@rocicorp/zero 1.9.1-canary.1 → 1.10.0-canary.1

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/initial-sync.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"initial-sync.js","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/initial-sync.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {mkdtemp, rm} from 'node:fs/promises';\nimport {platform, tmpdir} from 'node:os';\nimport {join} from 'node:path';\nimport {Writable} from 'node:stream';\nimport {pipeline} from 'node:stream/promises';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport {assert} from '../../../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport type {JSONObject} from '../../../../../shared/src/bigint-json.ts';\nimport {must} from '../../../../../shared/src/must.ts';\nimport {equals} from '../../../../../shared/src/set-utils.ts';\nimport type {DownloadStatus} from '../../../../../zero-events/src/status.ts';\nimport {Database} from '../../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';\nimport {\n  createLiteIndexStatement,\n  createLiteTableStatement,\n} from '../../../db/create.ts';\nimport {listIndexes, listTables} from '../../../db/lite-tables.ts';\nimport * as Mode from '../../../db/mode-enum.ts';\nimport {\n  BinaryCopyParser,\n  hasBinaryDecoder,\n  makeBinaryDecoder,\n  textCastDecoder,\n} from '../../../db/pg-copy-binary.ts';\nimport {TsvParser} from '../../../db/pg-copy.ts';\nimport {\n  mapPostgresToLite,\n  mapPostgresToLiteIndex,\n} from '../../../db/pg-to-lite.ts';\nimport {getTypeParsers} from '../../../db/pg-type-parser.ts';\nimport {runTx} from '../../../db/run-transaction.ts';\nimport type {IndexSpec, PublishedTableSpec} from '../../../db/specs.ts';\nimport {importSnapshot, TransactionPool} from '../../../db/transaction-pool.ts';\nimport {\n  getOrCreateCounter,\n  getOrCreateHistogram,\n} from '../../../observability/metrics.ts';\nimport {\n  JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n  liteValue,\n  type LiteValueType,\n} from '../../../types/lite.ts';\nimport {liteTableName} from '../../../types/names.ts';\nimport {PG_15, PG_17} from '../../../types/pg-versions.ts';\nimport {\n  connectPgClient,\n  pgClient,\n  type PostgresDB,\n  type PostgresTransaction,\n  type PostgresValueType,\n} from '../../../types/pg.ts';\nimport {CpuProfiler} from '../../../types/profiler.ts';\nimport type {ShardConfig} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {id} from '../../../types/sql.ts';\nimport {ReplicationStatusPublisher} from '../../replicator/replication-status.ts';\nimport {ColumnMetadataStore} from '../../replicator/schema/column-metadata.ts';\nimport {initReplicationState} from '../../replicator/schema/replication-state.ts';\nimport {toStateVersionString} from './lsn.ts';\nimport {createReplicaAndSlot} from './replication-slots.ts';\nimport {ensureShardSchema} from './schema/init.ts';\nimport {getPublicationInfo} from './schema/published.ts';\nimport {\n  dropShard,\n  getInternalShardConfig,\n  initReplica,\n  validatePublications,\n} from './schema/shard.ts';\n\nexport type InitialSyncOptions = {\n  tableCopyWorkers: number;\n  profileCopy?: boolean | undefined;\n  textCopy?: boolean | undefined;\n  replicationSlotFailover?: boolean | undefined;\n  /**\n   * When set, run initial sync in \"shadow\" mode for verification: skip all\n   * upstream mutations (no replication slot, no addReplica, no dropShard, no\n   * slot drop on failure), suppress status events, and optionally sample\n   * rows from each table via TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI + LIMIT. The caller is\n   * responsible for providing (and discarding) a throwaway SQLite `tx`.\n   */\n  shadow?:\n    | {\n        /** 0 < rate <= 1. When 1, no TABLESAMPLE clause is added. */\n        sampleRate: number;\n        /**\n         * LIMIT N cap appended after TABLESAMPLE. Required: shadow sync is\n         * for verification only, so every run must commit to a row budget.\n         */\n        maxRowsPerTable: number;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n};\n\n/** Server context to store with the initial sync metadata for debugging. */\nexport type ServerContext = JSONObject;\n\nexport async function initialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  tx: Database,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  syncOptions: InitialSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n) {\n  if (!ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS.test(shard.appID)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      'The App ID may only consist of lower-case letters, numbers, and the underscore character',\n    );\n  }\n  const {\n    tableCopyWorkers,\n    profileCopy,\n    textCopy = false,\n    replicationSlotFailover = false,\n    shadow,\n  } = syncOptions;\n  const syncMode: InitialSyncMode = shadow ? 'shadow' : 'initial';\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = textCopy ? 'text' : 'binary';\n  const start = performance.now();\n  let sql: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  let replicationSession: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  const replicaID = Date.now().toString();\n  let slotName: string | undefined; // undefined === shadow\n  const statusPublisher = ReplicationStatusPublisher.forRunningTransaction(\n    tx,\n    shadow ? async () => {} : undefined,\n  ).publish(lc, 'Initializing');\n  let releaseShadowSnapshot: (() => Promise<void>) | undefined;\n  try {\n    const copyProfiler = profileCopy ? await CpuProfiler.connect() : null;\n    sql = await connectPgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync');\n    // Replication session is only needed to create a replication slot in the\n    // real path. In shadow mode we export a snapshot on a normal connection\n    // instead, so no replication session is opened.\n    replicationSession = shadow\n      ? undefined\n      : pgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync-replication-session', {\n          ['fetch_types']: false, // Necessary for the streaming protocol\n          connection: {replication: 'database'}, // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-replication.html\n        });\n\n    const pgVersion = await checkUpstreamConfig(sql);\n\n    // In shadow mode we assume the shard is already initialized and just\n    // read back the existing publications. `ensurePublishedTables` would\n    // otherwise run DDL and potentially call `dropShard`, which must never\n    // happen during a shadow run.\n    const {publications} = shadow\n      ? await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard)\n      : await ensurePublishedTables(lc, sql, shard);\n    lc.info?.(`Upstream is setup with publications [${publications}]`);\n\n    const {database, host} = sql.options;\n    lc.info?.(\n      shadow\n        ? `acquiring exported snapshot on ${database}@${host} (shadow mode)`\n        : `opening replication session to ${database}@${host}`,\n    );\n\n    let snapshot: string;\n    let lsn: string;\n\n    if (shadow) {\n      const acquired = await acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n        lc,\n        upstreamURI,\n      );\n      snapshot = acquired.snapshot;\n      lsn = acquired.lsn;\n      releaseShadowSnapshot = acquired.release;\n    } else {\n      const slot = await createReplicaAndSlot(\n        lc,\n        sql,\n        must(replicationSession),\n        shard,\n        replicaID,\n        replicationSlotFailover && pgVersion >= PG_17,\n      );\n      snapshot = slot.snapshot_name;\n      lsn = slot.consistent_point;\n      slotName = slot.slot_name;\n    }\n\n    const initialVersion = toStateVersionString(lsn);\n\n    initReplicationState(tx, publications, initialVersion, context);\n\n    // Run up to MAX_WORKERS to copy of tables at the replication slot's snapshot.\n    // Retrieve the published schema at the consistent_point.\n    const published = await runTx(\n      sql,\n      async tx => {\n        await tx.unsafe(/* sql*/ `SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '${snapshot}'`);\n        return getPublicationInfo(tx, publications);\n      },\n      {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n    );\n    // Note: If this throws, initial-sync is aborted.\n    validatePublications(lc, published);\n\n    // Now that tables have been validated, kick off the copiers.\n    const {tables, indexes} = published;\n    const numTables = tables.length;\n    if (platform() === 'win32' && tableCopyWorkers < numTables) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `Increasing the number of copy workers from ${tableCopyWorkers} to ` +\n          `${numTables} to work around a Node/Postgres connection bug`,\n      );\n    }\n    const numWorkers =\n      platform() === 'win32'\n        ? numTables\n        : Math.min(tableCopyWorkers, numTables);\n\n    const copyPool = await connectPgClient(\n      lc,\n      upstreamURI,\n      'initial-sync-copy-worker',\n      {\n        max: numWorkers,\n        ['max_lifetime']: 120 * 60, // set a long (2h) limit for COPY streaming\n      },\n    );\n    const copiers = startTableCopyWorkers(\n      lc,\n      copyPool,\n      snapshot,\n      numWorkers,\n      numTables,\n    );\n    try {\n      createLiteTables(tx, tables, initialVersion);\n      const sampleRate = shadow?.sampleRate;\n      const maxRowsPerTable = shadow?.maxRowsPerTable;\n      const downloads = await Promise.all(\n        tables.map(spec =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            getInitialDownloadState(lc, db, spec, shadow !== undefined),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Initializing',\n        `Copying ${numTables} upstream tables at version ${initialVersion}`,\n        5000,\n        () => ({downloadStatus: downloads.map(({status}) => status)}),\n      );\n\n      void copyProfiler?.start();\n      const copyStart = performance.now();\n      const copyResults = await Promise.all(\n        downloads.map(table =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            copy(\n              lc,\n              table,\n              copyPool,\n              db,\n              tx,\n              textCopy,\n              syncMode,\n              sampleRate,\n              maxRowsPerTable,\n            ),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      const copyElapsed = performance.now() - copyStart;\n      void copyProfiler?.stopAndDispose(lc, 'initial-copy');\n      copiers.setDone();\n\n      const copySummary = initialSyncCopySummary(copyResults, copyElapsed);\n\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Indexing',\n        `Creating ${indexes.length} indexes`,\n        5000,\n      );\n      const indexStart = performance.now();\n      createLiteIndices(lc, tx, indexes);\n      const index = performance.now() - indexStart;\n      lc.info?.(`Created indexes (${index.toFixed(3)} ms)`);\n\n      if (slotName && replicaID) {\n        await initReplica(sql, shard, replicaID, published, context);\n      } else {\n        assert(shadow, 'expected to be in shadow sync if there is no slotName');\n        const rowsByTable = new Map<string, number>();\n        for (let i = 0; i < downloads.length; i++) {\n          rowsByTable.set(downloads[i].status.table, copyResults[i].rows);\n        }\n        verifyShadowReplica(lc, tx, published, rowsByTable);\n      }\n\n      const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n      const copyOtherMs = Math.max(0, elapsed - copySummary.flushMs - index);\n      recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n        {\n          durationMs: elapsed,\n          rows: copySummary.rows,\n          copyBytes: copySummary.copyBytes,\n          copyMs: copySummary.copyMs,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          flushMs: copySummary.flushMs,\n          indexMs: index,\n        },\n        {\n          result: 'success',\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n        },\n      );\n      lc.info?.(\n        `Synced ${copySummary.rows.toLocaleString()} rows of ${numTables} tables in ${publications} up to ${lsn} ` +\n          `(flush: ${copySummary.flushMs.toFixed(3)}, index: ${index.toFixed(3)}, total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms)`,\n        {\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n          publications,\n          lsn,\n          ...copySummary,\n          indexes: indexes.length,\n          indexMs: index,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          totalMs: elapsed,\n        },\n      );\n    } finally {\n      // All meaningful errors are handled at the processReadTask() call site.\n      void copyPool.end().catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Error closing copyPool`, e));\n    }\n  } catch (e) {\n    recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n      {durationMs: performance.now() - start},\n      {\n        result: 'error',\n        syncMode,\n        copyFormat,\n      },\n    );\n    if (slotName && sql) {\n      // If initial-sync did not succeed, make a best effort to drop the\n      // orphaned replication slot to avoid running out of slots in\n      // pathological cases that result in repeated failures.\n      lc.warn?.(`dropping replication slot ${slotName}`, e);\n      await sql`\n        SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) FROM pg_replication_slots\n          WHERE slot_name = ${slotName};\n      `.catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Unable to drop replication slot ${slotName}`, e));\n    }\n    await statusPublisher.publishAndThrowError(lc, 'Initializing', e);\n  } finally {\n    statusPublisher.stop();\n    if (releaseShadowSnapshot) {\n      await releaseShadowSnapshot().catch(e =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error releasing shadow snapshot`, e),\n      );\n    }\n    if (replicationSession) {\n      await replicationSession.end();\n    }\n    if (sql) {\n      await sql.end();\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport type ShadowSyncOptions = {\n  sampleRate: number;\n  maxRowsPerTable: number;\n  /**\n   * Parent directory for the throwaway SQLite replica. Defaults to the OS\n   * tmpdir. Primarily for tests that need to isolate the scratch directory.\n   */\n  parentDir?: string | undefined;\n};\n\n/**\n * Exercises the initial-sync code path against a sample of rows from every\n * published table, writing into a throwaway SQLite database that is deleted\n * when the run ends. Produces zero upstream mutations: no replication slot,\n * no `addReplica`, no `dropShard`, no status events.\n *\n * Intended to be invoked periodically so that if a customer ever needs a\n * full reset, we have recent confidence that `initialSync` still works.\n * The shard must already be initialized upstream.\n */\nexport async function shadowInitialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  shadow: ShadowSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  syncOptions?: Pick<InitialSyncOptions, 'textCopy'>,\n): Promise<void> {\n  const dir = await mkdtemp(\n    join(shadow.parentDir ?? tmpdir(), 'zero-shadow-sync-'),\n  );\n  const dbPath = join(dir, 'shadow-replica.db');\n  const db = new Database(lc, dbPath);\n  try {\n    await initialSync(\n      lc,\n      shard,\n      db,\n      upstreamURI,\n      {\n        // Shadow sync copies small samples, so one worker is plenty —\n        // no reason to burn additional upstream connections.\n        tableCopyWorkers: 1,\n        textCopy: syncOptions?.textCopy,\n        shadow,\n      },\n      context,\n    );\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      db.close();\n    } catch (e) {\n      lc.warn?.(`Error closing shadow replica db`, e);\n    }\n    await rm(dir, {recursive: true, force: true}).catch(e =>\n      lc.warn?.(`Error cleaning up shadow replica dir ${dir}`, e),\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nasync function checkUpstreamConfig(sql: PostgresDB) {\n  const {walLevel, version} = (\n    await sql<{walLevel: string; version: number}[]>`\n      SELECT current_setting('wal_level') as \"walLevel\", \n             current_setting('server_version_num') as \"version\";\n  `\n  )[0];\n\n  if (walLevel !