@sanity/diff-patch 5.0.0 → 7.0.0

package/src/diffPatch.ts

@@ -1,41 +1,44 @@
-import {cleanupEfficiency, makeDiff, makePatches, stringifyPatches} from '@sanity/diff-match-patch'
+import {makePatches, stringifyPatches} from '@sanity/diff-match-patch'
 import {DiffError} from './diffError.js'
-import {type Path, pathToString} from './paths.js'
+import {isKeyedObject, type KeyedSanityObject, type Path, pathToString} from './paths.js'
 import {validateProperty} from './validate.js'
 import {
   type Patch,
-  type SetPatch,
   type UnsetPatch,
-  type InsertAfterPatch,
   type DiffMatchPatch,
-  type SanityInsertPatch,
-  type SanityPatch,
-  type SanitySetPatch,
-  type SanityUnsetPatch,
-  type SanityDiffMatchPatch,
   type SanityPatchMutation,
+  type SanityPatchOperations,
+  type SanitySetPatchOperation,
+  type SanityUnsetPatchOperation,
+  type SanityInsertPatchOperation,
+  type SanityDiffMatchPatchOperation,
 } from './patches.js'
+import {difference, intersection} from './setOperations.js'
 
-const ignoredKeys = ['_id', '_type', '_createdAt', '_updatedAt', '_rev']
+/**
+ * Document keys that are ignored during diff operations.
+ * These are system-managed fields that should not be included in patches on
+ * top-level documents and should not be diffed with diff-match-patch.
+ */
+const SYSTEM_KEYS = ['_id', '_type', '_createdAt', '_updatedAt', '_rev']
 
-type PrimitiveValue = string | number | boolean | null | undefined
+/**
+ * Maximum size of strings to consider for diff-match-patch (1MB)
+ * Based on testing showing consistently good performance up to this size
+ */
+const DMP_MAX_STRING_SIZE = 1_000_000
 
 /**
- * An object (record) that has a `_key` property
- *
- * @internal
+ * Maximum difference in string length before falling back to set operations (40%)
+ * Above this threshold, likely indicates text replacement which can be slow
  */
-export interface KeyedSanityObject {
-  [key: string]: unknown
-  _key: string
-}
+const DMP_MAX_STRING_LENGTH_CHANGE_RATIO = 0.4
 
 /**
- * An object (record) that _may_ have a `_key` property
- *
- * @internal
+ * Minimum string size to apply change ratio check (10KB)
+ * Small strings are always fast regardless of change ratio
  */
-export type SanityObject = KeyedSanityObject | Partial<KeyedSanityObject>
+const DMP_MIN_SIZE_FOR_RATIO_CHECK = 10_000
 
 /**
  * Represents a partial Sanity document (eg a "stub").
@@ -51,37 +54,6 @@ export interface DocumentStub {
   [key: string]: unknown
 }
 
-/**
- * Options for the diff-match-patch algorithm.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export interface DiffMatchPatchOptions {
-  /**
-   * Whether or not to use diff-match-patch at all
-   *
-   * @defaultValue `true`
-   */
-  enabled: boolean
-
-  /**
-   * Threshold at which to start using diff-match-patch instead of a regular `set` patch.
-   *
-   * @defaultValue `30`
-   */
-  lengthThresholdAbsolute: number
-
-  /**
-   * Only use generated diff-match-patch if the patch length is less than or equal to
-   * (targetString * relative). Example: A 100 character target with a relative factor
-   * of 1.2 will allow a 120 character diff-match-patch. If larger than this number,
-   * it will fall back to a regular `set` patch.
-   *
-   * @defaultValue `1.2`
-   */
-  lengthThresholdRelative: number
-}
-
 /**
  * Options for the patch generator
  *
@@ -110,80 +82,30 @@ export interface PatchOptions {
    * @defaultValue `undefined` (do not apply revision check)
    */
   ifRevisionID?: string | true
-
-  /**
-   * Whether or not to hide warnings during the diff process.
-   *
-   * @defaultValue `false`
-   */
-  hideWarnings?: boolean
-
-  /**
-   * Options for the diff-match-patch algorithm.
-   */
-  diffMatchPatch?: Partial<DiffMatchPatchOptions>
-}
-
-/**
- * Options for diff generation, where all DMP properties are required
- *
- * @public
- */
-export type DiffOptions = PatchOptions & {diffMatchPatch: Required<DiffMatchPatchOptions>}
-
-const defaultOptions = {
-  hideWarnings: false,
-  diffMatchPatch: {
-    enabled: true,
-
-    // Only use diff-match-patch if target string is longer than this threshold
-    lengthThresholdAbsolute: 30,
-
-    // Only use generated diff-match-patch if the patch length is less than or equal to
-    // (targetString * relative). Example: A 100 character target with a relative factor
-    // of 1.2 will allow a 120 character diff-match-patch. If larger than this number,
-    // it will fall back to a regular `set` patch.
-    lengthThresholdRelative: 1.2,
-  },
-} satisfies DiffOptions
-
-/**
- * Merges the default options with the passed in options.
- *
- * @param options - Options to merge with the defaults
- * @returns Merged options
- */
-function mergeOptions(options: PatchOptions): DiffOptions {
-  return {
-    ...defaultOptions,
-    ...options,
-    diffMatchPatch: {...defaultOptions.diffMatchPatch, ...(options.diffMatchPatch || {})},
-  }
 }
 
