@salesforce/afv-skills 1.7.5 → 1.9.0

package/skills/generating-lwc-components/references/accessibility-guide.md

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+<!-- Parent: generating-lwc-components/SKILL.md -->
+# Accessibility Guide for LWC
+
+Comprehensive guide to building WCAG 2.1 AA compliant Lightning Web Components.
+
+---
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+1. [Accessibility Standards](#accessibility-standards)
+2. [Semantic HTML](#semantic-html)
+3. [ARIA Attributes](#aria-attributes)
+4. [Keyboard Navigation](#keyboard-navigation)
+5. [Focus Management](#focus-management)
+6. [Color and Contrast](#color-and-contrast)
+7. [Screen Reader Support](#screen-reader-support)
+8. [Live Regions](#live-regions)
+9. [Form Accessibility](#form-accessibility)
+10. [Common Patterns](#common-patterns)
+11. [Testing](#testing)
+12. [Tools and Resources](#tools-and-resources)
+
+---
+
+## Accessibility Standards
+
+### WCAG 2.1 AA Compliance
+
+All Lightning Web Components should meet WCAG 2.1 Level AA standards.
+
+| Principle | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| **Perceivable** | Information must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive |
+| **Operable** | UI components must be operable (keyboard, mouse, voice) |
+| **Understandable** | Information and UI must be understandable |
+| **Robust** | Content must work with assistive technologies |
+
+### Key Requirements
+
+| Requirement | Standard | Implementation |
+|-------------|----------|----------------|
+| **Color contrast** | 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text | Use SLDS color tokens |
+| **Keyboard navigation** | All interactive elements accessible via keyboard | Tab order, Enter/Space triggers |
+| **Screen reader support** | ARIA labels, roles, live regions | Proper semantic HTML + ARIA |
+| **Focus indicators** | Visible focus state | Use SLDS focus utilities |
+| **Alternative text** | All images have alt text | `alt` attribute on images |
+
+---
+
+## Semantic HTML
+
+### Use Proper HTML Elements
+
+```html
+<!-- BAD: Non-semantic markup -->
+<div onclick={handleClick}>Click me</div>
+
+<!-- GOOD: Semantic button -->
+<button onclick={handleClick}>Click me</button>
+```
+
+### Headings Hierarchy
+
+```html
+<!-- BAD: Skipping heading levels -->
+<h1>Page Title</h1>
+<h3>Subsection</h3> <!-- Skipped h2 -->
+
+<!-- GOOD: Logical heading structure -->
+<h1>Page Title</h1>
+<h2>Main Section</h2>
+<h3>Subsection</h3>
+```
+
+### Landmarks
+
+```html
+<template>
+    <header class="slds-page-header">
+        <h1>Dashboard</h1>
+    </header>
+
+    <nav aria-label="Primary navigation">
+        <ul>
+            <li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
+            <li><a href="#accounts">Accounts</a></li>
+        </ul>
+    </nav>
+
+    <main>
+        <article>
+            <h2>Account Details</h2>
+            <!-- Content -->
+        </article>
+    </main>
+
+    <aside aria-label="Related information">
+        <!-- Sidebar content -->
+    </aside>
+
+    <footer>
+        <p>Copyright 2025</p>
+    </footer>
+</template>
+```
+
+---
+
+## ARIA Attributes
+
+### ARIA Labels
+
+```html
+<!-- Icon button without visible text -->
+<button aria-label="Delete record" onclick={handleDelete}>
+    <lightning-icon icon-name="utility:delete" size="small"></lightning-icon>
+</button>
+
+<!-- Form field with additional context -->
+<lightning-input
+    label="Phone"
+    aria-describedby="phone-help"
+    value={phone}
+    onchange={handlePhoneChange}>
+</lightning-input>
+<div id="phone-help" class="slds-text-color_weak">
+    Enter phone number with country code
+</div>
+```
+
+### ARIA Roles
+
+```html
+<!-- Custom list -->
+<div role="list">
+    <div role="listitem">Item 1</div>
+    <div role="listitem">Item 2</div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Alert message -->
+<div role="alert" class="slds-notify slds-notify_alert">
+    <span class="slds-assistive-text">Error</span>
+    <p>Form validation failed</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Dialog/Modal -->
+<div role="dialog"
+     aria-modal="true"
+     aria-labelledby="modal-heading"
+     aria-describedby="modal-description">
+    <h2 id="modal-heading">Confirm Action</h2>
+    <p id="modal-description">Are you sure you want to delete this record?</p>
+</div>
+```
+
+### ARIA States
+
+```html
+<!-- Expandable section -->
+<button
+    aria-expanded={isExpanded}
+    aria-controls="details-section"
+    onclick={toggleExpanded}>
+    Show Details
+</button>
+<div id="details-section" class={sectionClass}>
+    <!-- Details content -->
+</div>
+
+<!-- Loading state -->
+<div aria-busy={isLoading}>
+    <template lwc:if={isLoading}>
+        <lightning-spinner alternative-text="Loading data"></lightning-spinner>
+    </template>
+    <template lwc:else>
+        <!-- Content -->
+    </template>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Required field -->
