                   { '#': (parent._effectiveType?.kind === 'entity') ? 'entity' : 'std' }, {
+                     std: 'Elements only exist in entities, types or typed constructs',
+                     entity: 'Elements of entity types can\'t be annotated',
+                   });
+          break;
+        case 'params':
+          warning( 'anno-unexpected-params', [ location, ext._parent ], {},
+                   'Parameters only exist for actions or functions' );
+          break;
+        case 'actions':
+          warning( 'anno-unexpected-actions', [ location, ext._parent ], {},
+                   'Actions and functions only exist top-level and for entities' );
+          break;
+        default:
+          // assert
       }
+      return false;
     }
-    if (art._extensions) {
-      // TODO: the following function can now be simplified
-      // if (art.$inferred) console.log('CAI:', art.name, art.$inferred,art._extensions)
-      // With extensions, member appears in CSN, affects directly the rendering of
-      // elements etc.  TODO: do that more specifically on the dicts (via symbol)
-      // Probably better: we could use the _extensions dict prop directly in to-csn
-      if (art.$inferred)
-        setExpandStatusAnnotate( art, 'annotate' );
-      if (Array.isArray( art._extensions )) {
-        checkExtensionsKind( art._extensions, art ); // TODO: check with builtins
-        transformArtifactExtensions( art );
+    else if (!dict[name]) {
+      // TODO: make variant `returns` an auto-variant for ($ART) ?
+      const inReturns = parent._parent?.returns && parent._parent;
+      const art = inReturns || parent;
+      switch (prop) {
+        case 'elements':
+          notFound( 'anno-undefined-element', ext.name.location, ext,
+                    { '#': (inReturns ? 'returns' : 'element'), art, name },
+                    parent.elements );
+          break;
+        case 'enum':            // TODO: extra msg id?
+          notFound( 'anno-undefined-element', ext.name.location, ext,
+                    { '#': (inReturns ? 'enum-returns' : 'enum'), art, name },
+                    parent.enum );
+          break;
+        case 'params':
+          notFound( 'anno-undefined-param', ext.name.location, ext,
+                    { '#': 'param', art: parent, name },
+                    parent.params );
+          break;
+        case 'actions':
+          notFound( 'anno-undefined-action', ext.name.location, ext,
+                    { '#': 'action', art: parent, name },
+                    parent.actions );
+          break;
+        default:
+          // assert
       }
-      applyAllExtensions( art );
     }
+    return true;
   }
 
-  // TODO: if extensions has more than one of returns,items,elements,enum, delete all those props
-  function transformArtifactExtensions( art ) {
-    const hasOnlySubExtensions = art._outer; // items, anonymous aspects
-    const dict = Object.create(null);
-    for (const ext of art._extensions) {
-      for (const prop in ext) {
-        if (ext[prop] === undefined) // deleted propery
-          continue;
-        // TODO: do this check nicer (after complete move to new extensions mechanism)
-        if (prop.charAt(0) === '@' || prop === 'doc' ||
-            prop === 'includes' || prop === 'columns' ||
-            prop === 'length' || prop === 'scale' || prop === 'precision' || prop === 'srid') {
-          if (!hasOnlySubExtensions)
-            pushToDict( dict, prop, ext );
-        }
-        else if (prop === 'elements' || prop === 'enum' || prop === 'actions' ||
-                 prop === 'params' || prop === 'returns') {
-          if (ext.kind === 'extend')
-            pushToDict( dict, 'includes', ext );
-          pushToDict( dict, prop, ext );
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    art._extensions = dict;
+  function notFound( msgId, location, address, args, validDict ) {
+    const msg = message( msgId, [ location, address ], args );
+    attachAndEmitValidNames( msg, validDict );
   }
 
-  function applyAllExtensions( art ) {
-    const extensions = art._extensions;
-    for (const prop in extensions) {
-      // TODO: do the following `if` in a nicer way
-      if ([ 'elements', 'enum', 'actions', 'params', 'returns' ].includes( prop ))
-        continue;               // currently just annotates on sub elements - TODO: error here
-      // annotations, `doc`, `includes`, `columns`, `length`, ...