 /**
  * Generates an array of mutations for Sanity, based on the differences between
  * the two passed documents/trees.
  *
- * @param itemA - The first document/tree to compare
- * @param itemB - The second document/tree to compare
+ * @param source - The first document/tree to compare
+ * @param target - The second document/tree to compare
  * @param opts - Options for the diff generation
  * @returns Array of mutations
  * @public
  */
 export function diffPatch(
-  itemA: DocumentStub,
-  itemB: DocumentStub,
-  opts?: PatchOptions,
+  source: DocumentStub,
+  target: DocumentStub,
+  options: PatchOptions = {},
 ): SanityPatchMutation[] {
-  const options = mergeOptions(opts || {})
-  const id = options.id || (itemA._id === itemB._id && itemA._id)
+  const id = options.id || (source._id === target._id && source._id)
   const revisionLocked = options.ifRevisionID
-  const ifRevisionID = typeof revisionLocked === 'boolean' ? itemA._rev : revisionLocked
+  const ifRevisionID = typeof revisionLocked === 'boolean' ? source._rev : revisionLocked
   const basePath = options.basePath || []
   if (!id) {
     throw new Error(
-      '_id on itemA and itemB not present or differs, specify document id the mutations should be applied to',
+      '_id on source and target not present or differs, specify document id the mutations should be applied to',
     )
   }
 
@@ -193,94 +115,95 @@ export function diffPatch(
     )
   }
 
-  if (basePath.length === 0 && itemA._type !== itemB._type) {
-    throw new Error(`_type is immutable and cannot be changed (${itemA._type} => ${itemB._type})`)
+  if (basePath.length === 0 && source._type !== target._type) {
+    throw new Error(`_type is immutable and cannot be changed (${source._type} => ${target._type})`)
   }
 
-  const operations = diffItem(itemA, itemB, options, basePath, [])
-  return serializePatches(operations, {id, ifRevisionID: revisionLocked ? ifRevisionID : undefined})
+  const operations = diffItem(source, target, basePath, [])
+  return serializePatches(operations).map((patchOperations, i) => ({
+    patch: {
+      id,
+      // only add `ifRevisionID` to the first patch
+      ...(i === 0 && ifRevisionID && {ifRevisionID}),
+      ...patchOperations,
+    },
+  }))
 }
 
 /**
- * Diffs two items and returns an array of patches.
- * Note that this is different from `diffPatch`, which generates _mutations_.
+ * Generates an array of patch operation objects for Sanity, based on the
+ * differences between the two passed values
  *
- * @param itemA - The first item to compare
- * @param itemB - The second item to compare
- * @param opts - Options for the diff generation
- * @param path - Path to the current item
- * @param patches - Array of patches to append the results to. Note that this is MUTATED.
- * @returns Array of patches
+ * @param source - The source value to start off with
+ * @param target - The target value that the patch operations will aim to create
+ * @param basePath - An optional path that will be prefixed to all subsequent patch operations
+ * @returns Array of mutations
  * @public
  */
-export function diffItem(
-  itemA: unknown,
-  itemB: unknown,
-  opts: DiffOptions = defaultOptions,
+export function diffValue(
+  source: unknown,
+  target: unknown,
+  basePath: Path = [],
+): SanityPatchOperations[] {
+  return serializePatches(diffItem(source, target, basePath))
+}
+
+function diffItem(
+  source: unknown,
+  target: unknown,
   path: Path = [],
   patches: Patch[] = [],
 ): Patch[] {
-  if (itemA === itemB) {
+  if (source === target) {
     return patches
   }
 
-  const aType = Array.isArray(itemA) ? 'array' : typeof itemA
-  const bType = Array.isArray(itemB) ? 'array' : typeof itemB
-
-  const aIsUndefined = aType === 'undefined'
-  const bIsUndefined = bType === 'undefined'
-
-  if (aIsUndefined && !bIsUndefined) {
-    patches.push({op: 'set', path, value: itemB})
+  if (typeof source === 'string' && typeof target === 'string') {
+    diffString(source, target, path, patches)
     return patches
   }
 