+<lightning-input
+    label="Name"
+    required
+    aria-required="true"
+    value={name}>
+</lightning-input>
+```
+
+---
+
+## Keyboard Navigation
+
+### Tab Order
+
+```html
+<!-- Natural tab order -->
+<form>
+    <lightning-input label="First Name" tabindex="0"></lightning-input>
+    <lightning-input label="Last Name" tabindex="0"></lightning-input>
+    <lightning-button label="Submit" tabindex="0"></lightning-button>
+</form>
+
+<!-- Skip to main content link -->
+<a href="#main-content" class="slds-assistive-text slds-assistive-text_focus">
+    Skip to main content
+</a>
+<main id="main-content">
+    <!-- Content -->
+</main>
+```
+
+### Keyboard Event Handlers
+
+```javascript
+// accountCard.js
+export default class AccountCard extends LightningElement {
+    handleKeyDown(event) {
+        // Enter or Space activates
+        if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            this.handleSelect();
+        }
+
+        // Arrow navigation
+        if (event.key === 'ArrowDown') {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            this.focusNextItem();
+        } else if (event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            this.focusPreviousItem();
+        }
+
+        // Escape closes
+        if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+            this.handleClose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    focusNextItem() {
+        const items = this.template.querySelectorAll('[role="listitem"]');
+        const currentIndex = Array.from(items).indexOf(document.activeElement);
+        const nextIndex = (currentIndex + 1) % items.length;
+        items[nextIndex].focus();
+    }
+
+    focusPreviousItem() {
+        const items = this.template.querySelectorAll('[role="listitem"]');
+        const currentIndex = Array.from(items).indexOf(document.activeElement);
+        const prevIndex = currentIndex === 0 ? items.length - 1 : currentIndex - 1;
+        items[prevIndex].focus();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```html
+<!-- accountCard.html -->
+<template>
+    <div role="list">
+        <template for:each={accounts} for:item="account">
+            <div key={account.Id}
+                 role="listitem"
+                 tabindex="0"
+                 onkeydown={handleKeyDown}
+                 onclick={handleSelect}
+                 data-id={account.Id}>
+                {account.Name}
+            </div>
+        </template>
+    </div>
+</template>
+```
+
+---
+
+## Focus Management
+
+### Focus Trap in Modals
+
+```javascript
+// composableModal.js
+export default class ComposableModal extends LightningElement {
+    _focusableElements = [];
+    _isOpen = false;
+
+    @api
+    toggleModal() {
+        this._isOpen = !this._isOpen;
+
+        if (this._isOpen) {
+            // Capture focusable elements
+            this._focusableElements = this.getFocusableElements();
+
+            // Focus first element
+            requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+                this._focusableElements[0]?.focus();
+            });
+
+            // Add keyboard listener
+            window.addEventListener('keydown', this._handleKeyDown);
+
+            // Store previous focus
+            this._previousFocus = document.activeElement;
+        } else {
+            // Remove keyboard listener
+            window.removeEventListener('keydown', this._handleKeyDown);
+
+            // Restore focus
+            this._previousFocus?.focus();
+        }
+    }
+
+    getFocusableElements() {
+        const selector = [
+            'a[href]',
+            'button:not([disabled])',
+            'input:not([disabled])',
+            'select:not([disabled])',
+            'textarea:not([disabled])',
+            '[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])'
+        ].join(',');
+
+        return Array.from(this.template.querySelectorAll(selector));
+    }
+
+    _handleKeyDown = (event) => {
+        if (event.key === 'Tab') {
+            this.trapFocus(event);
+        } else if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+            this.toggleModal();
+        }
+    }
+
+    trapFocus(event) {
+        const firstElement = this._focusableElements[0];
+        const lastElement = this._focusableElements[this._focusableElements.length - 1];
+        const activeElement = this.template.activeElement;
+
+        if (event.shiftKey) {
+            // Shift+Tab: Moving backward
+            if (activeElement === firstElement) {
+                event.preventDefault();
+                lastElement.focus();
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Tab: Moving forward
+            if (activeElement === lastElement) {
+                event.preventDefault();
+                firstElement.focus();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    disconnectedCallback() {
