@rosetears/aili-pi 0.1.0

package/skills/shader-dev/reference/procedural-2d-pattern.md

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+# 2D Procedural Patterns — Detailed Reference
+
+This document is a complete supplement to [SKILL.md](SKILL.md), containing prerequisites, detailed explanations for each step, variant descriptions, in-depth performance analysis, and combination example code.
+
+---
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- **GLSL Basic Syntax**: uniform, varying, built-in functions
+- **Vector Math**: `dot`, `length`, `normalize`, `atan`
+- **Coordinate Space Concepts**: UV normalization, aspect ratio correction
+- **Basic Math Functions**: `sin`/`cos`, `fract`/`floor`/`mod`, `smoothstep`, `pow`
+- **Polar Coordinates**: `atan(y,x)` returns angle, `length` returns radial distance
+
+---
+
+## Core Principles in Detail
+
+The essence of 2D procedural patterns is the combination of **domain transforms + distance fields + color mapping**:
+
+1. **Domain Repetition**: use `fract()`/`mod()` to fold an infinite plane into finite cells, each cell independently rendering the same (or variant) pattern
+2. **Cell Identification**: use `floor()` to extract the integer coordinates of the current cell as a hash seed to generate pseudo-random numbers, driving independent variations per cell
+3. **Distance Fields (SDF)**: use mathematical functions to compute the distance from a pixel to geometric shapes (circles, hexagons, line segments, arcs), converting to crisp or soft edges via `smoothstep`
+4. **Color Mapping**: Cosine palette `a + b*cos(2pi(c*t+d))` or HSV mapping, converting scalar values to rich colors
+5. **Layered Compositing**: results from multiple loops or multi-layer passes are combined through addition, multiplication, or `mix` to build visual complexity
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Steps in Detail
+
+### Step 1: UV Coordinate Normalization and Aspect Ratio Correction
+
+**What**: Convert pixel coordinates to normalized coordinates centered on the screen with Y-axis range [-1, 1]
+
+**Why**: A unified coordinate system ensures patterns don't distort with resolution changes; using Y-axis as reference maintains square pixels
+
+```glsl
+vec2 uv = (fragCoord * 2.0 - iResolution.xy) / iResolution.y;
+```
+
+### Step 2: Domain Repetition — Dividing Space into Repeating Cells
+
+**What**: Scale UV coordinates and take the fractional part to generate repeating local coordinates; simultaneously extract cell IDs using `floor`
+
+**Why**: `fract()` folds an infinite plane into a repeating [0,1) space, `floor()` provides a unique cell identifier for subsequent randomization. Subtracting 0.5 centers the origin
+
+```glsl
+#define SCALE 4.0 // Tunable: repetition density, higher = more cells
+vec2 cell_uv = fract(uv * SCALE) - 0.5;
+vec2 cell_id = floor(uv * SCALE);
+```
+
+For hexagonal grids, domain repetition requires special handling (two offset rectangular grids, taking the nearest):
+
+```glsl
+const vec2 s = vec2(1, 1.7320508); // 1 and sqrt(3)
+vec4 hC = floor(vec4(p, p - vec2(0.5, 1.0)) / s.xyxy) + 0.5;
+vec4 h = vec4(p - hC.xy * s, p - (hC.zw + 0.5) * s);
+// Take the nearest hexagonal center
+vec4 hex_data = dot(h.xy, h.xy) < dot(h.zw, h.zw)
+    ? vec4(h.xy, hC.xy)
+    : vec4(h.zw, hC.zw + vec2(0.5, 1.0));
+```
+
+### Step 3: Cell Randomization
+
+**What**: Use cell IDs to generate pseudo-random numbers, giving each cell different attributes (size, position, color offset)
+
+**Why**: Pure repetition looks mechanical; randomization gives patterns a "procedural yet lively" quality
+
+```glsl
+float hash21(vec2 p) {
+    return fract(sin(dot(p, vec2(141.173, 289.927))) * 43758.5453);
