@rocicorp/zero 1.11.0-canary.3 → 1.11.0-canary.30

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/life-cycle.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"life-cycle.js","names":["#lc","#userFacing","#all","#exitImpl","#start","#ready","#startDrain","#kill","#exit","#drainStart","#runningState","#onExit","#initializing","#nextID","#stopInterval","#lastHeartbeat","#checkIntervalTimer","#checkStopInterval","#checkImmediateTimer"],"sources":["../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/life-cycle.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type {IncomingHttpHeaders} from 'node:http';\nimport {pid} from 'node:process';\nimport type {EventEmitter} from 'stream';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport {logLastChanceSQLiteCorruptionDiagnostics} from '../db/sqlite-corruption.ts';\nimport {\n  getOrCreateHistogram,\n  LONG_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n} from '../observability/metrics.ts';\nimport {ConfigurationError} from '../types/configuration-error.ts';\nimport {\n  singleProcessMode,\n  type Subprocess,\n  type Worker,\n} from '../types/processes.ts';\nimport {RunningState} from './running-state.ts';\nimport type {SingletonService} from './service.ts';\n\n/**\n * * `user-facing` workers serve external requests and are the first to\n *   receive a `SIGTERM` or `SIGINT` signal for graceful shutdown.\n *\n * * `supporting` workers support `user-facing` workers and are sent\n *   the `SIGTERM` signal only after all `user-facing` workers have\n *   exited.\n *\n * For other kill signals, such as `SIGQUIT` and `SIGABRT`, all workers\n * are stopped without draining. `SIGQUIT` is used to represent an\n * intentional shutdown (for which draining is not beneficial), whereas\n * `SIGABRT` is used for unexpected process exits.\n */\nexport type WorkerType = 'user-facing' | 'supporting';\n\nexport const GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN = ['SIGTERM', 'SIGINT'] as const;\nexport const FORCEFUL_SHUTDOWN = ['SIGQUIT', 'SIGABRT'] as const;\n\ntype GracefulShutdownSignal = (typeof GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN)[number];\n\nfunction workerStartupMetricName(name: string) {\n  if (name === 'zero-cache') {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('change-streamer')) {\n    return 'change_streamer';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('replicator')) {\n    if (name.includes('(backup)')) {\n      return 'backup_replicator';\n    }\n    if (name.includes('(serving-copy)')) {\n      return 'serving_copy_replicator';\n    }\n    if (name.includes('(serving)')) {\n      return 'serving_replicator';\n    }\n    return 'other';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('syncer')) {\n    return 'syncer';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('reaper')) {\n    return 'reaper';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('shadow-syncer')) {\n    return 'shadow_syncer';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('mutator')) {\n    return 'mutator';\n  }\n  return 'other';\n}\n\nfunction startupDuration() {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('server', 'startup_duration', {\n    description: 'Duration from starting zero-cache to its ready signal.',\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: LONG_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\nexport function recordStartupDurationMs(durationMs: number) {\n  startupDuration().recordMs(durationMs, {component: 'dispatcher'});\n}\n\nfunction workerStartupDuration() {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('server', 'worker_startup_duration', {\n    description: 'Duration from starting a worker to its ready signal.',\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: LONG_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\n// An internal error code used to indicate that a message has already been\n// logged at level ERRROR. When a process exits with this error code, the\n// parent process logs the exit at level WARN instead of ERROR.\nexport const UNHANDLED_EXCEPTION_ERROR_CODE = 13;\n\n// An internal error code used to indicate that the server should exit\n// without draining (e.g. due to a supporting worker get a signal to shut\n// down), but the exit is otherwise intentional.\nexport const INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE = 14;\n\n/**\n * Handles readiness, termination signals, and coordination of graceful\n * shutdown.\n */\nexport class ProcessManager {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #userFacing = new Set<Subprocess>();\n  readonly #all = new Set<Subprocess>();\n  readonly #exitImpl: (code: number) => never;\n  readonly #start = Date.now();\n  readonly #ready: Promise<void>[] = [];\n\n  #runningState = new RunningState('process-manager');\n  #drainStart = 0;\n\n  constructor(lc: LogContext, proc: EventEmitter) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', 'process-manager');\n\n    // Propagate `SIGTERM` and `SIGINT` to all user-facing workers,\n    // initiating a graceful shutdown. The parent process will\n    // exit once all user-facing workers have exited ...