@rocicorp/zero 1.9.0-head-ef892a12-20260713 → 1.9.0

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/initial-sync.js

@@ -450,6 +450,33 @@ function initialSyncCompletedCopyStream() {
 function initialSyncCopyChunks() {
 	return getOrCreateCounter("replication", "initial_sync_copy_chunks", "PostgreSQL COPY stream chunks processed during initial sync.");
 }
+function createCopyMetricBatcher(record) {
+	let bytes = 0;
+	let chunks = 0;
+	function flush() {
+		if (chunks === 0) return;
+		record(bytes, chunks);
+		bytes = 0;
+		chunks = 0;
+	}
+	return {
+		add(chunkBytes) {
+			bytes += chunkBytes;
+			chunks++;
+			if (bytes >= 8388608) flush();
+		},
+		flush
+	};
+}
+function initialSyncCopyMetrics(attrs) {
+	const labels = initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs);
+	const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();
+	const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();
+	return createCopyMetricBatcher((bytes, chunks) => {
+		copyStreamMetric.add(bytes, labels);
+		copyChunksMetric.add(chunks, labels);
+	});
+}
 function initialSyncDurationHistogram(name, description) {
 	return getOrCreateHistogram("replication", name, {
 		description,
@@ -547,12 +574,10 @@ function copy(lc, { spec: table, status }, dbClient, from, to, textCopy, syncMod
 async function copyBinary(lc, table, status, from, to, syncMode, sampleRate, maxRowsPerTable) {
 	const start = performance.now();
 	const copyFormat = "binary";
-	const metricLabels = initialSyncMetricAttrs({
+	const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({
 		syncMode,
 		copyFormat
 	});
-	const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();
-	const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();
 	let flushMs = 0;
 	let copyBytes = 0;
 	const tableName = liteTableName(table);
@@ -607,8 +632,7 @@ async function copyBinary(lc, table, status, from, to, syncMode, sampleRate, max
 		write(chunk, _encoding, callback) {
 			try {
 				copyBytes += chunk.length;
-				copyStreamMetric.add(chunk.length, metricLabels);
-				copyChunksMetric.add(1, metricLabels);
+				copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);
 				for (const fieldBuf of binaryParser.parse(chunk)) {
 					const fieldSize = fieldBuf === null ? 4 : fieldBuf.length;
 					pendingSize += fieldSize;
@@ -625,11 +649,16 @@ async function copyBinary(lc, table, status, from, to, syncMode, sampleRate, max
 		},
 		final: (callback) => {
 			try {
+				copyMetrics.flush();
 				flush();
 				callback();
 			} catch (e) {
 				callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));
 			}
+		},
+		destroy(error, callback) {
+			copyMetrics.flush();
+			callback(error);
 		}
 	}));
 	const elapsed = performance.now() - start;
@@ -653,12 +682,10 @@ async function copyBinary(lc, table, status, from, to, syncMode, sampleRate, max
 async function copyText(lc, table, status, dbClient, from, to, syncMode, sampleRate, maxRowsPerTable) {
 	const start = performance.now();
 	const copyFormat = "text";
-	const metricLabels = initialSyncMetricAttrs({
+	const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({
 		syncMode,
 		copyFormat
 	});
-	const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();
-	const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();
 	let flushMs = 0;
 	let copyBytes = 0;
 	const tableName = liteTableName(table);
@@ -717,8 +744,7 @@ async function copyText(lc, table, status, dbClient, from, to, syncMode, sampleR
 		write(chunk, _encoding, callback) {
 			try {
 				copyBytes += chunk.length;
-				copyStreamMetric.add(chunk.length, metricLabels);
-				copyChunksMetric.add(1, metricLabels);
+				copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);
 				for (const text of tsvParser.parse(chunk)) {
 					const fieldSize = text === null ? 4 : text.length;
 					pendingSize += fieldSize;
@@ -735,11 +761,16 @@ async function copyText(lc, table, status, dbClient, from, to, syncMode, sampleR
 		},
 		final: (callback) => {
 			try {
+				copyMetrics.flush();
 				flush();
 				callback();
 			} catch (e) {
 				callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));
 			}
+		},
+		destroy(error, callback) {
+			copyMetrics.flush();
+			callback(error);
 		}
 	}));
 	const elapsed = performance.now() - start;

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/initial-sync.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"initial-sync.js","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/initial-sync.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {mkdtemp, rm} from 'node:fs/promises';\nimport {platform, tmpdir} from 'node:os';\nimport {join} from 'node:path';\nimport {Writable} from 'node:stream';\nimport {pipeline} from 'node:stream/promises';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport {assert} from '../../../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport type {JSONObject} from '../../../../../shared/src/bigint-json.ts';\nimport {must} from '../../../../../shared/src/must.ts';\nimport {equals} from '../../../../../shared/src/set-utils.ts';\nimport type {DownloadStatus} from '../../../../../zero-events/src/status.ts';\nimport {Database} from '../../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';\nimport {\n  createLiteIndexStatement,\n  createLiteTableStatement,\n} from '../../../db/create.ts';\nimport {listIndexes, listTables} from '../../../db/lite-tables.ts';\nimport * as Mode from '../../../db/mode-enum.ts';\nimport {\n  BinaryCopyParser,\n  hasBinaryDecoder,\n  makeBinaryDecoder,\n  textCastDecoder,\n} from '../../../db/pg-copy-binary.ts';\nimport {TsvParser} from '../../../db/pg-copy.ts';\nimport {\n  mapPostgresToLite,\n  mapPostgresToLiteIndex,\n} from '../../../db/pg-to-lite.ts';\nimport {getTypeParsers} from '../../../db/pg-type-parser.ts';\nimport {runTx} from '../../../db/run-transaction.ts';\nimport type {IndexSpec, PublishedTableSpec} from '../../../db/specs.ts';\nimport {importSnapshot, TransactionPool} from '../../../db/transaction-pool.ts';\nimport {\n  getOrCreateCounter,\n  getOrCreateHistogram,\n} from '../../../observability/metrics.ts';\nimport {\n  JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n  liteValue,\n  type LiteValueType,\n} from '../../../types/lite.ts';\nimport {liteTableName} from '../../../types/names.ts';\nimport {PG_15, PG_17} from '../../../types/pg-versions.ts';\nimport {\n  connectPgClient,\n  pgClient,\n  type PostgresDB,\n  type PostgresTransaction,\n  type PostgresValueType,\n} from '../../../types/pg.ts';\nimport {CpuProfiler} from '../../../types/profiler.ts';\nimport type {ShardConfig} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {id} from '../../../types/sql.ts';\nimport {ReplicationStatusPublisher} from '../../replicator/replication-status.ts';\nimport {ColumnMetadataStore} from '../../replicator/schema/column-metadata.ts';\nimport {initReplicationState} from '../../replicator/schema/replication-state.ts';\nimport {toStateVersionString} from './lsn.ts';\nimport {createReplicaAndSlot} from './replication-slots.ts';\nimport {ensureShardSchema} from './schema/init.ts';\nimport {getPublicationInfo} from './schema/published.ts';\nimport {\n  dropShard,\n  getInternalShardConfig,\n  initReplica,\n  validatePublications,\n} from './schema/shard.ts';\n\nexport type InitialSyncOptions = {\n  tableCopyWorkers: number;\n  profileCopy?: boolean | undefined;\n  textCopy?: boolean | undefined;\n  replicationSlotFailover?: boolean | undefined;\n  /**\n   * When set, run initial sync in \"shadow\" mode for verification: skip all\n   * upstream mutations (no replication slot, no addReplica, no dropShard, no\n   * slot drop on failure), suppress status events, and optionally sample\n   * rows from each table via TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI + LIMIT. The caller is\n   * responsible for providing (and discarding) a throwaway SQLite `tx`.\n   */\n  shadow?:\n    | {\n        /** 0 < rate <= 1. When 1, no TABLESAMPLE clause is added. */\n        sampleRate: number;\n        /**\n         * LIMIT N cap appended after TABLESAMPLE. Required: shadow sync is\n         * for verification only, so every run must commit to a row budget.\n         */\n        maxRowsPerTable: number;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n};\n\n/** Server context to store with the initial sync metadata for debugging. */\nexport type ServerContext = JSONObject;\n\nexport async function initialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  tx: Database,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  syncOptions: InitialSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n) {\n  if (!ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS.test(shard.appID)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      'The App ID may only consist of lower-case letters, numbers, and the underscore character',\n    );\n  }\n  const {\n    tableCopyWorkers,\n    profileCopy,\n    textCopy = false,\n    replicationSlotFailover = false,\n    shadow,\n  } = syncOptions;\n  const syncMode: InitialSyncMode = shadow ? 'shadow' : 'initial';\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = textCopy ? 'text' : 'binary';\n  const start = performance.now();\n  let sql: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  let replicationSession: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  const replicaID = Date.now().toString();\n  let slotName: string | undefined; // undefined === shadow\n  const statusPublisher = ReplicationStatusPublisher.forRunningTransaction(\n    tx,\n    shadow ? async () => {} : undefined,\n  ).publish(lc, 'Initializing');\n  let releaseShadowSnapshot: (() => Promise<void>) | undefined;\n  try {\n    const copyProfiler = profileCopy ? await CpuProfiler.connect() : null;\n    sql = await connectPgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync');\n    // Replication session is only needed to create a replication slot in the\n    // real path. In shadow mode we export a snapshot on a normal connection\n    // instead, so no replication session is opened.\n    replicationSession = shadow\n      ? undefined\n      : pgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync-replication-session', {\n          ['fetch_types']: false, // Necessary for the streaming protocol\n          connection: {replication: 'database'}, // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-replication.html\n        });\n\n    const pgVersion = await checkUpstreamConfig(sql);\n\n    // In shadow mode we assume the shard is already initialized and just\n    // read back the existing publications. `ensurePublishedTables` would\n    // otherwise run DDL and potentially call `dropShard`, which must never\n    // happen during a shadow run.\n    const {publications} = shadow\n      ? await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard)\n      : await ensurePublishedTables(lc, sql, shard);\n    lc.info?.(`Upstream is setup with publications [${publications}]`);\n\n    const {database, host} = sql.options;\n    lc.info?.