@rocicorp/zero 1.11.0-canary.8 → 1.11.0-canary.9

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/initial-sync.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"initial-sync.js","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/initial-sync.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {mkdtemp, rm} from 'node:fs/promises';\nimport {platform, tmpdir} from 'node:os';\nimport {join} from 'node:path';\nimport {Writable, type Readable} from 'node:stream';\nimport {pipeline} from 'node:stream/promises';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {assert} from '../../../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport type {JSONObject} from '../../../../../shared/src/bigint-json.ts';\nimport {must} from '../../../../../shared/src/must.ts';\nimport {equals} from '../../../../../shared/src/set-utils.ts';\nimport type {DownloadStatus} from '../../../../../zero-events/src/status.ts';\nimport {Database} from '../../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';\nimport {\n  createLiteIndexStatement,\n  createLiteTableStatement,\n} from '../../../db/create.ts';\nimport {listIndexes, listTables} from '../../../db/lite-tables.ts';\nimport * as Mode from '../../../db/mode-enum.ts';\nimport {\n  BinaryCopyParser,\n  hasBinaryDecoder,\n  makeBinaryDecoder,\n  textCastDecoder,\n} from '../../../db/pg-copy-binary.ts';\nimport {TsvParser} from '../../../db/pg-copy.ts';\nimport {\n  mapPostgresToLite,\n  mapPostgresToLiteIndex,\n} from '../../../db/pg-to-lite.ts';\nimport {getTypeParsers} from '../../../db/pg-type-parser.ts';\nimport {runTx} from '../../../db/run-transaction.ts';\nimport type {IndexSpec, PublishedTableSpec} from '../../../db/specs.ts';\nimport {importSnapshot, TransactionPool} from '../../../db/transaction-pool.ts';\nimport {\n  getOrCreateCounter,\n  getOrCreateHistogram,\n} from '../../../observability/metrics.ts';\nimport {\n  JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n  liteValue,\n  type LiteValueType,\n} from '../../../types/lite.ts';\nimport {liteTableName} from '../../../types/names.ts';\nimport {PG_15, PG_17} from '../../../types/pg-versions.ts';\nimport {\n  connectPgClient,\n  type PostgresDB,\n  type PostgresTransaction,\n  type PostgresValueType,\n} from '../../../types/pg.ts';\nimport {CpuProfiler} from '../../../types/profiler.ts';\nimport type {ShardConfig} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {id} from '../../../types/sql.ts';\nimport {ReplicationStatusPublisher} from '../../replicator/replication-status.ts';\nimport {ColumnMetadataStore} from '../../replicator/schema/column-metadata.ts';\nimport {initReplicationState} from '../../replicator/schema/replication-state.ts';\nimport {toStateVersionString} from './lsn.ts';\nimport {createReplicaAndSlot} from './replication-slots.ts';\nimport {ensureShardSchema} from './schema/init.ts';\nimport {getPublicationInfo, warnForSkippedIndexes} from './schema/published.ts';\nimport {\n  dropShard,\n  getInternalShardConfig,\n  getReplicaState,\n  initReplica,\n  validatePublications,\n  type ReplicaState,\n} from './schema/shard.ts';\n\nexport type InitialSyncOptions = {\n  tableCopyWorkers: number;\n  profileCopy?: boolean | undefined;\n  textCopy?: boolean | undefined;\n  replicationSlotFailover?: boolean | undefined;\n  installPartialIndexTriggers?: boolean | undefined;\n  /**\n   * When set, run initial sync in \"shadow\" mode for verification: skip all\n   * upstream mutations (no replication slot, no addReplica, no dropShard, no\n   * slot drop on failure), suppress status events, and optionally sample\n   * rows from each table via TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI + LIMIT. The caller is\n   * responsible for providing (and discarding) a throwaway SQLite `tx`.\n   */\n  shadow?:\n    | {\n        /** 0 < rate <= 1. When 1, no TABLESAMPLE clause is added. */\n        sampleRate: number;\n        /**\n         * LIMIT N cap appended after TABLESAMPLE. Required: shadow sync is\n         * for verification only, so every run must commit to a row budget.\n         */\n        maxRowsPerTable: number;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n};\n\nexport type ReplicaOptions = {\n  backupV5: boolean;\n};\n\n/** Server context to store with the initial sync metadata for debugging. */\nexport type ServerContext = JSONObject;\n\n/**\n * @returns The {@link ReplicaState} of the initialized replica, or `undefined`\n *          for a shadow sync.\n */\nexport async function initialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  tx: Database,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  syncOptions: InitialSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  {backupV5}: ReplicaOptions = {backupV5: true},\n): Promise<ReplicaState | undefined> {\n  if (!ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS.test(shard.appID)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      'The App ID may only consist of lower-case letters, numbers, and the underscore character',\n    );\n  }\n  const {\n    tableCopyWorkers,\n    profileCopy,\n    textCopy = false,\n    replicationSlotFailover = false,\n    installPartialIndexTriggers = true,\n    shadow,\n  } = syncOptions;\n  const syncMode: InitialSyncMode = shadow ? 'shadow' : 'initial';\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = textCopy ? 'text' : 'binary';\n  const start = performance.now();\n  let sql: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  const replicaID = Date.now().toString();\n  let slotName: string | undefined; // undefined === shadow\n  let slotSession: Readable | undefined; // undefined === shadow\n  const statusPublisher = ReplicationStatusPublisher.forRunningTransaction(\n    tx,\n    shadow ? async () => {} : undefined,\n  ).publish(lc, 'Initializing');\n  try {\n    const copyProfiler = profileCopy ? await CpuProfiler.connect() : null;\n    sql = await connectPgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync');\n    const pgVersion = await checkUpstreamConfig(sql);\n\n    // In shadow mode we assume the shard is already initialized and just\n    // read back the existing publications. `ensurePublishedTables` would\n    // otherwise run DDL and potentially call `dropShard`, which must never\n    // happen during a shadow run.\n    const {publications} = shadow\n      ? await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard)\n      : await ensurePublishedTables(\n          lc,\n          sql,\n          shard,\n          installPartialIndexTriggers,\n        );\n    lc.info?.(`Upstream is setup with publications [${publications}]`);\n\n    const {database, host} = sql.options;\n    lc.info?.(\n      shadow\n        ? `acquiring exported snapshot on ${database}@${host} (shadow mode)`\n        : `opening replication session to ${database}@${host}`,\n    );\n\n    // Captures the necessary information from the consistent snapshot\n    // created for the new replication slot (or a suitable equivalent\n    // for shadow sync).\n    async function captureSnapshot(snapshot: string) {\n      // Run up to MAX_WORKERS to copy of tables at the replication slot's snapshot.\n      // Retrieve the published schema at the consistent_point.\n      const published = await runTx(\n        must(sql),\n        async tx => {\n          await tx.unsafe(/* sql*/ `SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '${snapshot}'`);\n          return getPublicationInfo(tx, publications);\n        },\n        {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n      );\n      warnForSkippedIndexes(lc, published);\n      // Note: If this throws, initial-sync is aborted.\n      validatePublications(lc, published);\n\n      // Now that tables have been validated, kick off the copiers.\n      const {tables, indexes} = published;\n      const numTables = tables.length;\n      if (platform() === 'win32' && tableCopyWorkers < numTables) {\n        lc.warn?.(\n          `Increasing the number of copy workers from ${tableCopyWorkers} to ` +\n            `${numTables} to work around a Node/Postgres connection bug`,\n        );\n      }\n      const numWorkers =\n        platform() === 'win32'\n          ? numTables\n          : Math.min(tableCopyWorkers, numTables);\n\n      const copyPool = await connectPgClient(\n        lc,\n        upstreamURI,\n        'initial-sync-copy-worker',\n        {\n          max: numWorkers,\n          ['max_lifetime']: 120 * 60, // set a long (2h) limit for COPY streaming\n        },\n      );\n      const copiers = await startTableCopyWorkers(\n        lc,\n        copyPool,\n        snapshot,\n        numWorkers,\n        numTables,\n      );\n      return {\n        published,\n        tables,\n        indexes,\n        numTables,\n        copyPool,\n        copiers,\n      };\n    }\n\n    let lsn: string;\n    let snapshotResult: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof captureSnapshot>>;\n\n    if (shadow) {\n      const exported = await acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n        lc,\n        upstreamURI,\n        captureSnapshot,\n      );\n      lsn = exported.lsn;\n      snapshotResult = exported.result;\n    } else {\n      const replication = await createReplicaAndSlot(\n        lc,\n        sql,\n        'initial-sync-replication-session',\n        shard,\n        replicaID,\n        replicationSlotFailover && pgVersion >= PG_17,\n        {\n          // When backing up with litestream v5, a unique backup path is\n          // required since the LTX format does not tolerate multiple writers\n          // (and there are no v3 \"generations\" to workaround it).\n          backupPath: backupV5 ? replicaID : null,\n          backupV5,\n        },\n        captureSnapshot,\n      );\n      lsn = replication.slot.consistent_point;\n      slotName = replication.slot.slot_name;\n      snapshotResult = replication.capturedSnapshot;\n      slotSession = replication.initialSession;\n    }\n\n    const {published, tables, indexes, numTables, copyPool, copiers} =\n      snapshotResult;\n\n    const initialVersion = toStateVersionString(lsn);\n    initReplicationState(tx, publications, initialVersion, context);\n    try {\n      createLiteTables(tx, tables, initialVersion);\n      const sampleRate = shadow?.sampleRate;\n      const maxRowsPerTable = shadow?.maxRowsPerTable;\n      const downloads = await Promise.all(\n        tables.map(spec =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            getInitialDownloadState(lc, db, spec, shadow !== undefined),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Initializing',\n        `Copying ${numTables} upstream tables at version ${initialVersion}`,\n        5000,\n        () => ({downloadStatus: downloads.map(({status}) => status)}),\n      );\n\n      void copyProfiler?.start();\n      const copyStart = performance.now();\n      const copyResults = await Promise.all(\n        downloads.map(table =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            copy(\n              lc,\n              table,\n              copyPool,\n              db,\n              tx,\n              textCopy,\n              syncMode,\n              sampleRate,\n              maxRowsPerTable,\n            ),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      const copyElapsed = performance.now() - copyStart;\n      void copyProfiler?.stopAndDispose(lc, 'initial-copy');\n      copiers.setDone();\n\n      const copySummary = initialSyncCopySummary(copyResults, copyElapsed);\n\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Indexing',\n        `Creating ${indexes.length} indexes`,\n        5000,\n      );\n      const indexStart = performance.now();\n      createLiteIndices(lc, tx, indexes);\n      const index = performance.now() - indexStart;\n      lc.info?.(`Created indexes (${index.toFixed(3)} ms)`);\n\n      if (slotName && replicaID) {\n        await initReplica(sql, shard, replicaID, published, context);\n      } else {\n        assert(shadow, 'expected to be in shadow sync if there is no slotName');\n        const rowsByTable = new Map<string, number>();\n        for (let i = 0; i < downloads.length; i++) {\n          rowsByTable.set(downloads[i].status.table, copyResults[i].rows);\n        }\n        verifyShadowReplica(lc, tx, published, rowsByTable);\n      }\n\n      const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n      const copyOtherMs = Math.max(0, elapsed - copySummary.flushMs - index);\n      recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n        {\n          durationMs: elapsed,\n          rows: copySummary.rows,\n          copyBytes: copySummary.copyBytes,\n          copyMs: copySummary.copyMs,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          flushMs: copySummary.flushMs,\n          indexMs: index,\n        },\n        {\n          result: 'success',\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n        },\n      );\n      lc.info?.