-      const scheduled = [];
-      // sort extensions according to layer (specified elements are bottom layer):
-      const layered = layeredExtensions( extensions[prop] );
+  // For createRemainingAnnotateStatements(): -----------------------------------
 
-      let cont = true;
-      while (cont) {
-        const { highest, issue } = extensionsOfHighestLayers( layered );
-        // console.log( 'CA:', annoName, issue, extensions)
-        let index = highest.length;
-        cont = !!index;         // safety
-        while (--index >= 0) {
-          const ext = highest[index];
-          scheduled.push( ext );
-          if (extensionOverwrites( ext, prop )) {
-            cont = false;
-            break;
-          }
+  function createSuperAnnotate( annotate ) {
+    const extensions = annotate._extensions;
+    if (extensions && !annotate._main) {
+      const { absolute } = annotate.name;
+      const isLocalized = absolute.startsWith( 'localized.' ); // TODO: && anno
+      const art = model.definitions[absolute];
+      for (const ext of extensions)
+        checkRemainingMainExtensions( art, ext, isLocalized );
+      if (art?.builtin && art.kind !== 'namespace') { // TODO: do not set `builtin` on cds, cds.hana
+        setLink( annotate, '_extensions', art._extensions ); // for messages and member extensions
+        // direct annotations on builtins or on the builtins for propagation, and
+        // also shallow-copied to $collectedExtensions for to-csn
+        for (const prop in art) {
+          if (prop.charAt(0) === '@' || prop === 'doc')
+            annotate[prop] = art[prop];
         }
-        if (issue || index > 0)
-          reportDuplicateExtensions( highest, prop, issue, index, art );
       }
-      // Now apply the relevant extensions
-      scheduled.reverse();
-      for (const ext of scheduled)
-        applySingleExtension( art, ext, prop );
-      delete extensions[prop];
+      if (extensions.length === 1) { // i.e. no proper location if from more than one extensions
+        annotate.location = extensions[0].location;
+        annotate.name.location = extensions[0].name.location;
+      }
     }
+    extendArtifactBefore( annotate );
+    extendArtifactAfter( annotate );
+    forEachMember( annotate, createSuperAnnotate );
   }
 
-  function extensionOverwrites( ext, prop ) {
-    return (prop.charAt(0) !== '@')
-      ? [ 'doc', 'length', 'precision', 'scale', 'srid' ].includes( prop )
-      : !annotationHasEllipsis( ext[prop] );
+  function checkRemainingMainExtensions( art, ext, localized ) {
+    if (localized)              // TODO v4: ignore only for annotate
+      return;
+    if (!resolvePath( ext.name, ext.kind, ext )) // error for extend, info for annotate
+      return;
+    // else if (ext.kind === 'extend') { // TODO v4 - add error
+    // }
+    if (art?.kind === 'namespace') {
+      // TODO: not at all different to having no definition
+      info( 'anno-namespace', [ ext.name.location, ext ], {}, // TODO: better location?
+            'Namespaces can\'t be annotated' );
+    }
+    else if (art?.builtin) {
+      info( 'anno-builtin', [ ext.name.location, ext ], {}, // TODO: better location?
+            'Builtin types should not be annotated. Use custom type instead' );
+    }
   }
 
-  // TODO: still a bit annotation assignment specific
-  function reportDuplicateExtensions( extensions, prop, issue, index, art ) {
-    // TODO: think about messages for these
-    if (prop === 'elements' || prop === 'enum' || prop === 'actions' || prop === 'columns' ||
-        prop === 'params' || prop === 'returns' || prop === 'includes' )
-      return;                   // extensions currently handled extra
-    if (issue) {
-      // eslint-disable-next-line no-nested-ternary
-      let msg = (index < 0)
-        ? 'anno-unstable-array'
-        : (issue === true)
-          ? 'anno-duplicate'
-          : 'anno-duplicate-unrelated-layer';
-      if (prop.charAt(0) !== '@' && prop !== 'doc') {
-        msg = (issue === true)
-          ? 'ext-duplicate-extend-type'
-          : 'ext-duplicate-extend-type-unrelated-layer';
-        // not sure whether to repeat the extended artifact in the message (we
-        // have the semantic location, after all)
+  // Issue messages for annotations on namespaces and builtins
+  // (TODO: really here?, probably split main artifacts vs returns)
+  // see also createRemainingAnnotateStatements() where similar messages are reported
+  function checkAnnotate( construct, art ) {
+    // TODO: Handle extend statements properly: Different message for empty extend?