(\n      shadow\n        ? `acquiring exported snapshot on ${database}@${host} (shadow mode)`\n        : `opening replication session to ${database}@${host}`,\n    );\n\n    let snapshot: string;\n    let lsn: string;\n\n    if (shadow) {\n      const acquired = await acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n        lc,\n        upstreamURI,\n      );\n      snapshot = acquired.snapshot;\n      lsn = acquired.lsn;\n      releaseShadowSnapshot = acquired.release;\n    } else {\n      const slot = await createReplicaAndSlot(\n        lc,\n        sql,\n        must(replicationSession),\n        shard,\n        replicaID,\n        replicationSlotFailover && pgVersion >= PG_17,\n      );\n      snapshot = slot.snapshot_name;\n      lsn = slot.consistent_point;\n      slotName = slot.slot_name;\n    }\n\n    const initialVersion = toStateVersionString(lsn);\n\n    initReplicationState(tx, publications, initialVersion, context);\n\n    // Run up to MAX_WORKERS to copy of tables at the replication slot's snapshot.\n    // Retrieve the published schema at the consistent_point.\n    const published = await runTx(\n      sql,\n      async tx => {\n        await tx.unsafe(/* sql*/ `SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '${snapshot}'`);\n        return getPublicationInfo(tx, publications);\n      },\n      {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n    );\n    // Note: If this throws, initial-sync is aborted.\n    validatePublications(lc, published);\n\n    // Now that tables have been validated, kick off the copiers.\n    const {tables, indexes} = published;\n    const numTables = tables.length;\n    if (platform() === 'win32' && tableCopyWorkers < numTables) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `Increasing the number of copy workers from ${tableCopyWorkers} to ` +\n          `${numTables} to work around a Node/Postgres connection bug`,\n      );\n    }\n    const numWorkers =\n      platform() === 'win32'\n        ? numTables\n        : Math.min(tableCopyWorkers, numTables);\n\n    const copyPool = await connectPgClient(\n      lc,\n      upstreamURI,\n      'initial-sync-copy-worker',\n      {\n        max: numWorkers,\n        ['max_lifetime']: 120 * 60, // set a long (2h) limit for COPY streaming\n      },\n    );\n    const copiers = startTableCopyWorkers(\n      lc,\n      copyPool,\n      snapshot,\n      numWorkers,\n      numTables,\n    );\n    try {\n      createLiteTables(tx, tables, initialVersion);\n      const sampleRate = shadow?.sampleRate;\n      const maxRowsPerTable = shadow?.maxRowsPerTable;\n      const downloads = await Promise.all(\n        tables.map(spec =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            getInitialDownloadState(lc, db, spec, shadow !== undefined),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Initializing',\n        `Copying ${numTables} upstream tables at version ${initialVersion}`,\n        5000,\n        () => ({downloadStatus: downloads.map(({status}) => status)}),\n      );\n\n      void copyProfiler?.start();\n      const copyStart = performance.now();\n      const copyResults = await Promise.all(\n        downloads.map(table =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            copy(\n              lc,\n              table,\n              copyPool,\n              db,\n              tx,\n              textCopy,\n              syncMode,\n              sampleRate,\n              maxRowsPerTable,\n            ),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      const copyElapsed = performance.now() - copyStart;\n      void copyProfiler?.stopAndDispose(lc, 'initial-copy');\n      copiers.setDone();\n\n      const copySummary = initialSyncCopySummary(copyResults, copyElapsed);\n\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Indexing',\n        `Creating ${indexes.length} indexes`,\n        5000,\n      );\n      const indexStart = performance.now();\n      createLiteIndices(lc, tx, indexes);\n      const index = performance.now() - indexStart;\n      lc.info?.(`Created indexes (${index.toFixed(3)} ms)`);\n\n      if (slotName && replicaID) {\n        await initReplica(sql, shard, replicaID, published, context);\n      } else {\n        assert(shadow, 'expected to be in shadow sync if there is no slotName');\n        const rowsByTable = new Map<string, number>();\n        for (let i = 0; i < downloads.length; i++) {\n          rowsByTable.set(downloads[i].status.table, copyResults[i].rows);\n        }\n        verifyShadowReplica(lc, tx, published, rowsByTable);\n      }\n\n      const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n      const copyOtherMs = Math.max(0, elapsed - copySummary.flushMs - index);\n      recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n        {\n          durationMs: elapsed,\n          rows: copySummary.rows,\n          copyBytes: copySummary.copyBytes,\n          copyMs: copySummary.copyMs,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          flushMs: copySummary.flushMs,\n          indexMs: index,\n        },\n        {\n          result: 'success',\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n        },\n      );\n      lc.info?.(\n        `Synced ${copySummary.rows.toLocaleString()} rows of ${numTables} tables in ${publications} up to ${lsn} ` +\n          `(flush: ${copySummary.flushMs.toFixed(3)}, index: ${index.toFixed(3)}, total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms)`,\n        {\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n          publications,\n          lsn,\n          ...copySummary,\n          indexes: indexes.length,\n          indexMs: index,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          totalMs: elapsed,\n        },\n      );\n    } finally {\n      // All meaningful errors are handled at the processReadTask() call site.\n      void copyPool.end().catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Error closing copyPool`, e));\n    }\n  } catch (e) {\n    recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n      {durationMs: performance.now() - start},\n      {\n        result: 'error',\n        syncMode,\n        copyFormat,\n      },\n    );\n    if (slotName && sql) {\n      // If initial-sync did not succeed, make a best effort to drop the\n      // orphaned replication slot to avoid running out of slots in\n      // pathological cases that result in repeated failures.\n      lc.warn?.(`dropping replication slot ${slotName}`, e);\n      await sql`\n        SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) FROM pg_replication_slots\n          WHERE slot_name = ${slotName};\n      `.catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Unable to drop replication slot ${slotName}`, e));\n    }\n    await statusPublisher.publishAndThrowError(lc, 'Initializing', e);\n  } finally {\n    statusPublisher.stop();\n    if (releaseShadowSnapshot) {\n      await releaseShadowSnapshot().catch(e =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error releasing shadow snapshot`, e),\n      );\n    }\n    if (replicationSession) {\n      await replicationSession.end();\n    }\n    if (sql) {\n      await sql.end();\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport type ShadowSyncOptions = {\n  sampleRate: number;\n  maxRowsPerTable: number;\n  /**\n   * Parent directory for the throwaway SQLite replica. Defaults to the OS\n   * tmpdir. Primarily for tests that need to isolate the scratch directory.\n   */\n  parentDir?: string | undefined;\n};\n\n/**\n * Exercises the initial-sync code path against a sample of rows from every\n * published table, writing into a throwaway SQLite database that is deleted\n * when the run ends. Produces zero upstream mutations: no replication slot,\n * no `addReplica`, no `dropShard`, no status events.\n *\n * Intended to be invoked periodically so that if a customer ever needs a\n * full reset, we have recent confidence that `initialSync` still works.\n * The shard must already be initialized upstream.\n */\nexport async function shadowInitialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  shadow: ShadowSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  syncOptions?: Pick<InitialSyncOptions, 'textCopy'>,\n): Promise<void> {\n  const dir = await mkdtemp(\n    join(shadow.parentDir ?? tmpdir(), 'zero-shadow-sync-'),\n  );\n  const dbPath = join(dir, 'shadow-replica.db');\n  const db = new Database(lc, dbPath);\n  try {\n    await initialSync(\n      lc,\n      shard,\n      db,\n      upstreamURI,\n      {\n        // Shadow sync copies small samples, so one worker is plenty —\n        // no reason to burn additional upstream connections.\n        tableCopyWorkers: 1,\n        textCopy: syncOptions?.textCopy,\n        shadow,\n      },\n      context,\n    );\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      db.close();\n    } catch (e) {\n      lc.warn?.(`Error closing shadow replica db`, e);\n    }\n    await rm(dir, {recursive: true, force: true}).catch(e =>\n      lc.warn?.(`Error cleaning up shadow replica dir ${dir}`, e),\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nasync function checkUpstreamConfig(sql: PostgresDB) {\n  const {walLevel, version} = (\n    await sql<{walLevel: string; version: number}[]>`\n      SELECT current_setting('wal_level') as \"walLevel\", \n             current_setting('server_version_num') as \"version\";\n  `\n  )[0];\n\n  if (walLevel !== 'logical') {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Postgres must be configured with \"wal_level = logical\" (currently: \"${walLevel})`,\n    );\n  }\n  if (version < PG_15) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Must be running Postgres 15 or higher (currently: \"${version}\")`,\n    );\n  }\n  return version;\n}\n\nasync function ensurePublishedTables(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  validate = true,\n): Promise<{publications: string[]}> {\n  const {database, host} = sql.options;\n  lc.info?.(`Ensuring upstream PUBLICATION on ${database}@${host}`);\n\n  await ensureShardSchema(lc, sql, shard);\n  const {publications} = await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard);\n\n  if (validate) {\n    let valid = false;\n    const nonInternalPublications = publications.filter(\n      p => !p.startsWith('_'),\n    );\n    const exists = await sql`\n      SELECT pubname FROM pg_publication WHERE pubname IN ${sql(publications)}\n      `.values();\n    if (exists.length !== publications.length) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `some configured publications [${publications}] are missing: ` +\n          `[${exists.flat()}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else if (\n      !equals(new Set(shard.publications), new Set(nonInternalPublications))\n    ) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `requested publications [${shard.publications}] differ from previous` +\n          `publications [${nonInternalPublications}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else {\n      valid = true;\n    }\n    if (!valid) {\n      await sql.unsafe(dropShard(shard.appID, shard.shardNum));\n      return ensurePublishedTables(lc, sql, shard, false);\n    }\n  }\n  return {publications};\n}\n\nfunction startTableCopyWorkers(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: PostgresDB,\n  snapshot: string,\n  numWorkers: number,\n  numTables: number,\n): TransactionPool {\n  const {init} = importSnapshot(snapshot);\n  const tableCopiers = new TransactionPool(lc, {\n    mode: Mode.READONLY,\n    init,\n    initialWorkers: numWorkers,\n  });\n  tableCopiers.run(db);\n\n  lc.info?.