@rocicorp/zero 1.7.0 → 1.8.0-canary.1

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/litestream3-backup-monitor.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"litestream3-backup-monitor.js","names":["#lc","#replicaFile","#backupURL","#metricsEndpoint","#changeStreamer","#state","#reservations","#watermarks","#verifyBackupState","#purgesBlocked","#fatal","#cleanupDelayMs","#runStartTime","#checkMetricsTimer","#initBackupLagMetric","#pushStatusWhenRestorable","#lastVerifiedUploadTime","#confirmRestorableBackup","#checkWatermarks","#scheduleCleanup","#checkInitialBackupDeadline","#fetchWatermarks","#lastWatermark","#latestBackupTime","#maxWatermarkUpTo","#confirmedDurable","#backupStaleSince","#shutDownOnWedgedBackup","#initialBackupGraceMs","#shutDownOnMissingInitialBackup"],"sources":["../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/litestream3-backup-monitor.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {statSync} from 'node:fs';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport parsePrometheusTextFormat from 'parse-prometheus-text-format';\nimport {must} from '../../../../shared/src/must.ts';\nimport {promiseVoid} from '../../../../shared/src/resolved-promises.ts';\nimport {sleep} from '../../../../shared/src/sleep.ts';\nimport {Database} from '../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';\nimport {\n  getOrCreateCounter,\n  getOrCreateGauge,\n} from '../../observability/metrics.ts';\nimport {Subscription} from '../../types/subscription.ts';\nimport {RunningState, UnrecoverableError} from '../running-state.ts';\nimport type {BackupMonitor} from './backup-monitor.ts';\nimport type {ChangeStreamerService} from './change-streamer.ts';\nimport type {SnapshotMessage} from './snapshot.ts';\n\nexport const CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000;\nconst MIN_CLEANUP_DELAY_MS = 30_000;\n\n/**\n * Allowance for clock skew between the machine reporting litestream metrics\n * and the timestamps reported by the backup destination (e.g. S3).\n */\nexport const BACKUP_VERIFICATION_SLACK_MS = 60_000;\n\n/**\n * How long the actual backup state may remain *continuously* behind the\n * backup progress claimed by litestream metrics before the backup is\n * considered genuinely wedged and the process is shut down.\n *\n * A wedged backup is dangerous: litestream believes it is making durable\n * progress when it is not, which can silently corrupt the backup (the WAL\n * format only makes *some* such gaps detectable). Once that is confirmed to\n * be the persistent state, continuing to run is worse than crashing, so the\n * process exits loudly (non-zero, with a logged error) and the wedged backup\n * destination becomes the priority to investigate.\n *\n * The change-log is conservatively *not* purged for the entire time the\n * backup is stale, so the only cost of a generous grace period is unbounded\n * change-log growth. We therefore err well on the side of slack: the backup\n * must stay stuck across many {@link CHECK_INTERVAL_MS} checks before we tear\n * the server down, so that a transient hiccup (a slow or briefly unreachable\n * destination, or litestream restarting) does not trigger a shutdown. The\n * staleness clock is reset the moment a purge is confirmed against a real\n * upload.\n */\nexport const WEDGED_SHUTDOWN_GRACE_MS = 15 * 60_000; // 15 minutes\n\nconst GiB = 1024 ** 3;\n\n/**\n * How long the BackupMonitor waits for the *first* restorable backup to appear\n * before concluding that the backup pipeline is broken and shutting the process\n * down (see {@link BackupMonitor.#shutDownOnMissingInitialBackup}).\n *\n * On a fresh stack the first backup is not restorable until the initial\n * Postgres->replica sync completes and litestream finishes uploading the\n * initial snapshot — a multipart upload that is not listable in the destination\n * until it is committed. The producer cannot observe that sub-snapshot progress,\n * so this is necessarily a generous timeout. It is scaled by replica size to\n * mirror the platform's storage-scaled startup-probe allowance (~1 hour per\n * 50GB) so that it never fires before the platform would restart a view-syncer\n * that is waiting on the backup.\n */\nexport const INITIAL_BACKUP_GRACE_MS_PER_UNIT = 60 * 60_000; // 1 hour ...\nconst INITIAL_BACKUP_GRACE_UNIT_BYTES = 50 * GiB; // ... per 50 GiB\n\n/**\n * How often the BackupMonitor re-checks whether the first restorable backup has\n * appeared while a view-syncer holds a snapshot reservation open during a cold\n * start.\n */\nexport const RESTORABLE_BACKUP_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 10_000;\n\n/**\n * Returns the time of the most recent object actually uploaded to the\n * backup replica destination (e.g. as determined by listing the snapshots\n * and WAL segments in S3). Rejects if the backup state cannot be determined.\n *\n * See `getLastBackupTime()` in `../litestream/commands.ts` for the\n * production implementation.\n */\nexport type BackupStateVerifier = () => Promise<Date>;\n\ntype Reservation = {\n  start: Date;\n  sub: Subscription<SnapshotMessage>;\n};\n\n/**\n * The Litestream3BackupMonitor polls the litestream \"/metrics\" endpoint to\n * track the watermark (label) value of the `litestream_replica_progress` gauge\n * and schedules cleanup of change log entries that can be purged as a result.\n *\n * See: https://github.com/rocicorp/litestream/pull/3\n *\n * Note that change log entries cannot simply be purged as soon as they\n * have been applied and backed up by litestream. Consider the case in which\n * litestream backs up new wal segments every minute, but it takes 5 minutes\n * to restore a replica: if a zero-cache starts restoring a replica at\n * minute 0, and new watermarks are replicated at minutes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5,\n * purging changelog records as soon as those watermarks are replicated would\n * result in the zero-cache not being able to catch up from minute 0 once it\n * has finished restoring the replica.\n *\n * The `/snapshot` reservation protocol is used to prevent premature change\n * log cleanup:\n * - Clients restoring a snapshot initiate a `/snapshot` request and hold that\n *   request open while it restores its snapshot, prepares it, and\n *   starts its subscription to the change stream. During this time, no\n *   cleanups are scheduled.\n * - When the subscription is started, the interval since the beginning of\n *   of the reservation is tracked to increase the background cleanup delay\n *   interval if needed. The reservation is ended (and request closed), and\n *   cleanup scheduling is resumed with the current delay interval.\n *\n * Note that the reservation request is the primary mechanism by which\n * premature change log cleanup is prevented. The cleanup delay interval is\n * a secondary safeguard.\n *\n * Additionally, because the watermarks reported by litestream metrics\n * reflect what litestream *believes* has been backed up (which has been\n * observed to diverge from reality when uploads silently fail), the cleanup\n * watermark is only advanced after verifying it against the actual backup\n * state in the replica destination via a {@link BackupStateVerifier}. If the\n * actual backup state stays behind the claimed progress for longer than\n * {@link WEDGED_SHUTDOWN_GRACE_MS}, the backup is treated as wedged and the\n * process is shut down rather than risk corrupting the backup.\n */\nexport class Litestream3BackupMonitor implements BackupMonitor {\n  readonly id = 'backup-monitor';\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #replicaFile: string;\n  readonly #backupURL: string;\n  readonly #metricsEndpoint: string;\n  readonly #changeStreamer: ChangeStreamerService;\n  readonly #state = new RunningState(this.id);\n\n  readonly #reservations = new Map<string, Reservation>();\n  readonly #watermarks = new Map<string, Date>();\n\n  readonly #verifyBackupState: BackupStateVerifier;\n  readonly #purgesBlocked = getOrCreateCounter('replica', 'purge_blocked', {\n    description:\n      'Number of change-log purges blocked because the actual backup state ' +\n      '(as listed from the replica destination) could not be verified, or ' +\n      'is older than the backup progress claimed by litestream metrics. ' +\n      'A steadily increasing value indicates a wedged or failing backup. ' +\n      'The \"backup-wedged\" reason is emitted once just before the process ' +\n      'shuts itself down due to a persistently stale backup.',\n  });\n\n  // Rejected when the backup is determined to be genuinely wedged, which\n  // surfaces as a rejection of the `run()` promise and shuts the process down.\n  readonly #fatal = resolver<void>();\n\n  #lastWatermark: string = '';\n  #latestBackupTime: Date | null = null;\n  // The time of the most recent object actually verified in the backup\n  // destination, or `null` if none has ever been verified. Only assigned from a\n  // successful verifyBackupState() and never cleared, so a non-null value also\n  // means a restorable backup has been confirmed to exist (which is what gates\n  // the snapshot `status` signal and satisfies the initial-backup deadline).\n  #lastVerifiedUploadTime: Date | null = null;\n  // Epoch ms at which the actual backup state was first observed to be\n  // continuously behind the watermark litestream claims to have backed up,\n  // or `null` while the backup is keeping up. Reset whenever a purge is\n  // confirmed against a real upload.\n  #backupStaleSince: number | null = null;\n  // Epoch ms at which run() started, used to bound how long to wait for the\n  // first restorable backup to appear. `null` until run() is called.\n  #runStartTime: number | null = null;\n  #cleanupDelayMs: number;\n  #checkMetricsTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    replicaFile: string,\n    backupURL: string,\n    metricsEndpoint: string,\n    changeStreamer: ChangeStreamerService,\n    initialCleanupDelayMs: number,\n    verifyBackupState: BackupStateVerifier,\n  ) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', this.id);\n    this.#replicaFile = replicaFile;\n    this.#backupURL = backupURL;\n    this.#metricsEndpoint = metricsEndpoint;\n    this.#changeStreamer = changeStreamer;\n    this.#verifyBackupState = verifyBackupState;\n    this.#cleanupDelayMs = Math.max(\n      initialCleanupDelayMs,\n      MIN_CLEANUP_DELAY_MS, // purely for peace of mind\n    );\n\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `backup monitor started ${initialCleanupDelayMs} ms after snapshot restore`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  run(): Promise<void> {\n    this.#runStartTime = Date.now();\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `monitoring backups at ${this.#metricsEndpoint} with ` +\n        `${this.#cleanupDelayMs} ms cleanup delay`,\n    );\n    this.#checkMetricsTimer = setInterval(\n      this.checkWatermarksAndScheduleCleanup,\n      CHECK_INTERVAL_MS,\n    );\n    this.#initBackupLagMetric();\n    // Resolves on a normal stop; rejects if the backup is found to be wedged.\n    return Promise.race([this.#state.stopped(), this.#fatal.promise]);\n  }\n\n  startSnapshotReservation(taskID: string): Subscription<SnapshotMessage> {\n    this.#lc.info?.(`pausing change-log cleanup while ${taskID} snapshots`);\n    // In the case of retries, only track the last reservation.\n    this.#reservations.get(taskID)?.sub.cancel();\n\n    const sub = Subscription.create<SnapshotMessage>({\n      // If the reservation still exists when the connection closes\n      // (e.g. subscriber crashed), clean it up without updating the\n      // cleanup delay.\n      cleanup: () => this.endReservation(taskID, false),\n    });\n    this.#reservations.set(taskID, {start: new Date(), sub});\n    // Note: the Subscription must be returned immediately so that the\n    //       websocket can begin sending liveness pings. The `status` signal\n    //       (which tells the view-syncer to restore) is withheld until a\n    //       restorable backup actually exists; see #pushStatusWhenRestorable.\n    void this.#pushStatusWhenRestorable(taskID, sub);\n    return sub;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Pushes the `status` snapshot signal once a restorable backup is confirmed\n   * to exist in the backup destination. On a warm start this is immediate; on a\n   * cold start (a fresh stack whose first backup is still being produced) the\n   * reservation is held open — kept alive by websocket liveness pings — and the\n   * view-syncer stays unready until the first backup lands, rather than being\n   * told to restore a backup that does not yet exist.\n   */\n  async #pushStatusWhenRestorable(\n    taskID: string,\n    sub: Subscription<SnapshotMessage>,\n  ): Promise<void> {\n    try {\n      while (this.#lastVerifiedUploadTime === null) {\n        if (!sub.active) {\n          return; // subscriber disconnected, or a newer reservation took over\n        }\n        if (await this.#confirmRestorableBackup()) {\n          break;\n        }\n        this.#lc.info?.(\n          `no restorable backup at ${this.#backupURL} yet; ` +\n            `holding ${taskID}'s reservation open until it lands`,\n        );\n        await sleep(RESTORABLE_BACKUP_POLL_INTERVAL_MS, this.#state.signal);\n      }\n      const changeLogState = await this.#changeStreamer.getChangeLogState();\n      if (sub.active) {\n        sub.push([\n          'status',\n          {tag: 'status', backupURL: this.#backupURL, ...changeLogState},\n        ]);\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (this.#state.signal.aborted) {\n        return; // shutting down; not an error\n      }\n      this.#lc.warn?.(`failing snapshot reservation`, e);\n      sub.fail(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Verifies whether a restorable backup actually exists in the destination\n   * (as opposed to what litestream metrics merely claim). On success the\n   * verified upload time is cached — seeding the cleanup-verification fast path\n   * ({@link #confirmedDurable}) — and the initial-backup deadline is satisfied.\n   * Returns false if no backup is listable yet (e.g. the initial snapshot is\n   * still uploading).\n   */\n  async #confirmRestorableBackup(): Promise<boolean> {\n    try {\n      this.#lastVerifiedUploadTime = await this.#verifyBackupState();\n      return true;\n    } catch (e) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(`backup not yet restorable at ${this.#backupURL}`, e);\n      return false;\n    }\n  }\n\n  endReservation(taskID: string, updateCleanupDelay = true) {\n    const res = this.#reservations.get(taskID);\n    if (res === undefined) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#reservations.delete(taskID);\n    const {start, sub} = res;\n    sub.cancel(); // closes the connection if still open\n\n    if (updateCleanupDelay) {\n      const duration = Date.now() - start.getTime();\n      this.