+
+    // --> without art._block, art not found
+    if (construct.kind === 'annotate' && art._block?.$frontend === 'cdl') {
+      if (construct.$syntax === 'returns' && art.kind !== 'action' && art.kind !== 'function' ) {
+        // `annotate ABC with returns {}` is handled just like `elements`. Warn if it is used
+        // for non-actions.  We can't only check for !art.returns, because `action A();` is valid.
+        // `art._block` ensures that `art` is a defined def.
+        return;
+        // warning('ext-unexpected-returns', [ construct.name.location, construct ],
+        //         { keyword: 'returns', meta: art.kind }, 'Unexpected $(KEYWORD) for $(META)');
       }
-      const variant = prop === 'doc' ? 'doc' : 'std';
-      for (const ext of extensions) {
-        const anno = ext[prop];
-        if (anno && !anno.$errorReported) {
-          message( msg, [ anno.name?.location || anno.location, ext ],
-                   { '#': variant, anno: prop, type: art } );
-        }
+      else if (construct.$syntax !== 'returns' &&
+          (art.kind === 'action' || art.kind === 'function') && construct.elements) {
+        warning('ext-expected-returns', [ construct.name.location, construct ], {
+          '#': art.kind, keyword: 'returns', code: 'annotate ‹name› with returns { … }',
+        }, {
+          std: 'Expected $(CODE)', // unused variant
+          action: 'Expected $(KEYWORD) when annotating action return structure, i.e. $(CODE)',
+          function: 'Expected $(KEYWORD) when annotating function return structure, i.e. $(CODE)',
+        });
       }
     }
-    else if (index > 0) {     // more than one set (not just ...)
-      const variant = prop === 'doc' ? 'doc' : 'std';
-      const msgid = (prop.charAt(0) === '@' || prop === 'doc')
-        ? 'anno-duplicate-same-file' // TODO: always ext-duplicate-…
-        : 'ext-duplicate-same-file';
-      while (index >= 0) {    // do not report for trailing [...]
-        const ext = extensions[index--];
-        const anno = ext[prop];
-        warning( msgid, [ anno.name?.location || anno.location, ext ],
-                 { '#': variant, prop, anno: prop } );
+  }
+
+  // extend, mainly old-style ---------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * Apply the extensions inside the extensionsDict on the model.
+   *
+   * First try normally: extends with structure includes; with remaining cyclic
+   * includes, do so without includes.
+   */
+  function applyExtensions() {
+    let noIncludes = false;
+    let extNames = Object.keys( extensionsDict ).sort();
+
+    while (extNames.length) {
+      const { length } = extNames;
+      for (const name of extNames) {
+        const art = model.definitions[name];
+        if (art && art.kind !== 'namespace' &&
+            extendArtifact( extensionsDict[name], art, noIncludes ))
+          delete extensionsDict[name];
       }
+      extNames = Object.keys( extensionsDict ); // no sort() required anymore
+      if (extNames.length >= length)
+        noIncludes = Object.keys( extensionsDict ); // = no includes
     }
   }
 
-  function applySingleExtension( art, ext, prop ) {
-    if (prop === 'includes') {
-      if (ext.kind === 'extend' && art.$inferred) {
-        error( 'extend-for-generated', [ ext.name.location, ext ], { art },
-               'You can\'t use EXTEND on the generated $(ART)' );
-      }
-      else if (art.kind !== 'annotate' && !art._outer) { // not with elem extension in targetAspect
-        const { absolute } = art.name;
-        const dict = extensionsDict[absolute] || (extensionsDict[absolute] = []);
-        dict.push( ext ); // TODO: change
-        // console.log( 'ASI:',prop,art.name,ext,extensionsDict[absolute])
-      }
-      // art[prop] = (art[prop]) ? art[prop].concat( ext[prop] ) : ext[prop];
+  /**
+   * Extend artifact `art` by `extensions`.  `noIncludes` can have values:
+   * - false: includes are applied, extend and annotate is performed
+   * - true:  includes are not applied, extend and annotate is performed
+   * - 'gen': no includes and no extensions allowed, annotate is performed
+   *
+   * @param {XSN.Extension[]} extensions
+   * @param {XSN.Definition} art
+   * @param {boolean|'gen'} [noIncludes=false]
+   */
+  function extendArtifact( extensions, art, noIncludes = false ) {
+    if (!noIncludes && !(canApplyIncludes( art, art ) &&
+        extensions.every( ext => canApplyIncludes(ext, art) )))