+        window.removeEventListener('keydown', this._handleKeyDown);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Managing Focus After Actions
+
+```javascript
+handleDelete(event) {
+    const itemId = event.target.dataset.id;
+    const itemIndex = this.items.findIndex(item => item.Id === itemId);
+
+    // Delete item
+    this.items = this.items.filter(item => item.Id !== itemId);
+
+    // Focus next item or previous if last item deleted
+    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        const focusIndex = itemIndex < this.items.length ? itemIndex : itemIndex - 1;
+        if (focusIndex >= 0) {
+            const nextItem = this.template.querySelector(`[data-id="${this.items[focusIndex].Id}"]`);
+            nextItem?.focus();
+        }
+    });
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Color and Contrast
+
+### Use SLDS Color Tokens
+
+```css
+/* BAD: Hardcoded colors */
+.my-component {
+    color: #333333;
+    background-color: #ffffff;
+    border-color: #dddddd;
+}
+
+/* GOOD: SLDS tokens with proper contrast */
+.my-component {
+    color: var(--slds-g-color-on-surface, #181818);
+    background-color: var(--slds-g-color-surface-container-1, #ffffff);
+    border-color: var(--slds-g-color-border-1, #c9c9c9);
+}
+```
+
+### Testing Contrast
+
+```html
+<!-- Text: 4.5:1 minimum contrast ratio -->
+<p class="slds-text-body_regular">Regular body text</p>
+
+<!-- Large text (18pt+): 3:1 minimum -->
+<h1 class="slds-text-heading_large">Large heading</h1>
+
+<!-- Links: Must be distinguishable from surrounding text -->
+<p>
+    Visit our <a href="/help" class="slds-text-link">help center</a> for support.
+</p>
+```
+
+### Color Independence
+
+```html
+<!-- BAD: Relies only on color to convey status -->
+<span class="text-red">Error</span>
+
+<!-- GOOD: Uses icon + text + color -->
+<span class="slds-text-color_error">
+    <lightning-icon icon-name="utility:error" size="x-small"></lightning-icon>
+    Error
+</span>
+
+<!-- GOOD: Status indicators with patterns -->
+<div class="slds-badge slds-theme_error">
+    <lightning-icon icon-name="utility:close" size="xx-small"></lightning-icon>
+    Failed
+</div>
+```
+
+---
+
+## Screen Reader Support
+
+### Assistive Text
+
+```html
+<!-- Hidden text for screen readers -->
+<span class="slds-assistive-text">Required field</span>
+<lightning-input label="Email" required value={email}></lightning-input>
+
+<!-- Button with icon only -->
+<button aria-label="Edit record">
+    <lightning-icon icon-name="utility:edit" size="small"></lightning-icon>
+    <span class="slds-assistive-text">Edit</span>
+</button>
+
+<!-- Loading state announcement -->
+<template lwc:if={isLoading}>
+    <span class="slds-assistive-text">Loading data, please wait</span>
+    <lightning-spinner size="small"></lightning-spinner>
+</template>
+```
+
+### Image Alternative Text
+
+```html
+<!-- Decorative images (no alt needed, hide from screen readers) -->
+<img src="decorative-icon.png" alt="" role="presentation">
+
+<!-- Informative images (descriptive alt text) -->
+<img src="chart.png" alt="Sales trend showing 15% increase over last quarter">
+
+<!-- Functional images (describe action) -->
+<a href="/profile">
+    <img src="user-avatar.png" alt="View your profile">
+</a>
+```
+
+---
+
+## Live Regions
+
+### ARIA Live Regions
+
+```javascript
+// notificationComponent.js
+export default class NotificationComponent extends LightningElement {
+    @track messages = [];
+
+    addMessage(message, type = 'info') {
+        const id = Date.now();
+        this.messages = [...this.messages, { id, message, type }];
+
+        // Auto-remove after 5 seconds
+        setTimeout(() => {
+            this.messages = this.messages.filter(m => m.id !== id);
+        }, 5000);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```html
+<!-- notificationComponent.html -->
+<template>
+    <!-- Polite: Announced after current speech -->
+    <div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="slds-assistive-text">
+        <template for:each={messages} for:item="msg">
+            <p key={msg.id}>{msg.message}</p>
+        </template>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Visual notifications -->
+    <div class="slds-notify-container">
+        <template for:each={messages} for:item="msg">
+            <div key={msg.id} class={msg.type} role="status">
+                <p>{msg.message}</p>
+            </div>
+        </template>
+    </div>
+</template>
+```
+
+### Assertive vs Polite
+
+```html
+<!-- Polite: Non-urgent updates (search results, status changes) -->
+<div aria-live="polite" class="slds-assistive-text">
+    {searchResultsCount} results found
+</div>
+
+<!-- Assertive: Urgent messages (errors, warnings) -->
+<div aria-live="assertive" role="alert" class="slds-notify slds-notify_alert">
+    <span class="slds-assistive-text">Error</span>
+    Form submission failed. Please correct the errors and try again.