-  if (!aIsUndefined && bIsUndefined) {
-    patches.push({op: 'unset', path})
+  if (Array.isArray(source) && Array.isArray(target)) {
+    diffArray(source, target, path, patches)
     return patches
   }
 
-  const options = mergeOptions(opts)
-  const dataType = aIsUndefined ? bType : aType
-  const isContainer = dataType === 'object' || dataType === 'array'
-  if (!isContainer) {
-    return diffPrimitive(itemA as PrimitiveValue, itemB as PrimitiveValue, options, path, patches)
+  if (isRecord(source) && isRecord(target)) {
+    diffObject(source, target, path, patches)
+    return patches
   }
 
-  if (aType !== bType) {
-    // Array => Object / Object => Array
-    patches.push({op: 'set', path, value: itemB})
+  if (target === undefined) {
+    patches.push({op: 'unset', path})
     return patches
   }
 
-  return dataType === 'array'
-    ? diffArray(itemA as unknown[], itemB as unknown[], options, path, patches)
-    : diffObject(itemA as object, itemB as object, options, path, patches)
+  patches.push({op: 'set', path, value: target})
+  return patches
 }
 
 function diffObject(
-  itemA: SanityObject,
-  itemB: SanityObject,
-  options: DiffOptions,
+  source: Record<string, unknown>,
+  target: Record<string, unknown>,
   path: Path,
   patches: Patch[],
 ) {
   const atRoot = path.length === 0
-  const aKeys = Object.keys(itemA)
+  const aKeys = Object.keys(source)
     .filter(atRoot ? isNotIgnoredKey : yes)
-    .map((key) => validateProperty(key, itemA[key], path))
+    .map((key) => validateProperty(key, source[key], path))
 
   const aKeysLength = aKeys.length
-  const bKeys = Object.keys(itemB)
+  const bKeys = Object.keys(target)
     .filter(atRoot ? isNotIgnoredKey : yes)
-    .map((key) => validateProperty(key, itemB[key], path))
+    .map((key) => validateProperty(key, target[key], path))
 
   const bKeysLength = bKeys.length
 
   // Check for deleted items
   for (let i = 0; i < aKeysLength; i++) {
     const key = aKeys[i]
-    if (!(key in itemB)) {
+    if (!(key in target)) {
       patches.push({op: 'unset', path: path.concat(key)})
     }
   }
@@ -288,288 +211,458 @@ function diffObject(
   // Check for changed items
   for (let i = 0; i < bKeysLength; i++) {
     const key = bKeys[i]
-    diffItem(itemA[key], itemB[key], options, path.concat([key]), patches)
+    diffItem(source[key], target[key], path.concat([key]), patches)
   }
 
   return patches
 }
 
-function diffArray(
-  itemA: unknown[],
-  itemB: unknown[],
-  options: DiffOptions,
-  path: Path,
-  patches: Patch[],
-) {
+function diffArray(source: unknown[], target: unknown[], path: Path, patches: Patch[]) {
+  if (isUniquelyKeyed(source) && isUniquelyKeyed(target)) {
+    return diffArrayByKey(source, target, path, patches)
+  }
+
+  return diffArrayByIndex(source, target, path, patches)
+}
+
+function diffArrayByIndex(source: unknown[], target: unknown[], path: Path, patches: Patch[]) {
   // Check for new items
-  if (itemB.length > itemA.length) {
+  if (target.length > source.length) {
     patches.push({
       op: 'insert',
-      after: path.concat([-1]),
-      items: itemB.slice(itemA.length).map((item, i) => nullifyUndefined(item, path, i, options)),
+      position: 'after',
+      path: path.concat([-1]),
+      items: target.slice(source.length).map(nullifyUndefined),
     })
   }
 
   // Check for deleted items
-  if (itemB.length < itemA.length) {
-    const isSingle = itemA.length - itemB.length === 1
-    const unsetItems = itemA.slice(itemB.length)
-
-    // If we're revision locked, we can safely unset ranges (eg 5:<end-of-array>).
-    // Also, if we don't have unique array keys, we can't use any better approach
-    // than array indexes. If we _do_ have unique array keys, we'll want to unset
-    // by key, as this is safer in a realtime, collaborative setting
-    if (isRevisionLocked(options) || !isUniquelyKeyed(unsetItems)) {
+  if (target.length < source.length) {
+    const isSingle = source.length - target.length === 1
+    const unsetItems = source.slice(target.length)
+
+    // If we have unique array keys, we'll want to unset by key, as this is
+    // safer in a realtime, collaborative setting
+    if (isUniquelyKeyed(unsetItems)) {
+      patches.push(
+        ...unsetItems.map((item): UnsetPatch => ({
+          op: 'unset',
+          path: path.concat({_key: item._key}),
+        })),
+      )
+    } else {
       patches.push({
         op: 'unset',
-        path: path.concat([isSingle ? itemB.length : [itemB.length, '']]),
+        path: path.concat([isSingle ? target.length : [target.length, '']]),
       })
-    } else {
-      patches.push(
-        ...unsetItems.map(
-          (item): UnsetPatch => ({op: 'unset', path: path.concat({_key: item._key})}),
-        ),
-      )
     }
   }
 