(`Started ${numWorkers} workers to copy ${numTables} tables`);\n\n  if (parseInt(process.versions.node) < 22) {\n    lc.warn?.(\n      `\\n\\n\\n` +\n        `Older versions of Node have a bug that results in an unresponsive\\n` +\n        `Postgres connection after running certain combinations of COPY commands.\\n` +\n        `If initial sync hangs, run zero-cache with Node v22+. This has the additional\\n` +\n        `benefit of being consistent with the Node version run in the production container image.` +\n        `\\n\\n\\n`,\n    );\n  }\n  return tableCopiers;\n}\n\n/**\n * Shadow-mode alternative to `createReplicationSlot`: opens a dedicated\n * READ ONLY REPEATABLE READ transaction on a normal connection, exports the\n * snapshot and captures the current WAL LSN, then holds the transaction\n * open until `release()` is called. The held transaction keeps the snapshot\n * importable by the table-copy workers for the duration of the COPY phase.\n *\n * Idle-in-transaction timeout is disabled locally so the exporter doesn't\n * get killed while workers are still importing.\n */\nasync function acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n): Promise<{\n  snapshot: string;\n  lsn: string;\n  release: () => Promise<void>;\n}> {\n  const holder = await connectPgClient(\n    lc,\n    upstreamURI,\n    'shadow-initial-sync-snapshot',\n    {\n      max: 1,\n    },\n  );\n  const ready = resolver<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}>();\n  const release = resolver<void>();\n  const held = holder\n    .begin(Mode.READONLY, async tx => {\n      await tx`SET LOCAL idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0`.execute();\n      const [row] = await tx<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}[]>`\n        SELECT pg_export_snapshot() AS snapshot,\n               pg_current_wal_lsn()::text AS lsn`;\n      ready.resolve(row);\n      await release.promise;\n    })\n    .catch(e => ready.reject(e));\n\n  let snapshot: string;\n  let lsn: string;\n  try {\n    ({snapshot, lsn} = await ready.promise);\n  } catch (e) {\n    await holder\n      .end()\n      .catch(err =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error ending shadow snapshot holder after failure`, err),\n      );\n    throw e;\n  }\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Exported snapshot ${snapshot} at LSN ${lsn} (shadow initial sync)`,\n  );\n  return {\n    snapshot,\n    lsn,\n    release: async () => {\n      release.resolve();\n      try {\n        await held;\n      } catch (e) {\n        lc.warn?.(`snapshot holder transaction ended with error`, e);\n      }\n      await holder.end();\n    },\n  };\n}\n\nfunction createLiteTables(\n  tx: Database,\n  tables: PublishedTableSpec[],\n  initialVersion: string,\n) {\n  // TODO: Figure out how to reuse the ChangeProcessor here to avoid\n  //       duplicating the ColumnMetadata logic.\n  const columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(tx));\n  for (const t of tables) {\n    tx.exec(createLiteTableStatement(mapPostgresToLite(t, initialVersion)));\n    const tableName = liteTableName(t);\n    for (const [colName, colSpec] of Object.entries(t.columns)) {\n      columnMetadata.insert(tableName, colName, colSpec);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction createLiteIndices(lc: LogContext, tx: Database, indices: IndexSpec[]) {\n  for (const [i, index] of indices.entries()) {\n    const stmt = createLiteIndexStatement(mapPostgresToLiteIndex(index));\n    lc.info?.(`Creating index ${i + 1}/${indices.length}: ${stmt}`);\n    const start = performance.now();\n    tx.exec(stmt);\n    lc.info?.(\n      `Created index ${i + 1}/${indices.length} ` +\n        `(${(performance.now() - start).toFixed(3)} ms): ${stmt}`,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs structural assertions over a just-synced replica and throws if any\n * fail. Only called in shadow mode — a successful return means the replica\n * is schema-complete, row-count consistent, and its column metadata is in\n * sync with its lite schema.\n *\n * Note: this intentionally does NOT verify ZQL-queryability. Tables that\n * `computeZqlSpecs` drops (no PK / no all-NOT-NULL unique index, unsupported\n * column types, etc.) are silently skipped in production too — there's\n * nothing shadow-specific about them, so failing here would diverge from\n * prod over an upstream-schema condition prod accepts.\n *\n * Exported for testing.\n */\nexport function verifyShadowReplica(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: Database,\n  published: {tables: PublishedTableSpec[]; indexes: IndexSpec[]},\n  rowsByTable: ReadonlyMap<string, number>,\n): void {\n  const issues: string[] = [];\n  let columnsChecked = 0;\n  let rowsChecked = 0;\n\n  // 1. Schema completeness: every published table exists in the replica\n  //    with at least the expected column set.\n  const liteTables = listTables(db);\n  const liteTableByName = new Map(liteTables.map(t => [t.name, t]));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const lite = liteTableByName.get(name);\n    if (!lite) {\n      issues.push(`missing table in replica: ${name}`);\n      continue;\n    }\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      columnsChecked++;\n      if (!(col in lite.columns)) {\n        issues.push(`column missing in replica table ${name}: ${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  //    Every published index exists in the replica.\n  const liteIndexNames = new Set(listIndexes(db).map(i => i.name));\n  for (const ix of published.indexes) {\n    const mapped = mapPostgresToLiteIndex(ix);\n    if (!liteIndexNames.has(mapped.name)) {\n      issues.push(\n        `missing index in replica: ${mapped.name} on ${mapped.tableName}`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 2. Row counts: SQLite COUNT(*) matches the in-memory copy counter.\n  for (const [table, expected] of rowsByTable) {\n    try {\n      const [row] = db\n        .prepare(`SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM \"${table}\"`)\n        .all<{count: number}>();\n      if (row.count !== expected) {\n        issues.push(\n          `row count mismatch for table ${table}: ` +\n            `copy counter reported ${expected}, replica has ${row.count}`,\n        );\n      } else {\n        rowsChecked += row.count;\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      issues.push(`could not count rows in table ${table}: ${String(e)}`);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 3. Column metadata: every published column has a _zero.column_metadata row.\n  const meta = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(db));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const rows = meta.getTable(name);\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      if (!rows.has(col)) {\n        issues.push(`missing column_metadata row for ${name}.${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (issues.length) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Shadow replica verification failed (${issues.length} issue(s)):\\n` +\n        issues.map(i => `  - ${i}`).join('\\n'),\n    );\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Shadow replica verification passed: ` +\n      `${published.tables.length} tables, ` +\n      `${published.indexes.length} indexes, ` +\n      `${columnsChecked} columns, ` +\n      `${rowsChecked.toLocaleString()} rows`,\n  );\n}\n\n// Verified empirically that batches of 50 seem to be the sweet spot,\n// similar to the report in https://sqlite.org/forum/forumpost/8878a512d3652655\n//\n// Exported for testing.\nexport const INSERT_BATCH_SIZE = 50;\n\nconst MB = 1024 * 1024;\nconst MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS = 10_000;\nconst BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD = 8 * MB;\n\nexport type DownloadStatements = {\n  select: string;\n  getTotalRows: string;\n  getTotalBytes: string;\n};\n\n/**\n * Produces ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(n)` when `sampleRate` is < 1, else `''`.\n * Row-level Bernoulli sampling is used (rather than SYSTEM) because it\n * produces a more uniform sample and, unlike SYSTEM, still returns rows\n * for small tables at low rates.\n */\nfunction tableSampleClause(sampleRate: number | undefined): string {\n  if (sampleRate === undefined || sampleRate >= 1) {\n    return '';\n  }\n  // Round away float noise (e.g. 0.3 * 100 = 30.000000000000004) while still\n  // preserving sub-integer rates like 0.001 (= 0.1%).\n  const pct = parseFloat((sampleRate * 100).toFixed(6));\n  return /*sql*/ ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(${pct})`;\n}\n\nfunction limitClause(maxRowsPerTable: number | undefined): string {\n  return maxRowsPerTable !== undefined\n    ? /*sql*/ ` LIMIT ${maxRowsPerTable}`\n    : '';\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns the SELECT column expressions for binary COPY, casting columns\n * without a known binary decoder to `::text`.\n */\nexport function makeBinarySelectExprs(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n): string[] {\n  return cols.map(col => {\n    const spec = table.columns[col];\n    return hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? id(col) : `${id(col)}::text`;\n  });\n}\n\nexport function makeDownloadStatements(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n  selectExprs?: string[] | undefined,\n): DownloadStatements {\n  const filterConditions = Object.values(table.publications)\n    .map(({rowFilter}) => rowFilter)\n    .filter(f => !!f); // remove nulls\n  const where =\n    filterConditions.length === 0\n      ? ''\n      : /*sql*/ `WHERE ${filterConditions.join(' OR ')}`;\n  const sample = tableSampleClause(sampleRate);\n  const limit = limitClause(maxRowsPerTable);\n  const fromTable = /*sql*/ `FROM ${id(table.schema)}.${id(table.name)}${sample} ${where}`;\n  const select = /*sql*/ `SELECT ${(selectExprs ?? cols.map(id)).join(',')} ${fromTable}${limit}`;\n  if (limit) {\n    // With LIMIT, wrap counts/sums in a subquery so they reflect the\n    // capped rowset rather than the full (sampled) table.