(\n        `Synced ${copySummary.rows.toLocaleString()} rows of ${numTables} tables in ${publications} up to ${lsn} ` +\n          `(flush: ${copySummary.flushMs.toFixed(3)}, index: ${index.toFixed(3)}, total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms)`,\n        {\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n          publications,\n          lsn,\n          ...copySummary,\n          indexes: indexes.length,\n          indexMs: index,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          totalMs: elapsed,\n        },\n      );\n\n      return slotName && replicaID\n        ? must(\n            await getReplicaState(sql, shard, replicaID),\n            `Missing replica with id ${replicaID}`,\n          )\n        : undefined; // shadow sync only\n    } finally {\n      // All meaningful errors are handled at the processReadTask() call site.\n      void copyPool.end().catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Error closing copyPool`, e));\n    }\n  } catch (e) {\n    recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n      {durationMs: performance.now() - start},\n      {\n        result: 'error',\n        syncMode,\n        copyFormat,\n      },\n    );\n    if (slotName && sql) {\n      // If initial-sync did not succeed, make a best effort to drop the\n      // orphaned replication slot to avoid running out of slots in\n      // pathological cases that result in repeated failures.\n      lc.warn?.(`dropping replication slot ${slotName}`, e);\n      // release any initial replication session so the slot can be dropped\n      slotSession?.destroy();\n      await sql`\n        SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) FROM pg_replication_slots\n          WHERE slot_name = ${slotName};\n      `.catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Unable to drop replication slot ${slotName}`, e));\n    }\n    throw await statusPublisher.publishAndThrowError(lc, 'Initializing', e);\n  } finally {\n    statusPublisher.stop();\n    if (sql) {\n      await sql.end();\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport type ShadowSyncOptions = {\n  sampleRate: number;\n  maxRowsPerTable: number;\n  /**\n   * Parent directory for the throwaway SQLite replica. Defaults to the OS\n   * tmpdir. Primarily for tests that need to isolate the scratch directory.\n   */\n  parentDir?: string | undefined;\n};\n\n/**\n * Exercises the initial-sync code path against a sample of rows from every\n * published table, writing into a throwaway SQLite database that is deleted\n * when the run ends. Produces zero upstream mutations: no replication slot,\n * no `addReplica`, no `dropShard`, no status events.\n *\n * Intended to be invoked periodically so that if a customer ever needs a\n * full reset, we have recent confidence that `initialSync` still works.\n * The shard must already be initialized upstream.\n */\nexport async function shadowInitialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  shadow: ShadowSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  syncOptions?: Pick<InitialSyncOptions, 'textCopy'>,\n): Promise<void> {\n  const dir = await mkdtemp(\n    join(shadow.parentDir ?? tmpdir(), 'zero-shadow-sync-'),\n  );\n  const dbPath = join(dir, 'shadow-replica.db');\n  const db = new Database(lc, dbPath);\n  try {\n    await initialSync(\n      lc,\n      shard,\n      db,\n      upstreamURI,\n      {\n        // Shadow sync copies small samples, so one worker is plenty —\n        // no reason to burn additional upstream connections.\n        tableCopyWorkers: 1,\n        textCopy: syncOptions?.textCopy,\n        shadow,\n      },\n      context,\n    );\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      db.close();\n    } catch (e) {\n      lc.warn?.(`Error closing shadow replica db`, e);\n    }\n    await rm(dir, {recursive: true, force: true}).catch(e =>\n      lc.warn?.(`Error cleaning up shadow replica dir ${dir}`, e),\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nasync function checkUpstreamConfig(sql: PostgresDB) {\n  const {walLevel, version} = (\n    await sql<{walLevel: string; version: number}[]>`\n      SELECT current_setting('wal_level') as \"walLevel\", \n             current_setting('server_version_num') as \"version\";\n  `\n  )[0];\n\n  if (walLevel !== 'logical') {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Postgres must be configured with \"wal_level = logical\" (currently: \"${walLevel})`,\n    );\n  }\n  if (version < PG_15) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Must be running Postgres 15 or higher (currently: \"${version}\")`,\n    );\n  }\n  return version;\n}\n\nasync function ensurePublishedTables(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  installPartialIndexTriggers: boolean,\n  validate = true,\n): Promise<{publications: string[]}> {\n  const {database, host} = sql.options;\n  lc.info?.(`Ensuring upstream PUBLICATION on ${database}@${host}`);\n\n  // Technically, ensureShardSchema() is already called by\n  // initializePostgresChangeSource, so the call here is redundant\n  // but harmless. On the contrary, it makes initial sync more\n  // self-contained (for test setup), and also plays a role in\n  // recovering from corruption (below) after the shard is dropped.\n  await ensureShardSchema(lc, sql, shard, installPartialIndexTriggers);\n  const {publications} = await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard);\n\n  if (validate) {\n    let valid = false;\n    const nonInternalPublications = publications.filter(\n      p => !p.startsWith('_'),\n    );\n    const exists = await sql`\n      SELECT pubname FROM pg_publication WHERE pubname IN ${sql(publications)}\n      `.values();\n    if (exists.length !== publications.length) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `some configured publications [${publications}] are missing: ` +\n          `[${exists.flat()}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else if (\n      !equals(new Set(shard.publications), new Set(nonInternalPublications))\n    ) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `requested publications [${shard.publications}] differ from previous` +\n          `publications [${nonInternalPublications}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else {\n      valid = true;\n    }\n    if (!valid) {\n      await sql.unsafe(dropShard(shard.appID, shard.shardNum));\n      return ensurePublishedTables(\n        lc,\n        sql,\n        shard,\n        installPartialIndexTriggers,\n        false,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n  return {publications};\n}\n\nasync function startTableCopyWorkers(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: PostgresDB,\n  snapshot: string,\n  numWorkers: number,\n  numTables: number,\n): Promise<TransactionPool> {\n  const {init, imported} = importSnapshot(snapshot);\n  const tableCopiers = new TransactionPool(lc, {\n    mode: Mode.READONLY,\n    init,\n    initialWorkers: numWorkers,\n  });\n  tableCopiers.run(db);\n\n  // Wait for all workers to run the importSnapshot() init task before\n  // proceeding (to allow the snapshot to be released).\n  for (let i = 0; i < numWorkers; i++) {\n    await imported.dequeue();\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(`Started ${numWorkers} workers to copy ${numTables} tables`);\n\n  if (parseInt(process.versions.node) < 22) {\n    lc.warn?.(\n      `\\n\\n\\n` +\n        `Older versions of Node have a bug that results in an unresponsive\\n` +\n        `Postgres connection after running certain combinations of COPY commands.\\n` +\n        `If initial sync hangs, run zero-cache with Node v22+. This has the additional\\n` +\n        `benefit of being consistent with the Node version run in the production container image.` +\n        `\\n\\n\\n`,\n    );\n  }\n  return tableCopiers;\n}\n\n/**\n * Shadow-mode alternative to `createReplicationSlot`: opens a dedicated\n * READ ONLY REPEATABLE READ transaction on a normal connection, exports the\n * snapshot and captures the current WAL LSN. Note that the LSN and snapshot\n * are not guaranteed to be consistent but it this is fine for shadow sync\n * where the LSN is not actually relied on for anything.\n */\nasync function acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync<T>(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  captureSnapshot: (snapshot: string) => Promise<T>,\n): Promise<{\n  lsn: string;\n  result: T;\n}> {\n  const holder = await connectPgClient(\n    lc,\n    upstreamURI,\n    'shadow-initial-sync-snapshot',\n    {max: 1},\n  );\n  return holder.begin(Mode.READONLY, async tx => {\n    const [{lsn, snapshot}] = await tx<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}[]>`\n        SELECT pg_export_snapshot() AS snapshot,\n               pg_current_wal_lsn()::text AS lsn`;\n    const result = await captureSnapshot(snapshot);\n    return {lsn, result};\n  });\n}\n\nfunction createLiteTables(\n  tx: Database,\n  tables: PublishedTableSpec[],\n  initialVersion: string,\n) {\n  // TODO: Figure out how to reuse the ChangeProcessor here to avoid\n  //       duplicating the ColumnMetadata logic.\n  const columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(tx));\n  for (const t of tables) {\n    tx.exec(createLiteTableStatement(mapPostgresToLite(t, initialVersion)));\n    const tableName = liteTableName(t);\n    for (const [colName, colSpec] of Object.entries(t.columns)) {\n      columnMetadata.insert(tableName, colName, colSpec);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction createLiteIndices(lc: LogContext, tx: Database, indices: IndexSpec[]) {\n  for (const [i, index] of indices.entries()) {\n    const stmt = createLiteIndexStatement(mapPostgresToLiteIndex(index));\n    lc.info?.(`Creating index ${i + 1}/${indices.length}: ${stmt}`);\n    const start = performance.now();\n    tx.exec(stmt);\n    lc.info?.(\n      `Created index ${i + 1}/${indices.length} ` +\n        `(${(performance.now() - start).toFixed(3)} ms): ${stmt}`,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs structural assertions over a just-synced replica and throws if any\n * fail. Only called in shadow mode — a successful return means the replica\n * is schema-complete, row-count consistent, and its column metadata is in\n * sync with its lite schema.\n *\n * Note: this intentionally does NOT verify ZQL-queryability. Tables that\n * `computeZqlSpecs` drops (no PK / no all-NOT-NULL unique index, unsupported\n * column types, etc.) are silently skipped in production too — there's\n * nothing shadow-specific about them, so failing here would diverge from\n * prod over an upstream-schema condition prod accepts.\n *\n * Exported for testing.\n */\nexport function verifyShadowReplica(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: Database,\n  published: {tables: PublishedTableSpec[]; indexes: IndexSpec[]},\n  rowsByTable: ReadonlyMap<string, number>,\n): void {\n  const issues: string[] = [];\n  let columnsChecked = 0;\n  let rowsChecked = 0;\n\n  // 1. Schema completeness: every published table exists in the replica\n  //    with at least the expected column set.\n  const liteTables = listTables(db);\n  const liteTableByName = new Map(liteTables.map(t => [t.name, t]));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const lite = liteTableByName.get(name);\n    if (!lite) {\n      issues.push(`missing table in replica: ${name}`);\n      continue;\n    }\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      columnsChecked++;\n      if (!(col in lite.columns)) {\n        issues.push(`column missing in replica table ${name}: ${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  //    Every published index exists in the replica.\n  const liteIndexNames = new Set(listIndexes(db).map(i => i.name));\n  for (const ix of published.indexes) {\n    const mapped = mapPostgresToLiteIndex(ix);\n    if (!liteIndexNames.has(mapped.name)) {\n      issues.push(\n        `missing index in replica: ${mapped.name} on ${mapped.tableName}`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 2. Row counts: SQLite COUNT(*) matches the in-memory copy counter.\n  for (const [table, expected] of rowsByTable) {\n    try {\n      const [row] = db\n        .prepare(`SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM \"${table}\"`)\n        .all<{count: number}>();\n      if (row.count !== expected) {\n        issues.push(\n          `row count mismatch for table ${table}: ` +\n            `copy counter reported ${expected}, replica has ${row.count}`,\n        );\n      } else {\n        rowsChecked += row.count;\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      issues.push(`could not count rows in table ${table}: ${String(e)}`);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 3. Column metadata: every published column has a _zero.column_metadata row.\n  const meta = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(db));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const rows = meta.getTable(name);\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      if (!rows.has(col)) {\n        issues.push(`missing column_metadata row for ${name}.${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (issues.length) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Shadow replica verification failed (${issues.length} issue(s)):\\n` +\n        issues.map(i => `  - ${i}`).join('\\n'),\n    );\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Shadow replica verification passed: ` +\n      `${published.tables.length} tables, ` +\n      `${published.indexes.length} indexes, ` +\n      `${columnsChecked} columns, ` +\n      `${rowsChecked.toLocaleString()} rows`,\n  );\n}\n\n// Verified empirically that batches of 50 seem to be the sweet spot,\n// similar to the report in https://sqlite.org/forum/forumpost/8878a512d3652655\n//\n// Exported for testing.