#lc.info?.(`snapshot initialized by ${taskID} in ${duration} ms`);\n      if (duration > this.#cleanupDelayMs) {\n        this.#cleanupDelayMs = duration;\n        this.#lc.info?.(`increased cleanup delay to ${duration} ms`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  // Exported for testing\n  readonly checkWatermarksAndScheduleCleanup = async () => {\n    try {\n      await this.#checkWatermarks();\n    } catch (e) {\n      this.#lc.warn?.(`unable to fetch metrics at ${this.#metricsEndpoint}`, e);\n    }\n    try {\n      await this.#scheduleCleanup();\n    } catch (e) {\n      this.#lc.warn?.(`error scheduling cleanup`, e);\n    }\n    try {\n      await this.#checkInitialBackupDeadline();\n    } catch (e) {\n      this.#lc.warn?.(`error checking initial backup deadline`, e);\n    }\n  };\n\n  async *#fetchWatermarks(): AsyncGenerator<{\n    watermark: string;\n    time: Date;\n    name?: string | undefined;\n  }> {\n    const metricsEndpoint = this.#metricsEndpoint;\n    const signal = this.#state.signal;\n    let resp;\n    try {\n      resp = await fetch(metricsEndpoint, {signal});\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (signal.aborted) {\n        // not an error.\n        return;\n      }\n      // Treat exceptions from fetch (e.g. network errors) as non-fatal, and simply\n      // log them and skip the watermark check until the next interval.\n      this.#lc.warn?.(`unable to fetch metrics at ${this.#metricsEndpoint}`, e);\n      return;\n    }\n    if (!resp.ok) {\n      this.#lc.warn?.(\n        `unable to fetch metrics at ${this.#metricsEndpoint}: ${await resp.text()}`,\n      );\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const families = parsePrometheusTextFormat(await resp.text());\n    for (const family of families) {\n      if (\n        family.type === 'GAUGE' &&\n        family.name === 'litestream_replica_progress'\n      ) {\n        for (const metric of family.metrics) {\n          const watermark = metric.labels?.watermark;\n          const name = metric.labels?.name;\n          const time = new Date(parseFloat(metric.value) * 1000);\n\n          if (watermark) {\n            yield {watermark, time, name};\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  async #checkWatermarks() {\n    for await (const {watermark, name, time} of this.#fetchWatermarks()) {\n      if (watermark > this.#lastWatermark && !this.#watermarks.has(watermark)) {\n        this.#lc.info?.(\n          `replicated watermark=${watermark} to ${name}` +\n            ` at ${time.toISOString()}.`,\n        );\n        this.#watermarks.set(watermark, time);\n        this.#latestBackupTime = time;\n      }\n    }\n    return this.#latestBackupTime;\n  }\n\n  async #scheduleCleanup() {\n    if (this.#reservations.size > 0) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(\n        `watermark cleanup paused for snapshot(s): ${[...this.#reservations.keys()]}`,\n      );\n      return;\n    }\n    const latestCleanupTime = Date.now() - this.#cleanupDelayMs;\n    const maxWatermark = this.#maxWatermarkUpTo(latestCleanupTime);\n    if (maxWatermark.length === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n    // Purge guard: the watermarks (and their backup times) come from\n    // litestream metrics, which are exported when litestream *believes*\n    // an upload succeeded, and have been observed to advance even when\n    // nothing was actually written to the backup destination. Purging the\n    // change-log based on a falsely advancing watermark permanently breaks\n    // the ability to restore + catch up. Before advancing the cleanup\n    // watermark, verify it against the actual backup state: a claimed\n    // backup time is only trusted if an object was actually uploaded to\n    // the replica destination at (or after) that time, modulo clock skew.\n    const claimedTime = must(this.#watermarks.get(maxWatermark));\n    if (!this.#confirmedDurable(claimedTime)) {\n      try {\n        this.#lastVerifiedUploadTime = await this.#verifyBackupState();\n      } catch (e) {\n        this.#purgesBlocked.add(1, {reason: 'verification-failed'});\n        // Skipping the purge is safe: the change-log just grows.\n        this.#lc.warn?.(\n          `unable to verify backup state. skipping change-log cleanup ` +\n            `up to watermark ${maxWatermark} ` +\n            `(claimed backup time ${claimedTime.toISOString()})`,\n          e,\n        );\n        return;\n      }\n    }\n    // Watermarks whose backup time isn't yet confirmed durable remain in the\n    // map and are re-evaluated at the next check.\n    const lastUpload = must(this.#lastVerifiedUploadTime);\n    const verifiedWatermark = this.#maxWatermarkUpTo(\n      Math.min(\n        latestCleanupTime,\n        lastUpload.getTime() + BACKUP_VERIFICATION_SLACK_MS,\n      ),\n    );\n    if (verifiedWatermark.length === 0) {\n      this.#purgesBlocked.add(1, {reason: 'backup-stale'});\n      const now = Date.now();\n      if (this.#backupStaleSince === null) {\n        this.#backupStaleSince = now;\n      }\n      const staleForMs = now - this.#backupStaleSince;\n      this.#lc.warn?.(\n        `blocked change-log cleanup up to watermark ${maxWatermark}: ` +\n          `litestream claims it was backed up at ` +\n          `${claimedTime.toISOString()}, but the last object actually ` +\n          `uploaded to ${this.#backupURL} was at ` +\n          `${lastUpload.toISOString()}. ` +\n          `The backup has been stale for ${staleForMs} ms.`,\n      );\n      if (staleForMs >= WEDGED_SHUTDOWN_GRACE_MS) {\n        this.#shutDownOnWedgedBackup(staleForMs, claimedTime, lastUpload);\n      }\n      return;\n    }\n    // The cleanup watermark advanced past a real upload, so the backup is\n    // keeping up: clear the staleness clock.\n    this.#backupStaleSince = null;\n    this.#changeStreamer.scheduleCleanup(verifiedWatermark);\n    for (const watermark of this.#watermarks.keys()) {\n      if (watermark <= verifiedWatermark) {\n        this.#watermarks.delete(watermark);\n      }\n    }\n    this.#lastWatermark = verifiedWatermark;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Called when the backup has been continuously stale for longer than\n   * {@link WEDGED_SHUTDOWN_GRACE_MS}. Continuing to run risks corrupting the\n   * backup, so the process is shut down by rejecting the {@link run()}\n   * promise. The exit is non-zero and logged at ERROR for alerting; on\n   * restart the monitor re-verifies, so a still-wedged backup keeps the\n   * process down until the destination is fixed.\n   */\n  #shutDownOnWedgedBackup(\n    staleForMs: number,\n    claimedTime: Date,\n    lastUpload: Date,\n  ) {\n    this.#purgesBlocked.add(1, {reason: 'backup-wedged'});\n    const err = new UnrecoverableError(\n      `backup at ${this.#backupURL} is wedged: litestream claims a backup ` +\n        `at ${claimedTime.toISOString()}, but the last object actually ` +\n        `uploaded was at ${lastUpload.toISOString()}, and the backup has ` +\n        `not advanced for ${staleForMs} ms (grace period ` +\n        `${WEDGED_SHUTDOWN_GRACE_MS} ms). Shutting down to avoid corrupting ` +\n        `the backup; investigate the backup destination.`,\n    );\n    this.#lc.error?.(err.message);\n    clearInterval(this.#checkMetricsTimer);\n    this.#fatal.reject(err);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * On a fresh stack, fails loudly if no restorable backup has appeared within\n   * a generous, replica-size-scaled grace period (see\n   * {@link INITIAL_BACKUP_GRACE_MS_PER_UNIT}). This moves the \"give up\" decision\n   * onto the replication-manager — the producer responsible for creating the\n   * backup — instead of leaving view-syncers to wait (and the platform to keep\n   * restarting them) while the real fault is here. Does nothing once a\n   * restorable backup has been confirmed.\n   */\n  async #checkInitialBackupDeadline() {\n    if (this.#lastVerifiedUploadTime !== null || this.#runStartTime === null) {\n      return;\n    }\n    const elapsed = Date.now() - this.#runStartTime;\n    if (elapsed < this.#initialBackupGraceMs()) {\n      return;\n    }\n    // The deadline has elapsed without a confirmed backup. Do one definitive\n    // check against the destination before giving up, in case a backup landed\n    // but was never exercised by a reservation or a cleanup verification.\n    if (await this.#confirmRestorableBackup()) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#shutDownOnMissingInitialBackup(elapsed);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The grace period for the first restorable backup, scaled by replica size to\n   * mirror the platform's storage-scaled startup-probe allowance. Falls back to\n   * the minimum (one unit) if the replica file size cannot be determined.\n   */\n  #initialBackupGraceMs(): number {\n    let bytes = 0;\n    try {\n      bytes = statSync(this.#replicaFile).size;\n    } catch {\n      // Replica file not present/readable yet; fall back to the minimum grace.\n    }\n    const units = Math.max(\n      1,\n      Math.ceil(bytes / INITIAL_BACKUP_GRACE_UNIT_BYTES),\n    );\n    return units * INITIAL_BACKUP_GRACE_MS_PER_UNIT;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Called when no restorable backup has appeared within\n   * {@link #initialBackupGraceMs}. Continuing to run is pointless — no\n   * view-syncer can restore — and the fault is the backup pipeline, so the\n   * process exits non-zero with a logged error for alerting, mirroring\n   * {@link #shutDownOnWedgedBackup}.\n   */\n  #shutDownOnMissingInitialBackup(elapsedMs: number) {\n    const err = new UnrecoverableError(\n      `no restorable backup has appeared at ${this.#backupURL} within ` +\n        `${elapsedMs} ms of startup (grace period ` +\n        `${this.#initialBackupGraceMs()} ms). The initial backup pipeline ` +\n        `appears to be broken; shutting down so that the replication-manager ` +\n        `is flagged as the cause rather than the view-syncers waiting on it. ` +\n        `Investigate litestream replication to ${this.#backupURL}.`,\n    );\n    this.#lc.error?.(err.message);\n    clearInterval(this.#checkMetricsTimer);\n    this.#fatal.reject(err);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the newest watermark whose backup time is at or before `cutoff`\n   * (epoch ms), or `''` if there is none.\n   */\n  #maxWatermarkUpTo(cutoff: number): string {\n    let max = '';\n    for (const [watermark, backupTime] of this.#watermarks) {\n      if (backupTime.getTime() <= cutoff && watermark > max) {\n        max = watermark;\n      }\n    }\n    return max;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns `true` if the actual backup state, as last verified against the\n   * backup destination, confirms that data claimed to be backed up at\n   * `claimedTime` is durable (i.e. an object was actually uploaded at or\n   * after `claimedTime`, allowing {@link BACKUP_VERIFICATION_SLACK_MS} of\n   * clock skew).\n   */\n  #confirmedDurable(claimedTime: Date): boolean {\n    const lastUpload = this.#lastVerifiedUploadTime;\n    return (\n      lastUpload !== null &&\n      claimedTime.getTime() <=\n        lastUpload.getTime() + BACKUP_VERIFICATION_SLACK_MS\n    );\n  }\n\n  stop(): Promise<void> {\n    clearInterval(this.#checkMetricsTimer);\n    for (const {sub} of this.#reservations.values()) {\n      // Close any pending reservations. This commonly happens when a new\n      // replication-manager makes a `/snapshot` reservation on the existing\n      // replication-manager, and then shuts it down when it takes over the\n      // replication slot.\n      sub.cancel();\n    }\n    this.#state.stop(this.#lc);\n    return promiseVoid;\n  }\n\n  #initBackupLagMetric() {\n    getOrCreateGauge('replica', 'backup_lag', {\n      description:\n        'Latency from when a change is written to the replica ' +\n        'to when it is backed up to litestream. It is expected to create a saw ' +\n        'pattern from 0 to the configured ZERO_LITESTREAM_INCREMENTAL_BACKUP_INTERVAL_MINUTES.',\n      unit: 'millisecond',\n    }).addCallback(async o => {\n      // For legacy litestream, we use the watermark metric (and its associated\n      // backup time) exported by litestream metrics to determine the time of\n      // of the backed up watermark. This is technically imprecise--it would be\n      // more correct to use the committed writeTimeMs--but it is good enough\n      // in that it serves the purpose of detecting a non-functioning backup.\n      // With litestream v5, this can be made more precise by querying the\n      // _zero.replicationState row from the backup directly using an LTX-based\n      // database reader.\n      const latestBackup = await this.#checkWatermarks();\n      if (!latestBackup) {\n        this.#lc.warn?.(\n          `no backed up watermarks. unable to report replica.backup_lag`,\n        );\n        return;\n      }\n      const db = new Database(this.#lc, this.#replicaFile, {readonly: true});\n      try {\n        const {writeTimeMs} = db\n          .prepare(/*sql*/ `SELECT writeTimeMs FROM \"_zero.replicationState\"`)\n          .get<{writeTimeMs: number}>();\n        const backupLag = Math.max(0, writeTimeMs - latestBackup.getTime());\n        o.observe(backupLag);\n      } catch (e) {\n        this.#lc.warn?.(`error measuring replica.backup_lag metric`, e);\n      } finally {\n        db.close();\n      }\n    });\n  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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/replica-monitor.d.ts

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import type { LogContext } from '@rocicorp/logger';
 import type { Service } from '../service.ts';
 import type { ChangeStreamerService } from './change-streamer.ts';
 /**
- * The single-node equivalent of the {@link BackupMonitor} polls the replica
- * file every 30 seconds and schedules cleanup when the watermark
+ * The single-node equivalent of a backup monitor polls the replica file every
+ * 30 seconds and schedules cleanup when the watermark
  * (i.e. stateVersion) moves forward.
  */
 export declare class ReplicaMonitor implements Service {

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/replica-monitor.js

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import { RunningState } from "../running-state.js";
 //#region ../zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/replica-monitor.ts
 var CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 30 * 1e3;
 /**
-* The single-node equivalent of the {@link BackupMonitor} polls the replica
-* file every 30 seconds and schedules cleanup when the watermark
+* The single-node equivalent of a backup monitor polls the replica file every
+* 30 seconds and schedules cleanup when the watermark
 * (i.e. stateVersion) moves forward.