   // Check for illegal array contents
-  for (let i = 0; i < itemB.length; i++) {
-    if (Array.isArray(itemB[i])) {
-      throw new DiffError('Multi-dimensional arrays not supported', path.concat(i), itemB[i])
+  for (let i = 0; i < target.length; i++) {
+    if (Array.isArray(target[i])) {
+      throw new DiffError('Multi-dimensional arrays not supported', path.concat(i), target[i])
     }
   }
 
-  const overlapping = Math.min(itemA.length, itemB.length)
-  const segmentA = itemA.slice(0, overlapping)
-  const segmentB = itemB.slice(0, overlapping)
+  const overlapping = Math.min(source.length, target.length)
+  const segmentA = source.slice(0, overlapping)
+  const segmentB = target.slice(0, overlapping)
 
-  return isUniquelyKeyed(segmentA) && isUniquelyKeyed(segmentB)
-    ? diffArrayByKey(segmentA, segmentB, options, path, patches)
-    : diffArrayByIndex(segmentA, segmentB, options, path, patches)
-}
-
-function diffArrayByIndex(
-  itemA: unknown[],
-  itemB: unknown[],
-  options: DiffOptions,
-  path: Path,
-  patches: Patch[],
-) {
-  for (let i = 0; i < itemA.length; i++) {
-    diffItem(
-      itemA[i],
-      nullifyUndefined(itemB[i], path, i, options),
-      options,
-      path.concat(i),
-      patches,
-    )
+  for (let i = 0; i < segmentA.length; i++) {
+    diffItem(segmentA[i], nullifyUndefined(segmentB[i]), path.concat(i), patches)
   }
 
   return patches
 }
 
+/**
+ * Diffs two arrays of keyed objects by their `_key` properties.
+ *
+ * This approach is preferred over index-based diffing for collaborative editing scenarios
+ * because it generates patches that are more resilient to concurrent modifications.
+ * When multiple users edit the same array simultaneously, key-based patches have better
+ * conflict resolution characteristics than index-based patches.
+ *
+ * The function handles three main operations:
+ * 1. **Reordering**: When existing items change positions within the array
+ * 2. **Content changes**: When the content of existing items is modified
+ * 3. **Insertions/Deletions**: When items are added or removed from the array
+ *
+ * @param source - The original array with keyed objects
+ * @param target - The target array with keyed objects
+ * @param path - The path to this array within the document
+ * @param patches - Array to accumulate generated patches
+ * @returns The patches array with new patches appended
+ */
 function diffArrayByKey(
-  itemA: KeyedSanityObject[],
-  itemB: KeyedSanityObject[],
-  options: DiffOptions,
+  source: KeyedSanityObject[],
+  target: KeyedSanityObject[],
   path: Path,
   patches: Patch[],
 ) {
-  const keyedA = indexByKey(itemA)
-  const keyedB = indexByKey(itemB)
+  // Create lookup maps for efficient key-based access to array items
+  const sourceItemsByKey = new Map(source.map((item) => [item._key, item]))
+  const targetItemsByKey = new Map(target.map((item) => [item._key, item]))
+
+  // Categorize keys by their presence in source vs target arrays
+  const sourceKeys = new Set(sourceItemsByKey.keys())
+  const targetKeys = new Set(targetItemsByKey.keys())
+  const keysRemovedFromSource = difference(sourceKeys, targetKeys)
+  const keysAddedToTarget = difference(targetKeys, sourceKeys)
+  const keysInBothArrays = intersection(sourceKeys, targetKeys)
+
+  // Handle reordering of existing items within the array.
+  // We detect reordering by comparing the relative positions of keys that exist in both arrays,
+  // excluding keys that were added or removed (since they don't participate in reordering).
+  const sourceKeysStillPresent = Array.from(difference(sourceKeys, keysRemovedFromSource))
+  const targetKeysAlreadyPresent = Array.from(difference(targetKeys, keysAddedToTarget))
+
+  // Track which keys need to be reordered by comparing their relative positions
+  const keyReorderOperations: {sourceKey: string; targetKey: string}[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < keysInBothArrays.size; i++) {
+    const keyAtPositionInSource = sourceKeysStillPresent[i]
+    const keyAtPositionInTarget = targetKeysAlreadyPresent[i]
+
+    // If different keys occupy the same relative position, a reorder is needed
+    if (keyAtPositionInSource !== keyAtPositionInTarget) {
+      keyReorderOperations.push({
+        sourceKey: keyAtPositionInSource,
+        targetKey: keyAtPositionInTarget,
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Generate reorder patch if any items changed positions
+  if (keyReorderOperations.length) {
+    patches.push({
+      op: 'reorder',
+      path,
+      snapshot: source,
+      reorders: keyReorderOperations,
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Process content changes for items that exist in both arrays
+  for (const key of keysInBothArrays) {
+    diffItem(sourceItemsByKey.get(key), targetItemsByKey.get(key), [...path, {_key: key}], patches)
+  }
 