+</div>
+```
+
+---
+
+## Form Accessibility
+
+### Accessible Form Fields
+
+```html
+<template>
+    <form onsubmit={handleSubmit}>
+        <!-- Required field with validation -->
+        <lightning-input
+            label="Email"
+            type="email"
+            name="email"
+            required
+            value={email}
+            onchange={handleEmailChange}
+            message-when-value-missing="Email is required"
+            message-when-bad-input="Please enter a valid email">
+        </lightning-input>
+
+        <!-- Field with help text -->
+        <lightning-input
+            label="Phone"
+            type="tel"
+            value={phone}
+            field-level-help="Enter phone number with country code"
+            aria-describedby="phone-help"
+            onchange={handlePhoneChange}>
+        </lightning-input>
+        <div id="phone-help" class="slds-text-color_weak slds-m-top_xx-small">
+            Format: +1 (555) 555-5555
+        </div>
+
+        <!-- Error state -->
+        <template lwc:if={errors.industry}>
+            <lightning-input
+                label="Industry"
+                value={industry}
+                variant="label-hidden"
+                aria-invalid="true"
+                aria-describedby="industry-error"
+                class="slds-has-error">
+            </lightning-input>
+            <div id="industry-error" class="slds-form-element__help" role="alert">
+                {errors.industry}
+            </div>
+        </template>
+
+        <!-- Submit button -->
+        <lightning-button
+            type="submit"
+            label="Save"
+            variant="brand"
+            disabled={isSubmitting}>
+        </lightning-button>
+    </form>
+</template>
+```
+
+### Fieldset and Legend
+
+```html
+<!-- Radio button group -->
+<fieldset class="slds-form-element">
+    <legend class="slds-form-element__legend slds-form-element__label">
+        Contact Method <abbr class="slds-required" title="required">*</abbr>
+    </legend>
+    <div class="slds-form-element__control">
+        <lightning-radio-group
+            name="contactMethod"
+            label="Contact Method"
+            options={contactOptions}
+            value={selectedMethod}
+            onchange={handleMethodChange}
+            variant="label-hidden"
+            required>
+        </lightning-radio-group>
+    </div>
+</fieldset>
+```
+
+---
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Accessible Tabs
+
+```javascript
+// tabsComponent.js
+export default class TabsComponent extends LightningElement {
+    @track activeTab = 'tab1';
+
+    handleTabKeyDown(event) {
+        const tabs = Array.from(this.template.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]'));
+        const currentIndex = tabs.indexOf(event.target);
+
+        let nextIndex;
+        if (event.key === 'ArrowRight') {
+            nextIndex = (currentIndex + 1) % tabs.length;
+        } else if (event.key === 'ArrowLeft') {
+            nextIndex = currentIndex === 0 ? tabs.length - 1 : currentIndex - 1;
+        } else if (event.key === 'Home') {
+            nextIndex = 0;
+        } else if (event.key === 'End') {
+            nextIndex = tabs.length - 1;
+        }
+
+        if (nextIndex !== undefined) {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            tabs[nextIndex].focus();
+            this.activeTab = tabs[nextIndex].dataset.tab;
+        }
+    }
+
+    handleTabClick(event) {
+        this.activeTab = event.currentTarget.dataset.tab;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```html
+<!-- tabsComponent.html -->
+<template>
+    <div class="slds-tabs_default">
+        <ul role="tablist" class="slds-tabs_default__nav">
+            <li class="slds-tabs_default__item" role="presentation">
+                <a role="tab"
+                   tabindex={tab1Tabindex}
+                   aria-selected={isTab1Active}
+                   aria-controls="tab1-panel"
+                   data-tab="tab1"
+                   onclick={handleTabClick}
+                   onkeydown={handleTabKeyDown}>
+                    Tab 1
+                </a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="slds-tabs_default__item" role="presentation">
+                <a role="tab"
+                   tabindex={tab2Tabindex}
+                   aria-selected={isTab2Active}
+                   aria-controls="tab2-panel"
+                   data-tab="tab2"
+                   onclick={handleTabClick}
+                   onkeydown={handleTabKeyDown}>
+                    Tab 2
+                </a>
+            </li>
+        </ul>
+
+        <div id="tab1-panel"
+             role="tabpanel"
+             aria-labelledby="tab1"
+             class={tab1PanelClass}>
+            <!-- Tab 1 content -->
+        </div>