 */
 var ReplicaMonitor = class {

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/replica-monitor.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"replica-monitor.js","names":["#lc","#replicaFile","#changeStreamer","#state","#lastWatermark"],"sources":["../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/replica-monitor.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {promiseVoid} from '../../../../shared/src/resolved-promises.ts';\nimport {Database} from '../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';\nimport {StatementRunner} from '../../db/statements.ts';\nimport {getReplicationState} from '../replicator/schema/replication-state.ts';\nimport {RunningState} from '../running-state.ts';\nimport type {Service} from '../service.ts';\nimport type {ChangeStreamerService} from './change-streamer.ts';\n\nconst CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 30 * 1000;\n\n/**\n * The single-node equivalent of the {@link BackupMonitor} polls the replica\n * file every 30 seconds and schedules cleanup when the watermark\n * (i.e. stateVersion) moves forward.\n */\nexport class ReplicaMonitor implements Service {\n  readonly id = 'replica-monitor';\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #replicaFile: string;\n  readonly #changeStreamer: ChangeStreamerService;\n  readonly #state = new RunningState(this.id);\n\n  #lastWatermark: string = '';\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    replicaFile: string,\n    changeStreamer: ChangeStreamerService,\n  ) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', this.id);\n    this.#replicaFile = replicaFile;\n    this.#changeStreamer = changeStreamer;\n  }\n\n  async run() {\n    this.#lc.info?.(`starting replica monitor`);\n    await this.#state.sleep(CHECK_INTERVAL_MS);\n\n    while (this.#state.shouldRun()) {\n      const db = new Database(this.#lc, this.#replicaFile);\n      try {\n        const {stateVersion} = getReplicationState(new StatementRunner(db));\n        if (stateVersion !== this.#lastWatermark) {\n          this.#lastWatermark = stateVersion;\n          this.#lc.debug?.(`replicated up to watermark ${stateVersion}`);\n          this.#changeStreamer.scheduleCleanup(stateVersion);\n        }\n      } catch (e) {\n        this.#lc.error?.(`Unable to read watermark from replica`, e);\n      } finally {\n        db.close();\n      }\n\n      await this.#state.sleep(CHECK_INTERVAL_MS);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(`replica monitor stopped`);\n  }\n\n  stop() {\n    this.#state.stop(this.#lc);\n    return promiseVoid;\n  }\n}\n"],"mappings":";;;;;;AASA,IAAM,oBAAoB,KAAK;;;;;;AAO/B,IAAa,iBAAb,MAA+C;CAC7C,KAAc;CACd;CACA;CACA;CACA,SAAkB,IAAI,aAAa,KAAK,EAAE;CAE1C,iBAAyB;CAEzB,YACE,IACA,aACA,gBACA;EACA,KAAKA,MAAM,GAAG,YAAY,aAAa,KAAK,EAAE;EAC9C,KAAKC,eAAe;EACpB,KAAKC,kBAAkB;CACzB;CAEA,MAAM,MAAM;EACV,KAAKF,IAAI,OAAO,0BAA0B;EAC1C,MAAM,KAAKG,OAAO,MAAM,iBAAiB;EAEzC,OAAO,KAAKA,OAAO,UAAU,GAAG;GAC9B,MAAM,KAAK,IAAI,SAAS,KAAKH,KAAK,KAAKC,YAAY;GACnD,IAAI;IACF,MAAM,EAAC,iBAAgB,oBAAoB,IAAI,gBAAgB,EAAE,CAAC;IAClE,IAAI,iBAAiB,KAAKG,gBAAgB;KACxC,KAAKA,iBAAiB;KACtB,KAAKJ,IAAI,QAAQ,8BAA8B,cAAc;KAC7D,KAAKE,gBAAgB,gBAAgB,YAAY;IACnD;GACF,SAAS,GAAG;IACV,KAAKF,IAAI,QAAQ,yCAAyC,CAAC;GAC7D,UAAU;IACR,GAAG,MAAM;GACX;GAEA,MAAM,KAAKG,OAAO,MAAM,iBAAiB;EAC3C;EACA,KAAKH,IAAI,OAAO,yBAAyB;CAC3C;CAEA,OAAO;EACL,KAAKG,OAAO,KAAK,KAAKH,GAAG;EACzB,OAAO;CACT;AACF"}
+{"version":3,"file":"replica-monitor.js","names":["#lc","#replicaFile","#changeStreamer","#state","#lastWatermark"],"sources":["../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/replica-monitor.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {promiseVoid} from '../../../../shared/src/resolved-promises.ts';\nimport {Database} from '../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';\nimport {StatementRunner} from '../../db/statements.ts';\nimport {getReplicationState} from '../replicator/schema/replication-state.ts';\nimport {RunningState} from '../running-state.ts';\nimport type {Service} from '../service.ts';\nimport type {ChangeStreamerService} from './change-streamer.ts';\n\nconst CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 30 * 1000;\n\n/**\n * The single-node equivalent of a backup monitor polls the replica file every\n * 30 seconds and schedules cleanup when the watermark\n * (i.e. stateVersion) moves forward.\n */\nexport class ReplicaMonitor implements Service {\n  readonly id = 'replica-monitor';\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #replicaFile: string;\n  readonly #changeStreamer: ChangeStreamerService;\n  readonly #state = new RunningState(this.id);\n\n  #lastWatermark: string = '';\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    replicaFile: string,\n    changeStreamer: ChangeStreamerService,\n  ) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', this.id);\n    this.#replicaFile = replicaFile;\n    this.#changeStreamer = changeStreamer;\n  }\n\n  async run() {\n    this.#lc.info?.(`starting replica monitor`);\n    await this.#state.sleep(CHECK_INTERVAL_MS);\n\n    while (this.#state.shouldRun()) {\n      const db = new Database(this.#lc, this.#replicaFile);\n      try {\n        const {stateVersion} = getReplicationState(new StatementRunner(db));\n        if (stateVersion !== this.#lastWatermark) {\n          this.#lastWatermark = stateVersion;\n          this.#lc.debug?.(`replicated up to watermark ${stateVersion}`);\n          this.#changeStreamer.scheduleCleanup(stateVersion);\n        }\n      } catch (e) {\n        this.#lc.error?.(`Unable to read watermark from replica`, e);\n      } finally {\n        db.close();\n      }\n\n      await this.#state.sleep(CHECK_INTERVAL_MS);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(`replica monitor stopped`);\n  }\n\n  stop() {\n    this.#state.stop(this.#lc);\n    return promiseVoid;\n  }\n}\n"],"mappings":";;;;;;AASA,IAAM,oBAAoB,KAAK;;;;;;AAO/B,IAAa,iBAAb,MAA+C;CAC7C,KAAc;CACd;CACA;CACA;CACA,SAAkB,IAAI,aAAa,KAAK,EAAE;CAE1C,iBAAyB;CAEzB,YACE,IACA,aACA,gBACA;EACA,KAAKA,MAAM,GAAG,YAAY,aAAa,KAAK,EAAE;EAC9C,KAAKC,eAAe;EACpB,KAAKC,kBAAkB;CACzB;CAEA,MAAM,MAAM;EACV,KAAKF,IAAI,OAAO,0BAA0B;EAC1C,MAAM,KAAKG,OAAO,MAAM,iBAAiB;EAEzC,OAAO,KAAKA,OAAO,UAAU,GAAG;GAC9B,MAAM,KAAK,IAAI,SAAS,KAAKH,KAAK,KAAKC,YAAY;GACnD,IAAI;IACF,MAAM,EAAC,iBAAgB,oBAAoB,IAAI,gBAAgB,EAAE,CAAC;IAClE,IAAI,iBAAiB,KAAKG,gBAAgB;KACxC,KAAKA,iBAAiB;KACtB,KAAKJ,IAAI,QAAQ,8BAA8B,cAAc;KAC7D,KAAKE,gBAAgB,gBAAgB,YAAY;IACnD;GACF,SAAS,GAAG;IACV,KAAKF,IAAI,QAAQ,yCAAyC,CAAC;GAC7D,UAAU;IACR,GAAG,MAAM;GACX;GAEA,MAAM,KAAKG,OAAO,MAAM,iBAAiB;EAC3C;EACA,KAAKH,IAAI,OAAO,yBAAyB;CAC3C;CAEA,OAAO;EACL,KAAKG,OAAO,KAAK,KAAKH,GAAG;EACzB,OAAO;CACT;AACF"}

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/storer.d.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import type { Subscriber } from './subscriber.ts';
 export type TuningOptions = {
     backPressureLimitHeapProportion: number;
     statementTimeoutMs: number;
+    changeLogBatchSize: number;
 };
 /**
  * Handles the storage of changes and the catchup of subscribers
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ export type TuningOptions = {
 export declare class Storer implements Service {
     #private;
     readonly id = "storer";
-    constructor(lc: LogContext, shard: ShardID, taskID: string, discoveryAddress: string, discoveryProtocol: string, db: PostgresDB, replicaVersion: string, onConsumed: (c: Commit | UpstreamStatusMessage) => void, onFatal: (err: Error) => void, { backPressureLimitHeapProportion, statementTimeoutMs }: TuningOptions);
+    constructor(lc: LogContext, shard: ShardID, taskID: string, discoveryAddress: string, discoveryProtocol: string, db: PostgresDB, replicaVersion: string, onConsumed: (c: Commit | UpstreamStatusMessage) => void, onFatal: (err: Error) => void, { backPressureLimitHeapProportion, statementTimeoutMs, changeLogBatchSize, }: TuningOptions);
     assumeOwnership(purgeLock?: PurgeLock | null): Promise<void>;
     getStartStreamInitializationParameters(): Promise<{
         lastWatermark: string;

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/storer.d.ts.map

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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/storer.js

@@ -63,9 +63,10 @@ var Storer = class {
 	#queue = new Queue();
 	#backPressureThresholdBytes;
 	#statementTimeoutMs;
+	#changeLogBatchSize;
 	#approximateQueuedBytes = 0;
 	#running = false;
-	constructor(lc, shard, taskID, discoveryAddress, discoveryProtocol, db, replicaVersion, onConsumed, onFatal, { backPressureLimitHeapProportion, statementTimeoutMs }) {
+	constructor(lc, shard, taskID, discoveryAddress, discoveryProtocol, db, replicaVersion, onConsumed, onFatal, { backPressureLimitHeapProportion, statementTimeoutMs, changeLogBatchSize }) {
 		this.#lc = lc.withContext("component", "change-log");
 		this.#shard = shard;
 		this.#taskID = taskID;
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ var Storer = class {
 		this.#onConsumed = onConsumed;
 		this.#onFatal = onFatal;
 		this.#statementTimeoutMs = statementTimeoutMs;
+		this.#changeLogBatchSize = Math.max(1, changeLogBatchSize);
 		const heapStats = getHeapStatistics();
 		this.#backPressureThresholdBytes = (heapStats.heap_size_limit - heapStats.used_heap_size) * backPressureLimitHeapProportion;
 		this.#lc.info?.(`Using up to ${(this.#backPressureThresholdBytes / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB of --max-old-space-size (~${(heapStats.heap_size_limit / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB) to absorb upstream spikes`, { heapStats });
@@ -196,6 +198,32 @@ var Storer = class {
 			this.#readyForMore = null;
 		}
 	}
+	/**
+	* Flushes any buffered {@link PendingTransaction.batch} rows to the changeLog.
+	*
+	* Uses `json_to_recordset()` so the batch is a single JSON parameter: the
+	* statement text stays constant regardless of batch size, avoiding the
+	* unbounded prepared-statement variants (and Postgres memory growth) that a
+	* multi-row INSERT would produce. See rocicorp/mono#3511.
+	*
+	* Returns (and updates) {@link PendingTransaction.lastFlush}; a no-op when the
+	* batch is empty.
+	*/
+	#flushChangeLog(tx) {
+		const { batch } = tx;
+		if (batch.length === 0) return tx.lastFlush;
+		tx.batch = [];
+		tx.lastFlush = tx.pool.process((sql) => [sql`
+        INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc("changeLog")} ("watermark", "pos", "change", "precommit")
+        SELECT "watermark", "pos", "change"::json, "precommit"
+          FROM json_to_recordset(${batch}) AS x(
+            "watermark" TEXT,
+            "pos" INT8,
+            "change" TEXT,
+            "precommit" TEXT
+          )`]);
+		return tx.lastFlush;
+	}
 	#stopped = promiseVoid;
 	/**
 	* Runs the storer loop until {@link stop()} is called, or an error is thrown.