-  // There's a bunch of hard/semi-hard problems related to using keys
-  // Unless we have the exact same order, just use indexes for now
-  if (!arrayIsEqual(keyedA.keys, keyedB.keys)) {
-    return diffArrayByIndex(itemA, itemB, options, path, patches)
+  // Remove items that no longer exist in the target array
+  for (const keyToRemove of keysRemovedFromSource) {
+    patches.push({op: 'unset', path: [...path, {_key: keyToRemove}]})
   }
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < keyedB.keys.length; i++) {
-    const key = keyedB.keys[i]
-    const valueA = keyedA.index[key]
-    const valueB = nullifyUndefined(keyedB.index[key], path, i, options)
-    diffItem(valueA, valueB, options, path.concat({_key: key}), patches)
+  // Insert new items that were added to the target array
+  // We batch consecutive insertions for efficiency and insert them at the correct positions
+  if (keysAddedToTarget.size) {
+    let insertionAnchorKey: string // The key after which we'll insert pending items
+    let itemsPendingInsertion: unknown[] = []
+
+    const flushPendingInsertions = () => {
+      if (itemsPendingInsertion.length) {
+        patches.push({
+          op: 'insert',
+          // Insert after the anchor key if we have one, otherwise insert at the beginning
+          ...(insertionAnchorKey
+            ? {position: 'after', path: [...path, {_key: insertionAnchorKey}]}
+            : {position: 'before', path: [...path, 0]}),
+          items: itemsPendingInsertion,
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Walk through the target array to determine where new items should be inserted
+    for (const key of targetKeys) {
+      if (keysAddedToTarget.has(key)) {
+        // This is a new item - add it to the pending insertion batch
+        itemsPendingInsertion.push(targetItemsByKey.get(key)!)
+      } else if (keysInBothArrays.has(key)) {
+        // This is an existing item - flush any pending insertions before it
+        flushPendingInsertions()
+        insertionAnchorKey = key
+        itemsPendingInsertion = []
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Flush any remaining insertions at the end
+    flushPendingInsertions()
   }
 
   return patches
 }
 
-function getDiffMatchPatch(
-  itemA: PrimitiveValue,
-  itemB: PrimitiveValue,
-  options: DiffOptions,
-  path: Path,
-): DiffMatchPatch | undefined {
-  const {enabled, lengthThresholdRelative, lengthThresholdAbsolute} = options.diffMatchPatch
-  const segment = path[path.length - 1]
-  if (
-    !enabled ||
-    // Don't use for anything but strings
-    typeof itemA !== 'string' ||
-    typeof itemB !== 'string' ||
-    // Don't use for `_key`, `_ref` etc
-    (typeof segment === 'string' && segment[0] === '_') ||
-    // Don't use on short strings
-    itemB.length < lengthThresholdAbsolute
-  ) {
-    return undefined
+/**
+ * Determines whether to use diff-match-patch or fallback to a `set` operation
+ * when creating a patch to transform a `source` string to `target` string.
+ *
+ * `diffMatchPatch` patches are typically preferred to `set` operations because
+ * they handle conflicts better (when multiple editors work simultaneously) by
+ * preserving the user's intended and allowing for 3-way merges.
+ *
+ * **Heuristic rationale:**
+ *
+ * Perf analysis revealed that string length has minimal impact on small,
+ * keystroke-level changes, but large text replacements (high change ratio) can
+ * trigger worst-case algorithm behavior. The 40% change ratio threshold is a
+ * simple heuristic that catches problematic replacement scenarios while
+ * allowing the algorithm to excel at insertions and deletions.
+ *
+ * **Performance characteristics (tested on M2 MacBook Pro):**
+ *
+ * *Keystroke-level editing (most common use case):*
+ * - Small strings (1KB-10KB): 0ms for 1-5 keystrokes, consistently sub-millisecond
+ * - Medium strings (50KB-200KB): 0ms for 1-5 keystrokes, consistently sub-millisecond
+ * - 10 simultaneous keystrokes: ~12ms on 100KB strings
+ *
+ * *Copy-paste operations (less frequent):*
+ * - Small copy-paste operations (<50KB): 0-10ms regardless of string length
+ * - Large insertions/deletions (50KB+): 0-50ms (excellent performance)
+ * - Large text replacements (50KB+): 70ms-2s+ (can be slow due to algorithm complexity)
+ *
+ * **Algorithm details:**
+ * Uses Myers' diff algorithm with O(ND) time complexity where N=text length and D=edit distance.
+ * Includes optimizations: common prefix/suffix removal, line-mode processing, and timeout protection.
+ *
+ *
+ * **Test methodology:**
+ * - Generated realistic word-based text patterns
+ * - Simulated actual editing behaviors (keystrokes vs copy-paste)
+ * - Measured performance across string sizes from 1KB to 10MB
+ * - Validated against edge cases including repetitive text and scattered changes
+ *
+ * @param source - The previous version of the text
+ * @param target - The new version of the text
+ * @returns true if diff-match-patch should be used, false if fallback to set operation
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * // Keystroke editing - always fast
+ * shouldUseDiffMatchPatch(largeDoc, largeDocWithTypo) // true, ~0ms
+ *
+ * // Small paste - always fast
+ * shouldUseDiffMatchPatch(doc, docWithSmallInsertion) // true, ~0ms
+ *
+ * // Large replacement - potentially slow
+ * shouldUseDiffMatchPatch(article, completelyDifferentArticle) // false, use set
+ * ```
+ *
+ * Compatible with @sanity/diff-match-patch@3.2.0
+ */
+function shouldUseDiffMatchPatch(source: string, target: string): boolean {
+  const maxLength = Math.max(source.length, target.length)
+
+  // Always reject strings larger than our tested size limit
+  if (maxLength > DMP_MAX_STRING_SIZE) {
+    return false
   }
 