== 'logical') {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Postgres must be configured with \"wal_level = logical\" (currently: \"${walLevel})`,\n    );\n  }\n  if (version < PG_15) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Must be running Postgres 15 or higher (currently: \"${version}\")`,\n    );\n  }\n  return version;\n}\n\nasync function ensurePublishedTables(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  validate = true,\n): Promise<{publications: string[]}> {\n  const {database, host} = sql.options;\n  lc.info?.(`Ensuring upstream PUBLICATION on ${database}@${host}`);\n\n  await ensureShardSchema(lc, sql, shard);\n  const {publications} = await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard);\n\n  if (validate) {\n    let valid = false;\n    const nonInternalPublications = publications.filter(\n      p => !p.startsWith('_'),\n    );\n    const exists = await sql`\n      SELECT pubname FROM pg_publication WHERE pubname IN ${sql(publications)}\n      `.values();\n    if (exists.length !== publications.length) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `some configured publications [${publications}] are missing: ` +\n          `[${exists.flat()}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else if (\n      !equals(new Set(shard.publications), new Set(nonInternalPublications))\n    ) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `requested publications [${shard.publications}] differ from previous` +\n          `publications [${nonInternalPublications}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else {\n      valid = true;\n    }\n    if (!valid) {\n      await sql.unsafe(dropShard(shard.appID, shard.shardNum));\n      return ensurePublishedTables(lc, sql, shard, false);\n    }\n  }\n  return {publications};\n}\n\nfunction startTableCopyWorkers(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: PostgresDB,\n  snapshot: string,\n  numWorkers: number,\n  numTables: number,\n): TransactionPool {\n  const {init} = importSnapshot(snapshot);\n  const tableCopiers = new TransactionPool(lc, {\n    mode: Mode.READONLY,\n    init,\n    initialWorkers: numWorkers,\n  });\n  tableCopiers.run(db);\n\n  lc.info?.(`Started ${numWorkers} workers to copy ${numTables} tables`);\n\n  if (parseInt(process.versions.node) < 22) {\n    lc.warn?.(\n      `\\n\\n\\n` +\n        `Older versions of Node have a bug that results in an unresponsive\\n` +\n        `Postgres connection after running certain combinations of COPY commands.\\n` +\n        `If initial sync hangs, run zero-cache with Node v22+. This has the additional\\n` +\n        `benefit of being consistent with the Node version run in the production container image.` +\n        `\\n\\n\\n`,\n    );\n  }\n  return tableCopiers;\n}\n\n/**\n * Shadow-mode alternative to `createReplicationSlot`: opens a dedicated\n * READ ONLY REPEATABLE READ transaction on a normal connection, exports the\n * snapshot and captures the current WAL LSN, then holds the transaction\n * open until `release()` is called. The held transaction keeps the snapshot\n * importable by the table-copy workers for the duration of the COPY phase.\n *\n * Idle-in-transaction timeout is disabled locally so the exporter doesn't\n * get killed while workers are still importing.\n */\nasync function acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n): Promise<{\n  snapshot: string;\n  lsn: string;\n  release: () => Promise<void>;\n}> {\n  const holder = await connectPgClient(\n    lc,\n    upstreamURI,\n    'shadow-initial-sync-snapshot',\n    {\n      max: 1,\n    },\n  );\n  const ready = resolver<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}>();\n  const release = resolver<void>();\n  const held = holder\n    .begin(Mode.READONLY, async tx => {\n      await tx`SET LOCAL idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0`.execute();\n      const [row] = await tx<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}[]>`\n        SELECT pg_export_snapshot() AS snapshot,\n               pg_current_wal_lsn()::text AS lsn`;\n      ready.resolve(row);\n      await release.promise;\n    })\n    .catch(e => ready.reject(e));\n\n  let snapshot: string;\n  let lsn: string;\n  try {\n    ({snapshot, lsn} = await ready.promise);\n  } catch (e) {\n    await holder\n      .end()\n      .catch(err =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error ending shadow snapshot holder after failure`, err),\n      );\n    throw e;\n  }\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Exported snapshot ${snapshot} at LSN ${lsn} (shadow initial sync)`,\n  );\n  return {\n    snapshot,\n    lsn,\n    release: async () => {\n      release.resolve();\n      try {\n        await held;\n      } catch (e) {\n        lc.warn?.(`snapshot holder transaction ended with error`, e);\n      }\n      await holder.end();\n    },\n  };\n}\n\nfunction createLiteTables(\n  tx: Database,\n  tables: PublishedTableSpec[],\n  initialVersion: string,\n) {\n  // TODO: Figure out how to reuse the ChangeProcessor here to avoid\n  //       duplicating the ColumnMetadata logic.\n  const columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(tx));\n  for (const t of tables) {\n    tx.exec(createLiteTableStatement(mapPostgresToLite(t, initialVersion)));\n    const tableName = liteTableName(t);\n    for (const [colName, colSpec] of Object.entries(t.columns)) {\n      columnMetadata.insert(tableName, colName, colSpec);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction createLiteIndices(lc: LogContext, tx: Database, indices: IndexSpec[]) {\n  for (const [i, index] of indices.entries()) {\n    const stmt = createLiteIndexStatement(mapPostgresToLiteIndex(index));\n    lc.info?.(`Creating index ${i + 1}/${indices.length}: ${stmt}`);\n    const start = performance.now();\n    tx.exec(stmt);\n    lc.info?.(\n      `Created index ${i + 1}/${indices.length} ` +\n        `(${(performance.now() - start).toFixed(3)} ms): ${stmt}`,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs structural assertions over a just-synced replica and throws if any\n * fail. Only called in shadow mode — a successful return means the replica\n * is schema-complete, row-count consistent, and its column metadata is in\n * sync with its lite schema.\n *\n * Note: this intentionally does NOT verify ZQL-queryability. Tables that\n * `computeZqlSpecs` drops (no PK / no all-NOT-NULL unique index, unsupported\n * column types, etc.) are silently skipped in production too — there's\n * nothing shadow-specific about them, so failing here would diverge from\n * prod over an upstream-schema condition prod accepts.\n *\n * Exported for testing.\n */\nexport function verifyShadowReplica(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: Database,\n  published: {tables: PublishedTableSpec[]; indexes: IndexSpec[]},\n  rowsByTable: ReadonlyMap<string, number>,\n): void {\n  const issues: string[] = [];\n  let columnsChecked = 0;\n  let rowsChecked = 0;\n\n  // 1. Schema completeness: every published table exists in the replica\n  //    with at least the expected column set.\n  const liteTables = listTables(db);\n  const liteTableByName = new Map(liteTables.map(t => [t.name, t]));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const lite = liteTableByName.get(name);\n    if (!lite) {\n      issues.push(`missing table in replica: ${name}`);\n      continue;\n    }\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      columnsChecked++;\n      if (!(col in lite.columns)) {\n        issues.push(`column missing in replica table ${name}: ${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  //    Every published index exists in the replica.\n  const liteIndexNames = new Set(listIndexes(db).map(i => i.name));\n  for (const ix of published.indexes) {\n    const mapped = mapPostgresToLiteIndex(ix);\n    if (!liteIndexNames.has(mapped.name)) {\n      issues.push(\n        `missing index in replica: ${mapped.name} on ${mapped.tableName}`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 2. Row counts: SQLite COUNT(*) matches the in-memory copy counter.\n  for (const [table, expected] of rowsByTable) {\n    try {\n      const [row] = db\n        .prepare(`SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM \"${table}\"`)\n        .all<{count: number}>();\n      if (row.count !== expected) {\n        issues.push(\n          `row count mismatch for table ${table}: ` +\n            `copy counter reported ${expected}, replica has ${row.count}`,\n        );\n      } else {\n        rowsChecked += row.count;\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      issues.push(`could not count rows in table ${table}: ${String(e)}`);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 3. Column metadata: every published column has a _zero.column_metadata row.\n  const meta = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(db));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const rows = meta.getTable(name);\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      if (!rows.has(col)) {\n        issues.push(`missing column_metadata row for ${name}.${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (issues.length) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Shadow replica verification failed (${issues.length} issue(s)):\\n` +\n        issues.map(i => `  - ${i}`).join('\\n'),\n    );\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Shadow replica verification passed: ` +\n      `${published.tables.length} tables, ` +\n      `${published.indexes.length} indexes, ` +\n      `${columnsChecked} columns, ` +\n      `${rowsChecked.toLocaleString()} rows`,\n  );\n}\n\n// Verified empirically that batches of 50 seem to be the sweet spot,\n// similar to the report in https://sqlite.org/forum/forumpost/8878a512d3652655\n//\n// Exported for testing.\nexport const INSERT_BATCH_SIZE = 50;\n\nconst MB = 1024 * 1024;\nconst MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS = 10_000;\nconst BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD = 8 * MB;\n\nexport type DownloadStatements = {\n  select: string;\n  getTotalRows: string;\n  getTotalBytes: string;\n};\n\n/**\n * Produces ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(n)` when `sampleRate` is < 1, else `''`.\n * Row-level Bernoulli sampling is used (rather than SYSTEM) because it\n * produces a more uniform sample and, unlike SYSTEM, still returns rows\n * for small tables at low rates.\n */\nfunction tableSampleClause(sampleRate: number | undefined): string {\n  if (sampleRate === undefined || sampleRate >= 1) {\n    return '';\n  }\n  // Round away float noise (e.g. 0.3 * 100 = 30.000000000000004) while still\n  // preserving sub-integer rates like 0.001 (= 0.1%).\n  const pct = parseFloat((sampleRate * 100).toFixed(6));\n  return /*sql*/ ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(${pct})`;\n}\n\nfunction limitClause(maxRowsPerTable: number | undefined): string {\n  return maxRowsPerTable !== undefined\n    ? /*sql*/ ` LIMIT ${maxRowsPerTable}`\n    : '';\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns the SELECT column expressions for binary COPY, casting columns\n * without a known binary decoder to `::text`.\n */\nexport function makeBinarySelectExprs(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n): string[] {\n  return cols.map(col => {\n    const spec = table.columns[col];\n    return hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? id(col) : `${id(col)}::text`;\n  });\n}\n\nexport function makeDownloadStatements(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n  selectExprs?: string[] | undefined,\n): DownloadStatements {\n  const filterConditions = Object.values(table.publications)\n    .map(({rowFilter}) => rowFilter)\n    .filter(f => !!f); // remove nulls\n  const where =\n    filterConditions.length === 0\n      ? ''\n      : /*sql*/ `WHERE ${filterConditions.join(' OR ')}`;\n  const sample = tableSampleClause(sampleRate);\n  const limit = limitClause(maxRowsPerTable);\n  const fromTable = /*sql*/ `FROM ${id(table.schema)}.${id(table.name)}${sample} ${where}`;\n  const select = /*sql*/ `SELECT ${(selectExprs ?? cols.map(id)).join(',')} ${fromTable}${limit}`;\n  if (limit) {\n    // With LIMIT, wrap counts/sums in a subquery so they reflect the\n    // capped rowset rather than the full (sampled) table.\n    const bytesExpr = cols\n      .map(col => `COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0)`)\n      .join(' + ');\n    return {\n      select,\n      getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*)::bigint AS \"totalRows\" FROM (SELECT 1 AS _ ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n      getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT COALESCE(SUM(b), 0)::bigint AS \"totalBytes\" FROM (SELECT (${bytesExpr}) AS b ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n    };\n  }\n  const totalBytes = `(${cols.map(col => `SUM(COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0))`).join(' + ')})`;\n  return {\n    select,\n    getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*) AS \"totalRows\" ${fromTable}`,\n    getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT ${totalBytes} AS \"totalBytes\" ${fromTable}`,\n  };\n}\n\ntype DownloadState = {\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec;\n  status: DownloadStatus;\n};\n\ntype CopyFormat = 'binary' | 'text';\ntype InitialSyncMode = 'initial' | 'shadow';\n\ntype InitialSyncMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n};\n\ntype InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  result: 'success' | 'error';\n};\n\ntype CopyResult = {\n  schema: string;\n  table: string;\n  replicaTable: string;\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  columnCount: number;\n  rows: number;\n  estimatedRows: number;\n  estimatedBytes: number | undefined;\n  flushMs: number;\n  elapsedMs: number;\n  copyBytes: number;\n};\n\nconst INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S = [\n  1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600, 7200,\n];\nexport const COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;\nconst SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS = 10_000;\n\n// change-streamer imports this module before startOtelAuto() runs, so create\n// instruments lazily to avoid binding them to OTel's no-op meter provider.\nfunction initialSyncRuns() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_runs',\n    'Initial sync runs, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of an initial sync run, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of the COPY phase for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyOtherDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_other_duration',\n    'Initial sync total duration excluding SQLite flush and index time for a successful run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncFlushDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_flush_duration',\n    'Total SQLite flush time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncIndexDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_index_duration',\n    'SQLite index creation time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRows() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_rows',\n    'Rows copied during successful initial sync runs.