@@ -285,7 +313,9 @@ var Storer = class {
 						preCommitWatermark: watermark,
 						pos: 0,
 						startingReplicationState: promise,
-						ack: !change.skipAck
+						ack: !change.skipAck,
+						batch: [],
+						lastFlush: void 0
 					};
 					tx.pool.run(this.#db);
 					tx.pool.process((tx) => {
@@ -303,10 +333,20 @@ var Storer = class {
 					pos: tx.pos,
 					change: extractChangeSubstring(json, tag)
 				};
-				const processed = tx.pool.process((sql) => [sql`INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc("changeLog")} ${sql(entry)}`, ...change !== null && isSchemaChange(change) ? this.#trackBackfillMetadata(sql, change) : []]);
-				if (tx.pos % 100 === 0) await processed;
+				if (change !== null && isSchemaChange(change)) {
+					await this.#flushChangeLog(tx);
+					tx.lastFlush = tx.pool.process((sql) => [sql`INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc("changeLog")} ${sql(entry)}`, ...this.#trackBackfillMetadata(sql, change)]);
+				} else {
+					tx.batch.push(entry);
+					if (tx.batch.length >= this.#changeLogBatchSize) {
+						const prevFlush = tx.lastFlush;
+						this.#flushChangeLog(tx);
+						await prevFlush;
+					}
+				}
 				this.#maybeReleaseBackPressure();
 				if (tag === "commit") {
+					this.#flushChangeLog(tx);
 					const { owner } = await tx.startingReplicationState;
 					if (owner !== this.#taskID) tx.pool.fail(new AbortError(`changeLog ownership has been assumed by ${owner}`));
 					else {

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/storer.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"storer.js","names":["#lc","#shard","#taskID","#discoveryAddress","#discoveryProtocol","#db","#replicaVersion","#onConsumed","#onFatal","#queue","#backPressureThresholdBytes","#statementTimeoutMs","#cdc","#approximateQueuedBytes","#running","#readyForMore","#stopped","#processQueue","#cancelQueueEntries","#startCatchup","#trackBackfillMetadata","#maybeReleaseBackPressure","#catchup","#upsertTableMetadataStmt","#upsertColumnBackfillStmt","#tx","#released"],"sources":["../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/storer.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {getHeapStatistics} from 'node:v8';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver, type Resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport {type PendingQuery, type Row} from 'postgres';\nimport {AbortError} from '../../../../shared/src/abort-error.ts';\nimport {assert} from '../../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport {BigIntJSON} from '../../../../shared/src/bigint-json.ts';\nimport {Queue} from '../../../../shared/src/queue.ts';\nimport {promiseVoid} from '../../../../shared/src/resolved-promises.ts';\nimport * as v from '../../../../shared/src/valita.ts';\nimport * as Mode from '../../db/mode-enum.ts';\nimport {runTx} from '../../db/run-transaction.ts';\nimport {TransactionPool} from '../../db/transaction-pool.ts';\nimport {type PostgresDB, type PostgresTransaction} from '../../types/pg.ts';\nimport {cdcSchema, type ShardID} from '../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {\n  backfillRequestSchema,\n  isDataChange,\n  isSchemaChange,\n  type BackfillID,\n  type BackfillRequest,\n  type Change,\n  type DataChange,\n  type Identifier,\n  type SchemaChange,\n  type TableMetadata,\n} from '../change-source/protocol/current.ts';\nimport {\n  type ChangeStreamData,\n  type Commit,\n} from '../change-source/protocol/current/downstream.ts';\nimport type {\n  DownstreamStatusMessage,\n  UpstreamStatusMessage,\n} from '../change-source/protocol/current/status.ts';\nimport type {ReplicatorMode} from '../replicator/replicator.ts';\nimport type {Service} from '../service.ts';\nimport type {ChangeTag, WatermarkedChange} from './change-streamer-service.ts';\nimport * as ErrorType from './error-type-enum.ts';\nimport {\n  AutoResetSignal,\n  markResetRequired,\n  type BackfillingColumn,\n  type TableMetadataRow,\n} from './schema/tables.ts';\nimport type {Subscriber} from './subscriber.ts';\n\ntype SubscriberAndMode = {\n  subscriber: Subscriber;\n  mode: ReplicatorMode;\n};\n\ntype QueueEntry =\n  | [\n      'change',\n      watermark: string,\n      json: string,\n      orig: Exclude<Change, DataChange> | null, // null for DataChanges\n    ]\n  | ['ready', callback: () => void]\n  | ['subscriber', SubscriberAndMode]\n  | DownstreamStatusMessage\n  | ['abort']\n  | 'stop';\n\ntype PendingTransaction = {\n  pool: TransactionPool;\n  preCommitWatermark: string;\n  pos: number;\n  startingReplicationState: Promise<ReplicationOwner>;\n  ack: boolean;\n};\n\ntype ReplicationOwner = {\n  owner: string | null;\n};\n\nconst backfillRequestsSchema = v.array(backfillRequestSchema);\n\nexport type TuningOptions = {\n  backPressureLimitHeapProportion: number;\n  statementTimeoutMs: number;\n};\n\n/**\n * Handles the storage of changes and the catchup of subscribers\n * that are behind.\n *\n * In the context of catchup and cleanup, it is the responsibility of the\n * Storer to decide whether a client can be caught up, or whether the\n * changes needed to catch a client up have been purged.\n *\n * **Maintained invariant**: The Change DB is only empty for a\n * completely new replica (i.e. initial-sync with no changes from the\n * replication stream).\n * * In this case, all new subscribers are expected start from the\n *   `replicaVersion`, which is the version at which initial sync\n *   was performed, and any attempts to catchup from a different\n *   point fail.\n *\n * Conversely, if non-initial changes have flowed through the system\n * (i.e. via the replication stream), the ChangeDB must *not* be empty,\n * and the earliest change in the `changeLog` represents the earliest\n * \"commit\" from (after) which a subscriber can be caught up.\n * * Any attempts to catchup from an earlier point must fail with\n *   a `WatermarkTooOld` error.\n * * Failure to do so could result in streaming changes to the\n *   subscriber such that there is a gap in its replication history.\n *\n * Note: Subscribers (i.e. `incremental-syncer`) consider an \"error\" signal\n * an unrecoverable error and shut down in response. This allows the\n * production system to replace it with a new task and fresh copy of the\n * replica backup.\n */\nexport class Storer implements Service {\n  readonly id = 'storer';\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #shard: ShardID;\n  readonly #taskID: string;\n  readonly #discoveryAddress: string;\n  readonly #discoveryProtocol: string;\n  readonly #db: PostgresDB;\n  readonly #replicaVersion: string;\n  readonly #onConsumed: (c: Commit | UpstreamStatusMessage) => void;\n  readonly #onFatal: (err: Error) => void;\n  readonly #queue = new Queue<QueueEntry>();\n  readonly #backPressureThresholdBytes: number;\n  readonly #statementTimeoutMs: number;\n\n  #approximateQueuedBytes = 0;\n  #running = false;\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    shard: ShardID,\n    taskID: string,\n    discoveryAddress: string,\n    discoveryProtocol: string,\n    db: PostgresDB,\n    replicaVersion: string,\n    onConsumed: (c: Commit | UpstreamStatusMessage) => void,\n    onFatal: (err: Error) => void,\n    {backPressureLimitHeapProportion, statementTimeoutMs}: TuningOptions,\n  ) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', 'change-log');\n    this.#shard = shard;\n    this.#taskID = taskID;\n    this.#discoveryAddress = discoveryAddress;\n    this.#discoveryProtocol = discoveryProtocol;\n    this.#db = db;\n    this.#replicaVersion = replicaVersion;\n    this.#onConsumed = onConsumed;\n    this.#onFatal = onFatal;\n    this.#statementTimeoutMs = statementTimeoutMs;\n\n    const heapStats = getHeapStatistics();\n    this.#backPressureThresholdBytes =\n      (heapStats.heap_size_limit - heapStats.used_heap_size) *\n      backPressureLimitHeapProportion;\n\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `Using up to ${(this.#backPressureThresholdBytes / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB of ` +\n        `--max-old-space-size (~${(heapStats.heap_size_limit / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB) ` +\n        `to absorb upstream spikes`,\n      {heapStats},\n    );\n  }\n\n  // For readability in SQL statements.\n  #cdc(table: string) {\n    return this.#db(`${cdcSchema(this.#shard)}.${table}`);\n  }\n\n  async assumeOwnership(purgeLock?: PurgeLock | null) {\n    const db = this.#db;\n    const owner = this.#taskID;\n    const ownerAddress = this.#discoveryAddress;\n    const ownerProtocol = this.#discoveryProtocol;\n    // we omit `ws://` so that old view syncer versions that are not expecting the protocol continue to not get it\n    const addressWithProtocol =\n      ownerProtocol === 'ws'\n        ? ownerAddress\n        : `${ownerProtocol}://${ownerAddress}`;\n    this.#lc.info?.(`assuming ownership at ${addressWithProtocol}`);\n    const start = performance.now();\n    await db`UPDATE ${this.#cdc('replicationState')} SET ${db({owner, ownerAddress: addressWithProtocol})}`;\n    const elapsed = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(2);\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `assumed ownership at ${addressWithProtocol} (${elapsed} ms)`,\n    );\n\n    if (purgeLock) {\n      // Once ownership has been assumed, any initial purge-lock preventing the\n      // purging of change-log records can be released, as a change-streamer\n      // that was attempting to purge records will correspondingly abort on the\n      // ownership check.\n      void purgeLock.release();\n    }\n  }\n\n  async getStartStreamInitializationParameters(): Promise<{\n    lastWatermark: string;\n    backfillRequests: BackfillRequest[];\n  }> {\n    const [[{lastWatermark}], result] = await runTx(\n      this.#db,\n      sql => [\n        sql<{lastWatermark: string}[]>`\n        SELECT \"lastWatermark\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationState')}`,\n\n        // Formats a BackfillRequest using json_object_agg() to construct the\n        // `columns` object. It is LEFT JOIN'ed with the `tableMetadata` table\n        // to make it optional and possibly `null`.\n        sql`\n        SELECT \n            json_build_object(\n              'schema', b.\"schema\",\n              'name', b.\"table\",\n              'metadata', t.\"metadata\"\n            ) as \"table\",\n            json_object_agg(b.\"column\", b.\"backfill\") \n              as \"columns\"\n          FROM ${this.#cdc('backfilling')} as b\n          LEFT JOIN ${this.#cdc('tableMetadata')} as t\n          ON (b.\"schema\" = t.\"schema\" AND b.\"table\" = t.\"table\")\n          GROUP BY b.\"schema\", b.\"table\", t.\"metadata\"\n        `,\n      ],\n      {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n    );\n\n    return {\n      lastWatermark,\n      backfillRequests: v.parse(result, backfillRequestsSchema),\n    };\n  }\n\n  async getMinWatermarkForCatchup(): Promise<string | null> {\n    const [{minWatermark}] = await this.#db<{minWatermark: string | null}[]>\n    /*sql*/ `\n      SELECT min(watermark) as \"minWatermark\" FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}`;\n    return minWatermark;\n  }\n\n  purgeRecordsBefore(watermark: string): Promise<number> {\n    return runTx(this.#db, async sql => {\n      // This NOWAIT pre-check is an optimization to abort the transaction\n      // (and release associated resources) early.\n      await sql<{watermark: string}[]>`\n          SELECT watermark FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}\n            ORDER BY watermark, pos LIMIT 1\n            FOR UPDATE NOWAIT\n        `;\n      // If the row is purge-locked by an incoming replication-manager, it\n      // will assume ownership of the change-log before releasing the lock.\n      // This DELETE blocks until the lock is released, allowing the change\n      // in ownership to be reliably detected (and the transaction aborted)\n      // in the subsequent check.\n      const [{deleted}] = await sql<{deleted: bigint}[]>`\n        -- The backup watermark can be ahead of the durable changeLog if the\n        -- storer is behind but the backup replica has consumed forwarded\n        -- changes. Preserve the latest durable changeLog transaction as the\n        -- catchup boundary instead of assuming the backup watermark exists.\n        -- The storer inserts each changeLog transaction atomically, so any\n        -- durable row for a watermark implies the full transaction is durable.\n        WITH keep AS (\n          SELECT max(watermark) AS watermark\n          FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}\n        ), purged AS (\n          DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')} WHERE watermark < ${watermark} \n            AND watermark < (SELECT watermark FROM keep)\n            RETURNING watermark, pos\n        ) SELECT COUNT(*) as deleted FROM purged;`;\n\n      const [{owner}] = await sql<ReplicationOwner[]>`\n        SELECT \"owner\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationState')} FOR SHARE`;\n      if (owner !== this.#taskID) {\n        throw new AbortError(\n          `aborting changeLog purge to ${watermark} because ownership has been taken by ${owner}`,\n        );\n      }\n      return Number(deleted);\n    });\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * @returns The JSON stringified stream message to be sent downstream.\n   */\n  store(watermark: string, data: ChangeStreamData) {\n    // Eagerly stringify the JSON payload to:\n    // - avoid redundant stringification when fanning out to subscribers\n    // - efficiently estimate the amount of memory the payload consumes\n    const json = BigIntJSON.stringify(data);\n    this.#approximateQueuedBytes += json.length;\n\n    const change = data[1];\n    this.#queue.enqueue([\n      'change',\n      watermark,\n      json,\n      isDataChange(change) ? null : change, // drop DataChanges to save memory\n    ]);\n\n    return json;\n  }\n\n  abort() {\n    this.#queue.enqueue(['abort']);\n  }\n\n  status(s: DownstreamStatusMessage) {\n    this.#queue.enqueue(s);\n  }\n\n  catchup(subscriber: Subscriber, mode: ReplicatorMode) {\n    this.#queue.enqueue(['subscriber', {subscriber, mode}]);\n  }\n\n  #readyForMore: Resolver<void> | null = null;\n\n  readyForMore(): Promise<void> | undefined {\n    if (!this.#running) {\n      return undefined;\n    }\n    if (\n      this.#readyForMore === null &&\n      this.#approximateQueuedBytes > this.#backPressureThresholdBytes\n    ) {\n      this.#lc.warn?.(\n        `applying back pressure with ${this.#queue.size()} queued changes (~${(this.#approximateQueuedBytes / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB)\\n` +\n          `\\n` +\n          `To inspect changeLog backlog in your change DB:\\n` +\n          `  SELECT\\n` +\n          `    (change->'relation'->>'schema') || '.' || (change->'relation'->>'name') AS table_name,\\n` +\n          `    change->>'tag' AS operation,\\n` +\n          `    COUNT(*) AS count\\n` +\n          `  FROM \"<app_id>/cdc\".\"changeLog\"\\n` +\n          `  GROUP BY 1, 2\\n` +\n          `  ORDER BY 3 DESC\\n` +\n          `  LIMIT 20;`,\n      );\n      this.#readyForMore = resolver();\n    }\n    return this.#readyForMore?.promise;\n  }\n\n  #maybeReleaseBackPressure() {\n    if (\n      this.#readyForMore !== null &&\n      // Wait for at least 20% of the threshold to free up.\n      this.#approximateQueuedBytes < this.#backPressureThresholdBytes * 0.8\n    ) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(\n        `releasing back pressure with ${this.#queue.size()} queued changes (~${(this.