+
+        <div id="tab2-panel"
+             role="tabpanel"
+             aria-labelledby="tab2"
+             class={tab2PanelClass}>
+            <!-- Tab 2 content -->
+        </div>
+    </div>
+</template>
+```
+
+### Accessible Data Table
+
+```html
+<template>
+    <table class="slds-table slds-table_bordered" role="grid">
+        <thead>
+            <tr>
+                <th scope="col" role="columnheader">
+                    <span class="slds-truncate">Account Name</span>
+                </th>
+                <th scope="col" role="columnheader">
+                    <span class="slds-truncate">Industry</span>
+                </th>
+                <th scope="col" role="columnheader">
+                    <span class="slds-truncate">Actions</span>
+                </th>
+            </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+            <template for:each={accounts} for:item="account">
+                <tr key={account.Id} role="row">
+                    <th scope="row" role="gridcell">
+                        <a href={account.link}>{account.Name}</a>
+                    </th>
+                    <td role="gridcell">
+                        {account.Industry}
+                    </td>
+                    <td role="gridcell">
+                        <button aria-label={account.editLabel}
+                                data-id={account.Id}
+                                onclick={handleEdit}>
+                            <lightning-icon icon-name="utility:edit" size="x-small"></lightning-icon>
+                        </button>
+                    </td>
+                </tr>
+            </template>
+        </tbody>
+    </table>
+</template>
+```
+
+---
+
+## Testing
+
+### Automated Testing
+
+```javascript
+// Jest accessibility tests
+it('has proper ARIA labels', () => {
+    const element = createElement('c-my-component', {
+        is: MyComponent
+    });
+    document.body.appendChild(element);
+
+    const button = element.shadowRoot.querySelector('button');
+    expect(button.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBeTruthy();
+});
+
+it('manages focus when modal opens', async () => {
+    const element = createElement('c-modal', { is: Modal });
+    document.body.appendChild(element);
+
+    element.openModal();
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    const firstFocusable = element.shadowRoot.querySelector('.focusable');
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(firstFocusable);
+});
+
+it('announces status changes to screen readers', async () => {
+    const element = createElement('c-notification', {
+        is: Notification
+    });
+    document.body.appendChild(element);
+
+    element.showMessage('Success');
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    const liveRegion = element.shadowRoot.querySelector('[aria-live]');
+    expect(liveRegion.textContent).toContain('Success');
+});
+```
+
+### Manual Testing Checklist
+
+- [ ] Navigate entire component using only keyboard (Tab, Shift+Tab, Enter, Space, Arrows)
+- [ ] Test with screen reader (NVDA, JAWS, VoiceOver)
+- [ ] Verify color contrast ratios (4.5:1 minimum for text)
+- [ ] Test at 200% zoom
+- [ ] Verify focus indicators are visible
+- [ ] Test with high contrast mode
+- [ ] Verify all interactive elements have accessible names
+- [ ] Test form validation announcements
+
+---
+
+## Tools and Resources
+
+### Browser Extensions
+
+| Tool | Purpose |
+|------|---------|
+| **axe DevTools** | Automated accessibility testing |
+| **Lighthouse** | Built into Chrome DevTools, accessibility audit |
+| **WAVE** | Visual accessibility evaluation |
+| **Color Contrast Analyzer** | Check WCAG contrast compliance |
+
+### Screen Readers
+
+| Platform | Screen Reader |
+|----------|---------------|
+| Windows | NVDA (free), JAWS |
+| macOS | VoiceOver (built-in) |
+| iOS | VoiceOver (built-in) |
+| Android | TalkBack (built-in) |
+
+### Testing Commands
+
+```bash
+# Run axe accessibility tests
+npm install --save-dev @axe-core/cli
+axe https://your-app.lightning.force.com
+
+# Lighthouse CLI
+npm install -g lighthouse
+lighthouse https://your-app.lightning.force.com --only-categories=accessibility
+```
+
+### Resources
+
+- [WCAG 2.1 Guidelines](https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/)
+- [ARIA Authoring Practices Guide](https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/)
+- [Salesforce Lightning Design System Accessibility](https://www.lightningdesignsystem.com/accessibility/overview/)
+- [WebAIM Resources](https://webaim.org/resources/)
+
+---
+
+## Related Resources
+
+- [component-patterns.md](component-patterns.md) - Implementation patterns
+- [jest-testing.md](jest-testing.md) - Testing strategies
+- [performance-guide.md](performance-guide.md) - Performance optimization