\n    for (const signal of GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN) {\n      proc.on(signal, () => this.#startDrain(signal));\n    }\n\n    // ... which will result in sending `SIGTERM` to the remaining workers.\n    proc.on('exit', code =>\n      this.#kill(\n        this.#all,\n        code === 0\n          ? 'SIGTERM' // graceful, drained shutdown\n          : code === INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE\n            ? 'SIGQUIT' // intentional abort without drain\n            : 'SIGABRT', // unintentional shutdown, alertable error\n      ),\n    );\n\n    // For other (catchable) kill signals, exit with a non-zero error code\n    // to send a `SIGQUIT` (intentional shutdown) or `SIGABRT` (unexpected\n    // shutdown) to all workers. For these signals, workers are stopped\n    // immediately without draining, since there is no merit to slowly draining\n    // when supporting workers have stopped.\n    //\n    // The logic for handling these signals is in `runUntilKilled()`.\n    for (const signal of FORCEFUL_SHUTDOWN) {\n      proc.on(signal, () =>\n        this.#exit(signal === 'SIGQUIT' ? INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE : -1),\n      );\n    }\n\n    this.#exitImpl = (code: number) => {\n      if (singleProcessMode()) {\n        return proc.emit('exit', code) as never; // For unit / integration tests.\n      }\n      process.exit(code);\n    };\n  }\n\n  async shutdown() {\n    if (this.#drainStart === 0) {\n      this.#startDrain(GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN[0]);\n    }\n    await this.#runningState.stopped();\n  }\n\n  #exit(code: number) {\n    this.#lc.info?.('exiting with code', code);\n    this.#runningState.stop(this.#lc);\n    void this.#lc.flush().finally(() => this.#exitImpl(code));\n  }\n\n  #startDrain(signal: GracefulShutdownSignal) {\n    if (this.#all.size === 0) {\n      // Shutdown if a signal is received before any subprocesses are added.\n      this.#lc.info?.(`exiting on ${signal}`);\n      this.#exit(0);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(`initiating drain (${signal})`);\n    this.#drainStart = Date.now();\n    if (this.#userFacing.size) {\n      this.#kill(this.#userFacing, signal);\n    } else {\n      this.#kill(this.#all, signal);\n    }\n  }\n\n  addSubprocess(proc: Subprocess, type: WorkerType, name: string) {\n    if (type === 'user-facing') {\n      this.#userFacing.add(proc);\n    }\n    this.#all.add(proc);\n\n    let isOpen = true;\n    proc.on('close', (code, signal) => {\n      isOpen = false;\n      this.#onExit(code, signal, null, type, name, proc);\n    });\n\n    // As per https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html#event-error\n    // 'error' events can happen when sending a message to a child process\n    // fails. This is not really an error when the server is shutting down,\n    // so log any post-close errors at 'warn'.\n    proc.on('error', err =>\n      this.#lc[!isOpen || this.#drainStart > 0 ? 'warn' : 'error']?.(\n        `error from ${name} ${proc.pid}`,\n        err,\n      ),\n    );\n  }\n\n  readonly #initializing = new Map<number, string>();\n  #nextID = 0;\n\n  addWorker(worker: Worker, type: WorkerType, name: string): Worker {\n    this.addSubprocess(worker, type, name);\n\n    const start = performance.now();\n    const id = ++this.#nextID;\n    this.#initializing.set(id, name);\n    const {promise, resolve} = resolver();\n    this.#ready.push(promise);\n\n    worker.onceMessageType('ready', () => {\n      const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n      const workerMetricName = workerStartupMetricName(name);\n      if (workerMetricName) {\n        workerStartupDuration().recordMs(elapsed, {\n          worker: workerMetricName,\n          type,\n        });\n      }\n      this.#lc.debug?.(`${name} ready (${Date.now() - this.#start} ms)`);\n      this.#initializing.delete(id);\n      resolve();\n    });\n\n    return worker;\n  }\n\n  initializing(): string[] {\n    return [...this.#initializing.values()];\n  }\n\n  async allWorkersReady() {\n    await Promise.all(this.#ready);\n  }\n\n  logErrorAndExit(err: unknown, name: string) {\n    // only accessible by the main (i.e. user-facing) process.\n    this.#onExit(-1, null, err, 'user-facing', name, undefined);\n  }\n\n  #onExit(\n    code: number,\n    sig: NodeJS.Signals | null,\n    err: unknown,\n    type: WorkerType,\n    name: string,\n    worker: Subprocess | undefined,\n  ) {\n    // Remove the worker from maps to avoid attempting to send more signals to it.\n    if (worker) {\n      this.#userFacing.delete(worker);\n      this.