\n    const bytesExpr = cols\n      .map(col => `COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0)`)\n      .join(' + ');\n    return {\n      select,\n      getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*)::bigint AS \"totalRows\" FROM (SELECT 1 AS _ ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n      getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT COALESCE(SUM(b), 0)::bigint AS \"totalBytes\" FROM (SELECT (${bytesExpr}) AS b ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n    };\n  }\n  const totalBytes = `(${cols.map(col => `SUM(COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0))`).join(' + ')})`;\n  return {\n    select,\n    getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*) AS \"totalRows\" ${fromTable}`,\n    getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT ${totalBytes} AS \"totalBytes\" ${fromTable}`,\n  };\n}\n\ntype DownloadState = {\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec;\n  status: DownloadStatus;\n};\n\ntype CopyFormat = 'binary' | 'text';\ntype InitialSyncMode = 'initial' | 'shadow';\n\ntype InitialSyncMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n};\n\ntype InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  result: 'success' | 'error';\n};\n\ntype CopyResult = {\n  schema: string;\n  table: string;\n  replicaTable: string;\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  columnCount: number;\n  rows: number;\n  estimatedRows: number;\n  estimatedBytes: number | undefined;\n  flushMs: number;\n  elapsedMs: number;\n  copyBytes: number;\n};\n\nconst INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S = [\n  1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600, 7200,\n];\nconst SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS = 10_000;\n\n// change-streamer imports this module before startOtelAuto() runs, so create\n// instruments lazily to avoid binding them to OTel's no-op meter provider.\nfunction initialSyncRuns() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_runs',\n    'Initial sync runs, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of an initial sync run, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of the COPY phase for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyOtherDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_other_duration',\n    'Initial sync total duration excluding SQLite flush and index time for a successful run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncFlushDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_flush_duration',\n    'Total SQLite flush time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncIndexDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_index_duration',\n    'SQLite index creation time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRows() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_rows',\n    'Rows copied during successful initial sync runs.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter('replication', 'initial_sync_copy_stream', {\n    description:\n      'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during initial sync, including in-progress and failed runs.',\n    unit: 'bytes',\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCompletedCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_completed_copy_stream',\n    {\n      description:\n        'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during successful initial sync runs.',\n      unit: 'bytes',\n    },\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyChunks() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_copy_chunks',\n    'PostgreSQL COPY stream chunks processed during initial sync.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDurationHistogram(name: string, description: string) {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('replication', name, {\n    description,\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    sync_mode: attrs.syncMode,\n    copy_format: attrs.copyFormat,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    ...initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs),\n    result: attrs.result,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n  stats: {\n    durationMs: number;\n    rows?: number | undefined;\n    copyBytes?: number | undefined;\n    copyMs?: number | undefined;\n    copyOtherMs?: number | undefined;\n    flushMs?: number | undefined;\n    indexMs?: number | undefined;\n  },\n  attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs,\n) {\n  const labels = initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  initialSyncRuns().add(1, labels);\n  initialSyncDuration().recordMs(stats.durationMs, labels);\n  if (attrs.result === 'success') {\n    if (stats.copyMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyDuration().recordMs(stats.copyMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyOtherMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyOtherDuration().recordMs(stats.copyOtherMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.flushMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncFlushDuration().recordMs(stats.flushMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.indexMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncIndexDuration().recordMs(stats.indexMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.rows !== undefined && stats.rows > 0) {\n      initialSyncRows().add(stats.rows, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyBytes !== undefined && stats.copyBytes > 0) {\n      initialSyncCompletedCopyStream().add(stats.copyBytes, labels);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopySummary(\n  results: readonly CopyResult[],\n  copyMs: number,\n) {\n  const totals = results.reduce(\n    (acc, curr) => {\n      acc.rows += curr.rows;\n      acc.flushMs += curr.flushMs;\n      acc.copyBytes += curr.copyBytes;\n      return acc;\n    },\n    {\n      rows: 0,\n      flushMs: 0,\n      copyBytes: 0,\n    },\n  );\n  return {\n    tables: results.length,\n    rows: totals.rows,\n    copyMs,\n    flushMs: totals.flushMs,\n    copyBytes: totals.copyBytes,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction logSlowCopyFlush(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  details: {\n    schema: string;\n    table: string;\n    replicaTable: string;\n    syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n    copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n    elapsedMs: number;\n    flushedRows: number;\n    flushedBytes: number;\n    rows: number;\n    copyBytes: number;\n  },\n) {\n  if (details.elapsedMs < SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS || details.flushedRows === 0) {\n    return;\n  }\n  lc.info?.('initial-sync table copy slow flush', details);\n}\n\n// Exported for testing.\nexport async function getInitialDownloadState(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec,\n  skipTotals: boolean,\n): Promise<DownloadState> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const table = liteTableName(spec);\n  const columns = Object.keys(spec.columns);\n  if (skipTotals) {\n    // Shadow sync suppresses status events, so the pg_class\n    // estimates would be computed and thrown away.\n    return {\n      spec,\n      status: {table, columns, rows: 0, totalRows: 0, totalBytes: 0},\n    };\n  }\n  // Use pg_class estimates instead of expensive COUNT(*) and\n  // SUM(pg_column_size(...)) full table scans. The exact values are only\n  // used for progress reporting, so estimates are sufficient.\n  const qualifiedName = `${id(spec.schema)}.${id(spec.name)}`;\n  const estimateResult = await sql<\n    {totalRows: number; totalBytes: number}[]\n  >`SELECT GREATEST(reltuples, 0)::float8 AS \"totalRows\",\n         pg_table_size(oid)::float8 AS \"totalBytes\"\n    FROM pg_class\n    WHERE oid = ${qualifiedName}::regclass`;\n\n  const {totalRows, totalBytes} = estimateResult[0] ?? {\n    totalRows: 0,\n    totalBytes: 0,\n  };\n\n  const state: DownloadState = {\n    spec,\n    status: {\n      table,\n      columns,\n      rows: 0,\n      totalRows,\n      totalBytes,\n    },\n  };\n  const elapsed = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(3);\n  lc.info?.(`Computed initial download state for ${table} (${elapsed} ms)`, {\n    state: state.status,\n  });\n  return state;\n}\n\nfunction copy(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  {spec: table, status}: DownloadState,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  textCopy: boolean,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  if (textCopy) {\n    return copyText(\n      lc,\n      table,\n      status,\n      dbClient,\n      from,\n      to,\n      syncMode,\n      sampleRate,\n      maxRowsPerTable,\n    );\n  }\n  return copyBinary(\n    lc,\n    table,\n    status,\n    from,\n    to,\n    syncMode,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n}\n\nasync function copyBinary(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'binary';\n  const metricLabels = initialSyncMetricAttrs({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();\n  const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  // Build SELECT with ::text casts for columns without a known binary decoder.\n  const select = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n    makeBinarySelectExprs(table, columnNames),\n  ).select;\n\n  const decoders = orderedColumns.map(([, spec]) =>\n    hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? makeBinaryDecoder(spec) : textCastDecoder,\n  );\n\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  const binaryParser = new BinaryCopyParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting binary copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n\n  await pipeline(\n    await from\n      .unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT WITH (FORMAT binary)`)\n      .readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyStreamMetric.add(chunk.length, metricLabels);\n          copyChunksMetric.add(1, metricLabels);\n          for (const fieldBuf of binaryParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = fieldBuf === null ? 4 : fieldBuf.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              fieldBuf === null ? null : decoders[col](fieldBuf);\n\n            if (++col === decoders.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        try {\n          flush();\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return result;\n}\n\nasync function copyText(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'text';\n  const metricLabels = initialSyncMetricAttrs({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();\n  const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  const {select} = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting text copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n  const pgParsers = await getTypeParsers(dbClient, {returnJsonAsString: true});\n  const parsers = columnSpecs.map(c => {\n    const pgParse = pgParsers.getTypeParser(c.typeOID);\n    return (val: string) =>\n      liteValue(\n        pgParse(val) as PostgresValueType,\n        c.dataType,\n        JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n      );\n  });\n\n  const tsvParser = new TsvParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  await pipeline(\n    await from.unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT`).readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyStreamMetric.add(chunk.length, metricLabels);\n          copyChunksMetric.add(1, metricLabels);\n          for (const text of tsvParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = text === null ? 4 : text.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              text === null ? null : parsers[col](text);\n\n            if (++col === parsers.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        try {\n          flush();\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return 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+{"version":3,"file":"initial-sync.js","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/initial-sync.