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter('replication', 'initial_sync_copy_stream', {\n    description:\n      'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during initial sync, including in-progress and failed runs.',\n    unit: 'bytes',\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCompletedCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_completed_copy_stream',\n    {\n      description:\n        'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during successful initial sync runs.',\n      unit: 'bytes',\n    },\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyChunks() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_copy_chunks',\n    'PostgreSQL COPY stream chunks processed during initial sync.',\n  );\n}\n\nexport function createCopyMetricBatcher(\n  record: (bytes: number, chunks: number) => void,\n) {\n  let bytes = 0;\n  let chunks = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    if (chunks === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n    record(bytes, chunks);\n    bytes = 0;\n    chunks = 0;\n  }\n\n  return {\n    add(chunkBytes: number) {\n      bytes += chunkBytes;\n      chunks++;\n      if (bytes >= COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES) {\n        flush();\n      }\n    },\n    flush,\n  };\n}\n\nexport function initialSyncCopyMetrics(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  const labels = initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();\n  const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();\n  return createCopyMetricBatcher((bytes, chunks) => {\n    copyStreamMetric.add(bytes, labels);\n    copyChunksMetric.add(chunks, labels);\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDurationHistogram(name: string, description: string) {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('replication', name, {\n    description,\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    sync_mode: attrs.syncMode,\n    copy_format: attrs.copyFormat,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    ...initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs),\n    result: attrs.result,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n  stats: {\n    durationMs: number;\n    rows?: number | undefined;\n    copyBytes?: number | undefined;\n    copyMs?: number | undefined;\n    copyOtherMs?: number | undefined;\n    flushMs?: number | undefined;\n    indexMs?: number | undefined;\n  },\n  attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs,\n) {\n  const labels = initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  initialSyncRuns().add(1, labels);\n  initialSyncDuration().recordMs(stats.durationMs, labels);\n  if (attrs.result === 'success') {\n    if (stats.copyMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyDuration().recordMs(stats.copyMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyOtherMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyOtherDuration().recordMs(stats.copyOtherMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.flushMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncFlushDuration().recordMs(stats.flushMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.indexMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncIndexDuration().recordMs(stats.indexMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.rows !== undefined && stats.rows > 0) {\n      initialSyncRows().add(stats.rows, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyBytes !== undefined && stats.copyBytes > 0) {\n      initialSyncCompletedCopyStream().add(stats.copyBytes, labels);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopySummary(\n  results: readonly CopyResult[],\n  copyMs: number,\n) {\n  const totals = results.reduce(\n    (acc, curr) => {\n      acc.rows += curr.rows;\n      acc.flushMs += curr.flushMs;\n      acc.copyBytes += curr.copyBytes;\n      return acc;\n    },\n    {\n      rows: 0,\n      flushMs: 0,\n      copyBytes: 0,\n    },\n  );\n  return {\n    tables: results.length,\n    rows: totals.rows,\n    copyMs,\n    flushMs: totals.flushMs,\n    copyBytes: totals.copyBytes,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction logSlowCopyFlush(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  details: {\n    schema: string;\n    table: string;\n    replicaTable: string;\n    syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n    copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n    elapsedMs: number;\n    flushedRows: number;\n    flushedBytes: number;\n    rows: number;\n    copyBytes: number;\n  },\n) {\n  if (details.elapsedMs < SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS || details.flushedRows === 0) {\n    return;\n  }\n  lc.info?.('initial-sync table copy slow flush', details);\n}\n\n// Exported for testing.\nexport async function getInitialDownloadState(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec,\n  skipTotals: boolean,\n): Promise<DownloadState> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const table = liteTableName(spec);\n  const columns = Object.keys(spec.columns);\n  if (skipTotals) {\n    // Shadow sync suppresses status events, so the pg_class\n    // estimates would be computed and thrown away.\n    return {\n      spec,\n      status: {table, columns, rows: 0, totalRows: 0, totalBytes: 0},\n    };\n  }\n  // Use pg_class estimates instead of expensive COUNT(*) and\n  // SUM(pg_column_size(...)) full table scans. The exact values are only\n  // used for progress reporting, so estimates are sufficient.\n  const qualifiedName = `${id(spec.schema)}.${id(spec.name)}`;\n  const estimateResult = await sql<\n    {totalRows: number; totalBytes: number}[]\n  >`SELECT GREATEST(reltuples, 0)::float8 AS \"totalRows\",\n         pg_table_size(oid)::float8 AS \"totalBytes\"\n    FROM pg_class\n    WHERE oid = ${qualifiedName}::regclass`;\n\n  const {totalRows, totalBytes} = estimateResult[0] ?? {\n    totalRows: 0,\n    totalBytes: 0,\n  };\n\n  const state: DownloadState = {\n    spec,\n    status: {\n      table,\n      columns,\n      rows: 0,\n      totalRows,\n      totalBytes,\n    },\n  };\n  const elapsed = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(3);\n  lc.info?.(`Computed initial download state for ${table} (${elapsed} ms)`, {\n    state: state.status,\n  });\n  return state;\n}\n\nfunction copy(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  {spec: table, status}: DownloadState,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  textCopy: boolean,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  if (textCopy) {\n    return copyText(\n      lc,\n      table,\n      status,\n      dbClient,\n      from,\n      to,\n      syncMode,\n      sampleRate,\n      maxRowsPerTable,\n    );\n  }\n  return copyBinary(\n    lc,\n    table,\n    status,\n    from,\n    to,\n    syncMode,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n}\n\nasync function copyBinary(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'binary';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  // Build SELECT with ::text casts for columns without a known binary decoder.\n  const select = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n    makeBinarySelectExprs(table, columnNames),\n  ).select;\n\n  const decoders = orderedColumns.map(([, spec]) =>\n    hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? makeBinaryDecoder(spec) : textCastDecoder,\n  );\n\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  const binaryParser = new BinaryCopyParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting binary copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n\n  await pipeline(\n    await from\n      .unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT WITH (FORMAT binary)`)\n      .readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const fieldBuf of binaryParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = fieldBuf === null ? 4 : fieldBuf.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              fieldBuf === null ? null : decoders[col](fieldBuf);\n\n            if (++col === decoders.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return result;\n}\n\nasync function copyText(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'text';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  const {select} = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting text copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n  const pgParsers = await getTypeParsers(dbClient, {returnJsonAsString: true});\n  const parsers = columnSpecs.map(c => {\n    const pgParse = pgParsers.getTypeParser(c.typeOID);\n    return (val: string) =>\n      liteValue(\n        pgParse(val) as PostgresValueType,\n        c.dataType,\n        JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n      );\n  });\n\n  const tsvParser = new TsvParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  await pipeline(\n    await from.unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT`).readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const text of tsvParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = text === null ? 4 : text.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              text === null ? null : parsers[col](text);\n\n            if (++col === parsers.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return 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The caller is\n   * responsible for providing (and discarding) a throwaway SQLite `tx`.\n   */\n  shadow?:\n    | {\n        /** 0 < rate <= 1. When 1, no TABLESAMPLE clause is added. */\n        sampleRate: number;\n        /**\n         * LIMIT N cap appended after TABLESAMPLE. Required: shadow sync is\n         * for verification only, so every run must commit to a row budget.\n         */\n        maxRowsPerTable: number;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n};\n\nexport type ReplicaOptions = {\n  backupV5: boolean;\n};\n\n/** Server context to store with the initial sync metadata for debugging. */\nexport type ServerContext = JSONObject;\n\n/**\n * @returns The {@link ReplicaState} of the initialized replica, or `undefined`\n *          for a shadow sync.\n */\nexport async function initialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  tx: Database,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  syncOptions: InitialSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  {backupV5}: ReplicaOptions = {backupV5: true},\n): Promise<ReplicaState | undefined> {\n  if (!ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS.test(shard.appID)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      'The App ID may only consist of lower-case letters, numbers, and the underscore character',\n    );\n  }\n  const {\n    tableCopyWorkers,\n    profileCopy,\n    textCopy = false,\n    replicationSlotFailover = false,\n    shadow,\n  } = syncOptions;\n  const syncMode: InitialSyncMode = shadow ? 'shadow' : 'initial';\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = textCopy ? 'text' : 'binary';\n  const start = performance.now();\n  let sql: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  let replicationSession: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  const replicaID = Date.now().toString();\n  let slotName: string | undefined; // undefined === shadow\n  const statusPublisher = ReplicationStatusPublisher.forRunningTransaction(\n    tx,\n    shadow ? async () => {} : undefined,\n  ).publish(lc, 'Initializing');\n  let releaseShadowSnapshot: (() => Promise<void>) | undefined;\n  try {\n    const copyProfiler = profileCopy ? await CpuProfiler.connect() : null;\n    sql = await connectPgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync');\n    // Replication session is only needed to create a replication slot in the\n    // real path. In shadow mode we export a snapshot on a normal connection\n    // instead, so no replication session is opened.\n    replicationSession = shadow\n      ? undefined\n      : pgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync-replication-session', {\n          ['fetch_types']: false, // Necessary for the streaming protocol\n          connection: {replication: 'database'}, // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-replication.html\n        });\n\n    const pgVersion = await checkUpstreamConfig(sql);\n\n    // In shadow mode we assume the shard is already initialized and just\n    // read back the existing publications. `ensurePublishedTables` would\n    // otherwise run DDL and potentially call `dropShard`, which must never\n    // happen during a shadow run.\n    const {publications} = shadow\n      ? await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard)\n      : await ensurePublishedTables(lc, sql, shard);\n    lc.info?.(`Upstream is setup with publications [${publications}]`);\n\n    const {database, host} = sql.options;\n    lc.info?.(\n      shadow\n        ? `acquiring exported snapshot on ${database}@${host} (shadow mode)`\n        : `opening replication session to ${database}@${host}`,\n    );\n\n    let snapshot: string;\n    let lsn: string;\n\n    if (shadow) {\n      const acquired = await acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n        lc,\n        upstreamURI,\n      );\n      snapshot = acquired.snapshot;\n      lsn = acquired.lsn;\n      releaseShadowSnapshot = acquired.release;\n    } else {\n      const slot = await createReplicaAndSlot(\n        lc,\n        sql,\n        must(replicationSession),\n        shard,\n        replicaID,\n        replicationSlotFailover && pgVersion >= PG_17,\n        {\n          // When backing up with litestream v5, a unique backup path is\n          // required since the LTX format does not tolerate multiple writers\n          // (and there are no v3 \"generations\" to workaround it).\n          backupPath: backupV5 ? replicaID : null,\n          backupV5,\n        },\n      );\n      snapshot = slot.snapshot_name;\n      lsn = slot.consistent_point;\n      slotName = slot.slot_name;\n    }\n\n    const initialVersion = toStateVersionString(lsn);\n\n    initReplicationState(tx, publications, initialVersion, context);\n\n    // Run up to MAX_WORKERS to copy of tables at the replication slot's snapshot.\n    // Retrieve the published schema at the consistent_point.\n    const published = await runTx(\n      sql,\n      async tx => {\n        await tx.unsafe(/* sql*/ `SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '${snapshot}'`);\n        return getPublicationInfo(tx, publications);\n      },\n      {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n    );\n    // Note: If this throws, initial-sync is aborted.\n    validatePublications(lc, published);\n\n    // Now that tables have been validated, kick off the copiers.\n    const {tables, indexes} = published;\n    const numTables = tables.length;\n    if (platform() === 'win32' && tableCopyWorkers < numTables) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `Increasing the number of copy workers from ${tableCopyWorkers} to ` +\n          `${numTables} to work around a Node/Postgres connection bug`,\n      );\n    }\n    const numWorkers =\n      platform() === 'win32'\n        ? numTables\n        : Math.min(tableCopyWorkers, numTables);\n\n    const copyPool = await connectPgClient(\n      lc,\n      upstreamURI,\n      'initial-sync-copy-worker',\n      {\n        max: numWorkers,\n        ['max_lifetime']: 120 * 60, // set a long (2h) limit for COPY streaming\n      },\n    );\n    const copiers = startTableCopyWorkers(\n      lc,\n      copyPool,\n      snapshot,\n      numWorkers,\n      numTables,\n    );\n    try {\n      createLiteTables(tx, tables, initialVersion);\n      const sampleRate = shadow?.sampleRate;\n      const maxRowsPerTable = shadow?.maxRowsPerTable;\n      const downloads = await Promise.all(\n        tables.map(spec =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            getInitialDownloadState(lc, db, spec, shadow !== undefined),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Initializing',\n        `Copying ${numTables} upstream tables at version ${initialVersion}`,\n        5000,\n        () => ({downloadStatus: downloads.map(({status}) => status)}),\n      );\n\n      void copyProfiler?.start();\n      const copyStart = performance.now();\n      const copyResults = await Promise.all(\n        downloads.map(table =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            copy(\n              lc,\n              table,\n              copyPool,\n              db,\n              tx,\n              textCopy,\n              syncMode,\n              sampleRate,\n              maxRowsPerTable,\n            ),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      const copyElapsed = performance.now() - copyStart;\n      void copyProfiler?.stopAndDispose(lc, 'initial-copy');\n      copiers.setDone();\n\n      const copySummary = initialSyncCopySummary(copyResults, copyElapsed);\n\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Indexing',\n        `Creating ${indexes.length} indexes`,\n        5000,\n      );\n      const indexStart = performance.now();\n      createLiteIndices(lc, tx, indexes);\n      const index = performance.now() - indexStart;\n      lc.info?.