+      return false;
+    if (Array.isArray( noIncludes )) {
+      canApplyIncludes( art, art, noIncludes );
+      extensions.forEach( ext => canApplyIncludes( ext, art, noIncludes ) );
     }
-    else if (prop === 'columns') {
-      const { query } = art;
-      if (!query?.from?.path)
-        error( 'extend-columns', [ ext.columns[$location], ext ], { art } );
-      else if (!query.columns)
-        query.columns = [ { location: query.from.location, val: '*' }, ...ext.columns ];
-      else
-        query.columns.push( ...ext.columns );
+    else if (!noIncludes &&
+             !(canApplyIncludes( art, art ) &&
+               extensions.every( ext => canApplyIncludes( ext, art) ))) {
+      // console.log( 'FALSE:',art.name, extensions.map( e => e.name ) )
+      return false;
     }
-    else if ([ 'length', 'precision', 'scale', 'srid' ].includes( prop )) {
-      const typeExts = art.$typeExts || (art.$typeExts = {});
-      typeExts[prop] = ext;
+    if (!art.query) {
+      model._entities.push( art ); // add structure with includes in dep order
+      art.$entity = ++model.$entity;
     }
-    else {
-      const result = applyAssignment( art[prop], ext[prop], ext, prop );
-      art[prop] = (result.name) ? result : Object.assign( {}, art[prop], result );
+    if (!noIncludes && art.includes)
+      applyIncludes( art, art );
+    // checkExtensionsKind( extensions, art );
+    extendMembers( extensions, art, noIncludes === 'gen' );
+    if (!noIncludes && art.includes) {
+      // early propagation of specific annotation assignments
+      propagateEarly( art, '@cds.autoexpose' );
+      propagateEarly( art, '@fiori.draft.enabled' );
     }
+    // TODO: complain about element extensions inside projection
+    return true;
   }
 
-  function applyAssignment( previousAnno, anno, art, annoName ) {
-    const firstEllipsis = annotationHasEllipsis( anno );
-    if (!firstEllipsis)
-      return anno;
-    const hasBase = previousAnno?.literal === 'array';
-    if (!previousAnno) {
-      const loc = firstEllipsis.location || anno.name.location;
-      message( 'anno-unexpected-ellipsis', [ loc, art ], { code: '...' } );
-      previousAnno = { val: [] };
+  function extendMembers( extensions, art, noExtend ) {
+    // TODO: do the whole extension stuff lazily if the elements are requested
+    const elemExtensions = [];
+    if (art._main)              // extensions already sorted for main artifacts
+      extensions.sort( layers.compareLayer );
+    // TODO: use same sequence as in chooseAssignment() - better: use common code with that fn
+    // console.log('EM:',art.name,extensions,art._extensions)
+    for (const ext of extensions) { // those in extMap.includes
+      // console.log(message( 'id', [ext.location, ext], { art: ext.name._artifact },
+      //                      'Info', 'EXT').toString())
+      if (ext.name._artifact === undefined) { // not already applied
+        setArtifactLink( ext.name, art );
+        if (noExtend && ext.kind === 'extend') {
+          error( 'extend-for-generated', [ ext.name.location, ext ], { art },
+                 'You can\'t use EXTEND on the generated $(ART)' );
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (ext.includes) {
+          // TODO: currently, re-compiling from gensrc does not give the exact
+          // element sequence - we need something like
+          //    includes = ['Base1',3,'Base2']
+          // where 3 means adding the next 3 elements before applying include 'Base2'
+          if (art.includes)
+            art.includes.push(...ext.includes);
+          else
+            art.includes = [ ...ext.includes ];
+          applyIncludes( ext, art );
+        }
+        // console.log(ext,art)
+        checkAnnotate( ext, art );
+        // TODO: do we allow to add elements with array of {...}?  If yes, adapt
+        initMembers( ext, art, ext._block ); // might set _extend, _annotate
+        dependsOnSilent(art, ext); // art depends silently on ext (inverse to normal dep!)
+      }
+      for (const name in ext.elements) {
+        const elem = ext.elements[name];
+        if (elem.kind === 'element') { // i.e. not extend or annotate
+          elemExtensions.push( elem );
+          break;                // more than one elem in same EXTEND is fine
+        }
+      }
     }
-    else if (previousAnno.literal !== 'array') {
-      // TODO: If we introduce sub-messages, point to the non-array base value.