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {mkdtemp, rm} from 'node:fs/promises';\nimport {platform, tmpdir} from 'node:os';\nimport {join} from 'node:path';\nimport {Writable} from 'node:stream';\nimport {pipeline} from 'node:stream/promises';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport {assert} from '../../../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport type {JSONObject} from '../../../../../shared/src/bigint-json.ts';\nimport {must} from '../../../../../shared/src/must.ts';\nimport {equals} from '../../../../../shared/src/set-utils.ts';\nimport type {DownloadStatus} from '../../../../../zero-events/src/status.ts';\nimport {Database} from '../../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';\nimport {\n  createLiteIndexStatement,\n  createLiteTableStatement,\n} from '../../../db/create.ts';\nimport {listIndexes, listTables} from '../../../db/lite-tables.ts';\nimport * as Mode from '../../../db/mode-enum.ts';\nimport {\n  BinaryCopyParser,\n  hasBinaryDecoder,\n  makeBinaryDecoder,\n  textCastDecoder,\n} from '../../../db/pg-copy-binary.ts';\nimport {TsvParser} from '../../../db/pg-copy.ts';\nimport {\n  mapPostgresToLite,\n  mapPostgresToLiteIndex,\n} from '../../../db/pg-to-lite.ts';\nimport {getTypeParsers} from '../../../db/pg-type-parser.ts';\nimport {runTx} from '../../../db/run-transaction.ts';\nimport type {IndexSpec, PublishedTableSpec} from '../../../db/specs.ts';\nimport {importSnapshot, TransactionPool} from '../../../db/transaction-pool.ts';\nimport {\n  getOrCreateCounter,\n  getOrCreateHistogram,\n} from '../../../observability/metrics.ts';\nimport {\n  JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n  liteValue,\n  type LiteValueType,\n} from '../../../types/lite.ts';\nimport {liteTableName} from '../../../types/names.ts';\nimport {PG_15, PG_17} from '../../../types/pg-versions.ts';\nimport {\n  connectPgClient,\n  pgClient,\n  type PostgresDB,\n  type PostgresTransaction,\n  type PostgresValueType,\n} from '../../../types/pg.ts';\nimport {CpuProfiler} from '../../../types/profiler.ts';\nimport type {ShardConfig} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {id} from '../../../types/sql.ts';\nimport {ReplicationStatusPublisher} from '../../replicator/replication-status.ts';\nimport {ColumnMetadataStore} from '../../replicator/schema/column-metadata.ts';\nimport {initReplicationState} from '../../replicator/schema/replication-state.ts';\nimport {toStateVersionString} from './lsn.ts';\nimport {createReplicaAndSlot} from './replication-slots.ts';\nimport {ensureShardSchema} from './schema/init.ts';\nimport {getPublicationInfo} from './schema/published.ts';\nimport {\n  dropShard,\n  getInternalShardConfig,\n  initReplica,\n  validatePublications,\n} from './schema/shard.ts';\n\nexport type InitialSyncOptions = {\n  tableCopyWorkers: number;\n  profileCopy?: boolean | undefined;\n  textCopy?: boolean | undefined;\n  replicationSlotFailover?: boolean | undefined;\n  /**\n   * When set, run initial sync in \"shadow\" mode for verification: skip all\n   * upstream mutations (no replication slot, no addReplica, no dropShard, no\n   * slot drop on failure), suppress status events, and optionally sample\n   * rows from each table via TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI + LIMIT. The caller is\n   * responsible for providing (and discarding) a throwaway SQLite `tx`.\n   */\n  shadow?:\n    | {\n        /** 0 < rate <= 1. When 1, no TABLESAMPLE clause is added. */\n        sampleRate: number;\n        /**\n         * LIMIT N cap appended after TABLESAMPLE. Required: shadow sync is\n         * for verification only, so every run must commit to a row budget.\n         */\n        maxRowsPerTable: number;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n};\n\n/** Server context to store with the initial sync metadata for debugging. */\nexport type ServerContext = JSONObject;\n\nexport async function initialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  tx: Database,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  syncOptions: InitialSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n) {\n  if (!ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS.test(shard.appID)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      'The App ID may only consist of lower-case letters, numbers, and the underscore character',\n    );\n  }\n  const {\n    tableCopyWorkers,\n    profileCopy,\n    textCopy = false,\n    replicationSlotFailover = false,\n    shadow,\n  } = syncOptions;\n  const syncMode: InitialSyncMode = shadow ? 'shadow' : 'initial';\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = textCopy ? 'text' : 'binary';\n  const start = performance.now();\n  let sql: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  let replicationSession: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  const replicaID = Date.now().toString();\n  let slotName: string | undefined; // undefined === shadow\n  const statusPublisher = ReplicationStatusPublisher.forRunningTransaction(\n    tx,\n    shadow ? async () => {} : undefined,\n  ).publish(lc, 'Initializing');\n  let releaseShadowSnapshot: (() => Promise<void>) | undefined;\n  try {\n    const copyProfiler = profileCopy ? await CpuProfiler.connect() : null;\n    sql = await connectPgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync');\n    // Replication session is only needed to create a replication slot in the\n    // real path. In shadow mode we export a snapshot on a normal connection\n    // instead, so no replication session is opened.\n    replicationSession = shadow\n      ? undefined\n      : pgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync-replication-session', {\n          ['fetch_types']: false, // Necessary for the streaming protocol\n          connection: {replication: 'database'}, // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-replication.html\n        });\n\n    const pgVersion = await checkUpstreamConfig(sql);\n\n    // In shadow mode we assume the shard is already initialized and just\n    // read back the existing publications. `ensurePublishedTables` would\n    // otherwise run DDL and potentially call `dropShard`, which must never\n    // happen during a shadow run.\n    const {publications} = shadow\n      ? await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard)\n      : await ensurePublishedTables(lc, sql, shard);\n    lc.info?.(`Upstream is setup with publications [${publications}]`);\n\n    const {database, host} = sql.options;\n    lc.info?.(\n      shadow\n        ? `acquiring exported snapshot on ${database}@${host} (shadow mode)`\n        : `opening replication session to ${database}@${host}`,\n    );\n\n    let snapshot: string;\n    let lsn: string;\n\n    if (shadow) {\n      const acquired = await acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n        lc,\n        upstreamURI,\n      );\n      snapshot = acquired.snapshot;\n      lsn = acquired.lsn;\n      releaseShadowSnapshot = acquired.release;\n    } else {\n      const slot = await createReplicaAndSlot(\n        lc,\n        sql,\n        must(replicationSession),\n        shard,\n        replicaID,\n        replicationSlotFailover && pgVersion >= PG_17,\n      );\n      snapshot = slot.snapshot_name;\n      lsn = slot.consistent_point;\n      slotName = slot.slot_name;\n    }\n\n    const initialVersion = toStateVersionString(lsn);\n\n    initReplicationState(tx, publications, initialVersion, context);\n\n    // Run up to MAX_WORKERS to copy of tables at the replication slot's snapshot.\n    // Retrieve the published schema at the consistent_point.\n    const published = await runTx(\n      sql,\n      async tx => {\n        await tx.unsafe(/* sql*/ `SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '${snapshot}'`);\n        return getPublicationInfo(tx, publications);\n      },\n      {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n    );\n    // Note: If this throws, initial-sync is aborted.\n    validatePublications(lc, published);\n\n    // Now that tables have been validated, kick off the copiers.\n    const {tables, indexes} = published;\n    const numTables = tables.length;\n    if (platform() === 'win32' && tableCopyWorkers < numTables) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `Increasing the number of copy workers from ${tableCopyWorkers} to ` +\n          `${numTables} to work around a Node/Postgres connection bug`,\n      );\n    }\n    const numWorkers =\n      platform() === 'win32'\n        ? numTables\n        : Math.min(tableCopyWorkers, numTables);\n\n    const copyPool = await connectPgClient(\n      lc,\n      upstreamURI,\n      'initial-sync-copy-worker',\n      {\n        max: numWorkers,\n        ['max_lifetime']: 120 * 60, // set a long (2h) limit for COPY streaming\n      },\n    );\n    const copiers = startTableCopyWorkers(\n      lc,\n      copyPool,\n      snapshot,\n      numWorkers,\n      numTables,\n    );\n    try {\n      createLiteTables(tx, tables, initialVersion);\n      const sampleRate = shadow?.sampleRate;\n      const maxRowsPerTable = shadow?.maxRowsPerTable;\n      const downloads = await Promise.all(\n        tables.map(spec =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            getInitialDownloadState(lc, db, spec, shadow !== undefined),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Initializing',\n        `Copying ${numTables} upstream tables at version ${initialVersion}`,\n        5000,\n        () => ({downloadStatus: downloads.map(({status}) => status)}),\n      );\n\n      void copyProfiler?.start();\n      const copyStart = performance.now();\n      const copyResults = await Promise.all(\n        downloads.map(table =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            copy(\n              lc,\n              table,\n              copyPool,\n              db,\n              tx,\n              textCopy,\n              syncMode,\n              sampleRate,\n              maxRowsPerTable,\n            ),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      const copyElapsed = performance.now() - copyStart;\n      void copyProfiler?.stopAndDispose(lc, 'initial-copy');\n      copiers.setDone();\n\n      const copySummary = initialSyncCopySummary(copyResults, copyElapsed);\n\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Indexing',\n        `Creating ${indexes.length} indexes`,\n        5000,\n      );\n      const indexStart = performance.now();\n      createLiteIndices(lc, tx, indexes);\n      const index = performance.now() - indexStart;\n      lc.info?.(`Created indexes (${index.toFixed(3)} ms)`);\n\n      if (slotName && replicaID) {\n        await initReplica(sql, shard, replicaID, published, context);\n      } else {\n        assert(shadow, 'expected to be in shadow sync if there is no slotName');\n        const rowsByTable = new Map<string, number>();\n        for (let i = 0; i < downloads.length; i++) {\n          rowsByTable.set(downloads[i].status.table, copyResults[i].rows);\n        }\n        verifyShadowReplica(lc, tx, published, rowsByTable);\n      }\n\n      const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n      const copyOtherMs = Math.max(0, elapsed - copySummary.flushMs - index);\n      recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n        {\n          durationMs: elapsed,\n          rows: copySummary.rows,\n          copyBytes: copySummary.copyBytes,\n          copyMs: copySummary.copyMs,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          flushMs: copySummary.flushMs,\n          indexMs: index,\n        },\n        {\n          result: 'success',\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n        },\n      );\n      lc.info?.