(`Created indexes (${index.toFixed(3)} ms)`);\n\n      if (slotName && replicaID) {\n        await initReplica(sql, shard, replicaID, published, context);\n      } else {\n        assert(shadow, 'expected to be in shadow sync if there is no slotName');\n        const rowsByTable = new Map<string, number>();\n        for (let i = 0; i < downloads.length; i++) {\n          rowsByTable.set(downloads[i].status.table, copyResults[i].rows);\n        }\n        verifyShadowReplica(lc, tx, published, rowsByTable);\n      }\n\n      const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n      const copyOtherMs = Math.max(0, elapsed - copySummary.flushMs - index);\n      recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n        {\n          durationMs: elapsed,\n          rows: copySummary.rows,\n          copyBytes: copySummary.copyBytes,\n          copyMs: copySummary.copyMs,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          flushMs: copySummary.flushMs,\n          indexMs: index,\n        },\n        {\n          result: 'success',\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n        },\n      );\n      lc.info?.(\n        `Synced ${copySummary.rows.toLocaleString()} rows of ${numTables} tables in ${publications} up to ${lsn} ` +\n          `(flush: ${copySummary.flushMs.toFixed(3)}, index: ${index.toFixed(3)}, total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms)`,\n        {\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n          publications,\n          lsn,\n          ...copySummary,\n          indexes: indexes.length,\n          indexMs: index,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          totalMs: elapsed,\n        },\n      );\n\n      return slotName && replicaID\n        ? must(\n            await getReplicaState(sql, shard, replicaID),\n            `Missing replica with id ${replicaID}`,\n          )\n        : undefined; // shadow sync only\n    } finally {\n      // All meaningful errors are handled at the processReadTask() call site.\n      void copyPool.end().catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Error closing copyPool`, e));\n    }\n  } catch (e) {\n    recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n      {durationMs: performance.now() - start},\n      {\n        result: 'error',\n        syncMode,\n        copyFormat,\n      },\n    );\n    if (slotName && sql) {\n      // If initial-sync did not succeed, make a best effort to drop the\n      // orphaned replication slot to avoid running out of slots in\n      // pathological cases that result in repeated failures.\n      lc.warn?.(`dropping replication slot ${slotName}`, e);\n      await sql`\n        SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) FROM pg_replication_slots\n          WHERE slot_name = ${slotName};\n      `.catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Unable to drop replication slot ${slotName}`, e));\n    }\n    throw await statusPublisher.publishAndThrowError(lc, 'Initializing', e);\n  } finally {\n    statusPublisher.stop();\n    if (releaseShadowSnapshot) {\n      await releaseShadowSnapshot().catch(e =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error releasing shadow snapshot`, e),\n      );\n    }\n    if (replicationSession) {\n      await replicationSession.end();\n    }\n    if (sql) {\n      await sql.end();\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport type ShadowSyncOptions = {\n  sampleRate: number;\n  maxRowsPerTable: number;\n  /**\n   * Parent directory for the throwaway SQLite replica. Defaults to the OS\n   * tmpdir. Primarily for tests that need to isolate the scratch directory.\n   */\n  parentDir?: string | undefined;\n};\n\n/**\n * Exercises the initial-sync code path against a sample of rows from every\n * published table, writing into a throwaway SQLite database that is deleted\n * when the run ends. Produces zero upstream mutations: no replication slot,\n * no `addReplica`, no `dropShard`, no status events.\n *\n * Intended to be invoked periodically so that if a customer ever needs a\n * full reset, we have recent confidence that `initialSync` still works.\n * The shard must already be initialized upstream.\n */\nexport async function shadowInitialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  shadow: ShadowSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  syncOptions?: Pick<InitialSyncOptions, 'textCopy'>,\n): Promise<void> {\n  const dir = await mkdtemp(\n    join(shadow.parentDir ?? tmpdir(), 'zero-shadow-sync-'),\n  );\n  const dbPath = join(dir, 'shadow-replica.db');\n  const db = new Database(lc, dbPath);\n  try {\n    await initialSync(\n      lc,\n      shard,\n      db,\n      upstreamURI,\n      {\n        // Shadow sync copies small samples, so one worker is plenty —\n        // no reason to burn additional upstream connections.\n        tableCopyWorkers: 1,\n        textCopy: syncOptions?.textCopy,\n        shadow,\n      },\n      context,\n    );\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      db.close();\n    } catch (e) {\n      lc.warn?.(`Error closing shadow replica db`, e);\n    }\n    await rm(dir, {recursive: true, force: true}).catch(e =>\n      lc.warn?.(`Error cleaning up shadow replica dir ${dir}`, e),\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nasync function checkUpstreamConfig(sql: PostgresDB) {\n  const {walLevel, version} = (\n    await sql<{walLevel: string; version: number}[]>`\n      SELECT current_setting('wal_level') as \"walLevel\", \n             current_setting('server_version_num') as \"version\";\n  `\n  )[0];\n\n  if (walLevel !== 'logical') {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Postgres must be configured with \"wal_level = logical\" (currently: \"${walLevel})`,\n    );\n  }\n  if (version < PG_15) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Must be running Postgres 15 or higher (currently: \"${version}\")`,\n    );\n  }\n  return version;\n}\n\nasync function ensurePublishedTables(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  validate = true,\n): Promise<{publications: string[]}> {\n  const {database, host} = sql.options;\n  lc.info?.(`Ensuring upstream PUBLICATION on ${database}@${host}`);\n\n  // Technically, ensureShardSchema() is already called by\n  // initializePostgresChangeSource, so the call here is redundant\n  // but harmless. On the contrary, it makes initial sync more\n  // self-contained (for test setup), and also plays a role in\n  // recovering from corruption (below) after the shard is dropped.\n  await ensureShardSchema(lc, sql, shard);\n  const {publications} = await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard);\n\n  if (validate) {\n    let valid = false;\n    const nonInternalPublications = publications.filter(\n      p => !p.startsWith('_'),\n    );\n    const exists = await sql`\n      SELECT pubname FROM pg_publication WHERE pubname IN ${sql(publications)}\n      `.values();\n    if (exists.length !== publications.length) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `some configured publications [${publications}] are missing: ` +\n          `[${exists.flat()}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else if (\n      !equals(new Set(shard.publications), new Set(nonInternalPublications))\n    ) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `requested publications [${shard.publications}] differ from previous` +\n          `publications [${nonInternalPublications}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else {\n      valid = true;\n    }\n    if (!valid) {\n      await sql.unsafe(dropShard(shard.appID, shard.shardNum));\n      return ensurePublishedTables(lc, sql, shard, false);\n    }\n  }\n  return {publications};\n}\n\nfunction startTableCopyWorkers(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: PostgresDB,\n  snapshot: string,\n  numWorkers: number,\n  numTables: number,\n): TransactionPool {\n  const {init} = importSnapshot(snapshot);\n  const tableCopiers = new TransactionPool(lc, {\n    mode: Mode.READONLY,\n    init,\n    initialWorkers: numWorkers,\n  });\n  tableCopiers.run(db);\n\n  lc.info?.(`Started ${numWorkers} workers to copy ${numTables} tables`);\n\n  if (parseInt(process.versions.node) < 22) {\n    lc.warn?.(\n      `\\n\\n\\n` +\n        `Older versions of Node have a bug that results in an unresponsive\\n` +\n        `Postgres connection after running certain combinations of COPY commands.\\n` +\n        `If initial sync hangs, run zero-cache with Node v22+. This has the additional\\n` +\n        `benefit of being consistent with the Node version run in the production container image.` +\n        `\\n\\n\\n`,\n    );\n  }\n  return tableCopiers;\n}\n\n/**\n * Shadow-mode alternative to `createReplicationSlot`: opens a dedicated\n * READ ONLY REPEATABLE READ transaction on a normal connection, exports the\n * snapshot and captures the current WAL LSN, then holds the transaction\n * open until `release()` is called. The held transaction keeps the snapshot\n * importable by the table-copy workers for the duration of the COPY phase.\n *\n * Idle-in-transaction timeout is disabled locally so the exporter doesn't\n * get killed while workers are still importing.\n */\nasync function acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n): Promise<{\n  snapshot: string;\n  lsn: string;\n  release: () => Promise<void>;\n}> {\n  const holder = await connectPgClient(\n    lc,\n    upstreamURI,\n    'shadow-initial-sync-snapshot',\n    {\n      max: 1,\n    },\n  );\n  const ready = resolver<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}>();\n  const release = resolver<void>();\n  const held = holder\n    .begin(Mode.READONLY, async tx => {\n      await tx`SET LOCAL idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0`.execute();\n      const [row] = await tx<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}[]>`\n        SELECT pg_export_snapshot() AS snapshot,\n               pg_current_wal_lsn()::text AS lsn`;\n      ready.resolve(row);\n      await release.promise;\n    })\n    .catch(e => ready.reject(e));\n\n  let snapshot: string;\n  let lsn: string;\n  try {\n    ({snapshot, lsn} = await ready.promise);\n  } catch (e) {\n    await holder\n      .end()\n      .catch(err =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error ending shadow snapshot holder after failure`, err),\n      );\n    throw e;\n  }\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Exported snapshot ${snapshot} at LSN ${lsn} (shadow initial sync)`,\n  );\n  return {\n    snapshot,\n    lsn,\n    release: async () => {\n      release.resolve();\n      try {\n        await held;\n      } catch (e) {\n        lc.warn?.(`snapshot holder transaction ended with error`, e);\n      }\n      await holder.end();\n    },\n  };\n}\n\nfunction createLiteTables(\n  tx: Database,\n  tables: PublishedTableSpec[],\n  initialVersion: string,\n) {\n  // TODO: Figure out how to reuse the ChangeProcessor here to avoid\n  //       duplicating the ColumnMetadata logic.\n  const columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(tx));\n  for (const t of tables) {\n    tx.exec(createLiteTableStatement(mapPostgresToLite(t, initialVersion)));\n    const tableName = liteTableName(t);\n    for (const [colName, colSpec] of Object.entries(t.columns)) {\n      columnMetadata.insert(tableName, colName, colSpec);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction createLiteIndices(lc: LogContext, tx: Database, indices: IndexSpec[]) {\n  for (const [i, index] of indices.entries()) {\n    const stmt = createLiteIndexStatement(mapPostgresToLiteIndex(index));\n    lc.info?.(`Creating index ${i + 1}/${indices.length}: ${stmt}`);\n    const start = performance.now();\n    tx.exec(stmt);\n    lc.info?.(\n      `Created index ${i + 1}/${indices.length} ` +\n        `(${(performance.now() - start).toFixed(3)} ms): ${stmt}`,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs structural assertions over a just-synced replica and throws if any\n * fail. Only called in shadow mode — a successful return means the replica\n * is schema-complete, row-count consistent, and its column metadata is in\n * sync with its lite schema.\n *\n * Note: this intentionally does NOT verify ZQL-queryability. Tables that\n * `computeZqlSpecs` drops (no PK / no all-NOT-NULL unique index, unsupported\n * column types, etc.) are silently skipped in production too — there's\n * nothing shadow-specific about them, so failing here would diverge from\n * prod over an upstream-schema condition prod accepts.\n *\n * Exported for testing.\n */\nexport function verifyShadowReplica(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: Database,\n  published: {tables: PublishedTableSpec[]; indexes: IndexSpec[]},\n  rowsByTable: ReadonlyMap<string, number>,\n): void {\n  const issues: string[] = [];\n  let columnsChecked = 0;\n  let rowsChecked = 0;\n\n  // 1. Schema completeness: every published table exists in the replica\n  //    with at least the expected column set.\n  const liteTables = listTables(db);\n  const liteTableByName = new Map(liteTables.map(t => [t.name, t]));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const lite = liteTableByName.get(name);\n    if (!lite) {\n      issues.push(`missing table in replica: ${name}`);\n      continue;\n    }\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      columnsChecked++;\n      if (!(col in lite.columns)) {\n        issues.push(`column missing in replica table ${name}: ${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  //    Every published index exists in the replica.\n  const liteIndexNames = new Set(listIndexes(db).map(i => i.name));\n  for (const ix of published.indexes) {\n    const mapped = mapPostgresToLiteIndex(ix);\n    if (!liteIndexNames.has(mapped.name)) {\n      issues.push(\n        `missing index in replica: ${mapped.name} on ${mapped.tableName}`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 2. Row counts: SQLite COUNT(*) matches the in-memory copy counter.\n  for (const [table, expected] of rowsByTable) {\n    try {\n      const [row] = db\n        .prepare(`SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM \"${table}\"`)\n        .all<{count: number}>();\n      if (row.count !== expected) {\n        issues.push(\n          `row count mismatch for table ${table}: ` +\n            `copy counter reported ${expected}, replica has ${row.count}`,\n        );\n      } else {\n        rowsChecked += row.count;\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      issues.push(`could not count rows in table ${table}: ${String(e)}`);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 3. Column metadata: every published column has a _zero.column_metadata row.\n  const meta = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(db));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const rows = meta.getTable(name);\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      if (!rows.has(col)) {\n        issues.push(`missing column_metadata row for ${name}.${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (issues.length) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Shadow replica verification failed (${issues.length} issue(s)):\\n` +\n        issues.map(i => `  - ${i}`).join('\\n'),\n    );\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Shadow replica verification passed: ` +\n      `${published.tables.length} tables, ` +\n      `${published.indexes.length} indexes, ` +\n      `${columnsChecked} columns, ` +\n      `${rowsChecked.toLocaleString()} rows`,\n  );\n}\n\n// Verified empirically that batches of 50 seem to be the sweet spot,\n// similar to the report in https://sqlite.org/forum/forumpost/8878a512d3652655\n//\n// Exported for testing.\nexport const INSERT_BATCH_SIZE = 50;\n\nconst MB = 1024 * 1024;\nconst MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS = 10_000;\nconst BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD = 8 * MB;\n\nexport type DownloadStatements = {\n  select: string;\n  getTotalRows: string;\n  getTotalBytes: string;\n};\n\n/**\n * Produces ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(n)` when `sampleRate` is < 1, else `''`.\n * Row-level Bernoulli sampling is used (rather than SYSTEM) because it\n * produces a more uniform sample and, unlike SYSTEM, still returns rows\n * for small tables at low rates.\n */\nfunction tableSampleClause(sampleRate: number | undefined): string {\n  if (sampleRate === undefined || sampleRate >= 1) {\n    return '';\n  }\n  // Round away float noise (e.g. 0.3 * 100 = 30.000000000000004) while still\n  // preserving sub-integer rates like 0.001 (= 0.1%).\n  const pct = parseFloat((sampleRate * 100).toFixed(6));\n  return /*sql*/ ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(${pct})`;\n}\n\nfunction limitClause(maxRowsPerTable: number | undefined): string {\n  return maxRowsPerTable !