-      error( 'anno-mismatched-ellipsis', [ anno.name.location, art ], { code: '...' } );
-      previousAnno = { val: [] };
+    if (elemExtensions.length > 1)
+      reportUnstableExtensions( elemExtensions );
+
+    // This whole function will be removed with a next change - no need to have nice code here:
+    const dict = Object.create(null);
+    // actions cannot be extended anyway. TODO: there should be a message
+    // (possible with CSN input), but that was missing before this change, too.
+    for (const e of extensions) {
+      if (!e.elements)
+        continue;
+      for (const n in e.elements) {
+        if (e.elements[n].kind === 'extend')
+          pushToDict( dict, n, e.elements[n] );
+      }
     }
-    const previousValue = previousAnno.val;
-    let prevPos = 0;
-    const result = [];
-    for (const item of anno.val) {
-      const ell = item && item.literal === 'token' && item.val === '...';
-      if (!ell) {
-        result.push( item );
+    for (const name in dict) {
+      let obj = art;
+      if (obj.targetAspect)
+        obj = obj.targetAspect;
+      while (obj.items)
+        obj = obj.items;
+      const validDict = obj.elements || obj.enum;
+      const member = validDict && validDict[name];
+      if (!member)
+        extendNothing( dict[name], 'elements', name, art, validDict );
+      else if (!(member.$duplicates))
+        extendMembers( dict[name], member );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Report 'Warning: Unstable element order due to repeated extensions'
+   * except if all extensions are in the same file.
+   *
+   * @param {XSN.Extension[]} extensions
+   */
+  function reportUnstableExtensions( extensions ) {
+    // No message if all extensions are in the same file:
+    const file = layers.realname( extensions[0] );
+    if (extensions.every( ( ext, i ) => !i || file === layers.realname( ext ) ))
+      return;
+    // Similar to chooseAssignment(), TODO there: also extra intralayer message
+    // as this is a modeling error
+    let lastExt = null;
+    let open = [];              // the "highest" layers
+    for (const ext of extensions) {
+      const extLayer = layers.layer( ext ) || { realname: '', _layerExtends: Object.create(null) };
+      if (!open.length) {
+        lastExt = ext;
+        open = [ extLayer.realname ];
       }
-      else {
-        let upToSpec = item.upTo && checkUpToSpec( item.upTo, art, annoName, true );
-        while (prevPos < previousValue.length) {
-          const prevItem = previousValue[prevPos++];
-          result.push( prevItem );
-          if (upToSpec && prevItem && equalUpTo( prevItem, item.upTo)) {
-            upToSpec = false;
-            break;
-          }
+      else if (extLayer.realname === open[open.length - 1]) { // in same layer
+        if (lastExt) {
+          message( 'extend-repeated-intralayer', [ lastExt.location, lastExt ] );
+          lastExt = null;
         }
-        if (upToSpec && hasBase) {
-          // non-matched UP TO; if there is no base to apply to, there is already an error.
-          warning( null, [ item.upTo.location, art ], { anno: annoName, code: '... up to' },
-                   'The $(CODE) value does not match any item in the base annotation $(ANNO)' );
+        message( 'extend-repeated-intralayer', [ ext.location, ext ] );
+      }
+      else {
+        if (lastExt && (open.length > 1 || !extLayer._layerExtends[open[0]])) {
+          // report for lastExt if that is unrelated to other open exts or current ext
+          message( 'extend-unrelated-layer', [ lastExt.location, lastExt ], {},
+                   'Unstable element order due to other extension in unrelated layer' );
         }
+        lastExt = ext;
+        open = open.filter( name => !extLayer._layerExtends[name] );
+        open.push( extLayer.realname );
       }
     }
-    // console.log('TP:',previousValue.map(se),anno.val.map(se),'->',result.map(se))
-    return { val: result, literal: 'array' };
   }
-  // function se(a) { return a.upTo ? [a.val,a.upTo.val] : a.val ; }
 
-  function checkUpToSpec( upToSpec, art, annoName, isFullUpTo ) {
-    const { literal } = upToSpec;
-    if (!isFullUpTo) {          // inside struct of UP TO
-      if (literal !== 'struct' && literal !== 'array' )
-        return true;
-    }
-    else if (literal === 'struct') {
-      return Object.values( upToSpec.struct ).every( v => checkUpToSpec( v, art, annoName ) );
+
+  /**
+   * @param {XSN.Extension[]} extensions
+   * @param {string} prop
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
+   * @param {object} validDict
+   */
+  function extendNothing( extensions, prop, name, art, validDict ) {
+    const artName = searchName( art, name, dictKinds[prop] );
+    for (const ext of extensions) {
+      // TODO: use shared functionality with notFound in resolver.js
+      const { location } = ext.name;
+      const extName = { ...artName, kind: ext.kind };
+      const msg
+        = error( 'extend-undefined', [ location, extName ],
+                 { art: artName },
+                 {
+                   std: 'Unknown $(ART) - nothing to extend',
+                   // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
+                   element: 'Artifact $(ART) has no element or enum $(MEMBER) - nothing to extend',
+                   action: 'Artifact $(ART) has no action $(MEMBER) - nothing to extend',
+                 } );
+      attachAndEmitValidNames(msg, validDict);
     }
-    else if (literal !== 'array' && literal !== 'boolean' && literal !== 'null') {
+  }
+
+  // includes ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * Returns true, if `art.includes` can be applied on `target`.