\nexport const INSERT_BATCH_SIZE = 50;\n\nconst MB = 1024 * 1024;\nconst MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS = 10_000;\nconst BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD = 8 * MB;\n\nexport type DownloadStatements = {\n  select: string;\n  getTotalRows: string;\n  getTotalBytes: string;\n};\n\n/**\n * Produces ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(n)` when `sampleRate` is < 1, else `''`.\n * Row-level Bernoulli sampling is used (rather than SYSTEM) because it\n * produces a more uniform sample and, unlike SYSTEM, still returns rows\n * for small tables at low rates.\n */\nfunction tableSampleClause(sampleRate: number | undefined): string {\n  if (sampleRate === undefined || sampleRate >= 1) {\n    return '';\n  }\n  // Round away float noise (e.g. 0.3 * 100 = 30.000000000000004) while still\n  // preserving sub-integer rates like 0.001 (= 0.1%).\n  const pct = parseFloat((sampleRate * 100).toFixed(6));\n  return /*sql*/ ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(${pct})`;\n}\n\nfunction limitClause(maxRowsPerTable: number | undefined): string {\n  return maxRowsPerTable !== undefined\n    ? /*sql*/ ` LIMIT ${maxRowsPerTable}`\n    : '';\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns the SELECT column expressions for binary COPY, casting columns\n * without a known binary decoder to `::text`.\n */\nexport function makeBinarySelectExprs(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n): string[] {\n  return cols.map(col => {\n    const spec = table.columns[col];\n    return hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? id(col) : `${id(col)}::text`;\n  });\n}\n\nexport function makeDownloadStatements(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n  selectExprs?: string[] | undefined,\n): DownloadStatements {\n  const filterConditions = Object.values(table.publications)\n    .map(({rowFilter}) => rowFilter)\n    .filter(f => !!f); // remove nulls\n  const where =\n    filterConditions.length === 0\n      ? ''\n      : /*sql*/ `WHERE ${filterConditions.join(' OR ')}`;\n  const sample = tableSampleClause(sampleRate);\n  const limit = limitClause(maxRowsPerTable);\n  const fromTable = /*sql*/ `FROM ${id(table.schema)}.${id(table.name)}${sample} ${where}`;\n  const select = /*sql*/ `SELECT ${(selectExprs ?? cols.map(id)).join(',')} ${fromTable}${limit}`;\n  if (limit) {\n    // With LIMIT, wrap counts/sums in a subquery so they reflect the\n    // capped rowset rather than the full (sampled) table.\n    const bytesExpr = cols\n      .map(col => `COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0)`)\n      .join(' + ');\n    return {\n      select,\n      getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*)::bigint AS \"totalRows\" FROM (SELECT 1 AS _ ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n      getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT COALESCE(SUM(b), 0)::bigint AS \"totalBytes\" FROM (SELECT (${bytesExpr}) AS b ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n    };\n  }\n  const totalBytes = `(${cols.map(col => `SUM(COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0))`).join(' + ')})`;\n  return {\n    select,\n    getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*) AS \"totalRows\" ${fromTable}`,\n    getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT ${totalBytes} AS \"totalBytes\" ${fromTable}`,\n  };\n}\n\ntype DownloadState = {\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec;\n  status: DownloadStatus;\n};\n\ntype CopyFormat = 'binary' | 'text';\ntype InitialSyncMode = 'initial' | 'shadow';\n\ntype InitialSyncMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n};\n\ntype InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  result: 'success' | 'error';\n};\n\ntype CopyResult = {\n  schema: string;\n  table: string;\n  replicaTable: string;\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  columnCount: number;\n  rows: number;\n  estimatedRows: number;\n  estimatedBytes: number | undefined;\n  flushMs: number;\n  elapsedMs: number;\n  sourceWaitMs: number;\n  processingMs: number;\n  copyBytes: number;\n};\n\nconst INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S = [\n  1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600, 7200,\n];\nexport const COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;\nconst SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS = 10_000;\n\n// change-streamer imports this module before startOtelAuto() runs, so create\n// instruments lazily to avoid binding them to OTel's no-op meter provider.\nfunction initialSyncRuns() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_runs',\n    'Initial sync runs, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of an initial sync run, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of the COPY phase for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyOtherDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_other_duration',\n    'Initial sync total duration excluding SQLite flush and index time for a successful run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncFlushDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_flush_duration',\n    'Total SQLite flush time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncIndexDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_index_duration',\n    'SQLite index creation time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRows() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_rows',\n    'Rows copied during successful initial sync runs.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter('replication', 'initial_sync_copy_stream', {\n    description:\n      'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during initial sync, including in-progress and failed runs.',\n    unit: 'bytes',\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCompletedCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_completed_copy_stream',\n    {\n      description:\n        'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during successful initial sync runs.',\n      unit: 'bytes',\n    },\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyChunks() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_copy_chunks',\n    'PostgreSQL COPY stream chunks processed during initial sync.',\n  );\n}\n\nexport function createCopyMetricBatcher(\n  record: (bytes: number, chunks: number) => void,\n) {\n  let bytes = 0;\n  let chunks = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    if (chunks === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n    record(bytes, chunks);\n    bytes = 0;\n    chunks = 0;\n  }\n\n  return {\n    add(chunkBytes: number) {\n      bytes += chunkBytes;\n      chunks++;\n      if (bytes >= COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES) {\n        flush();\n      }\n    },\n    flush,\n  };\n}\n\nexport function initialSyncCopyMetrics(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  const labels = initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();\n  const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();\n  return createCopyMetricBatcher((bytes, chunks) => {\n    copyStreamMetric.add(bytes, labels);\n    copyChunksMetric.add(chunks, labels);\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDurationHistogram(name: string, description: string) {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('replication', name, {\n    description,\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    sync_mode: attrs.syncMode,\n    copy_format: attrs.copyFormat,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    ...initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs),\n    result: attrs.result,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n  stats: {\n    durationMs: number;\n    rows?: number | undefined;\n    copyBytes?: number | undefined;\n    copyMs?: number | undefined;\n    copyOtherMs?: number | undefined;\n    flushMs?: number | undefined;\n    indexMs?: number | undefined;\n  },\n  attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs,\n) {\n  const labels = initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  initialSyncRuns().add(1, labels);\n  initialSyncDuration().recordMs(stats.durationMs, labels);\n  if (attrs.result === 'success') {\n    if (stats.copyMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyDuration().recordMs(stats.copyMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyOtherMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyOtherDuration().recordMs(stats.copyOtherMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.flushMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncFlushDuration().recordMs(stats.flushMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.indexMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncIndexDuration().recordMs(stats.indexMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.rows !== undefined && stats.rows > 0) {\n      initialSyncRows().add(stats.rows, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyBytes !== undefined && stats.copyBytes > 0) {\n      initialSyncCompletedCopyStream().add(stats.copyBytes, labels);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopySummary(\n  results: readonly CopyResult[],\n  copyMs: number,\n) {\n  const totals = results.reduce(\n    (acc, curr) => {\n      acc.rows += curr.rows;\n      acc.flushMs += curr.flushMs;\n      acc.copyBytes += curr.copyBytes;\n      return acc;\n    },\n    {\n      rows: 0,\n      flushMs: 0,\n      copyBytes: 0,\n    },\n  );\n  return {\n    tables: results.length,\n    rows: totals.rows,\n    copyMs,\n    flushMs: totals.flushMs,\n    copyBytes: totals.copyBytes,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction logSlowCopyFlush(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  details: {\n    schema: string;\n    table: string;\n    replicaTable: string;\n    syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n    copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n    elapsedMs: number;\n    flushedRows: number;\n    flushedBytes: number;\n    rows: number;\n    copyBytes: number;\n  },\n) {\n  if (details.elapsedMs < SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS || details.flushedRows === 0) {\n    return;\n  }\n  lc.info?.('initial-sync table copy slow flush', details);\n}\n\n// Exported for testing.\nexport async function getInitialDownloadState(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec,\n  skipTotals: boolean,\n): Promise<DownloadState> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const table = liteTableName(spec);\n  const columns = Object.keys(spec.columns);\n  if (skipTotals) {\n    // Shadow sync suppresses status events, so the pg_class\n    // estimates would be computed and thrown away.\n    return {\n      spec,\n      status: {table, columns, rows: 0, totalRows: 0, totalBytes: 0},\n    };\n  }\n  // Use pg_class estimates instead of expensive COUNT(*) and\n  // SUM(pg_column_size(...)) full table scans. The exact values are only\n  // used for progress reporting, so estimates are sufficient.\n  const qualifiedName = `${id(spec.schema)}.${id(spec.name)}`;\n  const estimateResult = await sql<\n    {totalRows: number; totalBytes: number}[]\n  >`SELECT GREATEST(reltuples, 0)::float8 AS \"totalRows\",\n         pg_table_size(oid)::float8 AS \"totalBytes\"\n    FROM pg_class\n    WHERE oid = ${qualifiedName}::regclass`;\n\n  const {totalRows, totalBytes} = estimateResult[0] ?? {\n    totalRows: 0,\n    totalBytes: 0,\n  };\n\n  const state: DownloadState = {\n    spec,\n    status: {\n      table,\n      columns,\n      rows: 0,\n      totalRows,\n      totalBytes,\n    },\n  };\n  const elapsed = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(3);\n  lc.info?.(`Computed initial download state for ${table} (${elapsed} ms)`, {\n    state: state.status,\n  });\n  return state;\n}\n\nfunction copy(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  {spec: table, status}: DownloadState,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  textCopy: boolean,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  if (textCopy) {\n    return copyText(\n      lc,\n      table,\n      status,\n      dbClient,\n      from,\n      to,\n      syncMode,\n      sampleRate,\n      maxRowsPerTable,\n    );\n  }\n  return copyBinary(\n    lc,\n    table,\n    status,\n    from,\n    to,\n    syncMode,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n}\n\nasync function copyBinary(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'binary';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n  let processingMs = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  // Build SELECT with ::text casts for columns without a known binary decoder.