== undefined\n    ? /*sql*/ ` LIMIT ${maxRowsPerTable}`\n    : '';\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns the SELECT column expressions for binary COPY, casting columns\n * without a known binary decoder to `::text`.\n */\nexport function makeBinarySelectExprs(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n): string[] {\n  return cols.map(col => {\n    const spec = table.columns[col];\n    return hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? id(col) : `${id(col)}::text`;\n  });\n}\n\nexport function makeDownloadStatements(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n  selectExprs?: string[] | undefined,\n): DownloadStatements {\n  const filterConditions = Object.values(table.publications)\n    .map(({rowFilter}) => rowFilter)\n    .filter(f => !!f); // remove nulls\n  const where =\n    filterConditions.length === 0\n      ? ''\n      : /*sql*/ `WHERE ${filterConditions.join(' OR ')}`;\n  const sample = tableSampleClause(sampleRate);\n  const limit = limitClause(maxRowsPerTable);\n  const fromTable = /*sql*/ `FROM ${id(table.schema)}.${id(table.name)}${sample} ${where}`;\n  const select = /*sql*/ `SELECT ${(selectExprs ?? cols.map(id)).join(',')} ${fromTable}${limit}`;\n  if (limit) {\n    // With LIMIT, wrap counts/sums in a subquery so they reflect the\n    // capped rowset rather than the full (sampled) table.\n    const bytesExpr = cols\n      .map(col => `COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0)`)\n      .join(' + ');\n    return {\n      select,\n      getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*)::bigint AS \"totalRows\" FROM (SELECT 1 AS _ ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n      getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT COALESCE(SUM(b), 0)::bigint AS \"totalBytes\" FROM (SELECT (${bytesExpr}) AS b ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n    };\n  }\n  const totalBytes = `(${cols.map(col => `SUM(COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0))`).join(' + ')})`;\n  return {\n    select,\n    getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*) AS \"totalRows\" ${fromTable}`,\n    getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT ${totalBytes} AS \"totalBytes\" ${fromTable}`,\n  };\n}\n\ntype DownloadState = {\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec;\n  status: DownloadStatus;\n};\n\ntype CopyFormat = 'binary' | 'text';\ntype InitialSyncMode = 'initial' | 'shadow';\n\ntype InitialSyncMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n};\n\ntype InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  result: 'success' | 'error';\n};\n\ntype CopyResult = {\n  schema: string;\n  table: string;\n  replicaTable: string;\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  columnCount: number;\n  rows: number;\n  estimatedRows: number;\n  estimatedBytes: number | undefined;\n  flushMs: number;\n  elapsedMs: number;\n  sourceWaitMs: number;\n  processingMs: number;\n  copyBytes: number;\n};\n\nconst INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S = [\n  1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600, 7200,\n];\nexport const COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;\nconst SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS = 10_000;\n\n// change-streamer imports this module before startOtelAuto() runs, so create\n// instruments lazily to avoid binding them to OTel's no-op meter provider.\nfunction initialSyncRuns() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_runs',\n    'Initial sync runs, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of an initial sync run, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of the COPY phase for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyOtherDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_other_duration',\n    'Initial sync total duration excluding SQLite flush and index time for a successful run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncFlushDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_flush_duration',\n    'Total SQLite flush time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncIndexDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_index_duration',\n    'SQLite index creation time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRows() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_rows',\n    'Rows copied during successful initial sync runs.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter('replication', 'initial_sync_copy_stream', {\n    description:\n      'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during initial sync, including in-progress and failed runs.',\n    unit: 'bytes',\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCompletedCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_completed_copy_stream',\n    {\n      description:\n        'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during successful initial sync runs.',\n      unit: 'bytes',\n    },\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyChunks() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_copy_chunks',\n    'PostgreSQL COPY stream chunks processed during initial sync.',\n  );\n}\n\nexport function createCopyMetricBatcher(\n  record: (bytes: number, chunks: number) => void,\n) {\n  let bytes = 0;\n  let chunks = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    if (chunks === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n    record(bytes, chunks);\n    bytes = 0;\n    chunks = 0;\n  }\n\n  return {\n    add(chunkBytes: number) {\n      bytes += chunkBytes;\n      chunks++;\n      if (bytes >= COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES) {\n        flush();\n      }\n    },\n    flush,\n  };\n}\n\nexport function initialSyncCopyMetrics(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  const labels = initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();\n  const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();\n  return createCopyMetricBatcher((bytes, chunks) => {\n    copyStreamMetric.add(bytes, labels);\n    copyChunksMetric.add(chunks, labels);\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDurationHistogram(name: string, description: string) {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('replication', name, {\n    description,\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    sync_mode: attrs.syncMode,\n    copy_format: attrs.copyFormat,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    ...initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs),\n    result: attrs.result,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n  stats: {\n    durationMs: number;\n    rows?: number | undefined;\n    copyBytes?: number | undefined;\n    copyMs?: number | undefined;\n    copyOtherMs?: number | undefined;\n    flushMs?: number | undefined;\n    indexMs?: number | undefined;\n  },\n  attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs,\n) {\n  const labels = initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  initialSyncRuns().add(1, labels);\n  initialSyncDuration().recordMs(stats.durationMs, labels);\n  if (attrs.result === 'success') {\n    if (stats.copyMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyDuration().recordMs(stats.copyMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyOtherMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyOtherDuration().recordMs(stats.copyOtherMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.flushMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncFlushDuration().recordMs(stats.flushMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.indexMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncIndexDuration().recordMs(stats.indexMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.rows !== undefined && stats.rows > 0) {\n      initialSyncRows().add(stats.rows, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyBytes !== undefined && stats.copyBytes > 0) {\n      initialSyncCompletedCopyStream().add(stats.copyBytes, labels);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopySummary(\n  results: readonly CopyResult[],\n  copyMs: number,\n) {\n  const totals = results.reduce(\n    (acc, curr) => {\n      acc.rows += curr.rows;\n      acc.flushMs += curr.flushMs;\n      acc.copyBytes += curr.copyBytes;\n      return acc;\n    },\n    {\n      rows: 0,\n      flushMs: 0,\n      copyBytes: 0,\n    },\n  );\n  return {\n    tables: results.length,\n    rows: totals.rows,\n    copyMs,\n    flushMs: totals.flushMs,\n    copyBytes: totals.copyBytes,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction logSlowCopyFlush(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  details: {\n    schema: string;\n    table: string;\n    replicaTable: string;\n    syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n    copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n    elapsedMs: number;\n    flushedRows: number;\n    flushedBytes: number;\n    rows: number;\n    copyBytes: number;\n  },\n) {\n  if (details.elapsedMs < SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS || details.flushedRows === 0) {\n    return;\n  }\n  lc.info?.('initial-sync table copy slow flush', details);\n}\n\n// Exported for testing.\nexport async function getInitialDownloadState(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec,\n  skipTotals: boolean,\n): Promise<DownloadState> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const table = liteTableName(spec);\n  const columns = Object.keys(spec.columns);\n  if (skipTotals) {\n    // Shadow sync suppresses status events, so the pg_class\n    // estimates would be computed and thrown away.\n    return {\n      spec,\n      status: {table, columns, rows: 0, totalRows: 0, totalBytes: 0},\n    };\n  }\n  // Use pg_class estimates instead of expensive COUNT(*) and\n  // SUM(pg_column_size(...)) full table scans. The exact values are only\n  // used for progress reporting, so estimates are sufficient.\n  const qualifiedName = `${id(spec.schema)}.${id(spec.name)}`;\n  const estimateResult = await sql<\n    {totalRows: number; totalBytes: number}[]\n  >`SELECT GREATEST(reltuples, 0)::float8 AS \"totalRows\",\n         pg_table_size(oid)::float8 AS \"totalBytes\"\n    FROM pg_class\n    WHERE oid = ${qualifiedName}::regclass`;\n\n  const {totalRows, totalBytes} = estimateResult[0] ?? {\n    totalRows: 0,\n    totalBytes: 0,\n  };\n\n  const state: DownloadState = {\n    spec,\n    status: {\n      table,\n      columns,\n      rows: 0,\n      totalRows,\n      totalBytes,\n    },\n  };\n  const elapsed = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(3);\n  lc.info?.(`Computed initial download state for ${table} (${elapsed} ms)`, {\n    state: state.status,\n  });\n  return state;\n}\n\nfunction copy(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  {spec: table, status}: DownloadState,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  textCopy: boolean,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  if (textCopy) {\n    return copyText(\n      lc,\n      table,\n      status,\n      dbClient,\n      from,\n      to,\n      syncMode,\n      sampleRate,\n      maxRowsPerTable,\n    );\n  }\n  return copyBinary(\n    lc,\n    table,\n    status,\n    from,\n    to,\n    syncMode,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n}\n\nasync function copyBinary(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'binary';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n  let processingMs = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  // Build SELECT with ::text casts for columns without a known binary decoder.\n  const select = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n    makeBinarySelectExprs(table, columnNames),\n  ).select;\n\n  const decoders = orderedColumns.map(([, spec]) =>\n    hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? makeBinaryDecoder(spec) : textCastDecoder,\n  );\n\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  const binaryParser = new BinaryCopyParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting binary copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n\n  const copyStreamStart = performance.now();\n  await pipeline(\n    await from\n      .unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT WITH (FORMAT binary)`)\n      .readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const fieldBuf of binaryParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = fieldBuf === null ? 4 : fieldBuf.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              fieldBuf === null ? null : decoders[col](fieldBuf);\n\n            if (++col === decoders.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const sourceWaitMs = Math.max(\n    0,\n    performance.now() - copyStreamStart - processingMs,\n  );\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    sourceWaitMs,\n    processingMs,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return result;\n}\n\nasync function copyText(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'text';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n  let processingMs = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  const {select} = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting text copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n  const pgParsers = await getTypeParsers(dbClient, {returnJsonAsString: true});\n  const parsers = columnSpecs.map(c => {\n    const pgParse = pgParsers.getTypeParser(c.typeOID);\n    return (val: string) =>\n      liteValue(\n        pgParse(val) as PostgresValueType,\n        c.dataType,\n        JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n      );\n  });\n\n  const tsvParser = new TsvParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  const copyStreamStart = performance.now();\n  await pipeline(\n    await from.unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT`).readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const text of tsvParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = text === null ? 4 : text.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              text === null ? null : parsers[col](text);\n\n            if (++col === parsers.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const sourceWaitMs = Math.max(\n    0,\n    performance.now() - copyStreamStart - processingMs,\n  );\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    sourceWaitMs,\n    processingMs,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return 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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/logical-replication/stream.js

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import { sleep } from "../../../../../../shared/src/sleep.js";
 import { id, lit } from "../../../../types/sql.js";
 import "../../../../types/pg.js";
 import { fromBigInt } from "../lsn.js";
-import { AutoResetSignal } from "../../../change-streamer/schema/tables.js";
 import { Subscription } from "../../../../types/subscription.js";
 import { pipe } from "../../../../types/streams.js";
+import { AutoResetSignal } from "../../../change-streamer/schema/tables.js";
 import { getTypeParsers } from "../../../../db/pg-type-parser.js";
 import { PgoutputParser } from "./pgoutput-parser.js";
 import { defu } from "defu";

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.d.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { LogContext } from '@rocicorp/logger';
 import type postgres from 'postgres';
 import { type PostgresDB } from '../../../types/pg.ts';
 import { type ShardID } from '../../../types/shards.ts';
+import { type BackupOptions } from './schema/shard.ts';
 export type ReplicationSlot = {
     slot_name: string;
     consistent_point: string;
@@ -11,9 +12,10 @@ export type ReplicationSlot = {
 export type CreateSlotSpec = {
     slotName: string;
     failover?: boolean;
+    temporary?: boolean;
     lockTimeout?: number;
 };
-export declare function createReplicationSlot(lc: LogContext, session: postgres.Sql, { slotName, failover, lockTimeout }: CreateSlotSpec): Promise<ReplicationSlot>;
+export declare function createReplicationSlot(lc: LogContext, session: postgres.Sql, { slotName, failover, temporary, lockTimeout, }: CreateSlotSpec): Promise<ReplicationSlot>;
 /**
  * Replica and slot creation involves two sessions for proper coordination
  * with other replica management logic:
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ export declare function createReplicationSlot(lc: LogContext, session: postgres.