+   * They can't be applied if any of the artifacts referenced in
+   * `art.includes` are yet to be extended.
+   * `art !== target` if `art` is an extension.
+   *
+   * @param {XSN.Definition} art
+   * @param {XSN.Artifact} target
+   * @returns {boolean}
+   */
+  function canApplyIncludes( art, target, justResolveCyclic ) {
+    if (!art.includes)
       return true;
+    const isView = !!target.query;
+    for (const ref of art.includes) {
+      const name = resolveUncheckedPath( ref, 'include', art );
+      // console.log('CAI:',justResolveCyclic, name, ref.path, Object.keys(extensionsDict))
+      if (justResolveCyclic) {
+        if (!justResolveCyclic.includes( name ))
+          continue;
+        delete ref._artifact;
+      }
+      else if (name && name in extensionsDict) {
+        // one of the includes has itself extensions that need to be applied first
+        return false;
+      }
+      else if (ref._artifact) {
+        delete ref._artifact;
+      }
+      resolvePath( ref, isView ? 'viewInclude' : 'include', art );
     }
-    error( null, [ upToSpec.location, art ],
-           { anno: annoName, code: '... up to', '#': literal },
-           {
-             std: 'Unexpected $(CODE) value type in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
-             array: 'Unexpected array as $(CODE) value in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
-             // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
-             struct: 'Unexpected structure as $(CODE) structure property value in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
-             boolean: 'Unexpected boolean as $(CODE) value in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
-             null: 'Unexpected null as $(CODE) value in the assignment of $(ANNO)',
-           } );
-    return false;
+    return true;
   }
 
-  function equalUpTo( previousItem, upToSpec ) {
-    if (!previousItem)
-      return false;
-    if ('val' in upToSpec) {
-      if (previousItem.val === upToSpec.val) // enum, struct and ref have no val
-        return true;
-      const typeUpTo = typeof upToSpec.val;
-      const typePrev = typeof previousItem.val;
-      if (typeUpTo === 'number')
-        return typePrev === 'string' && previousItem.val === upToSpec.val.toString();
-      if (typePrev === 'number')
-        return typeUpTo === 'string' && upToSpec.val === previousItem.val.toString();
-    }
-    else if (upToSpec.path) {
-      return previousItem.path && normalizeRef( previousItem ) === normalizeRef( upToSpec );
-    }
-    else if (upToSpec.sym) {
-      return previousItem.sym && previousItem.sym.id === upToSpec.sym.id;
+  /**
+   * Apply all includes of `ext` on `ext`.  Checks that `art` allows includes.
+   * If `ext === art`, then includes of the artifact itself are applied.
+   * If `ext !== art`, applies includes on the extensions, not artifact.
+   * Sets `_ancestor` links on `art`.
+   *
+   * Examples:
+   *   ext === art:  `entity E : F {}`  => add elements of F to E
+   *   ext !== art:  `extend E with F`  => add elements of F to extension on E
+   *
+   * @param {XSN.Extension} ext
+   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
+   */
+  function applyIncludes( ext, art ) {
+    if (kindProperties[art.kind].include !== true) {
+      error( 'extend-unexpected-include', [ ext.includes[0]?.location, ext ],
+             { meta: art.kind } );
+      return;
     }
-    else if (upToSpec.struct && previousItem.struct) {
-      return Object.entries( upToSpec.struct )
-        .every( ([ n, v ]) => equalUpTo( previousItem.struct[n], v ) );
+
+    if (!art.query) {
+      if (!art._ancestors)
+        setLink( art, '_ancestors', [] ); // recursive array of includes
+      for (const ref of ext.includes) {
+        const template = ref._artifact;
+        // !template -> non-includable, e.g. scalar type, or cyclic
+        if (template) {
+          if (template._ancestors)
+            art._ancestors.push( ...template._ancestors );
+          art._ancestors.push( template );
+        }
+      }
     }
-    return false;
+    if (!art.query)    // do not set art.elements and art.enums with query entity!