+}
+
+float rnd = hash21(cell_id);
+float radius = 0.15 + 0.1 * rnd; // Tunable: base radius and random range
+```
+
+### Step 4: Distance Field Shape Rendering
+
+**What**: Compute the distance from the pixel to the target shape, then convert to visualization using `smoothstep`
+
+**Why**: SDF is the cornerstone of procedural graphics — a single scalar value simultaneously encodes shape, edges, and glow effects
+
+```glsl
+// Circle SDF
+float d = length(cell_uv) - radius;
+
+// Hexagon SDF
+float hex_sdf(vec2 p) {
+    p = abs(p);
+    return max(dot(p, vec2(0.5, 0.866025)), p.x);
+}
+
+// Line segment SDF (for networks/grid lines)
+float line_sdf(vec2 a, vec2 b, vec2 p) {
+    vec2 pa = p - a, ba = b - a;
+    float h = clamp(dot(pa, ba) / dot(ba, ba), 0.0, 1.0);
+    return length(pa - ba * h);
+}
+
+// Anti-aliased rendering with smoothstep
+float shape = 1.0 - smoothstep(radius - 0.008, radius + 0.008, length(cell_uv));
+```
+
+### Step 5: Polar Coordinate Conversion and Ring/Arc Patterns
+
+**What**: Convert Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, using radial distance to draw concentric rings and angle to draw sectors/arc segments
+
+**Why**: Polar coordinates are naturally suited for radar sweeps, concentric circles, spirals, and other radially symmetric patterns
+
+```glsl
+vec2 polar = vec2(length(uv), atan(uv.y, uv.x));
+float ring_id = floor(polar.x * NUM_RINGS + 0.5) / NUM_RINGS; // Tunable: NUM_RINGS ring count
+
+// Concentric rings
+float ring = 1.0 - pow(abs(sin(polar.x * 3.14159 * NUM_RINGS)) * 1.25, 2.5);
+
+// Arc segment clipping
+float arc_end = polar.y + sin(iTime + ring_id * 5.5) * 1.52 - 1.5;
+ring *= smoothstep(0.0, 0.05, arc_end);
+```
+
+### Step 6: Cosine Palette
+
+**What**: Generate a continuous rainbow color mapping function using four vec3 parameters
+
+**Why**: A single line of code generates infinite smooth color schemes, more flexible and GPU-friendly than lookup tables
+
+```glsl
+vec3 palette(float t) {
+    // Tunable: modify a/b/c/d to change color scheme
+    vec3 a = vec3(0.5, 0.5, 0.5);       // Brightness offset
+    vec3 b = vec3(0.5, 0.5, 0.5);       // Amplitude
+    vec3 c = vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);       // Frequency
+    vec3 d = vec3(0.263, 0.416, 0.557);  // Phase offset
+    return a + b * cos(6.28318 * (c * t + d));
+}
+```
+
+### Step 7: Iterative Stacking and Glow Effects
+
+**What**: Repeatedly perform domain repetition + distance field calculation in a loop, accumulating color; use `pow(1/d)` to produce glow
+
+**Why**: A single layer pattern is too simple; multi-layer iterative stacking produces fractal-like visual complexity with minimal code. Exponentially decaying glow gives patterns a neon light feel
+
+```glsl
+#define NUM_LAYERS 4.0 // Tunable: number of iteration layers, more = more complex
+vec3 finalColor = vec3(0.0);
+vec2 uv0 = uv; // Preserve original UV for global coloring
+
+for (float i = 0.0; i < NUM_LAYERS; i++) {
+    uv = fract(uv * 1.5) - 0.5;    // Tunable: 1.5 is the scale factor
+    float d = length(uv) * exp(-length(uv0));
+    vec3 col = palette(length(uv0) + i * 0.4 + iTime * 0.4);
+    d = sin(d * 8.0 + iTime) / 8.0; // Tunable: 8.0 is the ripple frequency
+    d = abs(d);
+    d = pow(0.01 / d, 1.2);         // Tunable: 0.01 is glow width, 1.2 is decay exponent
+    finalColor += col * d;
+}
+```
+
+### Step 8: Trigonometric Interference Patterns
+
+**What**: Use `sin`/`cos` to mutually perturb coordinates in iterations, generating water caustic-like interference patterns
+
+**Why**: Superposition of trigonometric functions produces complex Moire-like interference patterns; a few iterations yield highly organic visual effects