  *    rank) will not delete the new slot during their cleanup logic, since
  *    the slot will belong to a replica of a higher rank.
  */
-export declare function createReplicaAndSlot(lc: LogContext, sql: PostgresDB, replicationSession: postgres.Sql, shard: ShardID, replicaID: string, failover: boolean): Promise<ReplicationSlot>;
+export declare function createReplicaAndSlot(lc: LogContext, sql: PostgresDB, replicationSession: postgres.Sql, shard: ShardID, replicaID: string, failover: boolean, backupOptions: BackupOptions): Promise<ReplicationSlot>;
 /**
  * Deletes "old" replicas (i.e. those with a lower rank than the current)
  * and attempts to drop replication slots that are not associated with any

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.js

@@ -8,9 +8,12 @@ import { PG_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED, PG_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE } from "@drd
 //#region ../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.ts
 var CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS = 3e4;
 var SERVER_LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS = CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS - 1e3;
-async function createReplicationSlot(lc, session, { slotName, failover, lockTimeout = SERVER_LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS }) {
+async function createReplicationSlot(lc, session, { slotName, failover, temporary, lockTimeout = SERVER_LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS }) {
 	await session.unsafe(`SET lock_timeout = ${lockTimeout}`);
-	const raced = await orTimeout(failover ? session.unsafe(`CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT "${slotName}" LOGICAL pgoutput (FAILOVER)`) : session.unsafe(`CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT "${slotName}" LOGICAL pgoutput`), CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+	const maybeTemporary = temporary ? "TEMPORARY" : "";
+	const options = failover ? "(FAILOVER)" : "";
+	const raced = await orTimeout(session.unsafe(`
+    CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT "${slotName}" ${maybeTemporary} LOGICAL pgoutput ${options}`), CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS);
 	if (raced === "timed-out") {
 		session.end().catch((e) => lc.warn?.(`Error closing timed out replication slot session`, e));
 		throw new Error(`Timed out after ${CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS} ms creating replication slot ${slotName}. Crashing to force a clean restart.`);
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ async function createReplicationSlot(lc, session, { slotName, failover, lockTime
 *    rank) will not delete the new slot during their cleanup logic, since
 *    the slot will belong to a replica of a higher rank.
 */
-async function createReplicaAndSlot(lc, sql, replicationSession, shard, replicaID, failover) {
+async function createReplicaAndSlot(lc, sql, replicationSession, shard, replicaID, failover, backupOptions) {
 	const lockName = replicationSlotManagementLock(shard);
 	const slotPoolPrefix = replicationSlotPrefix(shard);
 	for (let first = true;; first = false) {
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ async function createReplicaAndSlot(lc, sql, replicationSession, shard, replicaI
 					slotName,
 					failover
 				});
-				await createReplica(tx, shard, replicaID, slot.slot_name, toStateVersionString(slot.consistent_point));
+				await createReplica(tx, shard, replicaID, slot.slot_name, toStateVersionString(slot.consistent_point), backupOptions);
 				return slot;
 			});
 		} catch (e) {

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"replication-slots.js","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {\n  PG_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED,\n  PG_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE,\n} from '@drdgvhbh/postgres-error-codes';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport type postgres from 'postgres';\nimport {runTx} from '../../../db/run-transaction.ts';\nimport {isPostgresError, type PostgresDB} from '../../../types/pg.ts';\nimport {upstreamSchema, type ShardID} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {orTimeout} from '../../../types/timeout.ts';\nimport {toStateVersionString} from './lsn.ts';\nimport {\n  createReplica,\n  replicationSlotExpression,\n  replicationSlotPrefix,\n} from './schema/shard.ts';\n\n// Record returned by `CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT`\nexport type ReplicationSlot = {\n  slot_name: string;\n  consistent_point: string;\n  snapshot_name: string;\n  output_plugin: string;\n};\n\nexport type CreateSlotSpec = {\n  slotName: string;\n\n  // Note: must be false if pgVersion < PG_17. Caller must verify.\n  failover?: boolean;\n\n  // For overriding in tests.\n  lockTimeout?: number;\n};\n\n// When creating a replication slot, Postgres waits for open transactions\n// to complete before reserving a consistent_point (LSN) in the WAL and creating\n// a matching transaction snapshot. As such, it can technically take an arbitrary\n// amount of time (e.g. DDL operations, table-wide operations, etc.).\n//\n// However, to detect pathological situations, bound the amount of time that\n// the server waits for replication slot creation, so that a continual failure to\n// create a replication slot is surfaced by errors / alerts.\nconst CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;\n\n// The lock_timeout is set 1s before the client-side orTimeout so that\n// Postgres reliably aborts first and tears down the walsender cleanly.\n// The client-side timeout remains as a fallback for network-level failures.\nconst SERVER_LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS = CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS - 1_000;\n\n// Note: The replication connection does not support the extended query protocol,\n//       so all commands must be sent using sql.unsafe(). This is technically safe\n//       because all placeholder values are under our control (i.e. \"slotName\").\nexport async function createReplicationSlot(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  session: postgres.Sql,\n  {slotName, failover, lockTimeout = SERVER_LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS}: CreateSlotSpec,\n): Promise<ReplicationSlot> {\n  // CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT can hang indefinitely waiting for long-running\n  // transactions to finish: internally it calls SnapBuildWaitSnapshot →\n  // XactLockTableWait → LockAcquire on each running XID. statement_timeout\n  // does NOT apply to replication commands, but lock_timeout does (it governs\n  // the heavyweight lock wait inside LockAcquire). Setting it here causes\n  // Postgres to raise ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE and cleanly tear down the\n  // walsender, rather than relying solely on the client-side orTimeout\n  // which can leave an orphaned backend.\n  //\n  // An orphaned walsender is actively harmful: by this point the replication\n  // slot has already been created and is pinning WAL retention and catalog_xmin.\n  // Worse, the slot is marked `active` (the walsender PID is still alive), so\n  // the existing cleanup code (which drops inactive slots on retry) can't\n  // reclaim it. Without lock_timeout the orphan persists until TCP keepalive\n  // fires (~2h default) or the blocking transaction finishes.\n  await session.unsafe(`SET lock_timeout = ${lockTimeout}`);\n\n  const createSlot = failover\n    ? session.unsafe<ReplicationSlot[]>(\n        /*sql*/ `CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT \"${slotName}\" LOGICAL pgoutput (FAILOVER)`,\n      )\n    : session.unsafe<ReplicationSlot[]>(\n        /*sql*/ `CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT \"${slotName}\" LOGICAL pgoutput`,\n      );\n  const raced = await orTimeout(createSlot, CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS);\n  if (raced === 'timed-out') {\n    // Create slot can block indefinitely waiting for old transactions. End\n    // this connection in the background and fail fast so the process restarts.\n    void session\n      .end()\n      .catch(e =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error closing timed out replication slot session`, e),\n      );\n    throw new Error(\n      `Timed out after ${CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS} ms creating replication slot ${slotName}. ` +\n        `Crashing to force a clean restart.`,\n    );\n  }\n  const [slot] = raced;\n  lc.info?.(`Created replication slot ${slotName}`, slot);\n  return slot;\n}\n\n/**\n * Replica and slot creation involves two sessions for proper coordination\n * with other replica management logic:\n *\n * * A normal transaction is started and acquires an advisory lock for\n *   replica slot management. This is the same lock that cleanup logic\n *   acquires before cleaning up replication slots.\n * * With the lock held, a new replication slot is created in a\n *   replication session. The API of CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT is such\n *   that it cannot be done in a transaction, and cannot be followed by\n *   any writes, or else its snapshot (which is needed for initial sync)\n *   would be invalidated.\n * * Once the slot is created, the slot and replica information are recorded\n *   in the `replicas` table before releasing the lock.\n *\n * This locking ensures that:\n * 1. multiple replication managers attempting to create a replication slot\n *    will not use the same name for the replication slot (which is selected\n *    from a pool of reused names).\n * 2. Running replication managers (which use an earlier replica of a lower\n *    rank) will not delete the new slot during their cleanup logic, since\n *    the slot will belong to a replica of a higher rank.\n */\nexport async function createReplicaAndSlot(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  replicationSession: postgres.Sql,\n  shard: ShardID,\n  replicaID: string,\n  failover: boolean,\n): Promise<ReplicationSlot> {\n  const lockName = replicationSlotManagementLock(shard);\n  const slotPoolPrefix = replicationSlotPrefix(shard);\n  for (let first = true; ; first = false) {\n    await dropUnclaimedSlots(lc, sql, shard);\n    try {\n      return await runTx(sql, async tx => {\n        await tx`SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(${lockName}))`;\n\n        // Pick an available slotName from the slotPoolPrefix pool.\n        let slotName: string;\n        const names = await tx<{name: string}[]> /*sql*/ `\n          SELECT slot_name as name FROM pg_replication_slots\n            WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotPoolPrefix + '%'};\n        `.values();\n        const inUse = new Set(names.flat());\n        for (let next = 0; ; next++) {\n          const candidateName = `${slotPoolPrefix}${slotPoolSuffix(next)}`;\n          if (!inUse.has(candidateName)) {\n            slotName = candidateName;\n            break;\n          }\n        }\n\n        const slot = await createReplicationSlot(lc, replicationSession, {\n          slotName,\n          failover,\n        });\n\n        await createReplica(\n          tx,\n          shard,\n          replicaID,\n          slot.slot_name,\n          toStateVersionString(slot.consistent_point),\n        );\n\n        return slot;\n      });\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (first && isPostgresError(e, PG_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE)) {\n        // Some Postgres variants (e.g. Google Cloud SQL) require that\n        // the user have the REPLICATION role in order to create a slot.\n        // Note that this must be done by the upstreamDB connection, and\n        // does not work in the replicationSession itself.\n        await sql`ALTER ROLE current_user WITH REPLICATION`;\n        lc.info?.(`Added the REPLICATION role to database user`);\n        continue;\n      }\n      // Note: This is currently manually tested since max_replication_slots\n      //       is a PG startup parameter that other tests depend on.