(\n        `Synced ${copySummary.rows.toLocaleString()} rows of ${numTables} tables in ${publications} up to ${lsn} ` +\n          `(flush: ${copySummary.flushMs.toFixed(3)}, index: ${index.toFixed(3)}, total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms)`,\n        {\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n          publications,\n          lsn,\n          ...copySummary,\n          indexes: indexes.length,\n          indexMs: index,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          totalMs: elapsed,\n        },\n      );\n    } finally {\n      // All meaningful errors are handled at the processReadTask() call site.\n      void copyPool.end().catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Error closing copyPool`, e));\n    }\n  } catch (e) {\n    recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n      {durationMs: performance.now() - start},\n      {\n        result: 'error',\n        syncMode,\n        copyFormat,\n      },\n    );\n    if (slotName && sql) {\n      // If initial-sync did not succeed, make a best effort to drop the\n      // orphaned replication slot to avoid running out of slots in\n      // pathological cases that result in repeated failures.\n      lc.warn?.(`dropping replication slot ${slotName}`, e);\n      await sql`\n        SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) FROM pg_replication_slots\n          WHERE slot_name = ${slotName};\n      `.catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Unable to drop replication slot ${slotName}`, e));\n    }\n    await statusPublisher.publishAndThrowError(lc, 'Initializing', e);\n  } finally {\n    statusPublisher.stop();\n    if (releaseShadowSnapshot) {\n      await releaseShadowSnapshot().catch(e =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error releasing shadow snapshot`, e),\n      );\n    }\n    if (replicationSession) {\n      await replicationSession.end();\n    }\n    if (sql) {\n      await sql.end();\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport type ShadowSyncOptions = {\n  sampleRate: number;\n  maxRowsPerTable: number;\n  /**\n   * Parent directory for the throwaway SQLite replica. Defaults to the OS\n   * tmpdir. Primarily for tests that need to isolate the scratch directory.\n   */\n  parentDir?: string | undefined;\n};\n\n/**\n * Exercises the initial-sync code path against a sample of rows from every\n * published table, writing into a throwaway SQLite database that is deleted\n * when the run ends. Produces zero upstream mutations: no replication slot,\n * no `addReplica`, no `dropShard`, no status events.\n *\n * Intended to be invoked periodically so that if a customer ever needs a\n * full reset, we have recent confidence that `initialSync` still works.\n * The shard must already be initialized upstream.\n */\nexport async function shadowInitialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  shadow: ShadowSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  syncOptions?: Pick<InitialSyncOptions, 'textCopy'>,\n): Promise<void> {\n  const dir = await mkdtemp(\n    join(shadow.parentDir ?? tmpdir(), 'zero-shadow-sync-'),\n  );\n  const dbPath = join(dir, 'shadow-replica.db');\n  const db = new Database(lc, dbPath);\n  try {\n    await initialSync(\n      lc,\n      shard,\n      db,\n      upstreamURI,\n      {\n        // Shadow sync copies small samples, so one worker is plenty —\n        // no reason to burn additional upstream connections.\n        tableCopyWorkers: 1,\n        textCopy: syncOptions?.textCopy,\n        shadow,\n      },\n      context,\n    );\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      db.close();\n    } catch (e) {\n      lc.warn?.(`Error closing shadow replica db`, e);\n    }\n    await rm(dir, {recursive: true, force: true}).catch(e =>\n      lc.warn?.(`Error cleaning up shadow replica dir ${dir}`, e),\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nasync function checkUpstreamConfig(sql: PostgresDB) {\n  const {walLevel, version} = (\n    await sql<{walLevel: string; version: number}[]>`\n      SELECT current_setting('wal_level') as \"walLevel\", \n             current_setting('server_version_num') as \"version\";\n  `\n  )[0];\n\n  if (walLevel !== 'logical') {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Postgres must be configured with \"wal_level = logical\" (currently: \"${walLevel})`,\n    );\n  }\n  if (version < PG_15) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Must be running Postgres 15 or higher (currently: \"${version}\")`,\n    );\n  }\n  return version;\n}\n\nasync function ensurePublishedTables(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  validate = true,\n): Promise<{publications: string[]}> {\n  const {database, host} = sql.options;\n  lc.info?.(`Ensuring upstream PUBLICATION on ${database}@${host}`);\n\n  await ensureShardSchema(lc, sql, shard);\n  const {publications} = await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard);\n\n  if (validate) {\n    let valid = false;\n    const nonInternalPublications = publications.filter(\n      p => !p.startsWith('_'),\n    );\n    const exists = await sql`\n      SELECT pubname FROM pg_publication WHERE pubname IN ${sql(publications)}\n      `.values();\n    if (exists.length !== publications.length) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `some configured publications [${publications}] are missing: ` +\n          `[${exists.flat()}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else if (\n      !equals(new Set(shard.publications), new Set(nonInternalPublications))\n    ) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `requested publications [${shard.publications}] differ from previous` +\n          `publications [${nonInternalPublications}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else {\n      valid = true;\n    }\n    if (!valid) {\n      await sql.unsafe(dropShard(shard.appID, shard.shardNum));\n      return ensurePublishedTables(lc, sql, shard, false);\n    }\n  }\n  return {publications};\n}\n\nfunction startTableCopyWorkers(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: PostgresDB,\n  snapshot: string,\n  numWorkers: number,\n  numTables: number,\n): TransactionPool {\n  const {init} = importSnapshot(snapshot);\n  const tableCopiers = new TransactionPool(lc, {\n    mode: Mode.READONLY,\n    init,\n    initialWorkers: numWorkers,\n  });\n  tableCopiers.run(db);\n\n  lc.info?.(`Started ${numWorkers} workers to copy ${numTables} tables`);\n\n  if (parseInt(process.versions.node) < 22) {\n    lc.warn?.(\n      `\\n\\n\\n` +\n        `Older versions of Node have a bug that results in an unresponsive\\n` +\n        `Postgres connection after running certain combinations of COPY commands.\\n` +\n        `If initial sync hangs, run zero-cache with Node v22+. This has the additional\\n` +\n        `benefit of being consistent with the Node version run in the production container image.` +\n        `\\n\\n\\n`,\n    );\n  }\n  return tableCopiers;\n}\n\n/**\n * Shadow-mode alternative to `createReplicationSlot`: opens a dedicated\n * READ ONLY REPEATABLE READ transaction on a normal connection, exports the\n * snapshot and captures the current WAL LSN, then holds the transaction\n * open until `release()` is called. The held transaction keeps the snapshot\n * importable by the table-copy workers for the duration of the COPY phase.\n *\n * Idle-in-transaction timeout is disabled locally so the exporter doesn't\n * get killed while workers are still importing.\n */\nasync function acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n): Promise<{\n  snapshot: string;\n  lsn: string;\n  release: () => Promise<void>;\n}> {\n  const holder = await connectPgClient(\n    lc,\n    upstreamURI,\n    'shadow-initial-sync-snapshot',\n    {\n      max: 1,\n    },\n  );\n  const ready = resolver<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}>();\n  const release = resolver<void>();\n  const held = holder\n    .begin(Mode.READONLY, async tx => {\n      await tx`SET LOCAL idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0`.execute();\n      const [row] = await tx<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}[]>`\n        SELECT pg_export_snapshot() AS snapshot,\n               pg_current_wal_lsn()::text AS lsn`;\n      ready.resolve(row);\n      await release.promise;\n    })\n    .catch(e => ready.reject(e));\n\n  let snapshot: string;\n  let lsn: string;\n  try {\n    ({snapshot, lsn} = await ready.promise);\n  } catch (e) {\n    await holder\n      .end()\n      .catch(err =>\n        lc.warn?.(`Error ending shadow snapshot holder after failure`, err),\n      );\n    throw e;\n  }\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Exported snapshot ${snapshot} at LSN ${lsn} (shadow initial sync)`,\n  );\n  return {\n    snapshot,\n    lsn,\n    release: async () => {\n      release.resolve();\n      try {\n        await held;\n      } catch (e) {\n        lc.warn?.(`snapshot holder transaction ended with error`, e);\n      }\n      await holder.end();\n    },\n  };\n}\n\nfunction createLiteTables(\n  tx: Database,\n  tables: PublishedTableSpec[],\n  initialVersion: string,\n) {\n  // TODO: Figure out how to reuse the ChangeProcessor here to avoid\n  //       duplicating the ColumnMetadata logic.\n  const columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(tx));\n  for (const t of tables) {\n    tx.exec(createLiteTableStatement(mapPostgresToLite(t, initialVersion)));\n    const tableName = liteTableName(t);\n    for (const [colName, colSpec] of Object.entries(t.columns)) {\n      columnMetadata.insert(tableName, colName, colSpec);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction createLiteIndices(lc: LogContext, tx: Database, indices: IndexSpec[]) {\n  for (const [i, index] of indices.entries()) {\n    const stmt = createLiteIndexStatement(mapPostgresToLiteIndex(index));\n    lc.info?.(`Creating index ${i + 1}/${indices.length}: ${stmt}`);\n    const start = performance.now();\n    tx.exec(stmt);\n    lc.info?.(\n      `Created index ${i + 1}/${indices.length} ` +\n        `(${(performance.now() - start).toFixed(3)} ms): ${stmt}`,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs structural assertions over a just-synced replica and throws if any\n * fail. Only called in shadow mode — a successful return means the replica\n * is schema-complete, row-count consistent, and its column metadata is in\n * sync with its lite schema.\n *\n * Note: this intentionally does NOT verify ZQL-queryability. Tables that\n * `computeZqlSpecs` drops (no PK / no all-NOT-NULL unique index, unsupported\n * column types, etc.) are silently skipped in production too — there's\n * nothing shadow-specific about them, so failing here would diverge from\n * prod over an upstream-schema condition prod accepts.