-  let strPatch = ''
-  try {
-    const patch = makeDiff(itemA, itemB)
-    const diff = cleanupEfficiency(patch)
-    strPatch = stringifyPatches(makePatches(diff))
-  } catch (err) {
-    // Fall back to using regular set patch
-    return undefined
+  // For small strings, always use diff-match-patch regardless of change ratio
+  // Performance testing showed these are always fast (<10ms)
+  if (maxLength < DMP_MIN_SIZE_FOR_RATIO_CHECK) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // Calculate the change ratio to detect large text replacements
+  // High ratios indicate replacement scenarios which can trigger slow algorithm paths
+  const lengthDifference = Math.abs(target.length - source.length)
+  const changeRatio = lengthDifference / maxLength
+
+  // If change ratio is high, likely a replacement operation that could be slow
+  // Fall back to set operation for better user experience
+  if (changeRatio > DMP_MAX_STRING_LENGTH_CHANGE_RATIO) {
+    return false
   }
 
-  // Don't use patch if it's longer than allowed relative threshold.
-  // Allow a 120 character patch for a 100 character string,
-  // but don't allow a 800 character patch for a 500 character value.
-  return strPatch.length > itemB.length * lengthThresholdRelative
-    ? undefined
-    : {op: 'diffMatchPatch', path, value: strPatch}
+  // All other cases: use diff-match-patch
+  // This covers keystroke editing and insertion/deletion scenarios which perform excellently
+  return true
 }
 
-function diffPrimitive(
-  itemA: PrimitiveValue,
-  itemB: PrimitiveValue,
-  options: DiffOptions,
-  path: Path,
-  patches: Patch[],
-): Patch[] {
-  const dmp = getDiffMatchPatch(itemA, itemB, options, path)
+function getDiffMatchPatch(source: string, target: string, path: Path): DiffMatchPatch | undefined {
+  const last = path.at(-1)
+  // don't use diff-match-patch for system keys
+  if (typeof last === 'string' && last.startsWith('_')) return undefined
+  if (!shouldUseDiffMatchPatch(source, target)) return undefined
 
-  patches.push(
-    dmp || {
-      op: 'set',
-      path,
-      value: itemB,
-    },
-  )
+  try {
+    // Using `makePatches(string, string)` directly instead of the multi-step approach e.g.
+    // `stringifyPatches(makePatches(cleanupEfficiency(makeDiff(source, target))))`.
+    // this is because `makePatches` internally handles diff generation and
+    // automatically applies both `cleanupSemantic()` and `cleanupEfficiency()`
+    // when beneficial, resulting in cleaner code with near identical performance and
+    // better error handling.
+    // [source](https://github.com/sanity-io/diff-match-patch/blob/v3.2.0/src/patch/make.ts#L67-L76)
+    //
+    // Performance validation (M2 MacBook Pro):
+    // Both approaches measured at identical performance:
+    // - 10KB strings: 0-1ms total processing time
+    // - 100KB strings: 0-1ms total processing time
+    // - Individual step breakdown: makeDiff(0ms) + cleanup(0ms) + makePatches(0ms) + stringify(~1ms)
+    const strPatch = stringifyPatches(makePatches(source, target))
+    return {op: 'diffMatchPatch', path, value: strPatch}
+  } catch {
+    // Fall back to using regular set patch
+    return undefined
+  }
+}
 