\n  const select = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n    makeBinarySelectExprs(table, columnNames),\n  ).select;\n\n  const decoders = orderedColumns.map(([, spec]) =>\n    hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? makeBinaryDecoder(spec) : textCastDecoder,\n  );\n\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  const binaryParser = new BinaryCopyParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting binary copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n\n  const copyStreamStart = performance.now();\n  await pipeline(\n    await from\n      .unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT WITH (FORMAT binary)`)\n      .readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const fieldBuf of binaryParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = fieldBuf === null ? 4 : fieldBuf.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              fieldBuf === null ? null : decoders[col](fieldBuf);\n\n            if (++col === decoders.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const sourceWaitMs = Math.max(\n    0,\n    performance.now() - copyStreamStart - processingMs,\n  );\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    sourceWaitMs,\n    processingMs,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return result;\n}\n\nasync function copyText(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'text';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n  let processingMs = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  const {select} = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting text copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n  const pgParsers = await getTypeParsers(dbClient, {returnJsonAsString: true});\n  const parsers = columnSpecs.map(c => {\n    const pgParse = pgParsers.getTypeParser(c.typeOID);\n    return (val: string) =>\n      liteValue(\n        pgParse(val) as PostgresValueType,\n        c.dataType,\n        JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n      );\n  });\n\n  const tsvParser = new TsvParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  const copyStreamStart = performance.now();\n  await pipeline(\n    await from.unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT`).readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const text of tsvParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = text === null ? 4 : text.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              text === null ? null : parsers[col](text);\n\n            if (++col === parsers.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const sourceWaitMs = Math.max(\n    0,\n    performance.now() - copyStreamStart - processingMs,\n  );\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    sourceWaitMs,\n    processingMs,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return 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The caller is\n   * responsible for providing (and discarding) a throwaway SQLite `tx`.\n   */\n  shadow?:\n    | {\n        /** 0 < rate <= 1. When 1, no TABLESAMPLE clause is added. */\n        sampleRate: number;\n        /**\n         * LIMIT N cap appended after TABLESAMPLE. Required: shadow sync is\n         * for verification only, so every run must commit to a row budget.\n         */\n        maxRowsPerTable: number;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n};\n\nexport type ReplicaOptions = {\n  backupV5: boolean;\n};\n\n/** Server context to store with the initial sync metadata for debugging. */\nexport type ServerContext = JSONObject;\n\n/**\n * @returns The {@link ReplicaState} of the initialized replica, or `undefined`\n *          for a shadow sync.\n */\nexport async function initialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  tx: Database,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  syncOptions: InitialSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  {backupV5}: ReplicaOptions = {backupV5: true},\n): Promise<ReplicaState | undefined> {\n  if (!ALLOWED_APP_ID_CHARACTERS.test(shard.appID)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      'The App ID may only consist of lower-case letters, numbers, and the underscore character',\n    );\n  }\n  const {\n    tableCopyWorkers,\n    profileCopy,\n    textCopy = false,\n    replicationSlotFailover = false,\n    installPartialIndexTriggers = true,\n    shadow,\n  } = syncOptions;\n  const syncMode: InitialSyncMode = shadow ? 'shadow' : 'initial';\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = textCopy ? 'text' : 'binary';\n  const start = performance.now();\n  let sql: PostgresDB | undefined;\n  const replicaID = Date.now().toString();\n  let slotName: string | undefined; // undefined === shadow\n  let slotSession: Readable | undefined; // undefined === shadow\n  const statusPublisher = ReplicationStatusPublisher.forRunningTransaction(\n    tx,\n    shadow ? async () => {} : undefined,\n  ).publish(lc, 'Initializing');\n  try {\n    const copyProfiler = profileCopy ? await CpuProfiler.connect() : null;\n    sql = await connectPgClient(lc, upstreamURI, 'initial-sync');\n    const pgVersion = await checkUpstreamConfig(sql);\n\n    // In shadow mode we assume the shard is already initialized and just\n    // read back the existing publications. `ensurePublishedTables` would\n    // otherwise run DDL and potentially call `dropShard`, which must never\n    // happen during a shadow run.\n    const {publications} = shadow\n      ? await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard)\n      : await ensurePublishedTables(\n          lc,\n          sql,\n          shard,\n          installPartialIndexTriggers,\n        );\n    lc.info?.(`Upstream is setup with publications [${publications}]`);\n\n    const {database, host} = sql.options;\n    lc.info?.(\n      shadow\n        ? `acquiring exported snapshot on ${database}@${host} (shadow mode)`\n        : `opening replication session to ${database}@${host}`,\n    );\n\n    // Captures the necessary information from the consistent snapshot\n    // created for the new replication slot (or a suitable equivalent\n    // for shadow sync).\n    async function captureSnapshot(snapshot: string) {\n      // Run up to MAX_WORKERS to copy of tables at the replication slot's snapshot.\n      // Retrieve the published schema at the consistent_point.\n      const published = await runTx(\n        must(sql),\n        async tx => {\n          await tx.unsafe(/* sql*/ `SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '${snapshot}'`);\n          return getPublicationInfo(tx, publications);\n        },\n        {mode: Mode.READONLY},\n      );\n      warnForSkippedIndexes(lc, published);\n      // Note: If this throws, initial-sync is aborted.\n      validatePublications(lc, published);\n\n      // Now that tables have been validated, kick off the copiers.\n      const {tables, indexes} = published;\n      const numTables = tables.length;\n      if (platform() === 'win32' && tableCopyWorkers < numTables) {\n        lc.warn?.(\n          `Increasing the number of copy workers from ${tableCopyWorkers} to ` +\n            `${numTables} to work around a Node/Postgres connection bug`,\n        );\n      }\n      const numWorkers =\n        platform() === 'win32'\n          ? numTables\n          : Math.min(tableCopyWorkers, numTables);\n\n      const copyPool = await connectPgClient(\n        lc,\n        upstreamURI,\n        'initial-sync-copy-worker',\n        {\n          max: numWorkers,\n          ['max_lifetime']: 120 * 60, // set a long (2h) limit for COPY streaming\n        },\n      );\n      const copiers = await startTableCopyWorkers(\n        lc,\n        copyPool,\n        snapshot,\n        numWorkers,\n        numTables,\n      );\n      return {\n        published,\n        tables,\n        indexes,\n        numTables,\n        copyPool,\n        copiers,\n      };\n    }\n\n    let lsn: string;\n    let snapshotResult: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof captureSnapshot>>;\n\n    if (shadow) {\n      const exported = await acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync(\n        lc,\n        upstreamURI,\n        captureSnapshot,\n      );\n      lsn = exported.lsn;\n      snapshotResult = exported.result;\n    } else {\n      const replication = await createReplicaAndSlot(\n        lc,\n        sql,\n        'initial-sync-replication-session',\n        shard,\n        replicaID,\n        replicationSlotFailover && pgVersion >= PG_17,\n        {\n          // When backing up with litestream v5, a unique backup path is\n          // required since the LTX format does not tolerate multiple writers\n          // (and there are no v3 \"generations\" to workaround it).\n          backupPath: backupV5 ? replicaID : null,\n          backupV5,\n        },\n        captureSnapshot,\n      );\n      lsn = replication.slot.consistent_point;\n      slotName = replication.slot.slot_name;\n      snapshotResult = replication.capturedSnapshot;\n      slotSession = replication.initialSession;\n    }\n\n    const {published, tables, indexes, numTables, copyPool, copiers} =\n      snapshotResult;\n\n    const initialVersion = toStateVersionString(lsn);\n    initReplicationState(tx, publications, initialVersion, context);\n    try {\n      createLiteTables(tx, tables, initialVersion);\n      const sampleRate = shadow?.sampleRate;\n      const maxRowsPerTable = shadow?.maxRowsPerTable;\n      const downloads = await Promise.all(\n        tables.map(spec =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            getInitialDownloadState(lc, db, spec, shadow !== undefined),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Initializing',\n        `Copying ${numTables} upstream tables at version ${initialVersion}`,\n        5000,\n        () => ({downloadStatus: downloads.map(({status}) => status)}),\n      );\n\n      void copyProfiler?.start();\n      const copyStart = performance.now();\n      const copyResults = await Promise.all(\n        downloads.map(table =>\n          copiers.processReadTask((db, lc) =>\n            copy(\n              lc,\n              table,\n              copyPool,\n              db,\n              tx,\n              textCopy,\n              syncMode,\n              sampleRate,\n              maxRowsPerTable,\n            ),\n          ),\n        ),\n      );\n      const copyElapsed = performance.now() - copyStart;\n      void copyProfiler?.stopAndDispose(lc, 'initial-copy');\n      copiers.setDone();\n\n      const copySummary = initialSyncCopySummary(copyResults, copyElapsed);\n\n      statusPublisher.publish(\n        lc,\n        'Indexing',\n        `Creating ${indexes.length} indexes`,\n        5000,\n      );\n      const indexStart = performance.now();\n      createLiteIndices(lc, tx, indexes);\n      const index = performance.now() - indexStart;\n      lc.info?.(`Created indexes (${index.toFixed(3)} ms)`);\n\n      if (slotName && replicaID) {\n        await initReplica(sql, shard, replicaID, published, context);\n      } else {\n        assert(shadow, 'expected to be in shadow sync if there is no slotName');\n        const rowsByTable = new Map<string, number>();\n        for (let i = 0; i < downloads.length; i++) {\n          rowsByTable.set(downloads[i].status.table, copyResults[i].rows);\n        }\n        verifyShadowReplica(lc, tx, published, rowsByTable);\n      }\n\n      const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n      const copyOtherMs = Math.max(0, elapsed - copySummary.flushMs - index);\n      recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n        {\n          durationMs: elapsed,\n          rows: copySummary.rows,\n          copyBytes: copySummary.copyBytes,\n          copyMs: copySummary.copyMs,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          flushMs: copySummary.flushMs,\n          indexMs: index,\n        },\n        {\n          result: 'success',\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n        },\n      );\n      lc.info?.(\n        `Synced ${copySummary.rows.toLocaleString()} rows of ${numTables} tables in ${publications} up to ${lsn} ` +\n          `(flush: ${copySummary.flushMs.toFixed(3)}, index: ${index.toFixed(3)}, total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms)`,\n        {\n          syncMode,\n          copyFormat,\n          publications,\n          lsn,\n          ...copySummary,\n          indexes: indexes.length,\n          indexMs: index,\n          copyOtherMs,\n          totalMs: elapsed,\n        },\n      );\n\n      return slotName && replicaID\n        ? must(\n            await getReplicaState(sql, shard, replicaID),\n            `Missing replica with id ${replicaID}`,\n          )\n        : undefined; // shadow sync only\n    } finally {\n      // All meaningful errors are handled at the processReadTask() call site.\n      void copyPool.end().catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Error closing copyPool`, e));\n    }\n  } catch (e) {\n    recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n      {durationMs: performance.now() - start},\n      {\n        result: 'error',\n        syncMode,\n        copyFormat,\n      },\n    );\n    if (slotName && sql) {\n      // If initial-sync did not succeed, make a best effort to drop the\n      // orphaned replication slot to avoid running out of slots in\n      // pathological cases that result in repeated failures.