\n *\n * Exported for testing.\n */\nexport function verifyShadowReplica(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: Database,\n  published: {tables: PublishedTableSpec[]; indexes: IndexSpec[]},\n  rowsByTable: ReadonlyMap<string, number>,\n): void {\n  const issues: string[] = [];\n  let columnsChecked = 0;\n  let rowsChecked = 0;\n\n  // 1. Schema completeness: every published table exists in the replica\n  //    with at least the expected column set.\n  const liteTables = listTables(db);\n  const liteTableByName = new Map(liteTables.map(t => [t.name, t]));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const lite = liteTableByName.get(name);\n    if (!lite) {\n      issues.push(`missing table in replica: ${name}`);\n      continue;\n    }\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      columnsChecked++;\n      if (!(col in lite.columns)) {\n        issues.push(`column missing in replica table ${name}: ${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  //    Every published index exists in the replica.\n  const liteIndexNames = new Set(listIndexes(db).map(i => i.name));\n  for (const ix of published.indexes) {\n    const mapped = mapPostgresToLiteIndex(ix);\n    if (!liteIndexNames.has(mapped.name)) {\n      issues.push(\n        `missing index in replica: ${mapped.name} on ${mapped.tableName}`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 2. Row counts: SQLite COUNT(*) matches the in-memory copy counter.\n  for (const [table, expected] of rowsByTable) {\n    try {\n      const [row] = db\n        .prepare(`SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM \"${table}\"`)\n        .all<{count: number}>();\n      if (row.count !== expected) {\n        issues.push(\n          `row count mismatch for table ${table}: ` +\n            `copy counter reported ${expected}, replica has ${row.count}`,\n        );\n      } else {\n        rowsChecked += row.count;\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      issues.push(`could not count rows in table ${table}: ${String(e)}`);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 3. Column metadata: every published column has a _zero.column_metadata row.\n  const meta = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(db));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const rows = meta.getTable(name);\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      if (!rows.has(col)) {\n        issues.push(`missing column_metadata row for ${name}.${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (issues.length) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Shadow replica verification failed (${issues.length} issue(s)):\\n` +\n        issues.map(i => `  - ${i}`).join('\\n'),\n    );\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Shadow replica verification passed: ` +\n      `${published.tables.length} tables, ` +\n      `${published.indexes.length} indexes, ` +\n      `${columnsChecked} columns, ` +\n      `${rowsChecked.toLocaleString()} rows`,\n  );\n}\n\n// Verified empirically that batches of 50 seem to be the sweet spot,\n// similar to the report in https://sqlite.org/forum/forumpost/8878a512d3652655\n//\n// Exported for testing.\nexport const INSERT_BATCH_SIZE = 50;\n\nconst MB = 1024 * 1024;\nconst MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS = 10_000;\nconst BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD = 8 * MB;\n\nexport type DownloadStatements = {\n  select: string;\n  getTotalRows: string;\n  getTotalBytes: string;\n};\n\n/**\n * Produces ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(n)` when `sampleRate` is < 1, else `''`.\n * Row-level Bernoulli sampling is used (rather than SYSTEM) because it\n * produces a more uniform sample and, unlike SYSTEM, still returns rows\n * for small tables at low rates.\n */\nfunction tableSampleClause(sampleRate: number | undefined): string {\n  if (sampleRate === undefined || sampleRate >= 1) {\n    return '';\n  }\n  // Round away float noise (e.g. 0.3 * 100 = 30.000000000000004) while still\n  // preserving sub-integer rates like 0.001 (= 0.1%).\n  const pct = parseFloat((sampleRate * 100).toFixed(6));\n  return /*sql*/ ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(${pct})`;\n}\n\nfunction limitClause(maxRowsPerTable: number | undefined): string {\n  return maxRowsPerTable !== undefined\n    ? /*sql*/ ` LIMIT ${maxRowsPerTable}`\n    : '';\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns the SELECT column expressions for binary COPY, casting columns\n * without a known binary decoder to `::text`.\n */\nexport function makeBinarySelectExprs(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n): string[] {\n  return cols.map(col => {\n    const spec = table.columns[col];\n    return hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? id(col) : `${id(col)}::text`;\n  });\n}\n\nexport function makeDownloadStatements(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n  selectExprs?: string[] | undefined,\n): DownloadStatements {\n  const filterConditions = Object.values(table.publications)\n    .map(({rowFilter}) => rowFilter)\n    .filter(f => !!f); // remove nulls\n  const where =\n    filterConditions.length === 0\n      ? ''\n      : /*sql*/ `WHERE ${filterConditions.join(' OR ')}`;\n  const sample = tableSampleClause(sampleRate);\n  const limit = limitClause(maxRowsPerTable);\n  const fromTable = /*sql*/ `FROM ${id(table.schema)}.${id(table.name)}${sample} ${where}`;\n  const select = /*sql*/ `SELECT ${(selectExprs ?? cols.map(id)).join(',')} ${fromTable}${limit}`;\n  if (limit) {\n    // With LIMIT, wrap counts/sums in a subquery so they reflect the\n    // capped rowset rather than the full (sampled) table.\n    const bytesExpr = cols\n      .map(col => `COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0)`)\n      .join(' + ');\n    return {\n      select,\n      getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*)::bigint AS \"totalRows\" FROM (SELECT 1 AS _ ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n      getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT COALESCE(SUM(b), 0)::bigint AS \"totalBytes\" FROM (SELECT (${bytesExpr}) AS b ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n    };\n  }\n  const totalBytes = `(${cols.map(col => `SUM(COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0))`).join(' + ')})`;\n  return {\n    select,\n    getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*) AS \"totalRows\" ${fromTable}`,\n    getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT ${totalBytes} AS \"totalBytes\" ${fromTable}`,\n  };\n}\n\ntype DownloadState = {\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec;\n  status: DownloadStatus;\n};\n\ntype CopyFormat = 'binary' | 'text';\ntype InitialSyncMode = 'initial' | 'shadow';\n\ntype InitialSyncMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n};\n\ntype InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  result: 'success' | 'error';\n};\n\ntype CopyResult = {\n  schema: string;\n  table: string;\n  replicaTable: string;\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  columnCount: number;\n  rows: number;\n  estimatedRows: number;\n  estimatedBytes: number | undefined;\n  flushMs: number;\n  elapsedMs: number;\n  copyBytes: number;\n};\n\nconst INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S = [\n  1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600, 7200,\n];\nexport const COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;\nconst SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS = 10_000;\n\n// change-streamer imports this module before startOtelAuto() runs, so create\n// instruments lazily to avoid binding them to OTel's no-op meter provider.\nfunction initialSyncRuns() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_runs',\n    'Initial sync runs, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of an initial sync run, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of the COPY phase for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyOtherDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_other_duration',\n    'Initial sync total duration excluding SQLite flush and index time for a successful run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncFlushDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_flush_duration',\n    'Total SQLite flush time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncIndexDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_index_duration',\n    'SQLite index creation time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRows() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_rows',\n    'Rows copied during successful initial sync runs.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter('replication', 'initial_sync_copy_stream', {\n    description:\n      'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during initial sync, including in-progress and failed runs.',\n    unit: 'bytes',\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCompletedCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_completed_copy_stream',\n    {\n      description:\n        'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during successful initial sync runs.',\n      unit: 'bytes',\n    },\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyChunks() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_copy_chunks',\n    'PostgreSQL COPY stream chunks processed during initial sync.',\n  );\n}\n\nexport function createCopyMetricBatcher(\n  record: (bytes: number, chunks: number) => void,\n) {\n  let bytes = 0;\n  let chunks = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    if (chunks === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n    record(bytes, chunks);\n    bytes = 0;\n    chunks = 0;\n  }\n\n  return {\n    add(chunkBytes: number) {\n      bytes += chunkBytes;\n      chunks++;\n      if (bytes >= COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES) {\n        flush();\n      }\n    },\n    flush,\n  };\n}\n\nexport function initialSyncCopyMetrics(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  const labels = initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();\n  const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();\n  return createCopyMetricBatcher((bytes, chunks) => {\n    copyStreamMetric.add(bytes, labels);\n    copyChunksMetric.add(chunks, labels);\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDurationHistogram(name: string, description: string) {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('replication', name, {\n    description,\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    sync_mode: attrs.syncMode,\n    copy_format: attrs.copyFormat,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    ...initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs),\n    result: attrs.result,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n  stats: {\n    durationMs: number;\n    rows?: number | undefined;\n    copyBytes?: number | undefined;\n    copyMs?: number | undefined;\n    copyOtherMs?: number | undefined;\n    flushMs?: number | undefined;\n    indexMs?: number | undefined;\n  },\n  attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs,\n) {\n  const labels = initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  initialSyncRuns().add(1, labels);\n  initialSyncDuration().recordMs(stats.durationMs, labels);\n  if (attrs.result === 'success') {\n    if (stats.copyMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyDuration().recordMs(stats.copyMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyOtherMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyOtherDuration().recordMs(stats.copyOtherMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.flushMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncFlushDuration().recordMs(stats.flushMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.indexMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncIndexDuration().recordMs(stats.indexMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.rows !