+function diffString(source: string, target: string, path: Path, patches: Patch[]) {
+  const dmp = getDiffMatchPatch(source, target, path)
+  patches.push(dmp ?? {op: 'set', path, value: target})
   return patches
 }
 
 function isNotIgnoredKey(key: string) {
-  return ignoredKeys.indexOf(key) === -1
+  return SYSTEM_KEYS.indexOf(key) === -1
 }
 
-function serializePatches(
-  patches: Patch[],
-  options: {id: string; ifRevisionID?: string},
-): SanityPatchMutation[] {
-  if (patches.length === 0) {
-    return []
-  }
+// mutually exclusive operations
+type SanityPatchOperation =
+  | SanitySetPatchOperation
+  | SanityUnsetPatchOperation
+  | SanityInsertPatchOperation
+  | SanityDiffMatchPatchOperation
 
-  const {id, ifRevisionID} = options
-  const set = patches.filter((patch): patch is SetPatch => patch.op === 'set')
-  const unset = patches.filter((patch): patch is UnsetPatch => patch.op === 'unset')
-  const insert = patches.filter((patch): patch is InsertAfterPatch => patch.op === 'insert')
-  const dmp = patches.filter((patch): patch is DiffMatchPatch => patch.op === 'diffMatchPatch')
-
-  const withSet =
-    set.length > 0 &&
-    set.reduce(
-      (patch: SanitySetPatch, item: SetPatch) => {
-        const path = pathToString(item.path)
-        patch.set[path] = item.value
-        return patch
-      },
-      {id, set: {}},
-    )
+function serializePatches(patches: Patch[], curr?: SanityPatchOperation): SanityPatchOperations[] {
+  const [patch, ...rest] = patches
+  if (!patch) return curr ? [curr] : []
 
-  const withUnset =
-    unset.length > 0 &&
-    unset.reduce(
-      (patch: SanityUnsetPatch, item: UnsetPatch) => {
-        const path = pathToString(item.path)
-        patch.unset.push(path)
-        return patch
-      },
-      {id, unset: []},
-    )
+  switch (patch.op) {
+    case 'set':
+    case 'diffMatchPatch': {
+      type CurrentOp = Extract<SanityPatchOperation, {[K in typeof patch.op]: {}}>
+      const emptyOp = {[patch.op]: {}} as CurrentOp
 
-  const withInsert = insert.reduce((acc: SanityInsertPatch[], item: InsertAfterPatch) => {
-    const after = pathToString(item.after)
-    return acc.concat({id, insert: {after, items: item.items}})
-  }, [])
-
-  const withDmp =
-    dmp.length > 0 &&
-    dmp.reduce(
-      (patch: SanityDiffMatchPatch, item: DiffMatchPatch) => {
-        const path = pathToString(item.path)
-        patch.diffMatchPatch[path] = item.value
-        return patch
-      },
-      {id, diffMatchPatch: {}},
-    )
+      if (!curr) return serializePatches(patches, emptyOp)
+      if (!(patch.op in curr)) return [curr, ...serializePatches(patches, emptyOp)]
 
-  const patchSet: SanityPatch[] = [withUnset, withSet, withDmp, ...withInsert].filter(
-    (item): item is SanityPatch => item !== false,
-  )
+      Object.assign((curr as CurrentOp)[patch.op], {[pathToString(patch.path)]: patch.value})
+      return serializePatches(rest, curr)
+    }
+    case 'unset': {
+      const emptyOp = {unset: []}
+      if (!curr) return serializePatches(patches, emptyOp)
+      if (!('unset' in curr)) return [curr, ...serializePatches(patches, emptyOp)]
 