\n      lc.warn?.(`dropping replication slot ${slotName}`, e);\n      // release any initial replication session so the slot can be dropped\n      slotSession?.destroy();\n      await sql`\n        SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) FROM pg_replication_slots\n          WHERE slot_name = ${slotName};\n      `.catch(e => lc.warn?.(`Unable to drop replication slot ${slotName}`, e));\n    }\n    throw await statusPublisher.publishAndThrowError(lc, 'Initializing', e);\n  } finally {\n    statusPublisher.stop();\n    if (sql) {\n      await sql.end();\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport type ShadowSyncOptions = {\n  sampleRate: number;\n  maxRowsPerTable: number;\n  /**\n   * Parent directory for the throwaway SQLite replica. Defaults to the OS\n   * tmpdir. Primarily for tests that need to isolate the scratch directory.\n   */\n  parentDir?: string | undefined;\n};\n\n/**\n * Exercises the initial-sync code path against a sample of rows from every\n * published table, writing into a throwaway SQLite database that is deleted\n * when the run ends. Produces zero upstream mutations: no replication slot,\n * no `addReplica`, no `dropShard`, no status events.\n *\n * Intended to be invoked periodically so that if a customer ever needs a\n * full reset, we have recent confidence that `initialSync` still works.\n * The shard must already be initialized upstream.\n */\nexport async function shadowInitialSync(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  shadow: ShadowSyncOptions,\n  context: ServerContext,\n  syncOptions?: Pick<InitialSyncOptions, 'textCopy'>,\n): Promise<void> {\n  const dir = await mkdtemp(\n    join(shadow.parentDir ?? tmpdir(), 'zero-shadow-sync-'),\n  );\n  const dbPath = join(dir, 'shadow-replica.db');\n  const db = new Database(lc, dbPath);\n  try {\n    await initialSync(\n      lc,\n      shard,\n      db,\n      upstreamURI,\n      {\n        // Shadow sync copies small samples, so one worker is plenty —\n        // no reason to burn additional upstream connections.\n        tableCopyWorkers: 1,\n        textCopy: syncOptions?.textCopy,\n        shadow,\n      },\n      context,\n    );\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      db.close();\n    } catch (e) {\n      lc.warn?.(`Error closing shadow replica db`, e);\n    }\n    await rm(dir, {recursive: true, force: true}).catch(e =>\n      lc.warn?.(`Error cleaning up shadow replica dir ${dir}`, e),\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nasync function checkUpstreamConfig(sql: PostgresDB) {\n  const {walLevel, version} = (\n    await sql<{walLevel: string; version: number}[]>`\n      SELECT current_setting('wal_level') as \"walLevel\", \n             current_setting('server_version_num') as \"version\";\n  `\n  )[0];\n\n  if (walLevel !== 'logical') {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Postgres must be configured with \"wal_level = logical\" (currently: \"${walLevel})`,\n    );\n  }\n  if (version < PG_15) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Must be running Postgres 15 or higher (currently: \"${version}\")`,\n    );\n  }\n  return version;\n}\n\nasync function ensurePublishedTables(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  shard: ShardConfig,\n  installPartialIndexTriggers: boolean,\n  validate = true,\n): Promise<{publications: string[]}> {\n  const {database, host} = sql.options;\n  lc.info?.(`Ensuring upstream PUBLICATION on ${database}@${host}`);\n\n  // Technically, ensureShardSchema() is already called by\n  // initializePostgresChangeSource, so the call here is redundant\n  // but harmless. On the contrary, it makes initial sync more\n  // self-contained (for test setup), and also plays a role in\n  // recovering from corruption (below) after the shard is dropped.\n  await ensureShardSchema(lc, sql, shard, installPartialIndexTriggers);\n  const {publications} = await getInternalShardConfig(sql, shard);\n\n  if (validate) {\n    let valid = false;\n    const nonInternalPublications = publications.filter(\n      p => !p.startsWith('_'),\n    );\n    const exists = await sql`\n      SELECT pubname FROM pg_publication WHERE pubname IN ${sql(publications)}\n      `.values();\n    if (exists.length !== publications.length) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `some configured publications [${publications}] are missing: ` +\n          `[${exists.flat()}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else if (\n      !equals(new Set(shard.publications), new Set(nonInternalPublications))\n    ) {\n      lc.warn?.(\n        `requested publications [${shard.publications}] differ from previous` +\n          `publications [${nonInternalPublications}]. resyncing`,\n      );\n    } else {\n      valid = true;\n    }\n    if (!valid) {\n      await sql.unsafe(dropShard(shard.appID, shard.shardNum));\n      return ensurePublishedTables(\n        lc,\n        sql,\n        shard,\n        installPartialIndexTriggers,\n        false,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n  return {publications};\n}\n\nasync function startTableCopyWorkers(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: PostgresDB,\n  snapshot: string,\n  numWorkers: number,\n  numTables: number,\n): Promise<TransactionPool> {\n  const {init, imported} = importSnapshot(snapshot);\n  const tableCopiers = new TransactionPool(lc, {\n    mode: Mode.READONLY,\n    init,\n    initialWorkers: numWorkers,\n  });\n  tableCopiers.run(db);\n\n  // Wait for all workers to run the importSnapshot() init task before\n  // proceeding (to allow the snapshot to be released).\n  for (let i = 0; i < numWorkers; i++) {\n    await imported.dequeue();\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(`Started ${numWorkers} workers to copy ${numTables} tables`);\n\n  if (parseInt(process.versions.node) < 22) {\n    lc.warn?.(\n      `\\n\\n\\n` +\n        `Older versions of Node have a bug that results in an unresponsive\\n` +\n        `Postgres connection after running certain combinations of COPY commands.\\n` +\n        `If initial sync hangs, run zero-cache with Node v22+. This has the additional\\n` +\n        `benefit of being consistent with the Node version run in the production container image.` +\n        `\\n\\n\\n`,\n    );\n  }\n  return tableCopiers;\n}\n\n/**\n * Shadow-mode alternative to `createReplicationSlot`: opens a dedicated\n * READ ONLY REPEATABLE READ transaction on a normal connection, exports the\n * snapshot and captures the current WAL LSN. Note that the LSN and snapshot\n * are not guaranteed to be consistent but it this is fine for shadow sync\n * where the LSN is not actually relied on for anything.\n */\nasync function acquireExportedSnapshotForShadowSync<T>(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  upstreamURI: string,\n  captureSnapshot: (snapshot: string) => Promise<T>,\n): Promise<{\n  lsn: string;\n  result: T;\n}> {\n  const holder = await connectPgClient(\n    lc,\n    upstreamURI,\n    'shadow-initial-sync-snapshot',\n    {max: 1},\n  );\n  return holder.begin(Mode.READONLY, async tx => {\n    const [{lsn, snapshot}] = await tx<{snapshot: string; lsn: string}[]>`\n        SELECT pg_export_snapshot() AS snapshot,\n               pg_current_wal_lsn()::text AS lsn`;\n    const result = await captureSnapshot(snapshot);\n    return {lsn, result};\n  });\n}\n\nfunction createLiteTables(\n  tx: Database,\n  tables: PublishedTableSpec[],\n  initialVersion: string,\n) {\n  // TODO: Figure out how to reuse the ChangeProcessor here to avoid\n  //       duplicating the ColumnMetadata logic.\n  const columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(tx));\n  for (const t of tables) {\n    tx.exec(createLiteTableStatement(mapPostgresToLite(t, initialVersion)));\n    const tableName = liteTableName(t);\n    for (const [colName, colSpec] of Object.entries(t.columns)) {\n      columnMetadata.insert(tableName, colName, colSpec);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction createLiteIndices(lc: LogContext, tx: Database, indices: IndexSpec[]) {\n  for (const [i, index] of indices.entries()) {\n    const stmt = createLiteIndexStatement(mapPostgresToLiteIndex(index));\n    lc.info?.(`Creating index ${i + 1}/${indices.length}: ${stmt}`);\n    const start = performance.now();\n    tx.exec(stmt);\n    lc.info?.(\n      `Created index ${i + 1}/${indices.length} ` +\n        `(${(performance.now() - start).toFixed(3)} ms): ${stmt}`,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs structural assertions over a just-synced replica and throws if any\n * fail. Only called in shadow mode — a successful return means the replica\n * is schema-complete, row-count consistent, and its column metadata is in\n * sync with its lite schema.\n *\n * Note: this intentionally does NOT verify ZQL-queryability. Tables that\n * `computeZqlSpecs` drops (no PK / no all-NOT-NULL unique index, unsupported\n * column types, etc.) are silently skipped in production too — there's\n * nothing shadow-specific about them, so failing here would diverge from\n * prod over an upstream-schema condition prod accepts.\n *\n * Exported for testing.\n */\nexport function verifyShadowReplica(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  db: Database,\n  published: {tables: PublishedTableSpec[]; indexes: IndexSpec[]},\n  rowsByTable: ReadonlyMap<string, number>,\n): void {\n  const issues: string[] = [];\n  let columnsChecked = 0;\n  let rowsChecked = 0;\n\n  // 1. Schema completeness: every published table exists in the replica\n  //    with at least the expected column set.\n  const liteTables = listTables(db);\n  const liteTableByName = new Map(liteTables.map(t => [t.name, t]));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const lite = liteTableByName.get(name);\n    if (!lite) {\n      issues.push(`missing table in replica: ${name}`);\n      continue;\n    }\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      columnsChecked++;\n      if (!(col in lite.columns)) {\n        issues.push(`column missing in replica table ${name}: ${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  //    Every published index exists in the replica.\n  const liteIndexNames = new Set(listIndexes(db).map(i => i.name));\n  for (const ix of published.indexes) {\n    const mapped = mapPostgresToLiteIndex(ix);\n    if (!liteIndexNames.has(mapped.name)) {\n      issues.push(\n        `missing index in replica: ${mapped.name} on ${mapped.tableName}`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 2. Row counts: SQLite COUNT(*) matches the in-memory copy counter.\n  for (const [table, expected] of rowsByTable) {\n    try {\n      const [row] = db\n        .prepare(`SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM \"${table}\"`)\n        .all<{count: number}>();\n      if (row.count !== expected) {\n        issues.push(\n          `row count mismatch for table ${table}: ` +\n            `copy counter reported ${expected}, replica has ${row.count}`,\n        );\n      } else {\n        rowsChecked += row.count;\n      }\n    } catch (e) {\n      issues.push(`could not count rows in table ${table}: ${String(e)}`);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // 3. Column metadata: every published column has a _zero.column_metadata row.\n  const meta = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(db));\n  for (const pt of published.tables) {\n    const name = liteTableName(pt);\n    const rows = meta.getTable(name);\n    for (const col of Object.keys(pt.columns)) {\n      if (!rows.has(col)) {\n        issues.push(`missing column_metadata row for ${name}.${col}`);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (issues.length) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Shadow replica verification failed (${issues.length} issue(s)):\\n` +\n        issues.map(i => `  - ${i}`).join('\\n'),\n    );\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Shadow replica verification passed: ` +\n      `${published.tables.length} tables, ` +\n      `${published.indexes.length} indexes, ` +\n      `${columnsChecked} columns, ` +\n      `${rowsChecked.toLocaleString()} rows`,\n  );\n}\n\n// Verified empirically that batches of 50 seem to be the sweet spot,\n// similar to the report in https://sqlite.org/forum/forumpost/8878a512d3652655\n//\n// Exported for testing.\nexport const INSERT_BATCH_SIZE = 50;\n\nconst MB = 1024 * 1024;\nconst MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS = 10_000;\nconst BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD = 8 * MB;\n\nexport type DownloadStatements = {\n  select: string;\n  getTotalRows: string;\n  getTotalBytes: string;\n};\n\n/**\n * Produces ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(n)` when `sampleRate` is < 1, else `''`.\n * Row-level Bernoulli sampling is used (rather than SYSTEM) because it\n * produces a more uniform sample and, unlike SYSTEM, still returns rows\n * for small tables at low rates.\n */\nfunction tableSampleClause(sampleRate: number | undefined): string {\n  if (sampleRate === undefined || sampleRate >= 1) {\n    return '';\n  }\n  // Round away float noise (e.g. 0.3 * 100 = 30.000000000000004) while still\n  // preserving sub-integer rates like 0.001 (= 0.1%).