+
+```glsl
+#define MAX_ITER 5 // Tunable: iteration count, more = richer detail
+vec2 p = mod(uv * TAU, TAU) - 250.0; // TAU period ensures tileability
+vec2 i = p;
+float c = 1.0;
+float inten = 0.005; // Tunable: intensity coefficient
+
+for (int n = 0; n < MAX_ITER; n++) {
+    float t = iTime * (1.0 - 3.5 / float(n + 1));
+    i = p + vec2(cos(t - i.x) + sin(t + i.y),
+                 sin(t - i.y) + cos(t + i.x));
+    c += 1.0 / length(vec2(p.x / (sin(i.x + t) / inten),
+                            p.y / (cos(i.y + t) / inten)));
+}
+c /= float(MAX_ITER);
+c = 1.17 - pow(c, 1.4); // Tunable: 1.4 is the contrast exponent
+vec3 colour = vec3(pow(abs(c), 8.0));
+```
+
+### Step 9: Multi-Layer Depth Compositing
+
+**What**: Render the same pattern at different zoom levels, using depth fade-in/out to simulate parallax
+
+**Why**: Multi-scale stacking breaks the mechanical feel of a single scale, producing a pseudo-3D depth effect
+
+```glsl
+#define NUM_DEPTH_LAYERS 4.0 // Tunable: number of depth layers
+float m = 0.0;
+for (float i = 0.0; i < 1.0; i += 1.0 / NUM_DEPTH_LAYERS) {
+    float z = fract(iTime * 0.1 + i);
+    float size = mix(15.0, 1.0, z);    // Dense far away, sparse up close
+    float fade = smoothstep(0.0, 0.6, z) * smoothstep(1.0, 0.8, z); // Fade at both ends
+    m += fade * patternLayer(uv * size, i, iTime);
+}
+```
+
+### Step 10: Post-Processing Pipeline
+
+**What**: Apply gamma correction, contrast enhancement, saturation adjustment, and vignette in sequence
+
+**Why**: Post-processing transforms "technically correct" output into "visually pleasing" final results
+
+```glsl
+// Gamma correction
+col = pow(clamp(col, 0.0, 1.0), vec3(1.0 / 2.2));
+// Contrast enhancement (S-curve)
+col = col * 0.6 + 0.4 * col * col * (3.0 - 2.0 * col);
+// Saturation adjustment
+col = mix(col, vec3(dot(col, vec3(0.33))), -0.4); // Tunable: -0.4 increases saturation, positive reduces it
+// Vignette
+vec2 q = fragCoord / iResolution.xy;
+col *= 0.5 + 0.5 * pow(16.0 * q.x * q.y * (1.0 - q.x) * (1.0 - q.y), 0.7);
+```
+
+---
+
+## Common Variants in Detail
+
+### Variant 1: Hexagonal Grid + Truchet Arcs
+
+**Difference from base version**: Replaces the square grid with a hexagonal grid coordinate system, drawing three randomly oriented arcs within each hexagonal cell; arcs form maze-like continuous paths between cells
+
+**Key modified code**:
+```glsl
+// Hexagon distance field
+float hex(vec2 p) {
+    p = abs(p);
+    return max(dot(p, vec2(0.5, 0.866025)), p.x);
+}
+
+// Hexagonal grid coordinates (returns xy=cell-local coords, zw=cell ID)
+const vec2 s = vec2(1.0, 1.7320508);
+vec4 getHex(vec2 p) {
+    vec4 hC = floor(vec4(p, p - vec2(0.5, 1.0)) / s.xyxy) + 0.5;
+    vec4 h = vec4(p - hC.xy * s, p - (hC.zw + 0.5) * s);
+    return dot(h.xy, h.xy) < dot(h.zw, h.zw)
+        ? vec4(h.xy, hC.xy)
+        : vec4(h.zw, hC.zw + vec2(0.5, 1.0));
+}
+
+// Truchet three-arc: one arc for each of three directions
+float r = 1.0;
+vec2 q1 = p - vec2(0.0, r) / s;
+vec2 q2 = rot2(6.28318 / 3.0) * p - vec2(0.0, r) / s;
+vec2 q3 = rot2(6.28318 * 2.0 / 3.0) * p - vec2(0.0, r) / s;
+// Take nearest arc
+float d = min(min(length(q1), length(q2)), length(q3));
+d = abs(d - 0.288675) - 0.1; // 0.288675 = sqrt(3)/6, arc radius
+```
+
+### Variant 2: Water Caustic Interference Pattern
+
+**Difference from base version**: Does not use domain repetition grids; instead generates full-screen interference textures through trigonometric iteration, seamlessly tileable
+
+**Key modified code**:
+```glsl
+#define TAU 6.28318530718
+#define MAX_ITER 5 // Tunable: iteration count
+
+vec2 p = mod(uv * TAU, TAU) - 250.0;
+vec2 i = p;