-  return patchSet.map((patch, i) => ({
-    patch: ifRevisionID && i === 0 ? {...patch, ifRevisionID} : patch,
-  }))
+      curr.unset.push(pathToString(patch.path))
+      return serializePatches(rest, curr)
+    }
+    case 'insert': {
+      if (curr) return [curr, ...serializePatches(patches)]
+
+      return [
+        {
+          insert: {
+            [patch.position]: pathToString(patch.path),
+            items: patch.items,
+          },
+        } as SanityInsertPatchOperation,
+        ...serializePatches(rest),
+      ]
+    }
+    case 'reorder': {
+      if (curr) return [curr, ...serializePatches(patches)]
+
+      // REORDER STRATEGY: Two-phase approach to avoid key collisions
+      //
+      // Problem: Direct key swaps can cause collisions. For example, swapping A↔B:
+      // - Set A's content to B: ✓
+      // - Set B's content to A: ✗ (A's content was already overwritten)
+      //
+      // Solution: Use temporary keys as an intermediate step
+      // Phase 1: Move all items to temporary keys with their final content
+      // Phase 2: Update just the _key property to restore the final keys
+
+      // Phase 1: Move items to collision-safe temporary keys
+      const tempKeyOperations: SanityPatchOperations = {}
+      tempKeyOperations.set = {}
+
+      for (const {sourceKey, targetKey} of patch.reorders) {
+        const temporaryKey = `__temp_reorder_${sourceKey}__`
+        const finalContentForThisPosition =
+          patch.snapshot[getIndexForKey(patch.snapshot, targetKey)]
+
+        Object.assign(tempKeyOperations.set, {
+          [pathToString([...patch.path, {_key: sourceKey}])]: {
+            ...finalContentForThisPosition,
+            _key: temporaryKey,
+          },
+        })
+      }
+
+      // Phase 2: Update _key properties to restore the intended final keys
+      const finalKeyOperations: SanityPatchOperations = {}
+      finalKeyOperations.set = {}
+
+      for (const {sourceKey, targetKey} of patch.reorders) {
+        const temporaryKey = `__temp_reorder_${sourceKey}__`
+
+        Object.assign(finalKeyOperations.set, {
+          [pathToString([...patch.path, {_key: temporaryKey}, '_key'])]: targetKey,
+        })
+      }
+
+      return [tempKeyOperations, finalKeyOperations, ...serializePatches(rest)]
+    }
+    default: {
+      return []
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 function isUniquelyKeyed(arr: unknown[]): arr is KeyedSanityObject[] {
-  const keys = []
+  const seenKeys = new Set<string>()
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
-    const key = getKey(arr[i])
-    if (!key || keys.indexOf(key) !== -1) {
-      return false
-    }
+  for (const item of arr) {
+    // Each item must be a keyed object with a _key property
+    if (!isKeyedObject(item)) return false
+
+    // Each _key must be unique within the array
+    if (seenKeys.has(item._key)) return false
 
-    keys.push(key)
+    seenKeys.add(item._key)
   }
 
   return true
 }
 
-function getKey(obj: unknown) {
-  return typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null && (obj as KeyedSanityObject)._key
-}
+// Cache to avoid recomputing key-to-index mappings for the same array
+const keyToIndexCache = new WeakMap<KeyedSanityObject[], Record<string, number>>()
+
+function getIndexForKey(keyedArray: KeyedSanityObject[], targetKey: string) {
+  const cachedMapping = keyToIndexCache.get(keyedArray)
+  if (cachedMapping) return cachedMapping[targetKey]
 
-function indexByKey(arr: KeyedSanityObject[]) {
-  return arr.reduce(
-    (acc, item) => {
-      acc.keys.push(item._key)
-      acc.index[item._key] = item
-      return acc
+  // Build a mapping from _key to array index
+  const keyToIndexMapping = keyedArray.reduce<Record<string, number>>(
+    (mapping, {_key}, arrayIndex) => {
+      mapping[_key] = arrayIndex
+      return mapping
     },
-    {keys: [] as string[], index: {} as {[key: string]: KeyedSanityObject}},
+    {},
   )
-}
-
-function arrayIsEqual(itemA: unknown[], itemB: unknown[]) {
-  return itemA.length === itemB.length && itemA.every((item, i) => itemB[i] === item)
-}
 
-function nullifyUndefined(item: unknown, path: Path, index: number, options: PatchOptions) {
-  if (typeof item !== 'undefined') {
-    return item
-  }
+  keyToIndexCache.set(keyedArray, keyToIndexMapping)
 
-  if (!options.hideWarnings) {
-    const serializedPath = pathToString(path.concat(index))
-    console.warn(`undefined value in array converted to null (at '${serializedPath}')`)
-  }
+  return keyToIndexMapping[targetKey]
+}
 
-  return null
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && !!value && !Array.isArray(value)
 }
 
-function isRevisionLocked(options: PatchOptions): boolean {
-  return Boolean(options.ifRevisionID)
+/**
+ * Simplify returns `null` if the value given was `undefined`. This behavior
+ * is the same as how `JSON.stringify` works so this is relatively expected
+ * behavior.
+ */
+function nullifyUndefined(item: unknown) {
+  if (item === undefined) return null
+  return item
 }
 
-function yes(_: unknown) {
+function yes() {
   return true
 }