+      includeMembers( ext, art, 'elements' );
+    includeMembers( ext, art, 'actions' );
   }
 
-  function normalizeRef( node ) { // see to-csn.js
-    const ref = pathName( node.path );
-    return node.variant ? `${ ref }#${ node.variant.id }` : ref;
+  /**
+   * Add all members (e.g. elements or actions) of `ext.includes` to `ext[prop]`.
+   * If `art` is `ext`, set the parent link accordingly.
+   *
+   * @param {XSN.Extension} ext
+   * @param {XSN.Artifact} art
+   * @param {string} prop: 'elements' or 'actions'
+   */
+  function includeMembers( ext, art, prop ) {
+    // TODO two kind of messages:
+    // Error 'More than one include defines element "A"' (at include ref)
+    // Warning 'Overwrites definition from include "I" (at elem def)
+    const parent = ext === art && art;
+    const members = ext[prop];
+    ext[prop] = Object.create(null); // TODO: do not set actions property if there are none
+    for (const ref of ext.includes) {
+      const template = ref._artifact; // already resolved
+      if (template) {           // be robust
+        forEachInOrder( template, prop, ( origin, name ) => {
+          if (members && name in members)
+            return; // warning for overwritten element in checks.js
+          const elem = linkToOrigin( origin, name, parent, prop, weakLocation( ref.location ) );
+          if (!parent) // not yet set for EXTEND foo WITH bar => linkToOrigin() did not add it
+            dictAdd( ext[prop], name, elem );
+          elem.$inferred = 'include';
+          if (origin.masked)
+            elem.masked = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, origin.masked );
+          if (origin.key)
+            elem.key = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, origin.key );
+          if (origin.value && origin.$syntax === 'calc') {
+            // TODO: If paths become invalid in the new artifact, should we mark
+            //       all usages in the expressions? Possibly just the first one?
+            elem.value = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, copyExpr( origin.value ));
+            elem.$syntax = 'calc';
+            setLink( elem, '_calcOrigin', origin._calcOrigin || origin );
+          }
+          // TODO: also complain if elem is just defined in art
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    checkRedefinitionThroughIncludes( parent, prop );
+    // TODO: expand elements having direct elements (if needed)
+    if (members) {
+      forEachInOrder( { [prop]: members }, prop, ( elem, name ) => {
+        dictAdd( ext[prop], name, elem );
+      });
+    }
   }
 
   /**
-   * Copy the annotations `@cds.persistence.skip`/`@cds.persistence.exists` from
-   * source to target if present on source but not target.
+   * Report duplicates in parent[prop] that happen due to multiple includes having the
+   * same member.  Covers `entity G : E, G {};` but not `entity G : E {};  extend G with F;`.
    *
-   * @param {object} target
-   * @param {object} source
+   * TODO(v4): Make this a hard error; see checkRedefinition(); maybe combine both;
    */
-  function copyPersistenceAnnotations( target, source ) {
-    if (!source)
+  function checkRedefinitionThroughIncludes( parent, prop ) {
+    if (!parent[prop])
       return;
-
-    const copyExists = !isDeprecatedEnabled( options, 'eagerPersistenceForGeneratedEntities' );
-    if (copyExists)
-      copy( '@cds.persistence.exists' );
-    copy( '@cds.persistence.skip' );
-
-    function copy( anno ) {
-      if ( source[anno] && !target[anno] )
-        target[anno] = { ...source[anno], $inferred: 'parent-origin' };
-    }
+    forEachInOrder(parent, prop, ( member, name ) => {
+      if (member.$inferred === 'include' && Array.isArray(member.$duplicates)) {
+        const includes = [ member, ...member.$duplicates ].map(dup => dup._origin._main);
+        if (isBetaEnabled(options, 'v4preview')) {
+          error( 'duplicate-definition', [ parent.name.location, member ],
+                 { '#': `include-${ prop }`, name, sorted_arts: includes } );
+        }
+        else {
+          // Error accidentally removed in v2/v3, therefore only a warning.