\n  const pct = parseFloat((sampleRate * 100).toFixed(6));\n  return /*sql*/ ` TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(${pct})`;\n}\n\nfunction limitClause(maxRowsPerTable: number | undefined): string {\n  return maxRowsPerTable !== undefined\n    ? /*sql*/ ` LIMIT ${maxRowsPerTable}`\n    : '';\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns the SELECT column expressions for binary COPY, casting columns\n * without a known binary decoder to `::text`.\n */\nexport function makeBinarySelectExprs(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n): string[] {\n  return cols.map(col => {\n    const spec = table.columns[col];\n    return hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? id(col) : `${id(col)}::text`;\n  });\n}\n\n/**\n * Orders the downloaded rows, and optionally restricts them to a suffix of\n * that order. Used by resumable backfills; see `backfill-resume.ts`.\n */\nexport type DownloadOrder = {\n  /** The `ORDER BY` expression, e.g. from `orderByRowKey()`. */\n  readonly by: string;\n\n  /**\n   * A boolean SQL expression restricting the download to rows after a mark,\n   * e.g. from `resumeWhere()`. It is ANDed with the publication row filter,\n   * and applies to the row and byte totals as well, so that a resumed run\n   * reports the progress of what remains.\n   */\n  readonly after?: string | undefined;\n};\n\nexport function makeDownloadStatements(\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  cols: string[],\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n  selectExprs?: string[] | undefined,\n  order?: DownloadOrder | undefined,\n): DownloadStatements {\n  const publicationFilter = publicationRowFilter(table);\n  const after = order?.after;\n  const conditions =\n    after === undefined\n      ? publicationFilter\n      : [\n          ...(publicationFilter === null ? [] : [publicationFilter]),\n          after,\n        ].join(' AND ');\n  const where = conditions === null ? '' : /*sql*/ `WHERE ${conditions}`;\n  const sample = tableSampleClause(sampleRate);\n  const limit = limitClause(maxRowsPerTable);\n  const orderBy = order ? /*sql*/ ` ORDER BY ${order.by}` : '';\n  const fromTable = /*sql*/ `FROM ${id(table.schema)}.${id(table.name)}${sample} ${where}`;\n  const select = /*sql*/ `SELECT ${(selectExprs ?? cols.map(id)).join(',')} ${fromTable}${orderBy}${limit}`;\n  if (limit) {\n    // With LIMIT, wrap counts/sums in a subquery so they reflect the\n    // capped rowset rather than the full (sampled) table.\n    const bytesExpr = cols\n      .map(col => `COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0)`)\n      .join(' + ');\n    return {\n      select,\n      getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*)::bigint AS \"totalRows\" FROM (SELECT 1 AS _ ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n      getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT COALESCE(SUM(b), 0)::bigint AS \"totalBytes\" FROM (SELECT (${bytesExpr}) AS b ${fromTable}${limit}) s`,\n    };\n  }\n  const totalBytes = `(${cols.map(col => `SUM(COALESCE(pg_column_size(${id(col)}), 0))`).join(' + ')})`;\n  return {\n    select,\n    getTotalRows: /*sql*/ `SELECT COUNT(*) AS \"totalRows\" ${fromTable}`,\n    getTotalBytes: /*sql*/ `SELECT ${totalBytes} AS \"totalBytes\" ${fromTable}`,\n  };\n}\n\ntype DownloadState = {\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec;\n  status: DownloadStatus;\n};\n\ntype CopyFormat = 'binary' | 'text';\ntype InitialSyncMode = 'initial' | 'shadow';\n\ntype InitialSyncMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n};\n\ntype InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs = {\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  result: 'success' | 'error';\n};\n\ntype CopyResult = {\n  schema: string;\n  table: string;\n  replicaTable: string;\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n  copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n  columnCount: number;\n  rows: number;\n  estimatedRows: number;\n  estimatedBytes: number | undefined;\n  flushMs: number;\n  elapsedMs: number;\n  sourceWaitMs: number;\n  processingMs: number;\n  copyBytes: number;\n};\n\nconst INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S = [\n  1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600, 7200,\n];\nexport const COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;\nconst SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS = 10_000;\n\n// change-streamer imports this module before startOtelAuto() runs, so create\n// instruments lazily to avoid binding them to OTel's no-op meter provider.\nfunction initialSyncRuns() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_runs',\n    'Initial sync runs, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of an initial sync run, labeled by result.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_duration',\n    'Wall-clock duration of the COPY phase for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyOtherDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_copy_other_duration',\n    'Initial sync total duration excluding SQLite flush and index time for a successful run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncFlushDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_flush_duration',\n    'Total SQLite flush time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncIndexDuration() {\n  return initialSyncDurationHistogram(\n    'initial_sync_index_duration',\n    'SQLite index creation time for a successful initial sync run.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRows() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_rows',\n    'Rows copied during successful initial sync runs.',\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter('replication', 'initial_sync_copy_stream', {\n    description:\n      'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during initial sync, including in-progress and failed runs.',\n    unit: 'bytes',\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCompletedCopyStream() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_completed_copy_stream',\n    {\n      description:\n        'PostgreSQL COPY stream bytes processed during successful initial sync runs.',\n      unit: 'bytes',\n    },\n  );\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopyChunks() {\n  return getOrCreateCounter(\n    'replication',\n    'initial_sync_copy_chunks',\n    'PostgreSQL COPY stream chunks processed during initial sync.',\n  );\n}\n\nexport function createCopyMetricBatcher(\n  record: (bytes: number, chunks: number) => void,\n) {\n  let bytes = 0;\n  let chunks = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    if (chunks === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n    record(bytes, chunks);\n    bytes = 0;\n    chunks = 0;\n  }\n\n  return {\n    add(chunkBytes: number) {\n      bytes += chunkBytes;\n      chunks++;\n      if (bytes >= COPY_METRIC_BATCH_BYTES) {\n        flush();\n      }\n    },\n    flush,\n  };\n}\n\nexport function initialSyncCopyMetrics(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  const labels = initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  const copyStreamMetric = initialSyncCopyStream();\n  const copyChunksMetric = initialSyncCopyChunks();\n  return createCopyMetricBatcher((bytes, chunks) => {\n    copyStreamMetric.add(bytes, labels);\n    copyChunksMetric.add(chunks, labels);\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncDurationHistogram(name: string, description: string) {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('replication', name, {\n    description,\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: INITIAL_SYNC_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    sync_mode: attrs.syncMode,\n    copy_format: attrs.copyFormat,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs) {\n  return {\n    ...initialSyncMetricAttrs(attrs),\n    result: attrs.result,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction recordInitialSyncRunMetrics(\n  stats: {\n    durationMs: number;\n    rows?: number | undefined;\n    copyBytes?: number | undefined;\n    copyMs?: number | undefined;\n    copyOtherMs?: number | undefined;\n    flushMs?: number | undefined;\n    indexMs?: number | undefined;\n  },\n  attrs: InitialSyncRunMetricAttrs,\n) {\n  const labels = initialSyncRunMetricAttrs(attrs);\n  initialSyncRuns().add(1, labels);\n  initialSyncDuration().recordMs(stats.durationMs, labels);\n  if (attrs.result === 'success') {\n    if (stats.copyMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyDuration().recordMs(stats.copyMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyOtherMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncCopyOtherDuration().recordMs(stats.copyOtherMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.flushMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncFlushDuration().recordMs(stats.flushMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.indexMs !== undefined) {\n      initialSyncIndexDuration().recordMs(stats.indexMs, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.rows !== undefined && stats.rows > 0) {\n      initialSyncRows().add(stats.rows, labels);\n    }\n    if (stats.copyBytes !== undefined && stats.copyBytes > 0) {\n      initialSyncCompletedCopyStream().add(stats.copyBytes, labels);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction initialSyncCopySummary(\n  results: readonly CopyResult[],\n  copyMs: number,\n) {\n  const totals = results.reduce(\n    (acc, curr) => {\n      acc.rows += curr.rows;\n      acc.flushMs += curr.flushMs;\n      acc.copyBytes += curr.copyBytes;\n      return acc;\n    },\n    {\n      rows: 0,\n      flushMs: 0,\n      copyBytes: 0,\n    },\n  );\n  return {\n    tables: results.length,\n    rows: totals.rows,\n    copyMs,\n    flushMs: totals.flushMs,\n    copyBytes: totals.copyBytes,\n  };\n}\n\nfunction logSlowCopyFlush(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  details: {\n    schema: string;\n    table: string;\n    replicaTable: string;\n    syncMode: InitialSyncMode;\n    copyFormat: CopyFormat;\n    elapsedMs: number;\n    flushedRows: number;\n    flushedBytes: number;\n    rows: number;\n    copyBytes: number;\n  },\n) {\n  if (details.elapsedMs < SLOW_COPY_FLUSH_MS || details.flushedRows === 0) {\n    return;\n  }\n  lc.info?.('initial-sync table copy slow flush', details);\n}\n\n// Exported for testing.\nexport async function getInitialDownloadState(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  sql: PostgresDB,\n  spec: PublishedTableSpec,\n  skipTotals: boolean,\n): Promise<DownloadState> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const table = liteTableName(spec);\n  const columns = Object.keys(spec.columns);\n  if (skipTotals) {\n    // Shadow sync suppresses status events, so the pg_class\n    // estimates would be computed and thrown away.\n    return {\n      spec,\n      status: {table, columns, rows: 0, totalRows: 0, totalBytes: 0},\n    };\n  }\n  // Use pg_class estimates instead of expensive COUNT(*) and\n  // SUM(pg_column_size(...)) full table scans. The exact values are only\n  // used for progress reporting, so estimates are sufficient.\n  const qualifiedName = `${id(spec.schema)}.${id(spec.name)}`;\n  const estimateResult = await sql<\n    {totalRows: number; totalBytes: number}[]\n  >`SELECT GREATEST(reltuples, 0)::float8 AS \"totalRows\",\n         pg_table_size(oid)::float8 AS \"totalBytes\"\n    FROM pg_class\n    WHERE oid = ${qualifiedName}::regclass`;\n\n  const {totalRows, totalBytes} = estimateResult[0] ?? {\n    totalRows: 0,\n    totalBytes: 0,\n  };\n\n  const state: DownloadState = {\n    spec,\n    status: {\n      table,\n      columns,\n      rows: 0,\n      totalRows,\n      totalBytes,\n    },\n  };\n  const elapsed = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(3);\n  lc.info?.(`Computed initial download state for ${table} (${elapsed} ms)`, {\n    state: state.status,\n  });\n  return state;\n}\n\nfunction copy(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  {spec: table, status}: DownloadState,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  textCopy: boolean,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  if (textCopy) {\n    return copyText(\n      lc,\n      table,\n      status,\n      dbClient,\n      from,\n      to,\n      syncMode,\n      sampleRate,\n      maxRowsPerTable,\n    );\n  }\n  return copyBinary(\n    lc,\n    table,\n    status,\n    from,\n    to,\n    syncMode,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n}\n\nasync function copyBinary(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'binary';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n  let processingMs = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  // Build SELECT with ::text casts for columns without a known binary decoder.