+float c = 1.0;
+float inten = 0.005;
+for (int n = 0; n < MAX_ITER; n++) {
+    float t = iTime * (1.0 - 3.5 / float(n + 1));
+    i = p + vec2(cos(t - i.x) + sin(t + i.y),
+                 sin(t - i.y) + cos(t + i.x));
+    c += 1.0 / length(vec2(p.x / (sin(i.x + t) / inten),
+                            p.y / (cos(i.y + t) / inten)));
+}
+c /= float(MAX_ITER);
+c = 1.17 - pow(c, 1.4);
+vec3 colour = vec3(pow(abs(c), 8.0));
+colour = clamp(colour + vec3(0.0, 0.35, 0.5), 0.0, 1.0); // Aquatic color shift
+```
+
+### Variant 3: Polar Concentric Rings + Animated Arc Segments
+
+**Difference from base version**: Uses polar coordinates instead of Cartesian grids, drawing concentric ring arc segments with independent animation, suitable for radar/HUD style
+
+**Key modified code**:
+```glsl
+#define NUM_RINGS 20.0 // Tunable: ring count
+#define PALETTE vec3(0.0, 1.4, 2.0) + 1.5
+
+vec2 plr = vec2(length(p), atan(p.y, p.x));
+float id = floor(plr.x * NUM_RINGS + 0.5) / NUM_RINGS;
+
+// Each ring rotates independently
+p *= rot2(id * 11.0);
+p.y = abs(p.y); // Mirror symmetry
+
+// Concentric ring SDF
+float rz = 1.0 - pow(abs(sin(plr.x * 3.14159 * NUM_RINGS)) * 1.25, 2.5);
+
+// Arc segment animation
+float arc = plr.y + sin(iTime + id * 5.5) * 1.52 - 1.5;
+rz *= smoothstep(0.0, 0.05, arc);
+
+// Per-ring coloring
+vec3 col = (sin(PALETTE + id * 5.0 + iTime) * 0.5 + 0.5) * rz;
+```
+
+### Variant 4: Multi-Layer Depth Parallax Network
+
+**Difference from base version**: Renders grid nodes and connections at multiple zoom levels, using depth fade-in/out to produce a pseudo-3D effect
+
+**Key modified code**:
+```glsl
+#define NUM_DEPTH_LAYERS 4.0 // Tunable: number of depth layers
+
+// Random vertex position within each cell
+vec2 GetPos(vec2 id, vec2 offs, float t) {
+    float n = hash21(id + offs);
+    return offs + vec2(sin(t + n * 6.28), cos(t + fract(n * 100.0) * 6.28)) * 0.4;
+}
+
+// Line segment SDF
+float df_line(vec2 a, vec2 b, vec2 p) {
+    vec2 pa = p - a, ba = b - a;
+    float h = clamp(dot(pa, ba) / dot(ba, ba), 0.0, 1.0);
+    return length(pa - ba * h);
+}
+
+// Multi-layer compositing
+float m = 0.0;
+for (float i = 0.0; i < 1.0; i += 1.0 / NUM_DEPTH_LAYERS) {
+    float z = fract(iTime * 0.1 + i);
+    float size = mix(15.0, 1.0, z);
+    float fade = smoothstep(0.0, 0.6, z) * smoothstep(1.0, 0.8, z);
+    m += fade * NetLayer(uv * size, i, iTime);
+}
+```
+
+### Variant 5: Fractal Apollian Pattern
+
+**Difference from base version**: Uses iterative fold-and-invert transforms to generate infinitely detailed aperiodic fractal patterns, combined with HSV coloring
+
+**Key modified code**:
+```glsl
+float apollian(vec4 p, float s) {
+    float scale = 1.0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i) {     // Tunable: iteration count (5~12)
+        p = -1.0 + 2.0 * fract(0.5 * p + 0.5); // Space folding
+        float r2 = dot(p, p);
+        float k = s / r2;              // Tunable: s is scaling factor (1.0~1.5)
+        p *= k;                        // Inversion mapping
+        scale *= k;
+    }
+    return abs(p.y) / scale;
+}
+
+// 4D slice animation for smooth morphing
+vec4 pp = vec4(p.x, p.y, 0.0, 0.0) + offset;
+pp.w = 0.125 * (1.0 - tanh(length(pp.xyz)));
+float d = apollian(pp / 4.0, 1.2) * 4.0;
+
+// HSV coloring
+float hue = fract(0.75 * length(p) - 0.3 * iTime) + 0.3;
+float sat = 0.75 * tanh(2.0 * length(p));
+vec3 col = hsv2rgb(vec3(hue, sat, 1.0));
+```
+
+---
+
+## In-Depth Performance Optimization
+
+### 1. Control Iteration Count
+The iteration loop is the biggest performance bottleneck. Increasing `NUM_LAYERS` from 4 to 8 halves performance. On mobile, keep it at 3 or fewer layers.