\n      // TODO: Figure out a way to unit test this (with the full PG setup).\n      if (first && isPostgresError(e, PG_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED)) {\n        lc.warn?.(\n          `Reached max replication slots. Attempting to clean up unused slots`,\n          e,\n        );\n        // Drop any inactive replicas from failed initial syncs (e.g. inactive slots).\n        const replicasTable = `${upstreamSchema(shard)}.replicas`;\n        await sql`\n          DELETE FROM ${sql(replicasTable)} USING pg_replication_slots slots\n            WHERE replicas.slot = slots.slot_name AND NOT slots.active`;\n        continue; // then let dropUnclaimedSlots() perform its cleanup\n      }\n      throw e;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Deletes \"old\" replicas (i.e. those with a lower rank than the current)\n * and attempts to drop replication slots that are not associated with any\n * replica.\n *\n * If a slot could not be dropped because there is still an active subscriber,\n * it will be reflected in the `draining` count that is returned. When there\n * are draining slots, the method should be retried until all orphaned slots\n * have been dropped.\n */\nexport async function dropOldReplicasAndSlots(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardID,\n  beforeRank: bigint,\n): Promise<{dropped: number; active: number; draining: number}> {\n  const replicasTable = `${upstreamSchema(shard)}.replicas`;\n  const oldReplicas = await sql`\n    SELECT id, rank::float8, slot, version, \"initialSyncContext\", \"subscriberContext\"\n     FROM ${sql(replicasTable)} WHERE rank < ${beforeRank};\n  `;\n  if (oldReplicas.length) {\n    lc.info?.(`Deleting ${oldReplicas.length} old replica(s)`, {oldReplicas});\n    await sql`DELETE FROM ${sql(replicasTable)} WHERE rank < ${beforeRank}`;\n  }\n\n  return dropUnclaimedSlots(lc, sql, shard);\n}\n\nfunction dropUnclaimedSlots(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardID,\n): Promise<{dropped: number; active: number; draining: number}> {\n  // The slot / replica cleanup happens within a transaction while holding\n  // the replication slot management lock for this shard, to ensure that no\n  // slot that belongs to a newer replica is dropped.\n  const lockName = replicationSlotManagementLock(shard);\n  const slotExpression = replicationSlotExpression(shard);\n  const replicasTable = `${upstreamSchema(shard)}.replicas`;\n\n  return runTx(sql, async tx => {\n    await tx`SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(${lockName}))`;\n\n    const dropped = await tx /*sql*/ `\n      SELECT slot_name as slot, pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) \n        FROM pg_replication_slots\n        LEFT JOIN ${tx(replicasTable)} replica on slot_name = slot\n        WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotExpression} \n          AND NOT active\n          AND replica.id IS NULL;\n    `;\n    if (dropped.length) {\n      lc.info?.(`dropped inactive replication slots`, {dropped});\n    }\n\n    const remaining = await tx<\n      {slot: string; pid: number | null; id: string | null}[]\n    > /*sql*/ `\n      SELECT slot_name as slot, active_pid as pid, replica.id as id\n        FROM pg_replication_slots\n        LEFT JOIN ${tx(replicasTable)} replica on slot_name = slot\n        WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotExpression};\n    `;\n    if (remaining.length) {\n      lc.info?.(`remaining replication slots`, {remaining});\n    }\n\n    let active = 0;\n    let draining = 0;\n    for (const {id} of remaining) {\n      if (id === null) {\n        draining++;\n      } else {\n        active++;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return {\n      dropped: dropped.length,\n      active,\n      draining,\n    };\n  });\n}\n\nconst ALPHABET = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz';\n\n// Alphabetic notation is used as the slot pool suffix to distinguish\n// it from the (numeric) shard num that's also encoded in the slot name.\nexport function slotPoolSuffix(n: number) {\n  n++; // Adjust for 0-based indexing\n\n  let suffix = '';\n  while (n > 0) {\n    n--;\n    suffix = ALPHABET[n % 26] + suffix;\n    n = Math.floor(n / 26);\n  }\n  return suffix;\n}\n\nfunction replicationSlotManagementLock(shard: ShardID) {\n  return `replication-slot-management:${shard.appID}_${shard.shardNum}`;\n}\n"],"mappings":";;;;;;;;AA2CA,IAAM,qCAAqC;AAK3C,IAAM,yBAAyB,qCAAqC;AAKpE,eAAsB,sBACpB,IACA,SACA,EAAC,UAAU,UAAU,cAAc,0BACT;CAgB1B,MAAM,QAAQ,OAAO,sBAAsB,aAAa;CASxD,MAAM,QAAQ,MAAM,UAPD,WACf,QAAQ,OACE,4BAA4B,SAAS,8BAC/C,IACA,QAAQ,OACE,4BAA4B,SAAS,mBAC/C,GACsC,kCAAkC;CAC5E,IAAI,UAAU,aAAa;EAGzB,QACG,IAAI,EACJ,OAAM,MACL,GAAG,OAAO,oDAAoD,CAAC,CACjE;EACF,MAAM,IAAI,MACR,mBAAmB,mCAAmC,gCAAgC,SAAS,qCAEjG;CACF;CACA,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ;CACf,GAAG,OAAO,4BAA4B,YAAY,IAAI;CACtD,OAAO;AACT;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;AAyBA,eAAsB,qBACpB,IACA,KACA,oBACA,OACA,WACA,UAC0B;CAC1B,MAAM,WAAW,8BAA8B,KAAK;CACpD,MAAM,iBAAiB,sBAAsB,KAAK;CAClD,KAAK,IAAI,QAAQ,OAAQ,QAAQ,OAAO;EACtC,MAAM,mBAAmB,IAAI,KAAK,KAAK;EACvC,IAAI;GACF,OAAO,MAAM,MAAM,KAAK,OAAM,OAAM;IAClC,MAAM,EAAE,yCAAyC,SAAS;IAG1D,IAAI;IACJ,MAAM,QAAQ,MAAM,EAA6B;;mCAEtB,iBAAiB,IAAI;UAC9C,OAAO;IACT,MAAM,QAAQ,IAAI,IAAI,MAAM,KAAK,CAAC;IAClC,KAAK,IAAI,OAAO,IAAK,QAAQ;KAC3B,MAAM,gBAAgB,GAAG,iBAAiB,eAAe,IAAI;KAC7D,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,IAAI,aAAa,GAAG;MAC7B,WAAW;MACX;KACF;IACF;IAEA,MAAM,OAAO,MAAM,sBAAsB,IAAI,oBAAoB;KAC/D;KACA;IACF,CAAC;IAED,MAAM,cACJ,IACA,OACA,WACA,KAAK,WACL,qBAAqB,KAAK,gBAAgB,CAC5C;IAEA,OAAO;GACT,CAAC;EACH,SAAS,GAAG;GACV,IAAI,SAAS,gBAAgB,GAAG,yBAAyB,GAAG;IAK1D,MAAM,GAAG;IACT,GAAG,OAAO,6CAA6C;IACvD;GACF;GAIA,IAAI,SAAS,gBAAgB,GAAG,+BAA+B,GAAG;IAChE,GAAG,OACD,sEACA,CACF;IAGA,MAAM,GAAG;wBACO,IAAI,GAFK,eAAe,KAAK,EAAE,UAEd,EAAE;;IAEnC;GACF;GACA,MAAM;EACR;CACF;AACF;;;;;;;;;;;AAYA,eAAsB,wBACpB,IACA,KACA,OACA,YAC8D;CAC9D,MAAM,gBAAgB,GAAG,eAAe,KAAK,EAAE;CAC/C,MAAM,cAAc,MAAM,GAAG;;YAEnB,IAAI,aAAa,EAAE,gBAAgB,WAAW;;CAExD,IAAI,YAAY,QAAQ;EACtB,GAAG,OAAO,YAAY,YAAY,OAAO,kBAAkB,EAAC,YAAW,CAAC;EACxE,MAAM,GAAG,eAAe,IAAI,aAAa,EAAE,gBAAgB;CAC7D;CAEA,OAAO,mBAAmB,IAAI,KAAK,KAAK;AAC1C;AAEA,SAAS,mBACP,IACA,KACA,OAC8D;CAI9D,MAAM,WAAW,8BAA8B,KAAK;CACpD,MAAM,iBAAiB,0BAA0B,KAAK;CACtD,MAAM,gBAAgB,GAAG,eAAe,KAAK,EAAE;CAE/C,OAAO,MAAM,KAAK,OAAM,OAAM;EAC5B,MAAM,EAAE,yCAAyC,SAAS;EAE1D,MAAM,UAAU,MAAM,EAAW;;;oBAGjB,GAAG,aAAa,EAAE;+BACP,eAAe;;;;EAI1C,IAAI,QAAQ,QACV,GAAG,OAAO,sCAAsC,EAAC,QAAO,CAAC;EAG3D,MAAM,YAAY,MAAM,EAEd;;;oBAGM,GAAG,aAAa,EAAE;+BACP,eAAe;;EAE1C,IAAI,UAAU,QACZ,GAAG,OAAO,+BAA+B,EAAC,UAAS,CAAC;EAGtD,IAAI,SAAS;EACb,IAAI,WAAW;EACf,KAAK,MAAM,EAAC,QAAO,WACjB,IAAI,OAAO,MACT;OAEA;EAIJ,OAAO;GACL,SAAS,QAAQ;GACjB;GACA;EACF;CACF,CAAC;AACH;AAEA,IAAM,WAAW;AAIjB,SAAgB,eAAe,GAAW;CACxC;CAEA,IAAI,SAAS;CACb,OAAO,IAAI,GAAG;EACZ;EACA,SAAS,SAAS,IAAI,MAAM;EAC5B,IAAI,KAAK,MAAM,IAAI,EAAE;CACvB;CACA,OAAO;AACT;AAEA,SAAS,8BAA8B,OAAgB;CACrD,OAAO,+BAA+B,MAAM,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM;AAC7D"}
+{"version":3,"file":"replication-slots.js","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {\n  PG_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED,\n  PG_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE,\n} from '@drdgvhbh/postgres-error-codes';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport type postgres from 'postgres';\nimport {runTx} from '../../../db/run-transaction.ts';\nimport {isPostgresError, type PostgresDB} from '../../../types/pg.ts';\nimport {upstreamSchema, type ShardID} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {orTimeout} from '../../../types/timeout.ts';\nimport {toStateVersionString} from './lsn.ts';\nimport {\n  createReplica,\n  replicationSlotExpression,\n  replicationSlotPrefix,\n  type BackupOptions,\n} from './schema/shard.ts';\n\n// Record returned by `CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT`\nexport type ReplicationSlot = {\n  slot_name: string;\n  consistent_point: string;\n  snapshot_name: string;\n  output_plugin: string;\n};\n\nexport type CreateSlotSpec = {\n  slotName: string;\n\n  // Note: must be false if pgVersion < PG_17. Caller must verify.\n  failover?: boolean;\n\n  // Create a temporary slot (i.e. not persisted, and automatically\n  // cleaned up when the replication session ends).\n  temporary?: boolean;\n\n  // For overriding in tests.\n  lockTimeout?: number;\n};\n\n// When creating a replication slot, Postgres waits for open transactions\n// to complete before reserving a consistent_point (LSN) in the WAL and creating\n// a matching transaction snapshot. As such, it can technically take an arbitrary\n// amount of time (e.g. DDL operations, table-wide operations, etc.).\n//\n// However, to detect pathological situations, bound the amount of time that\n// the server waits for replication slot creation, so that a continual failure to\n// create a replication slot is surfaced by errors / alerts.\nconst CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;\n\n// The lock_timeout is set 1s before the client-side orTimeout so that\n// Postgres reliably aborts first and tears down the walsender cleanly.\n// The client-side timeout remains as a fallback for network-level failures.\nconst SERVER_LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS = CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS - 1_000;\n\n// Note: The replication connection does not support the extended query protocol,\n//       so all commands must be sent using sql.unsafe(). This is technically safe\n//       because all placeholder values are under our control (i.e. \"slotName\").\nexport async function createReplicationSlot(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  session: postgres.Sql,\n  {\n    slotName,\n    failover,\n    temporary,\n    lockTimeout = SERVER_LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS,\n  }: CreateSlotSpec,\n): Promise<ReplicationSlot> {\n  // CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT can hang indefinitely waiting for long-running\n  // transactions to finish: internally it calls SnapBuildWaitSnapshot →\n  // XactLockTableWait → LockAcquire on each running XID. statement_timeout\n  // does NOT apply to replication commands, but lock_timeout does (it governs\n  // the heavyweight lock wait inside LockAcquire). Setting it here causes\n  // Postgres to raise ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE and cleanly tear down the\n  // walsender, rather than relying solely on the client-side orTimeout\n  // which can leave an orphaned backend.\n  //\n  // An orphaned walsender is actively harmful: by this point the replication\n  // slot has already been created and is pinning WAL retention and catalog_xmin.\n  // Worse, the slot is marked `active` (the walsender PID is still alive), so\n  // the existing cleanup code (which drops inactive slots on retry) can't\n  // reclaim it. Without lock_timeout the orphan persists until TCP keepalive\n  // fires (~2h default) or the blocking transaction finishes.\n  await session.unsafe(`SET lock_timeout = ${lockTimeout}`);\n\n  const maybeTemporary = temporary ? 'TEMPORARY' : '';\n  const options = failover ? '(FAILOVER)' : '';\n  const createSlot = session.unsafe<ReplicationSlot[]>(/*sql*/ `\n    CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT \"${slotName}\" ${maybeTemporary} LOGICAL pgoutput ${options}`);\n\n  const raced = await orTimeout(createSlot, CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS);\n  if (raced === 'timed-out') {\n    // Create slot can block indefinitely waiting for old transactions. End\n    // this connection in the background and fail fast so the process restarts.\n    void session\n      .end()\n      .catch(e =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error closing timed out replication slot session`, e),\n      );\n    throw new Error(\n      `Timed out after ${CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MS} ms creating replication slot ${slotName}. ` +\n        `Crashing to force a clean restart.