#approximateQueuedBytes / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB)`,\n      );\n      this.#readyForMore.resolve();\n      this.#readyForMore = null;\n    }\n  }\n\n  #stopped = promiseVoid;\n\n  /**\n   * Runs the storer loop until {@link stop()} is called, or an error is thrown.\n   * Once {@link run()} completes, it can be called again.\n   */\n  async run() {\n    assert(!this.#running, `storer is already running`);\n\n    const {promise: stopped, resolve: signalStopped} = resolver();\n    this.#running = true;\n    this.#stopped = stopped;\n\n    this.#lc.info?.('starting storer');\n    let err: unknown;\n    try {\n      await this.#processQueue();\n    } catch (e) {\n      err = e; // used in finally\n      throw e;\n    } finally {\n      // Release any pending backpressure so the upstream can proceed\n      if (this.#readyForMore !== null) {\n        this.#readyForMore.resolve();\n        this.#readyForMore = null;\n      }\n      this.#cancelQueueEntries(\n        this.#queue.drain().filter(entry => entry !== undefined),\n        err,\n      );\n      this.#running = false;\n      signalStopped();\n      this.#lc.info?.('storer stopped');\n    }\n  }\n\n  #cancelQueueEntries(queue: QueueEntry[], e: unknown) {\n    if (queue.length === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `canceling ${queue.length} entries from the changeLog queue`,\n    );\n    const err = e instanceof Error ? e : new AbortError('server shutting down');\n    for (const entry of queue) {\n      if (entry === 'stop') {\n        continue;\n      }\n      const type = entry[0];\n      switch (type) {\n        case 'subscriber': {\n          // Disconnect subscribers waiting to be caught up so that they can\n          // reconnect and try again.\n          const {subscriber} = entry[1];\n          this.#lc.info?.(`disconnecting ${subscriber.id}`);\n          subscriber.fail(err);\n          break;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  async #processQueue() {\n    let tx: PendingTransaction | null = null;\n    let msg: QueueEntry | false;\n\n    const catchupQueue: SubscriberAndMode[] = [];\n    try {\n      while ((msg = await this.#queue.dequeue()) !== 'stop') {\n        const [msgType] = msg;\n        switch (msgType) {\n          case 'ready': {\n            const signalReady = msg[1];\n            signalReady();\n            continue;\n          }\n          case 'subscriber': {\n            const subscriber = msg[1];\n            if (tx) {\n              catchupQueue.push(subscriber); // Wait for the current tx to complete.\n            } else {\n              await this.#startCatchup([subscriber]); // Catch up immediately.\n            }\n            continue;\n          }\n          case 'status':\n            this.#onConsumed(msg);\n            continue;\n          case 'abort': {\n            if (tx) {\n              tx.pool.abort();\n              await tx.pool.done();\n              tx = null;\n            }\n            continue;\n          }\n        }\n        // msgType === 'change'\n        const [_, watermark, json, change] = msg;\n        const tag = change?.tag;\n        this.#approximateQueuedBytes -= json.length;\n\n        if (tag === 'begin') {\n          assert(!tx, 'received BEGIN in the middle of a transaction');\n          const {promise, resolve, reject} = resolver<ReplicationOwner>();\n          void promise.catch(() => {}); // handle rejections before the await\n          tx = {\n            pool: new TransactionPool(\n              this.#lc.withContext('watermark', watermark),\n              {\n                mode: Mode.READ_COMMITTED,\n                statementResponseTimeout: this.#statementTimeoutMs,\n              },\n            ),\n            preCommitWatermark: watermark,\n            pos: 0,\n            startingReplicationState: promise,\n            ack: !change.skipAck,\n          };\n          tx.pool.run(this.#db);\n          // Acquire a lock on the replicationState row to detect and/or prevent\n          // a concurrent ownership change.\n          void tx.pool.process(tx => {\n            tx<ReplicationOwner[]> /*sql*/ `\n          SELECT \"owner\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationState')} FOR UPDATE`.then(\n              ([result]) => resolve(result),\n              reject,\n            );\n            return [];\n          });\n        } else {\n          assert(tx, () => `received change outside of transaction: ${json}`);\n          tx.pos++;\n        }\n\n        const entry = {\n          watermark: tag === 'commit' ? watermark : tx.preCommitWatermark,\n          precommit: tag === 'commit' ? tx.preCommitWatermark : null,\n          pos: tx.pos,\n          // For backwards compatibility, only the change message is stored\n          // in the cdc changeLog.\n          change: extractChangeSubstring(json, tag),\n        };\n\n        const processed = tx.pool.process(sql => [\n          sql`INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc('changeLog')} ${sql(entry)}`,\n          ...(change !== null && isSchemaChange(change)\n            ? this.#trackBackfillMetadata(sql, change)\n            : []),\n        ]);\n\n        if (tx.pos % 100 === 0) {\n          // Backpressure is exerted on commit when awaiting tx.pool.done().\n          // However, backpressure checks need to be regularly done for\n          // very large transactions in order to avoid memory blowup.\n          await processed;\n        }\n        this.#maybeReleaseBackPressure();\n\n        if (tag === 'commit') {\n          const {owner} = await tx.startingReplicationState;\n          if (owner !== this.#taskID) {\n            // Ownership change reflected in the replicationState read in 'begin'.\n            tx.pool.fail(\n              new AbortError(\n                `changeLog ownership has been assumed by ${owner}`,\n              ),\n            );\n          } else {\n            // Update the replication state.\n            const lastWatermark = watermark;\n            void tx.pool.process(tx => [\n              tx`\n            UPDATE ${this.#cdc('replicationState')} SET ${tx({lastWatermark})}`,\n            ]);\n            tx.pool.setDone();\n          }\n\n          await tx.pool.done();\n\n          // ACK the LSN to the upstream Postgres.\n          if (tx.ack) {\n            this.#onConsumed(['commit', change, {watermark}]);\n          }\n          tx = null;\n\n          // Before beginning the next transaction, open a READONLY snapshot to\n          // concurrently catchup any queued subscribers.\n          await this.#startCatchup(catchupQueue.splice(0));\n        } else if (tag === 'rollback') {\n          // Aborted transactions are not stored in the changeLog. Abort the current tx\n          // and process catchup of subscribers that were waiting for it to end.\n          tx.pool.abort();\n          await tx.pool.done();\n          tx = null;\n\n          await this.#startCatchup(catchupQueue.splice(0));\n        }\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      catchupQueue.forEach(({subscriber}) => subscriber.fail(e));\n      throw e;\n    }\n  }\n\n  async #startCatchup(subs: SubscriberAndMode[]) {\n    if (subs.length === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const reader = new TransactionPool(\n      this.#lc.withContext('pool', 'catchup'),\n      {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n    );\n    reader.run(this.#db);\n\n    let lastWatermark: string | undefined;\n    try {\n      // Ensure that the transaction has started (and is thus holding a snapshot\n      // of the database) before continuing on to commit more changes. This is\n      // done by performing a single read on the db, which determines the\n      // snapshot for the REPEATABLE_READ transaction.\n      [{lastWatermark}] = await reader.processReadTask(\n        sql => sql<{lastWatermark: string}[]>`\n        SELECT \"lastWatermark\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationState')}\n      `,\n      );\n    } catch (e) {\n      subs.map(({subscriber}) => subscriber.fail(e));\n      throw e;\n    }\n\n    // Run the actual catchup queries in the background. Errors are handled in\n    // #catchup() by disconnecting the associated subscriber.\n    void Promise.all(\n      subs.map(sub => this.#catchup(sub, lastWatermark, reader)),\n    ).finally(() => reader.setDone());\n  }\n\n  async #catchup(\n    {subscriber: sub, mode}: SubscriberAndMode,\n    lastWatermark: string,\n    reader: TransactionPool,\n  ) {\n    try {\n      await reader.processReadTask(async tx => {\n        const start = Date.now();\n\n        // When starting from initial-sync, there won't be a change with a watermark\n        // equal to the replica version. This is the empty changeLog scenario.\n        let watermarkFound = sub.watermark === this.#replicaVersion;\n        let count = 0;\n        let lastBatchConsumed: Promise<unknown> | undefined;\n\n        for await (const entries of tx<ChangeLogEntry[]> /*sql*/ `\n          SELECT watermark, change->'tag' as tag, change::text FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}\n           WHERE watermark >= ${sub.watermark}\n             AND watermark <= ${lastWatermark}\n           ORDER BY watermark, pos`.cursor(2000)) {\n          // Wait for the last batch of entries to be consumed by the\n          // subscriber before sending down the current batch. This pipelining\n          // allows one batch of changes to be received from the change-db\n          // while the previous batch of changes are sent to the subscriber,\n          // resulting in flow control that caps the number of changes\n          // referenced in memory to 2 * batch-size.\n          const start = performance.now();\n          await lastBatchConsumed;\n          const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n          if (lastBatchConsumed) {\n            this.#lc[elapsed > 100 ? 'info' : 'debug']?.(\n              `waited ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms for ${sub.id} to consume last batch of catchup entries`,\n            );\n          }\n\n          for (const entry of entries) {\n            if (entry.watermark === sub.watermark) {\n              // This should be the first entry.\n              // Catchup starts from *after* the watermark.\n              watermarkFound = true;\n            } else if (watermarkFound) {\n              lastBatchConsumed = sub.catchup(toDownstream(entry));\n              count++;\n            } else if (mode === 'backup') {\n              throw new AutoResetSignal(\n                `backup replica at watermark ${sub.watermark} is behind change db: ${entry.watermark})`,\n              );\n            } else {\n              this.#lc.warn?.(\n                `rejecting subscriber at watermark ${sub.watermark} (earliest watermark: ${entry.watermark})`,\n              );\n              sub.close(\n                ErrorType.WatermarkTooOld,\n                `earliest supported watermark is ${entry.watermark} (requested ${sub.watermark})`,\n              );\n              return;\n            }\n          }\n        }\n        if (watermarkFound) {\n          await lastBatchConsumed;\n          this.#lc.info?.(\n            `caught up ${sub.id} with ${count} changes (${\n              Date.now() - start\n            } ms)`,\n          );\n        } else {\n          // The subscriber is ahead of the latest durable changeLog entry\n          // (lastWatermark). This can legitimately happen: changes are\n          // forwarded to subscribers (the backup replica and view-syncers)\n          // concurrently with — and can outrun — the durable store, so a\n          // replica may briefly lead the change DB after the storer falls\n          // behind or the change-streamer restarts. No catchup is possible or\n          // needed; once the change DB catches back up, forwarding resumes and\n          // the subscriber dedups any watermarks it already has. Unlike the\n          // AutoResetSignal / WatermarkTooOld cases above, this is not a gap in\n          // replication history, so the subscriber is simply marked caught up.\n          this.#lc.warn?.(\n            `subscriber ${sub.id} at watermark ${sub.watermark} is ahead of ` +\n              `the latest durable watermark ${lastWatermark}; waiting for the ` +\n              `change DB to catch up`,\n          );\n        }\n        // Flushes the backlog of messages buffered during catchup and\n        // allows the subscription to forward subsequent messages immediately.\n        sub.setCaughtUp();\n      });\n    } catch (err) {\n      this.#lc.error?.(`error while catching up subscriber ${sub.id}`, err);\n      if (err instanceof AutoResetSignal) {\n        await markResetRequired(this.#db, this.#shard);\n        this.#onFatal(err);\n      }\n      sub.fail(err);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the db statements necessary to track backfill and table metadata\n   * presented in the `change`, if any.\n   */\n  #trackBackfillMetadata(sql: PostgresTransaction, change: SchemaChange) {\n    const stmts: PendingQuery<Row[]>[] = [];\n\n    switch (change.tag) {\n      case 'update-table-metadata': {\n        const {table, new: metadata} = change;\n        stmts.push(this.#upsertTableMetadataStmt(sql, table, metadata));\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'create-table': {\n        const {spec, metadata, backfill} = change;\n        if (metadata) {\n          stmts.push(this.#upsertTableMetadataStmt(sql, spec, metadata));\n        }\n        if (backfill) {\n          Object.entries(backfill).forEach(([col, backfill]) => {\n            stmts.push(\n              this.#upsertColumnBackfillStmt(sql, spec, col, backfill),\n            );\n          });\n        }\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'rename-table': {\n        const {old} = change;\n        const row = {schema: change.new.schema, table: change.new.name};\n        stmts.push(\n          sql`UPDATE ${this.#cdc('tableMetadata')} SET ${sql(row)}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${old.schema} AND \"table\" = ${old.name}`,\n          sql`UPDATE ${this.#cdc('backfilling')} SET ${sql(row)}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${old.schema} AND \"table\" = ${old.name}`,\n        );\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'drop-table': {\n        const {\n          id: {schema, name},\n        } = change;\n        stmts.push(\n          sql`DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('tableMetadata')}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${name}`,\n          sql`DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('backfilling')}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${name}`,\n        );\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'add-column': {\n        const {table, tableMetadata, column, backfill} = change;\n        if (tableMetadata) {\n          stmts.push(this.#upsertTableMetadataStmt(sql, table, tableMetadata));\n        }\n        if (backfill) {\n          stmts.push(\n            this.#upsertColumnBackfillStmt(sql, table, column.name, backfill),\n          );\n        }\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'update-column': {\n        const {\n          table: {schema, name: table},\n          old: {name: oldName},\n          new: {name: newName},\n        } = change;\n        if (oldName !== newName) {\n          stmts.push(\n            sql`UPDATE ${this.