+
+### 2. Avoid Branching
+Replace `if/else` with branchless `step()`/`smoothstep()`/`mix()` alternatives:
+```glsl
+// Bad: if(rnd > 0.5) p.y = -p.y;
+// Good: p.y *= sign(rnd - 0.5);  // or use mix
+```
+
+### 3. Merge Distance Field Calculations
+Combine multiple shape SDFs using `min()`/`max()` and apply a single `smoothstep`, rather than rendering each shape separately.
+
+### 4. Precompute Constants
+Compute `sin`/`cos` pairs (e.g., rotation matrices) once outside the loop; write irrational numbers like `1.7320508` (sqrt(3)) as direct constants.
+
+### 5. Minimize `atan` Calls
+`atan` is an expensive function. If you only need periodic angular variation, consider approximating with `dot`.
+
+### 6. LOD Strategy
+Reduce iteration count at distance/when zoomed out:
+```glsl
+int iters = int(mix(3.0, float(MAX_ITER), smoothstep(0.0, 1.0, 1.0 / scale)));
+```
+
+### 7. Use `smoothstep` Instead of `pow`
+`pow(x, n)` is slower than `smoothstep` on some GPUs, and `smoothstep` naturally clamps to [0,1].
+
+---
+
+## Complete Combination Suggestion Examples
+
+### 1. + Noise Texture
+Overlay Perlin/Simplex noise perturbation on distance fields to give geometric patterns an organic/eroded feel. Triangle noise (as used in "Overly Satisfying") is an efficient low-cost alternative:
+```glsl
+d += triangleNoise(uv * 10.0) * 0.05; // Noise perturbation amount is tunable
+```
+
+### 2. + Post-Processing Cross-Hatch
+Overlay cross-hatching effects on patterns to simulate hand-drawn/printmaking style (as used in "Hexagonal Maze Flow"):
+```glsl
+float gr = dot(col, vec3(0.299, 0.587, 0.114)); // Grayscale
+float hatch = (gr < 0.45) ? clamp(sin((uv.x - uv.y) * 125.6) * 2.0 + 1.5, 0.0, 1.0) : 1.0;
+col *= hatch * 0.5 + 0.5;
+```
+
+### 3. + SDF Boolean Operations
+Combine multiple base patterns through `min` (union), `max` (intersection), and subtraction into complex geometry:
+```glsl
+float d = max(hexSDF, -circleSDF); // Hexagon minus circle = hexagonal ring
+```
+
+### 4. + Domain Warping
+Apply sin/cos distortion to UVs before domain repetition, producing flowing/swirling effects:
+```glsl
+uv += 0.05 * vec2(sin(uv.y * 5.0 + iTime), sin(uv.x * 3.0 + iTime));
+```
+
+### 5. + Radial Blur / Motion Blur
+Average multiple samples in the polar coordinate direction on the final color, producing rotational motion blur to enhance dynamism.
+
+### 6. + Pseudo-3D Lighting
+Use SDF gradients as normals and add simple diffuse/specular lighting to give 2D patterns a relief/embossed appearance (as in "Apollian with a twist" shadow casting method).