== undefined && stats.rows > 0) {\n      initialSyncRows().add(stats.rows, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyBytes !== undefined && stats.copyBytes > 0) {\n      initialSyncCompletedCopyStream().add(stats.copyBytes, labels);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopySummary(\n  results: readonly CopyResult[],\n  copyMs: number,\n) {\n  const totals = results.reduce(\n    (acc, curr) => {\n      acc.rows += curr.rows;\n      acc.flushMs += curr.flushMs;\n      acc.copyBytes += curr.copyBytes;\n      return acc;\n    },\n    {\n      rows: 0,\n      flushMs: 0,\n      copyBytes: 0,\n    },\n  );\n  return {\n    tables: results.length,\n    rows: totals.rows,\n    copyMs,\n    flushMs: totals.flushMs,\n    copyBytes: totals.copyBytes,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction logSlowCopyFlush(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  details: {\n    schema: string;\n    table: string;\n    replicaTable: string;\n    syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n    copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n    elapsedMs: number;\n    flushedRows: number;\n    flushedBytes: number;\n    rows: number;\n    copyBytes: number;\n  },\n) {\n  if (details.elapsedMs < SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS || details.flushedRows === 0) {\n    return;\n  }\n  lc.info?.('initial-sync table copy slow flush', details);\n}\n\n// Exported for testing.\nexport async function getInitialDownloadState(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec,\n  skipTotals: boolean,\n): Promise<DownloadState> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const table = liteTableName(spec);\n  const columns = Object.keys(spec.columns);\n  if (skipTotals) {\n    // Shadow sync suppresses status events, so the pg_class\n    // estimates would be computed and thrown away.\n    return {\n      spec,\n      status: {table, columns, rows: 0, totalRows: 0, totalBytes: 0},\n    };\n  }\n  // Use pg_class estimates instead of expensive COUNT(*) and\n  // SUM(pg_column_size(...)) full table scans. The exact values are only\n  // used for progress reporting, so estimates are sufficient.\n  const qualifiedName = `${id(spec.schema)}.${id(spec.name)}`;\n  const estimateResult = await sql<\n    {totalRows: number; totalBytes: number}[]\n  >`SELECT GREATEST(reltuples, 0)::float8 AS \"totalRows\",\n         pg_table_size(oid)::float8 AS \"totalBytes\"\n    FROM pg_class\n    WHERE oid = ${qualifiedName}::regclass`;\n\n  const {totalRows, totalBytes} = estimateResult[0] ?? {\n    totalRows: 0,\n    totalBytes: 0,\n  };\n\n  const state: DownloadState = {\n    spec,\n    status: {\n      table,\n      columns,\n      rows: 0,\n      totalRows,\n      totalBytes,\n    },\n  };\n  const elapsed = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(3);\n  lc.info?.(`Computed initial download state for ${table} (${elapsed} ms)`, {\n    state: state.status,\n  });\n  return state;\n}\n\nfunction copy(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  {spec: table, status}: DownloadState,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  textCopy: boolean,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  if (textCopy) {\n    return copyText(\n      lc,\n      table,\n      status,\n      dbClient,\n      from,\n      to,\n      syncMode,\n      sampleRate,\n      maxRowsPerTable,\n    );\n  }\n  return copyBinary(\n    lc,\n    table,\n    status,\n    from,\n    to,\n    syncMode,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n}\n\nasync function copyBinary(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'binary';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  // Build SELECT with ::text casts for columns without a known binary decoder.\n  const select = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n    makeBinarySelectExprs(table, columnNames),\n  ).select;\n\n  const decoders = orderedColumns.map(([, spec]) =>\n    hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? makeBinaryDecoder(spec) : textCastDecoder,\n  );\n\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  const binaryParser = new BinaryCopyParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting binary copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n\n  await pipeline(\n    await from\n      .unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT WITH (FORMAT binary)`)\n      .readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const fieldBuf of binaryParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = fieldBuf === null ? 4 : fieldBuf.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              fieldBuf === null ? null : decoders[col](fieldBuf);\n\n            if (++col === decoders.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return result;\n}\n\nasync function copyText(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'text';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  const {select} = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting text copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n  const pgParsers = await getTypeParsers(dbClient, {returnJsonAsString: true});\n  const parsers = columnSpecs.map(c => {\n    const pgParse = pgParsers.getTypeParser(c.typeOID);\n    return (val: string) =>\n      liteValue(\n        pgParse(val) as PostgresValueType,\n        c.dataType,\n        JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n      );\n  });\n\n  const tsvParser = new TsvParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  await pipeline(\n    await from.unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT`).readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const text of tsvParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = text === null ? 4 : text.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              text === null ? null : parsers[col](text);\n\n            if (++col === parsers.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return 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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/logical-replication/stream.d.ts

@@ -12,9 +12,73 @@ export type StreamMessage = [
 type SourceWithPendingQueue<T> = Source<T> & {
     queued: number;
 };
-export declare function subscribe(lc: LogContext, db: PostgresDB, slot: string, publications: string[], lsn: bigint, retriesIfReplicationSlotActive?: number, applicationName?: string): Promise<{
+export declare function subscribe(lc: LogContext, db: PostgresDB, slot: string, publications: string[], lsn: bigint, retriesIfReplicationSlotActive?: number, applicationName?: string, inboundTimeoutOverrideMs?: number | undefined): Promise<{
     messages: SourceWithPendingQueue<StreamMessage>;
     acks: Sink<bigint>;
 }>;
+/**
+ * Derives the timings for the replication liveness timer from the server's
+ * `wal_sender_timeout` (in milliseconds).
+ *
+ * Postgres treats `wal_sender_timeout = 0` as "disabled": it will neither
+ * terminate an idle wal sender nor emit the periodic keepalives it otherwise
+ * sends at roughly `wal_sender_timeout / 2`. Every timing below is derived from
+ * that interval, so a disabled timeout disables the liveness machinery entirely
+ * (`enabled: false`). Otherwise the derived thresholds would all collapse to 0,
+ * inverting the intended meaning: the inbound watchdog would fire on the very
+ * first tick and destroy the stream, while the timer itself would busy-spin at
+ * a 0ms interval — together producing a continuous reconnect storm.
+ *
+ * An `inboundTimeoutOverrideMs` (when positive) replaces the default
+ * `2x wal_sender_timeout` inbound threshold. The two timeouts protect
+ * different parties with asymmetric false-positive costs: `wal_sender_timeout`
+ * is the server reaping dead clients (a false positive there costs a cheap
+ * reconnect), while the inbound watchdog tears down the stream and replays the
+ * in-flight transaction — expensive, and self-defeating when the wal sender is
+ * legitimately silent for long stretches (e.g. decoding through WAL from
+ * unpublished tables, or assembling a large transaction that pgoutput only
+ * sends at commit). Operators who don't own the server setting (e.g. managed
+ * or operator-provisioned Postgres with an aggressive cluster-wide
+ * `wal_sender_timeout`) can widen the client-side fuse independently.
+ *
+ * The override has no effect when `wal_sender_timeout` is disabled (0): the
+ * server then sends no periodic keepalives, so inbound silence is normal even
+ * on an idle healthy connection and any silence-based watchdog would
+ * false-positive.
+ *
+ * https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-WAL-SENDER-TIMEOUT
+ */
+export declare function computeLivenessTimings(walSenderTimeoutMs: number, inboundTimeoutOverrideMs?: number | undefined): {
+    enabled: boolean;
+    manualKeepaliveTimeout: number;
+    inboundTimeoutMs: number;
+    timerIntervalMs: number;
+};
+/**
+ * Pure decision for the inbound-liveness watchdog, given the time since the
+ * last inbound message, the timeout threshold, and the number of messages
+ * currently queued downstream (see {@link SourceWithPendingQueue.queued}).
+ *
+ * A non-empty downstream queue means we have received data we haven't yet
+ * consumed: the reason we aren't receiving *more* is our own back-pressure, not
+ * upstream silence. In that case we `resetWindow` (treat the backlog as
+ * liveness evidence) rather than counting the stall against the connection.
+ * This both suppresses false timeouts during back-pressure and — crucially —
+ * keeps `lastReceivedTime` fresh so the drain transition (queue emptying after
+ * a long stall) doesn't fire the watchdog against a stale timestamp on the very
+ * next tick.
+ *
+ * Only when the queue is empty (consumption has caught up, so reading — and
+ * thus keepalives — should be flowing again) does an over-threshold gap
+ * indicate a genuinely dead inbound half.
+ */
+export declare function evaluateInboundLiveness({ sinceLastReceived, inboundTimeoutMs, queued, }: {
+    sinceLastReceived: number;
+    inboundTimeoutMs: number;
+    queued: number;
+}): {
+    resetWindow: boolean;
+    timedOut: boolean;
+};
 export {};
 //# sourceMappingURL=stream.d.ts.map

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/logical-replication/stream.d.ts.map

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