#cdc('backfilling')} SET \"column\" = ${newName}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${table} AND \"column\" = ${oldName}`,\n          );\n        }\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'drop-column': {\n        const {\n          table: {schema, name},\n          column,\n        } = change;\n        stmts.push(\n          sql`DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('backfilling')}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${name} AND \"column\" = ${column}`,\n        );\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'backfill-completed': {\n        const {\n          relation: {schema, name: table, rowKey},\n          columns,\n        } = change;\n        const cols = [...rowKey.columns, ...columns];\n        stmts.push(\n          sql`DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('backfilling')}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${table} AND \"column\" IN ${sql(cols)}`,\n        );\n      }\n    }\n    return stmts;\n  }\n\n  #upsertTableMetadataStmt(\n    sql: PostgresTransaction,\n    {schema, name: table}: Identifier,\n    metadata: TableMetadata,\n  ) {\n    const row: TableMetadataRow = {schema, table, metadata};\n    return sql`\n        INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc('tableMetadata')} ${sql(row)}\n          ON CONFLICT (\"schema\", \"table\") \n          DO UPDATE SET ${sql(row)};\n    `;\n  }\n\n  #upsertColumnBackfillStmt(\n    sql: PostgresTransaction,\n    {schema, name: table}: Identifier,\n    column: string,\n    backfill: BackfillID,\n  ) {\n    const row: BackfillingColumn = {schema, table, column, backfill};\n    return sql`\n        INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc('backfilling')} ${sql(row)}\n          ON CONFLICT (\"schema\", \"table\", \"column\") \n          DO UPDATE SET ${sql(row)};\n    `;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Waits until all currently queued entries have been processed.\n   * This is only used in tests.\n   */\n  async allProcessed() {\n    if (this.#running) {\n      const {promise, resolve} = resolver();\n      this.#queue.enqueue(['ready', resolve]);\n      await promise;\n    }\n  }\n\n  stop() {\n    if (this.#running) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(`draining ${this.#queue.size()} changeLog entries`);\n      this.#queue.enqueue('stop');\n    }\n    return this.#stopped;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Extracts the stringified change message from the stringified\n * stream message (e.g. the second tuple element). This optimization\n * facilitates stringifying (and sharing the result of) the stream\n * message exactly once, but storing only the change message substring\n * in the changeLog for backwards compatibility.\n */\nexport function extractChangeSubstring(\n  streamMessageJSON: string,\n  tag: Change['tag'] | undefined,\n) {\n  switch (tag) {\n    case 'begin':\n    case 'commit':\n      // e.g.\n      // [\"begin\",<message-json>,{\"commitWatermark\":\"92fj2d0s\"}]\n      // [\"commit\",<message-json>,{\"watermark\":\"92fj2d0s\"}]\n      return streamMessageJSON.substring(\n        streamMessageJSON.indexOf(',') + 1,\n        streamMessageJSON.lastIndexOf(','),\n      );\n    default:\n      // [\"data\",<message-json>]\n      return streamMessageJSON.substring(\n        streamMessageJSON.indexOf(',') + 1,\n        streamMessageJSON.lastIndexOf(']'),\n      );\n  }\n}\n\ntype ChangeLogEntry = {\n  watermark: string;\n  tag: string;\n  change: string;\n};\n\nfunction toDownstream(entry: ChangeLogEntry): WatermarkedChange {\n  const {watermark, change} = entry;\n  const tag = entry.tag as ChangeTag;\n  switch (tag) {\n    case 'begin':\n      return [\n        watermark,\n        tag,\n        `[\"begin\",${change},{\"commitWatermark\":\"${watermark}\"}]`,\n      ];\n    case 'commit':\n      return [\n        watermark,\n        tag,\n        `[\"commit\",${change},{\"watermark\":\"${watermark}\"}]`,\n      ];\n    case 'rollback':\n      return [watermark, tag, `[\"rollback\",${change}]`];\n    default:\n      return [watermark, tag, `[\"data\",${change}]`];\n  }\n}\n\nexport class PurgeLock {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #tx: TransactionPool;\n  readonly replicaVersion: string;\n  readonly minWatermark: string;\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    tx: TransactionPool,\n    replicaVersion: string,\n    watermark: string,\n  ) {\n    this.#lc = lc;\n    this.#tx = tx;\n    this.replicaVersion = replicaVersion;\n    this.minWatermark = watermark;\n  }\n\n  #released = false;\n\n  async release() {\n    if (this.#released) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#released = true;\n    this.#tx.setDone();\n    await this.#tx\n      .done()\n      .catch(e => this.#lc.warn?.(`error from purge-lock release`, e));\n    this.#lc.info?.(`released purge lock on ${this.minWatermark}`);\n  }\n}\n\nexport class PurgeLocker {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #shard: ShardID;\n  readonly #db: PostgresDB;\n\n  constructor(lc: LogContext, shard: ShardID, db: PostgresDB) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', 'purge-locker');\n    this.#shard = shard;\n    this.#db = db;\n  }\n\n  // For readability in SQL statements.\n  #cdc(table: string) {\n    return this.#db(`${cdcSchema(this.#shard)}.${table}`);\n  }\n\n  async acquire() {\n    const tx = new TransactionPool(this.#lc, {mode: Mode.READ_COMMITTED}).run(\n      this.#db,\n    );\n    const row = await tx.processReadTask(\n      sql => sql<{watermark: string}[]>`\n      SELECT watermark FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}\n        ORDER BY watermark, pos LIMIT 1\n        FOR SHARE \n    `,\n    );\n    if (row.length === 0) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(`changeLog is empty. No rows to purge-lock.`);\n      tx.setDone();\n      await tx.done();\n      return null;\n    }\n    const [{watermark}] = row;\n    const [{replicaVersion}] = await tx.processReadTask(\n      sql => sql<{replicaVersion: string}[]>`\n        SELECT \"replicaVersion\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationConfig')}\n      `,\n    );\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `locked watermark ${watermark} from being purged from replica@${replicaVersion}`,\n    );\n    return new PurgeLock(this.#lc, tx, replicaVersion, watermark);\n  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+{"version":3,"file":"storer.js","names":["#lc","#shard","#taskID","#discoveryAddress","#discoveryProtocol","#db","#replicaVersion","#onConsumed","#onFatal","#queue","#backPressureThresholdBytes","#statementTimeoutMs","#changeLogBatchSize","#cdc","#approximateQueuedBytes","#running","#readyForMore","#stopped","#processQueue","#cancelQueueEntries","#startCatchup","#flushChangeLog","#trackBackfillMetadata","#maybeReleaseBackPressure","#catchup","#upsertTableMetadataStmt","#upsertColumnBackfillStmt","#tx","#released"],"sources":["../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/storer.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {getHeapStatistics} from 'node:v8';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver, type Resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport {type PendingQuery, type Row} from 'postgres';\nimport {AbortError} from '../../../../shared/src/abort-error.ts';\nimport {assert} from '../../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport {BigIntJSON} from '../../../../shared/src/bigint-json.ts';\nimport {Queue} from '../../../../shared/src/queue.ts';\nimport {promiseVoid} from '../../../../shared/src/resolved-promises.ts';\nimport * as v from '../../../../shared/src/valita.ts';\nimport * as Mode from '../../db/mode-enum.ts';\nimport {runTx} from '../../db/run-transaction.ts';\nimport {TransactionPool} from '../../db/transaction-pool.ts';\nimport {type PostgresDB, type PostgresTransaction} from '../../types/pg.ts';\nimport {cdcSchema, type ShardID} from '../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {\n  backfillRequestSchema,\n  isDataChange,\n  isSchemaChange,\n  type BackfillID,\n  type BackfillRequest,\n  type Change,\n  type DataChange,\n  type Identifier,\n  type SchemaChange,\n  type TableMetadata,\n} from '../change-source/protocol/current.ts';\nimport {\n  type ChangeStreamData,\n  type Commit,\n} from '../change-source/protocol/current/downstream.ts';\nimport type {\n  DownstreamStatusMessage,\n  UpstreamStatusMessage,\n} from '../change-source/protocol/current/status.ts';\nimport type {ReplicatorMode} from '../replicator/replicator.ts';\nimport type {Service} from '../service.ts';\nimport type {ChangeTag, WatermarkedChange} from './change-streamer-service.ts';\nimport * as ErrorType from './error-type-enum.ts';\nimport {\n  AutoResetSignal,\n  markResetRequired,\n  type BackfillingColumn,\n  type TableMetadataRow,\n} from './schema/tables.ts';\nimport type {Subscriber} from './subscriber.ts';\n\ntype SubscriberAndMode = {\n  subscriber: Subscriber;\n  mode: ReplicatorMode;\n};\n\ntype QueueEntry =\n  | [\n      'change',\n      watermark: string,\n      json: string,\n      orig: Exclude<Change, DataChange> | null, // null for DataChanges\n    ]\n  | ['ready', callback: () => void]\n  | ['subscriber', SubscriberAndMode]\n  | DownstreamStatusMessage\n  | ['abort']\n  | 'stop';\n\ntype PendingTransaction = {\n  pool: TransactionPool;\n  preCommitWatermark: string;\n  pos: number;\n  startingReplicationState: Promise<ReplicationOwner>;\n  ack: boolean;\n  // changeLog rows buffered for the next multi-row INSERT flush.\n  batch: ChangeLogRow[];\n  // The most recently issued flush (or metadata) process, awaited to bound\n  // pipeline depth and to order the commit-time replicationState update.\n  lastFlush: Promise<unknown> | undefined;\n};\n\ntype ReplicationOwner = {\n  owner: string | null;\n};\n\nconst backfillRequestsSchema = v.array(backfillRequestSchema);\n\nexport type TuningOptions = {\n  backPressureLimitHeapProportion: number;\n  statementTimeoutMs: number;\n  changeLogBatchSize: number;\n};\n\n/**\n * A single `changeLog` row, accumulated in {@link PendingTransaction.batch}\n * and written via `json_to_recordset()` (see `#flushChangeLog()`).\n */\ntype ChangeLogRow = {\n  watermark: string;\n  precommit: string | null;\n  pos: number;\n  change: string;\n};\n\n/**\n * Handles the storage of changes and the catchup of subscribers\n * that are behind.\n *\n * In the context of catchup and cleanup, it is the responsibility of the\n * Storer to decide whether a client can be caught up, or whether the\n * changes needed to catch a client up have been purged.\n *\n * **Maintained invariant**: The Change DB is only empty for a\n * completely new replica (i.e. initial-sync with no changes from the\n * replication stream).\n * * In this case, all new subscribers are expected start from the\n *   `replicaVersion`, which is the version at which initial sync\n *   was performed, and any attempts to catchup from a different\n *   point fail.\n *\n * Conversely, if non-initial changes have flowed through the system\n * (i.e. via the replication stream), the ChangeDB must *not* be empty,\n * and the earliest change in the `changeLog` represents the earliest\n * \"commit\" from (after) which a subscriber can be caught up.\n * * Any attempts to catchup from an earlier point must fail with\n *   a `WatermarkTooOld` error.\n * * Failure to do so could result in streaming changes to the\n *   subscriber such that there is a gap in its replication history.\n *\n * Note: Subscribers (i.e. `incremental-syncer`) consider an \"error\" signal\n * an unrecoverable error and shut down in response. This allows the\n * production system to replace it with a new task and fresh copy of the\n * replica backup.\n */\nexport class Storer implements Service {\n  readonly id = 'storer';\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #shard: ShardID;\n  readonly #taskID: string;\n  readonly #discoveryAddress: string;\n  readonly #discoveryProtocol: string;\n  readonly #db: PostgresDB;\n  readonly #replicaVersion: string;\n  readonly #onConsumed: (c: Commit | UpstreamStatusMessage) => void;\n  readonly #onFatal: (err: Error) => void;\n  readonly #queue = new Queue<QueueEntry>();\n  readonly #backPressureThresholdBytes: number;\n  readonly #statementTimeoutMs: number;\n  readonly #changeLogBatchSize: number;\n\n  #approximateQueuedBytes = 0;\n  #running = false;\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    shard: ShardID,\n    taskID: string,\n    discoveryAddress: string,\n    discoveryProtocol: string,\n    db: PostgresDB,\n    replicaVersion: string,\n    onConsumed: (c: Commit | UpstreamStatusMessage) => void,\n    onFatal: (err: Error) => void,\n    {\n      backPressureLimitHeapProportion,\n      statementTimeoutMs,\n      changeLogBatchSize,\n    }: TuningOptions,\n  ) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', 'change-log');\n    this.#shard = shard;\n    this.#taskID = taskID;\n    this.#discoveryAddress = discoveryAddress;\n    this.#discoveryProtocol = discoveryProtocol;\n    this.#db = db;\n    this.#replicaVersion = replicaVersion;\n    this.#onConsumed = onConsumed;\n    this.#onFatal = onFatal;\n    this.#statementTimeoutMs = statementTimeoutMs;\n    this.#changeLogBatchSize = Math.max(1, changeLogBatchSize);\n\n    const heapStats = getHeapStatistics();\n    this.#backPressureThresholdBytes =\n      (heapStats.heap_size_limit - heapStats.used_heap_size) *\n      backPressureLimitHeapProportion;\n\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `Using up to ${(this.#backPressureThresholdBytes / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB of ` +\n        `--max-old-space-size (~${(heapStats.heap_size_limit / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB) ` +\n        `to absorb upstream spikes`,\n      {heapStats},\n    );\n  }\n\n  // For readability in SQL statements.\n  #cdc(table: string) {\n    return this.#db(`${cdcSchema(this.#shard)}.${table}`);\n  }\n\n  async assumeOwnership(purgeLock?: PurgeLock | null) {\n    const db = this.#db;\n    const owner = this.#taskID;\n    const ownerAddress = this.#discoveryAddress;\n    const ownerProtocol = this.#discoveryProtocol;\n    // we omit `ws://` so that old view syncer versions that are not expecting the protocol continue to not get it\n    const addressWithProtocol =\n      ownerProtocol === 'ws'\n        ? ownerAddress\n        : `${ownerProtocol}://${ownerAddress}`;\n    this.#lc.info?.(`assuming ownership at ${addressWithProtocol}`);\n    const start = performance.now();\n    await db`UPDATE ${this.#cdc('replicationState')} SET ${db({owner, ownerAddress: addressWithProtocol})}`;\n    const elapsed = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(2);\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `assumed ownership at ${addressWithProtocol} (${elapsed} ms)`,\n    );\n\n    if (purgeLock) {\n      // Once ownership has been assumed, any initial purge-lock preventing the\n      // purging of change-log records can be released, as a change-streamer\n      // that was attempting to purge records will correspondingly abort on the\n      // ownership check.\n      void purgeLock.release();\n    }\n  }\n\n  async getStartStreamInitializationParameters(): Promise<{\n    lastWatermark: string;\n    backfillRequests: BackfillRequest[];\n  }> {\n    const [[{lastWatermark}], result] = await runTx(\n      this.#db,\n      sql => [\n        sql<{lastWatermark: string}[]>`\n        SELECT \"lastWatermark\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationState')}`,\n\n        // Formats a BackfillRequest using json_object_agg() to construct the\n        // `columns` object. It is LEFT JOIN'ed with the `tableMetadata` table\n        // to make it optional and possibly `null`.\n        sql`\n        SELECT \n            json_build_object(\n              'schema', b.