+          warning( 'ref-duplicate-include-member', [ parent.name.location, member ],
+                   { '#': prop, name, sorted_arts: includes } );
+        }
+      }
+    });
   }
 }
 
@@ -1917,7 +1154,8 @@ function extend( model ) {
 function layeredExtensions( extensions ) {
   const layered = Object.create(null);
   for (const ext of extensions) {
-    const layer = (ext.kind === 'annotate' || ext.kind === 'extend') && layers.layer( ext );
+    const layer = (ext.kind === 'annotate' || ext.kind === 'extend' || ext.kind === 'source') &&
+                  layers.layer( ext );
     // just consider layer if Extend/Annotate, not Define
     const name = (layer) ? layer.realname : '';
     const done = layered[name];
@@ -1990,72 +1228,33 @@ function inMoreThanOneFile( extensions ) {
  * Returns <0 if `a`<`b`, >1 if `a`>`b`, i.e. can be used for ascending sort.
  */
 function compareExtensions( a, b ) {
-  const fileA = layers.realname( a._block );
-  const fileB = layers.realname( b._block );
+  const fileA = layers.realname( a );
+  const fileB = layers.realname( b );
   if (fileA !== fileB)
     return (fileA > fileB) ? 1 : -1;
   return (a?.location?.line || 0) - (b?.location?.line || 0) ||
     (a?.location?.col || 0) - (b?.location?.col || 0);
 }
 
-function augmentEqual( location, assocname, relations, prefix = '' ) {
-  const args = relations.map( eq );
-  return (args.length === 1)
-    ? args[0]
-    : { op: { val: 'and', location }, args, location };
-
-  function eq( refs ) {
-    if (Array.isArray(refs))
-      return { op: { val: '=', location }, args: refs.map( ref ), location };
-
-    const { id } = refs.name;
-    return {
-      op: { val: '=', location },
-      args: [
-        { path: [ { id: assocname, location }, { id, location } ], location },
-        { path: [ { id: `${ prefix }${ id }`, location } ], location },
-      ],
-      location,
-    };
-  }
-  function ref( path ) {
-    return { path: path.split('.').map( id => ({ id, location }) ), location };
-  }
-}
 
 /**
- * If the given extension is a `EXTEND <def> WITH TYPE` extension, store
- * it in the given artifact.  resolve.js will resolve types and call
- * `typeExtensions()` later.
+ * Propagate the given `prop` (e.g. annotation) early, i.e. copy it from all `.includes`
+ * if they have the property.
  *
- * @param {XSN.Extension} ext
- * @param {object} art
+ * @param {XSN.Definition} art
+ * @param {string} prop
  */
-// function storeTypeExtension( ext, art ) {
-//   // If there are no parameters to apply, don't store the extension.
-//   if (!typeParameters.list.some( prop => ext[prop] !== undefined ))
-//     return;
-//   else if (!art._extendType)
-//     setLink( art, '_extendType', [] );
-//   art._extendType.push( ext );
-// }
-
-function checkTextsLanguageAssocOption( model, options ) {
-  const languages = model.definitions['sap.common.Languages'];
-  const commonLanguagesEntity = options.addTextsLanguageAssoc && languages?.elements?.code;
-
-  if (options.addTextsLanguageAssoc && !commonLanguagesEntity) {
-    const variant = !languages ? 'std' : 'code';
-    const loc = model.definitions['sap.common.Languages']?.name?.location || null;
-    model.$messageFunctions.info('api-ignoring-language-assoc', loc, {
-      '#': variant, option: 'addTextsLanguageAssoc', art: 'sap.common.Languages', name: 'code',
-    }, {
-      std: 'Ignoring option $(OPTION) because entity $(ART) is missing',
-      code: 'Ignoring option $(OPTION) because entity $(ART) is missing element $(NAME)',
-    });
+function propagateEarly( art, prop ) {
+  if (art[prop])
+    return;
+  for (const ref of art.includes) {
+    const aspect = ref._artifact;
+    if (aspect) {
+      const anno = aspect[prop];
+      if (anno && (anno.val !== null || !art[prop]))
+        art[prop] = Object.assign( { $inferred: 'include' }, anno );
+    }
   }
-
-  return !!commonLanguagesEntity;
 }