\n  const select = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n    makeBinarySelectExprs(table, columnNames),\n  ).select;\n\n  const decoders = orderedColumns.map(([, spec]) =>\n    hasBinaryDecoder(spec) ? makeBinaryDecoder(spec) : textCastDecoder,\n  );\n\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  const binaryParser = new BinaryCopyParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting binary copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n\n  const copyStreamStart = performance.now();\n  await pipeline(\n    await from\n      .unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT WITH (FORMAT binary)`)\n      .readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const fieldBuf of binaryParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = fieldBuf === null ? 4 : fieldBuf.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              fieldBuf === null ? null : decoders[col](fieldBuf);\n\n            if (++col === decoders.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const sourceWaitMs = Math.max(\n    0,\n    performance.now() - copyStreamStart - processingMs,\n  );\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    sourceWaitMs,\n    processingMs,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return result;\n}\n\nasync function copyText(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  table: PublishedTableSpec,\n  status: DownloadStatus,\n  dbClient: PostgresDB,\n  from: PostgresTransaction,\n  to: Database,\n  syncMode: InitialSyncMode,\n  sampleRate?: number | undefined,\n  maxRowsPerTable?: number | undefined,\n): Promise<CopyResult> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const copyFormat: CopyFormat = 'text';\n  const copyMetrics = initialSyncCopyMetrics({syncMode, copyFormat});\n  let flushMs = 0;\n  let copyBytes = 0;\n  let processingMs = 0;\n\n  const tableName = liteTableName(table);\n  const orderedColumns = Object.entries(table.columns);\n\n  const columnNames = orderedColumns.map(([c]) => c);\n  const columnSpecs = orderedColumns.map(([_name, spec]) => spec);\n  const insertColumnList = columnNames.map(c => id(c)).join(',');\n\n  const valuesSql =\n    columnNames.length > 0 ? `(${'?,'.repeat(columnNames.length - 1)}?)` : '()';\n  const insertSql = /*sql*/ `\n    INSERT INTO \"${tableName}\" (${insertColumnList}) VALUES ${valuesSql}`;\n  const insertStmt = to.prepare(insertSql);\n  const insertBatchStmt = to.prepare(\n    insertSql + `,${valuesSql}`.repeat(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE - 1),\n  );\n\n  const {select} = makeDownloadStatements(\n    table,\n    columnNames,\n    sampleRate,\n    maxRowsPerTable,\n  );\n  const valuesPerRow = columnSpecs.length;\n  const valuesPerBatch = valuesPerRow * INSERT_BATCH_SIZE;\n\n  const pendingValues: LiteValueType[] = Array.from({\n    length: MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS * valuesPerRow,\n  });\n  let pendingRows = 0;\n  let pendingSize = 0;\n\n  function flush() {\n    const flushStart = performance.now();\n    const flushedRows = pendingRows;\n    const flushedSize = pendingSize;\n\n    let l = 0;\n    for (; pendingRows > INSERT_BATCH_SIZE; pendingRows -= INSERT_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      insertBatchStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerBatch)));\n    }\n    for (; pendingRows > 0; pendingRows--) {\n      insertStmt.run(pendingValues.slice(l, (l += valuesPerRow)));\n    }\n    const flushedValues = flushedRows * valuesPerRow;\n    for (let i = 0; i < flushedValues; i++) {\n      pendingValues[i] = undefined as unknown as LiteValueType;\n    }\n    pendingSize = 0;\n    status.rows += flushedRows;\n\n    const elapsed = performance.now() - flushStart;\n    flushMs += elapsed;\n    lc.debug?.(\n      `flushed ${flushedRows} ${tableName} rows (${flushedSize} bytes) in ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms`,\n    );\n    logSlowCopyFlush(lc, {\n      schema: table.schema,\n      table: table.name,\n      replicaTable: tableName,\n      syncMode,\n      copyFormat,\n      elapsedMs: elapsed,\n      flushedRows,\n      flushedBytes: flushedSize,\n      rows: status.rows,\n      copyBytes,\n    });\n  }\n\n  lc.info?.(`Starting text copy stream of ${tableName}:`, select);\n  const pgParsers = await getTypeParsers(dbClient, {returnJsonAsString: true});\n  const parsers = columnSpecs.map(c => {\n    const pgParse = pgParsers.getTypeParser(c.typeOID);\n    return (val: string) =>\n      liteValue(\n        pgParse(val) as PostgresValueType,\n        c.dataType,\n        JSON_STRINGIFIED,\n      );\n  });\n\n  const tsvParser = new TsvParser();\n  let col = 0;\n\n  const copyStreamStart = performance.now();\n  await pipeline(\n    await from.unsafe(`COPY (${select}) TO STDOUT`).readable(),\n    new Writable({\n      highWaterMark: BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD,\n\n      write(\n        chunk: Buffer,\n        _encoding: string,\n        callback: (error?: Error) => void,\n      ) {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyBytes += chunk.length;\n          copyMetrics.add(chunk.length);\n          for (const text of tsvParser.parse(chunk)) {\n            const fieldSize = text === null ? 4 : text.length;\n            pendingSize += fieldSize;\n            pendingValues[pendingRows * valuesPerRow + col] =\n              text === null ? null : parsers[col](text);\n\n            if (++col === parsers.length) {\n              col = 0;\n              if (\n                ++pendingRows >= MAX_BUFFERED_ROWS - valuesPerRow ||\n                pendingSize >= BUFFERED_SIZE_THRESHOLD\n              ) {\n                flush();\n              }\n            }\n          }\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      final: (callback: (error?: Error) => void) => {\n        const processingStart = performance.now();\n        try {\n          copyMetrics.flush();\n          flush();\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback();\n        } catch (e) {\n          processingMs += performance.now() - processingStart;\n          callback(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n        }\n      },\n\n      destroy(error, callback) {\n        copyMetrics.flush();\n        callback(error);\n      },\n    }),\n  );\n\n  const sourceWaitMs = Math.max(\n    0,\n    performance.now() - copyStreamStart - processingMs,\n  );\n  const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n  const result = {\n    schema: table.schema,\n    table: table.name,\n    replicaTable: tableName,\n    syncMode,\n    copyFormat,\n    columnCount: columnNames.length,\n    rows: status.rows,\n    estimatedRows: status.totalRows,\n    estimatedBytes: status.totalBytes,\n    flushMs,\n    elapsedMs: elapsed,\n    sourceWaitMs,\n    processingMs,\n    copyBytes,\n  } satisfies CopyResult;\n  lc.info?.(\n    `Finished copying ${status.rows} rows into ${tableName} ` +\n      `(flush: ${flushMs.toFixed(3)} ms) (total: ${elapsed.toFixed(3)} ms) `,\n    result,\n  );\n  return 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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import type { LogContext } from '@rocicorp/logger';
+import type { PostgresDB } from '../../../types/pg.ts';
+import type { ShardID } from '../../../types/shards.ts';
+type Options = {
+    inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs?: number | undefined;
+    pollIntervalMs?: number | undefined;
+};
+export declare class ReplicationSlotCleanupMonitor {
+    #private;
+    constructor(lc: LogContext, shard: ShardID, upstream: PostgresDB, upstreamPgServerVersionNum: number, currentSlot: string, { inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs, pollIntervalMs }?: Options);
+    start(): void;
+    stop(): void;
+    getSlotsToCleanup(now: Date): Promise<string[]>;
+}
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.d.ts.map

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAC,UAAU,EAAC,MAAM,kBAAkB,CAAC;AAEjD,OAAO,KAAK,EAAC,UAAU,EAAC,MAAM,sBAAsB,CAAC;AACrD,OAAO,KAAK,EAAC,OAAO,EAAC,MAAM,0BAA0B,CAAC;AAItD,KAAK,OAAO,GAAG;IACb,4BAA4B,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,SAAS,CAAC;IAClD,cAAc,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,SAAS,CAAC;CACrC,CAAC;AAKF,qBAAa,6BAA6B;;IAkCxC,YACE,EAAE,EAAE,UAAU,EACd,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EACd,QAAQ,EAAE,UAAU,EACpB,0BAA0B,EAAE,MAAM,EAClC,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,EACnB,EAAC,4BAA4B,EAAE,cAAc,EAAC,GAAE,OAAY,EAW7D;IAED,KAAK,SAYJ;IAED,IAAI,SAIH;IAiBK,iBAAiB,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,GAAG,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,CAqEpD;CACF"}

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.js

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import { replicationSlotPrefix } from "./schema/shard.js";
+import "../../../types/pg-versions.js";
+import { dropInactiveSlotsAndReplicas } from "./replication-slots.js";
+//#region ../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.ts
+var DEFAULT_INACTIVE_SLOT_CLEANUP_TIMEOUT_MS = 300 * 1e3;
+var DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 60 * 1e3;
+var ReplicationSlotCleanupMonitor = class {
+	#lc;
+	/** The shard constrains which slots are monitored (e.g. zero_0_*). */
+	#shard;
+	#upstream;
+	/**
+	* This slot that this task is using. Cleanup of slots is predicated on
+	* this slot remaining active, in order to guarantee at least one healthy
+	* slot in the shard.
+	*/
+	#currentSlot;
+	/**
+	* How long a slot is inactive (while the currentSlot is active) before it
+	* is eligible to be cleaned up. Because new slots are immediately connected
+	* to, even while an initial-sync or replica-restore is in progress, slots
+	* should only be inactive if no server is using it, or if a server was
+	* disconnected (e.g. a pg restart) and is in the process of reconnecting
+	* to it (see `keepSlotActiveUntilTakenOver`).
+	*
+	* As such, this timeout should be long enough to account for a server
+	* reconnecting to upstream. Note again that the cleanup monitor only runs
+	* while at least one replication slot is active, guaranteeing that upstream
+	* replication is working.
+	*/
+	#inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs;
+	#pollIntervalMs;
+	/** Manually tracked inactive times for PG < 17. null for PG 17+ */
+	#firstInactiveTimes;
+	#pollTimer;
+	constructor(lc, shard, upstream, upstreamPgServerVersionNum, currentSlot, { inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs, pollIntervalMs } = {}) {
+		this.#lc = lc.withContext("component", "replication-slot-cleanup-monitor");
+		this.#shard = shard;
+		this.#upstream = upstream;
+		this.#currentSlot = currentSlot;
+		this.#inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs = inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_INACTIVE_SLOT_CLEANUP_TIMEOUT_MS;
+		this.#pollIntervalMs = pollIntervalMs ?? DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS;
+		this.#firstInactiveTimes = upstreamPgServerVersionNum >= 17e4 ? null : /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+	}
+	start() {
+		if (this.#pollTimer) {
+			this.#lc.warn?.(`monitor already started`);
+			return;
+		}
+		this.#pollTimer = setInterval(() => this.#poll(/* @__PURE__ */ new Date()).catch((e) => this.#lc.warn?.(`error checking replication slots`, e)), this.#pollIntervalMs);
+	}
+	stop() {
+		clearInterval(this.#pollTimer);
+		this.#pollTimer = void 0;
+		this.#firstInactiveTimes?.clear();
+	}
+	async #poll(now) {
+		if (!this.#pollTimer) return;
+		const slots = await this.getSlotsToCleanup(now);
+		if (slots.length) await dropInactiveSlotsAndReplicas(this.#lc, this.#upstream, this.#shard, slots);
+	}
+	async getSlotsToCleanup(now) {
+		const slotPoolPrefix = replicationSlotPrefix(this.#shard);
+		const slotsToCleanUp = [];
+		const trackedInactiveTimes = this.#firstInactiveTimes;
+		if (trackedInactiveTimes) {
+			const shardSlots = await this.#upstream`
+        SELECT slot_name AS slot, active FROM pg_replication_slots
+          WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotPoolPrefix + "%"};
+      `;
+			for (const { slot, active } of shardSlots) {
+				if (slot === this.#currentSlot && !active) {
+					this.#lc.warn?.(`current slot ${this.#currentSlot} is not active. disabling cleanup.`);
+					this.stop();
+					return [];
+				}
+				if (active) trackedInactiveTimes.delete(slot);
+				else {
+					const inactiveSince = trackedInactiveTimes.get(slot);
+					if (!inactiveSince) trackedInactiveTimes.set(slot, now);
+					else if (now.getTime() - inactiveSince.getTime() >= this.#inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs) {
+						this.#lc.info?.(`slot ${slot} has been inactive since ${inactiveSince.toISOString()} and is eligible for cleanup`);
+						slotsToCleanUp.push(slot);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			const expiration = now.getTime() - this.#inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs;
+			const inactiveSlots = await this.#upstream`
+        SELECT slot_name AS slot, inactive_since AS "inactiveSince" FROM pg_replication_slots
+          WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotPoolPrefix + "%"}
+            AND active = false
+            AND inactive_since IS NOT NULL;
+      `;
+			for (const { slot, inactiveSince } of inactiveSlots) {
+				if (slot === this.#currentSlot) {
+					this.#lc.warn?.(`current slot ${this.#currentSlot} is not active. disabling cleanup.`);