\"schema\",\n              'name', b.\"table\",\n              'metadata', t.\"metadata\"\n            ) as \"table\",\n            json_object_agg(b.\"column\", b.\"backfill\") \n              as \"columns\"\n          FROM ${this.#cdc('backfilling')} as b\n          LEFT JOIN ${this.#cdc('tableMetadata')} as t\n          ON (b.\"schema\" = t.\"schema\" AND b.\"table\" = t.\"table\")\n          GROUP BY b.\"schema\", b.\"table\", t.\"metadata\"\n        `,\n      ],\n      {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n    );\n\n    return {\n      lastWatermark,\n      backfillRequests: v.parse(result, backfillRequestsSchema),\n    };\n  }\n\n  async getMinWatermarkForCatchup(): Promise<string | null> {\n    const [{minWatermark}] = await this.#db<{minWatermark: string | null}[]>\n    /*sql*/ `\n      SELECT min(watermark) as \"minWatermark\" FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}`;\n    return minWatermark;\n  }\n\n  purgeRecordsBefore(watermark: string): Promise<number> {\n    return runTx(this.#db, async sql => {\n      // This NOWAIT pre-check is an optimization to abort the transaction\n      // (and release associated resources) early.\n      await sql<{watermark: string}[]>`\n          SELECT watermark FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}\n            ORDER BY watermark, pos LIMIT 1\n            FOR UPDATE NOWAIT\n        `;\n      // If the row is purge-locked by an incoming replication-manager, it\n      // will assume ownership of the change-log before releasing the lock.\n      // This DELETE blocks until the lock is released, allowing the change\n      // in ownership to be reliably detected (and the transaction aborted)\n      // in the subsequent check.\n      const [{deleted}] = await sql<{deleted: bigint}[]>`\n        -- The backup watermark can be ahead of the durable changeLog if the\n        -- storer is behind but the backup replica has consumed forwarded\n        -- changes. Preserve the latest durable changeLog transaction as the\n        -- catchup boundary instead of assuming the backup watermark exists.\n        -- The storer inserts each changeLog transaction atomically, so any\n        -- durable row for a watermark implies the full transaction is durable.\n        WITH keep AS (\n          SELECT max(watermark) AS watermark\n          FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}\n        ), purged AS (\n          DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')} WHERE watermark < ${watermark} \n            AND watermark < (SELECT watermark FROM keep)\n            RETURNING watermark, pos\n        ) SELECT COUNT(*) as deleted FROM purged;`;\n\n      const [{owner}] = await sql<ReplicationOwner[]>`\n        SELECT \"owner\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationState')} FOR SHARE`;\n      if (owner !== this.#taskID) {\n        throw new AbortError(\n          `aborting changeLog purge to ${watermark} because ownership has been taken by ${owner}`,\n        );\n      }\n      return Number(deleted);\n    });\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * @returns The JSON stringified stream message to be sent downstream.\n   */\n  store(watermark: string, data: ChangeStreamData) {\n    // Eagerly stringify the JSON payload to:\n    // - avoid redundant stringification when fanning out to subscribers\n    // - efficiently estimate the amount of memory the payload consumes\n    const json = BigIntJSON.stringify(data);\n    this.#approximateQueuedBytes += json.length;\n\n    const change = data[1];\n    this.#queue.enqueue([\n      'change',\n      watermark,\n      json,\n      isDataChange(change) ? null : change, // drop DataChanges to save memory\n    ]);\n\n    return json;\n  }\n\n  abort() {\n    this.#queue.enqueue(['abort']);\n  }\n\n  status(s: DownstreamStatusMessage) {\n    this.#queue.enqueue(s);\n  }\n\n  catchup(subscriber: Subscriber, mode: ReplicatorMode) {\n    this.#queue.enqueue(['subscriber', {subscriber, mode}]);\n  }\n\n  #readyForMore: Resolver<void> | null = null;\n\n  readyForMore(): Promise<void> | undefined {\n    if (!this.#running) {\n      return undefined;\n    }\n    if (\n      this.#readyForMore === null &&\n      this.#approximateQueuedBytes > this.#backPressureThresholdBytes\n    ) {\n      this.#lc.warn?.(\n        `applying back pressure with ${this.#queue.size()} queued changes (~${(this.#approximateQueuedBytes / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB)\\n` +\n          `\\n` +\n          `To inspect changeLog backlog in your change DB:\\n` +\n          `  SELECT\\n` +\n          `    (change->'relation'->>'schema') || '.' || (change->'relation'->>'name') AS table_name,\\n` +\n          `    change->>'tag' AS operation,\\n` +\n          `    COUNT(*) AS count\\n` +\n          `  FROM \"<app_id>/cdc\".\"changeLog\"\\n` +\n          `  GROUP BY 1, 2\\n` +\n          `  ORDER BY 3 DESC\\n` +\n          `  LIMIT 20;`,\n      );\n      this.#readyForMore = resolver();\n    }\n    return this.#readyForMore?.promise;\n  }\n\n  #maybeReleaseBackPressure() {\n    if (\n      this.#readyForMore !== null &&\n      // Wait for at least 20% of the threshold to free up.\n      this.#approximateQueuedBytes < this.#backPressureThresholdBytes * 0.8\n    ) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(\n        `releasing back pressure with ${this.#queue.size()} queued changes (~${(this.#approximateQueuedBytes / 1024 ** 2).toFixed(2)} MB)`,\n      );\n      this.#readyForMore.resolve();\n      this.#readyForMore = null;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Flushes any buffered {@link PendingTransaction.batch} rows to the changeLog.\n   *\n   * Uses `json_to_recordset()` so the batch is a single JSON parameter: the\n   * statement text stays constant regardless of batch size, avoiding the\n   * unbounded prepared-statement variants (and Postgres memory growth) that a\n   * multi-row INSERT would produce. See rocicorp/mono#3511.\n   *\n   * Returns (and updates) {@link PendingTransaction.lastFlush}; a no-op when the\n   * batch is empty.\n   */\n  #flushChangeLog(tx: PendingTransaction): Promise<unknown> | undefined {\n    const {batch} = tx;\n    if (batch.length === 0) {\n      return tx.lastFlush;\n    }\n    tx.batch = [];\n    tx.lastFlush = tx.pool.process(sql => [\n      sql`\n        INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc('changeLog')} (\"watermark\", \"pos\", \"change\", \"precommit\")\n        SELECT \"watermark\", \"pos\", \"change\"::json, \"precommit\"\n          FROM json_to_recordset(${batch}) AS x(\n            \"watermark\" TEXT,\n            \"pos\" INT8,\n            \"change\" TEXT,\n            \"precommit\" TEXT\n          )`,\n    ]);\n    return tx.lastFlush;\n  }\n\n  #stopped = promiseVoid;\n\n  /**\n   * Runs the storer loop until {@link stop()} is called, or an error is thrown.\n   * Once {@link run()} completes, it can be called again.\n   */\n  async run() {\n    assert(!this.#running, `storer is already running`);\n\n    const {promise: stopped, resolve: signalStopped} = resolver();\n    this.#running = true;\n    this.#stopped = stopped;\n\n    this.#lc.info?.('starting storer');\n    let err: unknown;\n    try {\n      await this.#processQueue();\n    } catch (e) {\n      err = e; // used in finally\n      throw e;\n    } finally {\n      // Release any pending backpressure so the upstream can proceed\n      if (this.#readyForMore !== null) {\n        this.#readyForMore.resolve();\n        this.#readyForMore = null;\n      }\n      this.#cancelQueueEntries(\n        this.#queue.drain().filter(entry => entry !== undefined),\n        err,\n      );\n      this.#running = false;\n      signalStopped();\n      this.#lc.info?.('storer stopped');\n    }\n  }\n\n  #cancelQueueEntries(queue: QueueEntry[], e: unknown) {\n    if (queue.length === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `canceling ${queue.length} entries from the changeLog queue`,\n    );\n    const err = e instanceof Error ? e : new AbortError('server shutting down');\n    for (const entry of queue) {\n      if (entry === 'stop') {\n        continue;\n      }\n      const type = entry[0];\n      switch (type) {\n        case 'subscriber': {\n          // Disconnect subscribers waiting to be caught up so that they can\n          // reconnect and try again.\n          const {subscriber} = entry[1];\n          this.#lc.info?.(`disconnecting ${subscriber.id}`);\n          subscriber.fail(err);\n          break;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  async #processQueue() {\n    let tx: PendingTransaction | null = null;\n    let msg: QueueEntry | false;\n\n    const catchupQueue: SubscriberAndMode[] = [];\n    try {\n      while ((msg = await this.#queue.dequeue()) !== 'stop') {\n        const [msgType] = msg;\n        switch (msgType) {\n          case 'ready': {\n            const signalReady = msg[1];\n            signalReady();\n            continue;\n          }\n          case 'subscriber': {\n            const subscriber = msg[1];\n            if (tx) {\n              catchupQueue.push(subscriber); // Wait for the current tx to complete.\n            } else {\n              await this.#startCatchup([subscriber]); // Catch up immediately.\n            }\n            continue;\n          }\n          case 'status':\n            this.#onConsumed(msg);\n            continue;\n          case 'abort': {\n            if (tx) {\n              tx.pool.abort();\n              await tx.pool.done();\n              tx = null;\n            }\n            continue;\n          }\n        }\n        // msgType === 'change'\n        const [_, watermark, json, change] = msg;\n        const tag = change?.tag;\n        this.#approximateQueuedBytes -= json.length;\n\n        if (tag === 'begin') {\n          assert(!tx, 'received BEGIN in the middle of a transaction');\n          const {promise, resolve, reject} = resolver<ReplicationOwner>();\n          void promise.catch(() => {}); // handle rejections before the await\n          tx = {\n            pool: new TransactionPool(\n              this.#lc.withContext('watermark', watermark),\n              {\n                mode: Mode.READ_COMMITTED,\n                statementResponseTimeout: this.#statementTimeoutMs,\n              },\n            ),\n            preCommitWatermark: watermark,\n            pos: 0,\n            startingReplicationState: promise,\n            ack: !change.skipAck,\n            batch: [],\n            lastFlush: undefined,\n          };\n          tx.pool.run(this.#db);\n          // Acquire a lock on the replicationState row to detect and/or prevent\n          // a concurrent ownership change.\n          void tx.pool.process(tx => {\n            tx<ReplicationOwner[]> /*sql*/ `\n          SELECT \"owner\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationState')} FOR UPDATE`.then(\n              ([result]) => resolve(result),\n              reject,\n            );\n            return [];\n          });\n        } else {\n          assert(tx, () => `received change outside of transaction: ${json}`);\n          tx.pos++;\n        }\n\n        const entry: ChangeLogRow = {\n          watermark: tag === 'commit' ? watermark : tx.preCommitWatermark,\n          precommit: tag === 'commit' ? tx.preCommitWatermark : null,\n          pos: tx.pos,\n          // For backwards compatibility, only the change message is stored\n          // in the cdc changeLog.\n          change: extractChangeSubstring(json, tag),\n        };\n\n        if (change !== null && isSchemaChange(change)) {\n          // Schema changes carry backfill / table-metadata statements that\n          // must be applied in stream order relative to the changeLog rows.\n          // Flush any buffered rows first, then write this row together with\n          // its metadata statements as a single unit (preserving the previous\n          // per-change ordering for schema changes).\n          await this.#flushChangeLog(tx);\n          tx.lastFlush = tx.pool.process(sql => [\n            sql`INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc('changeLog')} ${sql(entry)}`,\n            ...this.#trackBackfillMetadata(sql, change),\n          ]);\n        } else {\n          // Accumulate plain changeLog rows (begin, data changes, commit) and\n          // write them as a single multi-row INSERT. Collapsing the per-change\n          // single-row INSERTs into batches is the dominant cost reduction for\n          // large transactions, where the previous one-statement-per-change\n          // path dominated the upstream replication lag.\n          tx.batch.push(entry);\n          if (tx.batch.length >= this.#changeLogBatchSize) {\n            // Bound pipeline depth (and thus memory) by awaiting the previous\n            // flush before issuing the next. This is the batched analog of the\n            // previous per-100-statement backpressure await, and likewise\n            // guards against memory blowup on very large transactions.\n            const prevFlush = tx.lastFlush;\n            void this.#flushChangeLog(tx);\n            await prevFlush;\n          }\n        }\n        this.#maybeReleaseBackPressure();\n\n        if (tag === 'commit') {\n          // Flush any remaining buffered changeLog rows (including this commit\n          // row) before updating the replication state, so the state update is\n          // ordered after all changeLog inserts for this transaction.\n          void this.#flushChangeLog(tx);\n\n          const {owner} = await tx.startingReplicationState;\n          if (owner !== this.#taskID) {\n            // Ownership change reflected in the replicationState read in 'begin'.\n            tx.pool.fail(\n              new AbortError(\n                `changeLog ownership has been assumed by ${owner}`,\n              ),\n            );\n          } else {\n            // Update the replication state.\n            const lastWatermark = watermark;\n            void tx.pool.process(tx => [\n              tx`\n            UPDATE ${this.#cdc('replicationState')} SET ${tx({lastWatermark})}`,\n            ]);\n            tx.pool.setDone();\n          }\n\n          await tx.pool.done();\n\n          // ACK the LSN to the upstream Postgres.\n          if (tx.ack) {\n            this.#onConsumed(['commit', change, {watermark}]);\n          }\n          tx = null;\n\n          // Before beginning the next transaction, open a READONLY snapshot to\n          // concurrently catchup any queued subscribers.\n          await this.#startCatchup(catchupQueue.splice(0));\n        } else if (tag === 'rollback') {\n          // Aborted transactions are not stored in the changeLog. Abort the current tx\n          // and process catchup of subscribers that were waiting for it to end.\n          tx.pool.abort();\n          await tx.pool.done();\n          tx = null;\n\n          await this.#startCatchup(catchupQueue.splice(0));\n        }\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      catchupQueue.forEach(({subscriber}) => subscriber.fail(e));\n      throw e;\n    }\n  }\n\n  async #startCatchup(subs: SubscriberAndMode[]) {\n    if (subs.length === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const reader = new TransactionPool(\n      this.#lc.withContext('pool', 'catchup'),\n      {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n    );\n    reader.run(this.#db);\n\n    let lastWatermark: string | undefined;\n    try {\n      // Ensure that the transaction has started (and is thus holding a snapshot\n      // of the database) before continuing on to commit more changes. This is\n      // done by performing a single read on the db, which determines the\n      // snapshot for the REPEATABLE_READ transaction.