`,\n    );\n  }\n  const [slot] = raced;\n  lc.info?.(`Created replication slot ${slotName}`, slot);\n  return slot;\n}\n\n/**\n * Replica and slot creation involves two sessions for proper coordination\n * with other replica management logic:\n *\n * * A normal transaction is started and acquires an advisory lock for\n *   replica slot management. This is the same lock that cleanup logic\n *   acquires before cleaning up replication slots.\n * * With the lock held, a new replication slot is created in a\n *   replication session. The API of CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT is such\n *   that it cannot be done in a transaction, and cannot be followed by\n *   any writes, or else its snapshot (which is needed for initial sync)\n *   would be invalidated.\n * * Once the slot is created, the slot and replica information are recorded\n *   in the `replicas` table before releasing the lock.\n *\n * This locking ensures that:\n * 1. multiple replication managers attempting to create a replication slot\n *    will not use the same name for the replication slot (which is selected\n *    from a pool of reused names).\n * 2. Running replication managers (which use an earlier replica of a lower\n *    rank) will not delete the new slot during their cleanup logic, since\n *    the slot will belong to a replica of a higher rank.\n */\nexport async function createReplicaAndSlot(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  replicationSession: postgres.Sql,\n  shard: ShardID,\n  replicaID: string,\n  failover: boolean,\n  backupOptions: BackupOptions,\n): Promise<ReplicationSlot> {\n  const lockName = replicationSlotManagementLock(shard);\n  const slotPoolPrefix = replicationSlotPrefix(shard);\n  for (let first = true; ; first = false) {\n    await dropUnclaimedSlots(lc, sql, shard);\n    try {\n      return await runTx(sql, async tx => {\n        await tx`SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(${lockName}))`;\n\n        // Pick an available slotName from the slotPoolPrefix pool.\n        let slotName: string;\n        const names = await tx<{name: string}[]> /*sql*/ `\n          SELECT slot_name as name FROM pg_replication_slots\n            WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotPoolPrefix + '%'};\n        `.values();\n        const inUse = new Set(names.flat());\n        for (let next = 0; ; next++) {\n          const candidateName = `${slotPoolPrefix}${slotPoolSuffix(next)}`;\n          if (!inUse.has(candidateName)) {\n            slotName = candidateName;\n            break;\n          }\n        }\n\n        const slot = await createReplicationSlot(lc, replicationSession, {\n          slotName,\n          failover,\n        });\n\n        await createReplica(\n          tx,\n          shard,\n          replicaID,\n          slot.slot_name,\n          toStateVersionString(slot.consistent_point),\n          backupOptions,\n        );\n\n        return slot;\n      });\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (first && isPostgresError(e, PG_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE)) {\n        // Some Postgres variants (e.g. Google Cloud SQL) require that\n        // the user have the REPLICATION role in order to create a slot.\n        // Note that this must be done by the upstreamDB connection, and\n        // does not work in the replicationSession itself.\n        await sql`ALTER ROLE current_user WITH REPLICATION`;\n        lc.info?.(`Added the REPLICATION role to database user`);\n        continue;\n      }\n      // Note: This is currently manually tested since max_replication_slots\n      //       is a PG startup parameter that other tests depend on.\n      // TODO: Figure out a way to unit test this (with the full PG setup).\n      if (first && isPostgresError(e, PG_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED)) {\n        lc.warn?.(\n          `Reached max replication slots. Attempting to clean up unused slots`,\n          e,\n        );\n        // Drop any inactive replicas from failed initial syncs (e.g. inactive slots).\n        const replicasTable = `${upstreamSchema(shard)}.replicas`;\n        await sql`\n          DELETE FROM ${sql(replicasTable)} USING pg_replication_slots slots\n            WHERE replicas.slot = slots.slot_name AND NOT slots.active`;\n        continue; // then let dropUnclaimedSlots() perform its cleanup\n      }\n      throw e;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Deletes \"old\" replicas (i.e. those with a lower rank than the current)\n * and attempts to drop replication slots that are not associated with any\n * replica.\n *\n * If a slot could not be dropped because there is still an active subscriber,\n * it will be reflected in the `draining` count that is returned. When there\n * are draining slots, the method should be retried until all orphaned slots\n * have been dropped.\n */\nexport async function dropOldReplicasAndSlots(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardID,\n  beforeRank: bigint,\n): Promise<{dropped: number; active: number; draining: number}> {\n  const replicasTable = `${upstreamSchema(shard)}.replicas`;\n  const oldReplicas = await sql`\n    SELECT id, rank::float8, slot, version, \"initialSyncContext\", \"subscriberContext\"\n     FROM ${sql(replicasTable)} WHERE rank < ${beforeRank};\n  `;\n  if (oldReplicas.length) {\n    lc.info?.(`Deleting ${oldReplicas.length} old replica(s)`, {oldReplicas});\n    await sql`DELETE FROM ${sql(replicasTable)} WHERE rank < ${beforeRank}`;\n  }\n\n  return dropUnclaimedSlots(lc, sql, shard);\n}\n\nfunction dropUnclaimedSlots(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardID,\n): Promise<{dropped: number; active: number; draining: number}> {\n  // The slot / replica cleanup happens within a transaction while holding\n  // the replication slot management lock for this shard, to ensure that no\n  // slot that belongs to a newer replica is dropped.\n  const lockName = replicationSlotManagementLock(shard);\n  const slotExpression = replicationSlotExpression(shard);\n  const replicasTable = `${upstreamSchema(shard)}.replicas`;\n\n  return runTx(sql, async tx => {\n    await tx`SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(${lockName}))`;\n\n    const dropped = await tx /*sql*/ `\n      SELECT slot_name as slot, pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) \n        FROM pg_replication_slots\n        LEFT JOIN ${tx(replicasTable)} replica on slot_name = slot\n        WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotExpression} \n          AND NOT active\n          AND replica.id IS NULL;\n    `;\n    if (dropped.length) {\n      lc.info?.(`dropped inactive replication slots`, {dropped});\n    }\n\n    const remaining = await tx<\n      {slot: string; 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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/schema/init.d.ts

@@ -5,10 +5,5 @@ import { type ShardConfig } from '../../../../types/shards.ts';
  * Ensures that a shard is set up for initial sync.
  */
 export declare function ensureShardSchema(lc: LogContext, db: PostgresDB, shard: ShardConfig): Promise<void>;
-/**
- * Updates the schema for an existing shard.
- */
-export declare function updateShardSchema(lc: LogContext, db: PostgresDB, shard: ShardConfig, replicaVersion: string): Promise<void>;
 export declare const CURRENT_SCHEMA_VERSION: number;
-export declare function decommissionLegacyShard(lc: LogContext, db: PostgresDB, shard: ShardConfig): Promise<void>;
 //# sourceMappingURL=init.d.ts.map

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/schema/init.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/schema/init.js

@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ import { upstreamSchema } from "../../../../types/shards.js";
 import { id } from "../../../../types/sql.js";
 import { publishedSchema } from "./published.js";
 import { getMutationsTableDefinition, legacyReplicationSlot, metadataPublicationName, setupTablesAndReplication, setupTriggers } from "./shard.js";
-import { decommissionShard } from "../decommission.js";
 import { AutoResetSignal } from "../../../change-streamer/schema/tables.js";
-import { getVersionHistory, runSchemaMigrations } from "../../../../db/migration.js";
+import { runSchemaMigrations } from "../../../../db/migration.js";
 //#region ../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/schema/init.ts
 /**
 * Ensures that a shard is set up for initial sync.
@@ -15,41 +14,13 @@ async function ensureShardSchema(lc, db, shard) {
 	await runSchemaMigrations(lc, `upstream-shard-${shard.appID}`, upstreamSchema(shard), db, {
 		migrateSchema: (lc, tx) => setupTablesAndReplication(lc, tx, shard),
 		minSafeVersion: 1
-	}, getIncrementalMigrations(shard, "obsolete"));
+	}, getIncrementalMigrations(shard));
 }
-/**
-* Updates the schema for an existing shard.
-*/
-async function updateShardSchema(lc, db, shard, replicaVersion) {
-	await runSchemaMigrations(lc, `upstream-shard-${shard.appID}`, upstreamSchema(shard), db, { migrateSchema: () => {
-		throw new AutoResetSignal(`upstream shard ${upstreamSchema(shard)} is not initialized`);
-	} }, getIncrementalMigrations(shard, replicaVersion));
-	await decommissionLegacyShard(lc, db, shard);
-}
-function getIncrementalMigrations(shard, replicaVersion) {
+function getIncrementalMigrations(shard) {
 	const shardConfigTable = `${upstreamSchema(shard)}.shardConfig`;
 	return {
-		4: {
-			migrateSchema: () => {
-				throw new AutoResetSignal("resetting to upgrade shard schema");
-			},
-			minSafeVersion: 3
-		},
-		6: { migrateSchema: async (lc, sql) => {
-			assert(replicaVersion, `replicaVersion is always passed for incremental migrations`);
-			await Promise.all([sql`
-          ALTER TABLE ${sql(shardConfigTable)} ADD "replicaVersion" TEXT`, sql`
-          UPDATE ${sql(shardConfigTable)} SET ${sql({ replicaVersion })}`]);
-			lc.info?.(`Recorded replicaVersion ${replicaVersion} in upstream shardConfig`);
-		} },
-		7: { migrateSchema: async (lc, sql) => {
-			const [{ publications }] = await sql`
-          SELECT publications FROM ${sql(shardConfigTable)}`;
-			await setupTriggers(lc, sql, {
-				...shard,
-				publications
-			});
-			lc.info?.(`Upgraded to v2 event triggers`);
+		6: { migrateSchema: () => {
+			throw new AutoResetSignal("resetting to upgrade shard schema");
 		} },
 		8: { migrateSchema: async (lc, sql) => {
 			const legacyShardConfigSchema = valita_exports.object({
@@ -135,6 +106,29 @@ function getIncrementalMigrations(shard, replicaVersion) {
 				publications
 			});
 			lc.info?.(`Upgraded DDL event triggers`);
+		} },
+		24: {
+			migrateSchema: async (_, sql) => {
+				await sql`
+          ALTER TABLE ${sql(upstreamSchema(shard))}.replicas 
+            ADD COLUMN "backupPath" TEXT;
+        `;
+				await sql`
+          ALTER TABLE ${sql(upstreamSchema(shard))}.replicas 
+            ADD COLUMN "generation" TEXT;
+        `;
+			},
+			migrateData: async (_, sql) => {
+				await sql`
+          UPDATE ${sql(upstreamSchema(shard))}.replicas SET "generation" = "version";
+        `;
+			}
+		},
+		25: { migrateSchema: async (_, sql) => {
+			await sql`
+          ALTER TABLE ${sql(upstreamSchema(shard))}.replicas 
+            ADD COLUMN "backupV5" BOOL DEFAULT false;
+        `;
 		} }
 	};
 }
@@ -143,13 +137,7 @@ Object.keys(getIncrementalMigrations({
 	shardNum: 0,
 	publications: ["foo"]
 })).reduce((prev, curr) => Math.max(prev, parseInt(curr)), 0);
-async function decommissionLegacyShard(lc, db, shard) {
-	if (shard.appID !== "zero") {
-		const versionHistory = await getVersionHistory(db, `zero_${shard.appID}`);
-		if (versionHistory !== null && versionHistory.schemaVersion < 5) await decommissionShard(lc, db, "zero", shard.appID);
-	}
-}
 //#endregion
-export { ensureShardSchema, updateShardSchema };
+export { ensureShardSchema };
 
 //# sourceMappingURL=init.js.map