+					this.stop();
+					return [];
+				}
+				if (inactiveSince <= expiration) {
+					this.#lc.info?.(`slot ${slot} has been inactive since ${new Date(inactiveSince).toISOString()} and is eligible for cleanup`);
+					slotsToCleanUp.push(slot);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return slotsToCleanUp;
+	}
+};
+//#endregion
+export { ReplicationSlotCleanupMonitor };
+
+//# sourceMappingURL=replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.js.map

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.js","names":["#lc","#shard","#upstream","#currentSlot","#inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs","#pollIntervalMs","#firstInactiveTimes","#pollTimer","#poll"],"sources":["../../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slot-cleanup-monitor.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {PG_17} from '../../../types/pg-versions.ts';\nimport type {PostgresDB} from '../../../types/pg.ts';\nimport type {ShardID} from '../../../types/shards.ts';\nimport {dropInactiveSlotsAndReplicas} from './replication-slots.ts';\nimport {replicationSlotPrefix} from './schema/shard.ts';\n\ntype Options = {\n  inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs?: number | undefined;\n  pollIntervalMs?: number | undefined;\n};\n\nconst DEFAULT_INACTIVE_SLOT_CLEANUP_TIMEOUT_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000;\nconst DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 60 * 1000;\n\nexport class ReplicationSlotCleanupMonitor {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n\n  /** The shard constrains which slots are monitored (e.g. zero_0_*). */\n  readonly #shard: ShardID;\n  readonly #upstream: PostgresDB;\n  /**\n   * This slot that this task is using. Cleanup of slots is predicated on\n   * this slot remaining active, in order to guarantee at least one healthy\n   * slot in the shard.\n   */\n  readonly #currentSlot: string;\n\n  /**\n   * How long a slot is inactive (while the currentSlot is active) before it\n   * is eligible to be cleaned up. Because new slots are immediately connected\n   * to, even while an initial-sync or replica-restore is in progress, slots\n   * should only be inactive if no server is using it, or if a server was\n   * disconnected (e.g. a pg restart) and is in the process of reconnecting\n   * to it (see `keepSlotActiveUntilTakenOver`).\n   *\n   * As such, this timeout should be long enough to account for a server\n   * reconnecting to upstream. Note again that the cleanup monitor only runs\n   * while at least one replication slot is active, guaranteeing that upstream\n   * replication is working.\n   */\n  readonly #inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs: number;\n  readonly #pollIntervalMs: number;\n\n  /** Manually tracked inactive times for PG < 17. null for PG 17+ */\n  readonly #firstInactiveTimes: Map<string, Date> | null;\n\n  #pollTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    shard: ShardID,\n    upstream: PostgresDB,\n    upstreamPgServerVersionNum: number,\n    currentSlot: string,\n    {inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs, pollIntervalMs}: Options = {},\n  ) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', 'replication-slot-cleanup-monitor');\n    this.#shard = shard;\n    this.#upstream = upstream;\n    this.#currentSlot = currentSlot;\n    this.#inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs =\n      inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_INACTIVE_SLOT_CLEANUP_TIMEOUT_MS;\n    this.#pollIntervalMs = pollIntervalMs ?? DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS;\n    this.#firstInactiveTimes =\n      upstreamPgServerVersionNum >= PG_17 ? null : new Map();\n  }\n\n  start() {\n    if (this.#pollTimer) {\n      this.#lc.warn?.(`monitor already started`);\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#pollTimer = setInterval(\n      () =>\n        this.#poll(new Date()).catch(e =>\n          this.#lc.warn?.(`error checking replication slots`, e),\n        ),\n      this.#pollIntervalMs,\n    );\n  }\n\n  stop() {\n    clearInterval(this.#pollTimer);\n    this.#pollTimer = undefined;\n    this.#firstInactiveTimes?.clear();\n  }\n\n  async #poll(now: Date) {\n    if (!this.#pollTimer) {\n      return; // concurrently stopped\n    }\n    const slots = await this.getSlotsToCleanup(now);\n    if (slots.length) {\n      await dropInactiveSlotsAndReplicas(\n        this.#lc,\n        this.#upstream,\n        this.#shard,\n        slots,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  async getSlotsToCleanup(now: Date): Promise<string[]> {\n    const slotPoolPrefix = replicationSlotPrefix(this.#shard);\n\n    const slotsToCleanUp: string[] = [];\n    const trackedInactiveTimes = this.#firstInactiveTimes;\n\n    if (trackedInactiveTimes) {\n      // For PG <17, each poll tracks and updates earliest time the slot was\n      // observed to be inactive.\n      const shardSlots = await this.#upstream<{slot: string; active: boolean}[]>\n      /*sql*/ `\n        SELECT slot_name AS slot, active FROM pg_replication_slots\n          WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotPoolPrefix + '%'};\n      `;\n      for (const {slot, active} of shardSlots) {\n        if (slot === this.#currentSlot && !active) {\n          this.#lc.warn?.(\n            `current slot ${this.#currentSlot} is not active. disabling cleanup.`,\n          );\n          this.stop();\n          return [];\n        }\n        if (active) {\n          trackedInactiveTimes.delete(slot);\n        } else {\n          const inactiveSince = trackedInactiveTimes.get(slot);\n          if (!inactiveSince) {\n            trackedInactiveTimes.set(slot, now);\n          } else if (\n            now.getTime() - inactiveSince.getTime() >=\n            this.#inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs\n          ) {\n            this.#lc.info?.(\n              `slot ${slot} has been inactive since ${inactiveSince.toISOString()} and is eligible for cleanup`,\n            );\n            slotsToCleanUp.push(slot);\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    } else {\n      // PG 17+ is simpler as inactivity time is tracked in the table.\n      const expiration = now.getTime() - this.#inactiveSlotCleanupTimeoutMs;\n      const inactiveSlots = await this.#upstream<\n        {slot: string; inactiveSince: number}[]\n      > /*sql*/ `\n        SELECT slot_name AS slot, inactive_since AS \"inactiveSince\" FROM pg_replication_slots\n          WHERE slot_name LIKE ${slotPoolPrefix + '%'}\n            AND active = false\n            AND inactive_since IS NOT NULL;\n      `;\n      for (const {slot, inactiveSince} of inactiveSlots) {\n        if (slot === this.#currentSlot) {\n          this.#lc.warn?.(\n            `current slot ${this.#currentSlot} is not active. disabling cleanup.`,\n          );\n          this.stop();\n          return [];\n        }\n        // The slot has been inactive since at or before the expiration cutoff\n        // (now - timeout), i.e. inactive for at least the timeout duration.\n        if (inactiveSince <= expiration) {\n          this.#lc.info?.(\n            `slot ${slot} has been inactive since ${new Date(inactiveSince).toISOString()} and is eligible for cleanup`,\n          );\n          slotsToCleanUp.push(slot);\n        }\n      }\n    }\n    return slotsToCleanUp;\n  }\n}\n"],"mappings":";;;;AAYA,IAAM,2CAA2C,MAAS;AAC1D,IAAM,2BAA2B,KAAK;AAEtC,IAAa,gCAAb,MAA2C;CACzC;;CAGA;CACA;;;;;;CAMA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;CAeA;CACA;;CAGA;CAEA;CAEA,YACE,IACA,OACA,UACA,4BACA,aACA,EAAC,8BAA8B,mBAA2B,CAAC,GAC3D;EACA,KAAKA,MAAM,GAAG,YAAY,aAAa,kCAAkC;EACzE,KAAKC,SAAS;EACd,KAAKC,YAAY;EACjB,KAAKC,eAAe;EACpB,KAAKC,gCACH,gCAAgC;EAClC,KAAKC,kBAAkB,kBAAkB;EACzC,KAAKC,sBACH,8BAAA,OAAsC,uBAAO,IAAI,IAAI;CACzD;CAEA,QAAQ;EACN,IAAI,KAAKC,YAAY;GACnB,KAAKP,IAAI,OAAO,yBAAyB;GACzC;EACF;EACA,KAAKO,aAAa,kBAEd,KAAKC,sBAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,OAAM,MAC3B,KAAKR,IAAI,OAAO,oCAAoC,CAAC,CACvD,GACF,KAAKK,eACP;CACF;CAEA,OAAO;EACL,cAAc,KAAKE,UAAU;EAC7B,KAAKA,aAAa,KAAA;EAClB,KAAKD,qBAAqB,MAAM;CAClC;CAEA,MAAME,MAAM,KAAW;EACrB,IAAI,CAAC,KAAKD,YACR;EAEF,MAAM,QAAQ,MAAM,KAAK,kBAAkB,GAAG;EAC9C,IAAI,MAAM,QACR,MAAM,6BACJ,KAAKP,KACL,KAAKE,WACL,KAAKD,QACL,KACF;CAEJ;CAEA,MAAM,kBAAkB,KAA8B;EACpD,MAAM,iBAAiB,sBAAsB,KAAKA,MAAM;EAExD,MAAM,iBAA2B,CAAC;EAClC,MAAM,uBAAuB,KAAKK;EAElC,IAAI,sBAAsB;GAGxB,MAAM,aAAa,MAAM,KAAKJ,SACtB;;iCAEmB,iBAAiB,IAAI;;GAEhD,KAAK,MAAM,EAAC,MAAM,YAAW,YAAY;IACvC,IAAI,SAAS,KAAKC,gBAAgB,CAAC,QAAQ;KACzC,KAAKH,IAAI,OACP,gBAAgB,KAAKG,aAAa,mCACpC;KACA,KAAK,KAAK;KACV,OAAO,CAAC;IACV;IACA,IAAI,QACF,qBAAqB,OAAO,IAAI;SAC3B;KACL,MAAM,gBAAgB,qBAAqB,IAAI,IAAI;KACnD,IAAI,CAAC,eACH,qBAAqB,IAAI,MAAM,GAAG;UAC7B,IACL,IAAI,QAAQ,IAAI,cAAc,QAAQ,KACtC,KAAKC,+BACL;MACA,KAAKJ,IAAI,OACP,QAAQ,KAAK,2BAA2B,cAAc,YAAY,EAAE,6BACtE;MACA,eAAe,KAAK,IAAI;KAC1B;IACF;GACF;EACF,OAAO;GAEL,MAAM,aAAa,IAAI,QAAQ,IAAI,KAAKI;GACxC,MAAM,gBAAgB,MAAM,KAAKF,SAEvB;;iCAEiB,iBAAiB,IAAI;;;;GAIhD,KAAK,MAAM,EAAC,MAAM,mBAAkB,eAAe;IACjD,IAAI,SAAS,KAAKC,cAAc;KAC9B,KAAKH,IAAI,OACP,gBAAgB,KAAKG,aAAa,mCACpC;KACA,KAAK,KAAK;KACV,OAAO,CAAC;IACV;IAGA,IAAI,iBAAiB,YAAY;KAC/B,KAAKH,IAAI,OACP,QAAQ,KAAK,2BAA2B,IAAI,KAAK,aAAa,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,6BAChF;KACA,eAAe,KAAK,IAAI;IAC1B;GACF;EACF;EACA,OAAO;CACT;AACF"}

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.d.ts

@@ -63,20 +63,6 @@ export declare function createReplicationSlot(lc: LogContext, session: postgres.
  * in unit tests).
  */
 export declare function createReplicaAndSlot<T>(lc: LogContext, sql: PostgresDB, sessionName: string, shard: ShardID, replicaID: string, failover: boolean, backupOptions: BackupOptions, captureSnapshot: (snapshot: string) => Promise<T>): Promise<ReplicationSlotResult<T>>;
-/**
- * Deletes "old" replicas (i.e. those with a lower rank than the current)
- * and attempts to drop replication slots that are not associated with any
- * replica.
- *
- * If a slot could not be dropped because there is still an active subscriber,
- * it will be reflected in the `draining` count that is returned. When there
- * are draining slots, the method should be retried until all orphaned slots
- * have been dropped.
- */
-export declare function dropOldReplicasAndSlots(lc: LogContext, sql: PostgresDB, shard: ShardID, beforeRank: bigint): Promise<{
-    dropped: number;
-    active: number;
-    draining: number;
-}>;
+export declare function dropInactiveSlotsAndReplicas(lc: LogContext, sql: PostgresDB, shard: ShardID, slots: string[]): Promise<void>;
 export declare function slotPoolSuffix(n: number): string;
 //# sourceMappingURL=replication-slots.d.ts.map

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-source/pg/replication-slots.js

@@ -120,27 +120,24 @@ async function createReplicaAndSlot(lc, sql, sessionName, shard, replicaID, fail
 		}
 	}
 }
-/**
-* Deletes "old" replicas (i.e. those with a lower rank than the current)
-* and attempts to drop replication slots that are not associated with any
-* replica.
-*
-* If a slot could not be dropped because there is still an active subscriber,
-* it will be reflected in the `draining` count that is returned. When there
-* are draining slots, the method should be retried until all orphaned slots
-* have been dropped.
-*/
-async function dropOldReplicasAndSlots(lc, sql, shard, beforeRank) {
+function dropInactiveSlotsAndReplicas(lc, sql, shard, slots) {
+	const lockName = replicationSlotManagementLock(shard);
 	const replicasTable = `${upstreamSchema(shard)}.replicas`;
-	const oldReplicas = await sql`
-    SELECT id, rank::float8, slot, version, "initialSyncContext", "subscriberContext"
-     FROM ${sql(replicasTable)} WHERE rank < ${beforeRank};
-  `;
-	if (oldReplicas.length) {
-		lc.info?.(`Deleting ${oldReplicas.length} old replica(s)`, { oldReplicas });
-		await sql`DELETE FROM ${sql(replicasTable)} WHERE rank < ${beforeRank}`;
-	}
-	return dropUnclaimedSlots(lc, sql, shard);
+	return runTx(sql, async (tx) => {
+		await tx`SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(${lockName}))`;
+		const dropped = await tx`
+      SELECT slot_name as slot, replica.id as "replicaID", pg_drop_replication_slot(slot_name) 
+        FROM pg_replication_slots
+        LEFT JOIN ${tx(replicasTable)} replica on slot_name = slot
+        WHERE slot_name IN ${tx(slots)} AND NOT active;
+    `;
+		if (dropped.length) lc.info?.(`dropped ${dropped.length} inactive replication slot(s)`, { dropped });
+		const replicas = dropped.map(({ replicaID }) => replicaID).filter((id) => id !== null);
+		if (replicas.length) {
+			await tx`DELETE FROM ${tx(replicasTable)} WHERE id IN ${tx(replicas)}`;
+			lc.info?.(`deleted ${replicas.length} old replica(s)`, { replicas });
+		}
+	});
 }
 function dropUnclaimedSlots(lc, sql, shard) {
 	const lockName = replicationSlotManagementLock(shard);
@@ -190,6 +187,6 @@ function replicationSlotManagementLock(shard) {
 	return `replication-slot-management:${shard.appID}_${shard.shardNum}`;
 }
 //#endregion
-export { createReplicaAndSlot, createReplicationSlot, dropOldReplicasAndSlots };
+export { createReplicaAndSlot, createReplicationSlot, dropInactiveSlotsAndReplicas };
 
 //# sourceMappingURL=replication-slots.js.map