\n      [{lastWatermark}] = await reader.processReadTask(\n        sql => sql<{lastWatermark: string}[]>`\n        SELECT \"lastWatermark\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationState')}\n      `,\n      );\n    } catch (e) {\n      subs.map(({subscriber}) => subscriber.fail(e));\n      throw e;\n    }\n\n    // Run the actual catchup queries in the background. Errors are handled in\n    // #catchup() by disconnecting the associated subscriber.\n    void Promise.all(\n      subs.map(sub => this.#catchup(sub, lastWatermark, reader)),\n    ).finally(() => reader.setDone());\n  }\n\n  async #catchup(\n    {subscriber: sub, mode}: SubscriberAndMode,\n    lastWatermark: string,\n    reader: TransactionPool,\n  ) {\n    try {\n      await reader.processReadTask(async tx => {\n        const start = Date.now();\n\n        // When starting from initial-sync, there won't be a change with a watermark\n        // equal to the replica version. This is the empty changeLog scenario.\n        let watermarkFound = sub.watermark === this.#replicaVersion;\n        let count = 0;\n        let lastBatchConsumed: Promise<unknown> | undefined;\n\n        for await (const entries of tx<ChangeLogEntry[]> /*sql*/ `\n          SELECT watermark, change->'tag' as tag, change::text FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}\n           WHERE watermark >= ${sub.watermark}\n             AND watermark <= ${lastWatermark}\n           ORDER BY watermark, pos`.cursor(2000)) {\n          // Wait for the last batch of entries to be consumed by the\n          // subscriber before sending down the current batch. This pipelining\n          // allows one batch of changes to be received from the change-db\n          // while the previous batch of changes are sent to the subscriber,\n          // resulting in flow control that caps the number of changes\n          // referenced in memory to 2 * batch-size.\n          const start = performance.now();\n          await lastBatchConsumed;\n          const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n          if (lastBatchConsumed) {\n            this.#lc[elapsed > 100 ? 'info' : 'debug']?.(\n              `waited ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms for ${sub.id} to consume last batch of catchup entries`,\n            );\n          }\n\n          for (const entry of entries) {\n            if (entry.watermark === sub.watermark) {\n              // This should be the first entry.\n              // Catchup starts from *after* the watermark.\n              watermarkFound = true;\n            } else if (watermarkFound) {\n              lastBatchConsumed = sub.catchup(toDownstream(entry));\n              count++;\n            } else if (mode === 'backup') {\n              throw new AutoResetSignal(\n                `backup replica at watermark ${sub.watermark} is behind change db: ${entry.watermark})`,\n              );\n            } else {\n              this.#lc.warn?.(\n                `rejecting subscriber at watermark ${sub.watermark} (earliest watermark: ${entry.watermark})`,\n              );\n              sub.close(\n                ErrorType.WatermarkTooOld,\n                `earliest supported watermark is ${entry.watermark} (requested ${sub.watermark})`,\n              );\n              return;\n            }\n          }\n        }\n        if (watermarkFound) {\n          await lastBatchConsumed;\n          this.#lc.info?.(\n            `caught up ${sub.id} with ${count} changes (${\n              Date.now() - start\n            } ms)`,\n          );\n        } else {\n          // The subscriber is ahead of the latest durable changeLog entry\n          // (lastWatermark). This can legitimately happen: changes are\n          // forwarded to subscribers (the backup replica and view-syncers)\n          // concurrently with — and can outrun — the durable store, so a\n          // replica may briefly lead the change DB after the storer falls\n          // behind or the change-streamer restarts. No catchup is possible or\n          // needed; once the change DB catches back up, forwarding resumes and\n          // the subscriber dedups any watermarks it already has. Unlike the\n          // AutoResetSignal / WatermarkTooOld cases above, this is not a gap in\n          // replication history, so the subscriber is simply marked caught up.\n          this.#lc.warn?.(\n            `subscriber ${sub.id} at watermark ${sub.watermark} is ahead of ` +\n              `the latest durable watermark ${lastWatermark}; waiting for the ` +\n              `change DB to catch up`,\n          );\n        }\n        // Flushes the backlog of messages buffered during catchup and\n        // allows the subscription to forward subsequent messages immediately.\n        sub.setCaughtUp();\n      });\n    } catch (err) {\n      this.#lc.error?.(`error while catching up subscriber ${sub.id}`, err);\n      if (err instanceof AutoResetSignal) {\n        await markResetRequired(this.#db, this.#shard);\n        this.#onFatal(err);\n      }\n      sub.fail(err);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the db statements necessary to track backfill and table metadata\n   * presented in the `change`, if any.\n   */\n  #trackBackfillMetadata(sql: PostgresTransaction, change: SchemaChange) {\n    const stmts: PendingQuery<Row[]>[] = [];\n\n    switch (change.tag) {\n      case 'update-table-metadata': {\n        const {table, new: metadata} = change;\n        stmts.push(this.#upsertTableMetadataStmt(sql, table, metadata));\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'create-table': {\n        const {spec, metadata, backfill} = change;\n        if (metadata) {\n          stmts.push(this.#upsertTableMetadataStmt(sql, spec, metadata));\n        }\n        if (backfill) {\n          Object.entries(backfill).forEach(([col, backfill]) => {\n            stmts.push(\n              this.#upsertColumnBackfillStmt(sql, spec, col, backfill),\n            );\n          });\n        }\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'rename-table': {\n        const {old} = change;\n        const row = {schema: change.new.schema, table: change.new.name};\n        stmts.push(\n          sql`UPDATE ${this.#cdc('tableMetadata')} SET ${sql(row)}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${old.schema} AND \"table\" = ${old.name}`,\n          sql`UPDATE ${this.#cdc('backfilling')} SET ${sql(row)}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${old.schema} AND \"table\" = ${old.name}`,\n        );\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'drop-table': {\n        const {\n          id: {schema, name},\n        } = change;\n        stmts.push(\n          sql`DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('tableMetadata')}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${name}`,\n          sql`DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('backfilling')}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${name}`,\n        );\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'add-column': {\n        const {table, tableMetadata, column, backfill} = change;\n        if (tableMetadata) {\n          stmts.push(this.#upsertTableMetadataStmt(sql, table, tableMetadata));\n        }\n        if (backfill) {\n          stmts.push(\n            this.#upsertColumnBackfillStmt(sql, table, column.name, backfill),\n          );\n        }\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'update-column': {\n        const {\n          table: {schema, name: table},\n          old: {name: oldName},\n          new: {name: newName},\n        } = change;\n        if (oldName !== newName) {\n          stmts.push(\n            sql`UPDATE ${this.#cdc('backfilling')} SET \"column\" = ${newName}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${table} AND \"column\" = ${oldName}`,\n          );\n        }\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'drop-column': {\n        const {\n          table: {schema, name},\n          column,\n        } = change;\n        stmts.push(\n          sql`DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('backfilling')}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${name} AND \"column\" = ${column}`,\n        );\n        break;\n      }\n\n      case 'backfill-completed': {\n        const {\n          relation: {schema, name: table, rowKey},\n          columns,\n        } = change;\n        const cols = [...rowKey.columns, ...columns];\n        stmts.push(\n          sql`DELETE FROM ${this.#cdc('backfilling')}\n                WHERE \"schema\" = ${schema} AND \"table\" = ${table} AND \"column\" IN ${sql(cols)}`,\n        );\n      }\n    }\n    return stmts;\n  }\n\n  #upsertTableMetadataStmt(\n    sql: PostgresTransaction,\n    {schema, name: table}: Identifier,\n    metadata: TableMetadata,\n  ) {\n    const row: TableMetadataRow = {schema, table, metadata};\n    return sql`\n        INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc('tableMetadata')} ${sql(row)}\n          ON CONFLICT (\"schema\", \"table\") \n          DO UPDATE SET ${sql(row)};\n    `;\n  }\n\n  #upsertColumnBackfillStmt(\n    sql: PostgresTransaction,\n    {schema, name: table}: Identifier,\n    column: string,\n    backfill: BackfillID,\n  ) {\n    const row: BackfillingColumn = {schema, table, column, backfill};\n    return sql`\n        INSERT INTO ${this.#cdc('backfilling')} ${sql(row)}\n          ON CONFLICT (\"schema\", \"table\", \"column\") \n          DO UPDATE SET ${sql(row)};\n    `;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Waits until all currently queued entries have been processed.\n   * This is only used in tests.\n   */\n  async allProcessed() {\n    if (this.#running) {\n      const {promise, resolve} = resolver();\n      this.#queue.enqueue(['ready', resolve]);\n      await promise;\n    }\n  }\n\n  stop() {\n    if (this.#running) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(`draining ${this.#queue.size()} changeLog entries`);\n      this.#queue.enqueue('stop');\n    }\n    return this.#stopped;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Extracts the stringified change message from the stringified\n * stream message (e.g. the second tuple element). This optimization\n * facilitates stringifying (and sharing the result of) the stream\n * message exactly once, but storing only the change message substring\n * in the changeLog for backwards compatibility.\n */\nexport function extractChangeSubstring(\n  streamMessageJSON: string,\n  tag: Change['tag'] | undefined,\n) {\n  switch (tag) {\n    case 'begin':\n    case 'commit':\n      // e.g.\n      // [\"begin\",<message-json>,{\"commitWatermark\":\"92fj2d0s\"}]\n      // [\"commit\",<message-json>,{\"watermark\":\"92fj2d0s\"}]\n      return streamMessageJSON.substring(\n        streamMessageJSON.indexOf(',') + 1,\n        streamMessageJSON.lastIndexOf(','),\n      );\n    default:\n      // [\"data\",<message-json>]\n      return streamMessageJSON.substring(\n        streamMessageJSON.indexOf(',') + 1,\n        streamMessageJSON.lastIndexOf(']'),\n      );\n  }\n}\n\ntype ChangeLogEntry = {\n  watermark: string;\n  tag: string;\n  change: string;\n};\n\nfunction toDownstream(entry: ChangeLogEntry): WatermarkedChange {\n  const {watermark, change} = entry;\n  const tag = entry.tag as ChangeTag;\n  switch (tag) {\n    case 'begin':\n      return [\n        watermark,\n        tag,\n        `[\"begin\",${change},{\"commitWatermark\":\"${watermark}\"}]`,\n      ];\n    case 'commit':\n      return [\n        watermark,\n        tag,\n        `[\"commit\",${change},{\"watermark\":\"${watermark}\"}]`,\n      ];\n    case 'rollback':\n      return [watermark, tag, `[\"rollback\",${change}]`];\n    default:\n      return [watermark, tag, `[\"data\",${change}]`];\n  }\n}\n\nexport class PurgeLock {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #tx: TransactionPool;\n  readonly replicaVersion: string;\n  readonly minWatermark: string;\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    tx: TransactionPool,\n    replicaVersion: string,\n    watermark: string,\n  ) {\n    this.#lc = lc;\n    this.#tx = tx;\n    this.replicaVersion = replicaVersion;\n    this.minWatermark = watermark;\n  }\n\n  #released = false;\n\n  async release() {\n    if (this.#released) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#released = true;\n    this.#tx.setDone();\n    await this.#tx\n      .done()\n      .catch(e => this.#lc.warn?.(`error from purge-lock release`, e));\n    this.#lc.info?.(`released purge lock on ${this.minWatermark}`);\n  }\n}\n\nexport class PurgeLocker {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #shard: ShardID;\n  readonly #db: PostgresDB;\n\n  constructor(lc: LogContext, shard: ShardID, db: PostgresDB) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', 'purge-locker');\n    this.#shard = shard;\n    this.#db = db;\n  }\n\n  // For readability in SQL statements.\n  #cdc(table: string) {\n    return this.#db(`${cdcSchema(this.#shard)}.${table}`);\n  }\n\n  async acquire() {\n    const tx = new TransactionPool(this.#lc, {mode: Mode.READ_COMMITTED}).run(\n      this.#db,\n    );\n    const row = await tx.processReadTask(\n      sql => sql<{watermark: string}[]>`\n      SELECT watermark FROM ${this.#cdc('changeLog')}\n        ORDER BY watermark, pos LIMIT 1\n        FOR SHARE \n    `,\n    );\n    if (row.length === 0) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(`changeLog is empty. No rows to purge-lock.`);\n      tx.setDone();\n      await tx.done();\n      return null;\n    }\n    const [{watermark}] = row;\n    const [{replicaVersion}] = await tx.processReadTask(\n      sql => sql<{replicaVersion: string}[]>`\n        SELECT \"replicaVersion\" FROM ${this.#cdc('replicationConfig')}\n      `,\n    );\n    this.#lc.info?.(\n      `locked watermark ${watermark} from being purged from replica@${replicaVersion}`,\n    );\n    return new PurgeLock(this.#lc, tx, replicaVersion, watermark);\n  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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/vfs-backup-monitor.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import type { LogContext } from '@rocicorp/logger';
+import { Subscription } from '../../types/subscription.ts';
+import type { VfsBackupWatermark } from '../litestream/vfs-watermark-reader.ts';
+import type { BackupMonitor } from './backup-monitor.ts';
+import type { ChangeStreamerService } from './change-streamer.ts';
+import type { SnapshotMessage } from './snapshot.ts';
+export interface VfsBackupWatermarkSource {
+    readWatermark(): Promise<VfsBackupWatermark>;
+    close?(): void;
+}
+/**
+ * Monitors a Litestream v0.5.x backup by reading Zero's replication state from
+ * the backup itself through the Litestream SQLite VFS.
+ */
+export declare class VfsBackupMonitor implements BackupMonitor {
+    #private;
+    readonly id = "vfs-backup-monitor";
+    constructor(lc: LogContext, backupURL: string, changeStreamer: ChangeStreamerService, initialCleanupDelayMs: number, probeIntervalMs: number, source: VfsBackupWatermarkSource);
+    run(): Promise<void>;
+    startSnapshotReservation(taskID: string): Subscription<SnapshotMessage>;
+    endReservation(taskID: string, updateCleanupDelay?: boolean): void;
+    readonly checkWatermarkAndScheduleCleanup: () => Promise<void>;
+    stop(): Promise<void>;
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=vfs-backup-monitor.d.ts.map

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/vfs-backup-monitor.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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