#all.delete(worker);\n    }\n\n    const pid = worker?.pid ?? process.pid;\n\n    if (type === 'supporting') {\n      // Supporting workers like the replication-manager shut down without a\n      // drain signal when receiving protocol-specific instructions (like auto\n      // reset). In this case, a special error code is used to signal that the\n      // server should be shut down without draining, but it is otherwise not\n      // considered an unexpected/alertable error.\n      if (code === 0 && (this.#drainStart === 0 || this.#userFacing.size > 0)) {\n        code = INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE;\n      }\n      const log =\n        code === 0 || code === INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE\n          ? 'info'\n          : 'warn';\n      this.#lc[log]?.(`${name} (${pid}) exited with code (${code})`, err ?? '');\n      return this.#exit(code);\n    }\n\n    const log =\n      code === 0 || code === INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE\n        ? 'info'\n        : this.#drainStart > 0 || code === UNHANDLED_EXCEPTION_ERROR_CODE\n          ? 'warn'\n          : 'error';\n    this.#lc[log]?.(\n      sig\n        ? `${name} (${pid}) killed with (${sig})`\n        : `${name} (${pid}) exited with code (${code})`,\n      err ?? '',\n    );\n\n    // user-facing workers exited or finished draining.\n    if (this.#userFacing.size === 0) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(\n        this.#drainStart\n          ? `all user-facing workers drained (${\n              Date.now() - this.#drainStart\n            } ms)`\n          : `all user-facing workers exited`,\n      );\n      return this.#exit(this.#drainStart ? 0 : code || -1);\n    }\n\n    if (this.#drainStart === 0) {\n      // If a user-facing worker exits without receiving a drain signal,\n      // shutdown the server.\n      return this.#exit(code || -1);\n    }\n\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  #kill(workers: Iterable<Subprocess>, signal: NodeJS.Signals) {\n    for (const worker of workers) {\n      try {\n        worker.kill(signal);\n      } catch (e) {\n        this.#lc.error?.(e);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs the specified services, stopping them on `SIGTERM` or `SIGINT` with\n * an optional {@link SingletonService.drain drain()}, or stopping them\n * without draining for `SIGQUIT`.\n *\n * @returns a Promise that resolves/rejects when any of the services stops/throws.\n */\n\nexport async function runUntilKilled(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  parent: EventEmitter,\n  ...services: SingletonService[]\n): Promise<void> {\n  if (services.length === 0) {\n    return;\n  }\n  for (const signal of [...GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN, ...FORCEFUL_SHUTDOWN]) {\n    parent.once(signal, () => {\n      const GRACEFUL_SIGNALS = GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN as readonly NodeJS.Signals[];\n\n      services.forEach(async svc => {\n        if (GRACEFUL_SIGNALS.includes(signal) && svc.drain) {\n          lc.info?.(`draining ${svc.constructor.name} ${svc.id} (${signal})`);\n          await svc.drain();\n        }\n        lc.info?.(`stopping ${svc.constructor.name} ${svc.id} (${signal})`);\n        await svc.stop();\n      });\n    });\n  }\n\n  try {\n    // Run all services and resolve when any of them stops.\n    const svc = await Promise.race(\n      services.map(svc => svc.run().then(() => svc)),\n    );\n    lc.info?.(`${svc.constructor.name} (${svc.id}) stopped`);\n  } catch (e) {\n    lc.error?.(`exiting on error`, e);\n    throw e;\n  }\n}\n\nexport async function exitAfter(\n  logContext: LogContext | (() => LogContext),\n  run: () => Promise<void>,\n) {\n  const getLogContext =\n    typeof logContext === 'function' ? logContext : () => logContext;\n  try {\n    await run();\n    const lc = getLogContext();\n    lc.info?.(`pid ${pid} exiting normally`);\n    process.exit(0);\n  } catch (e) {\n    const lc = getLogContext();\n    if (e instanceof ConfigurationError) {\n      lc.error?.(`exiting with configuration error: ${String(e)}`, e);\n      process.exit(0);\n    }\n    lc.error?.(`exiting with error: ${String(e)}`, e);\n    try {\n      logLastChanceSQLiteCorruptionDiagnostics(lc, e);\n    } catch (diagnosticError) {\n      lc.error?.('SQLite corruption last-chance diagnostic failed', {\n        error: diagnosticError,\n      });\n    }\n    try {\n      await lc.flush();\n    } finally {\n      process.exit(-1);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * The HeartbeatMonitor monitors the cadence heartbeats (e.g. \"/keepalive\"\n * health checks made to HttpServices) that signal that the server\n * should continue processing requests. When a configurable `stopInterval`\n * elapses without receiving these heartbeats, the monitor initiates a\n * graceful shutdown of the server. This works with common load balancing\n * frameworks such as AWS Elastic Load Balancing.\n *\n * The HeartbeatMonitor is **opt-in** in that it only kicks in after it\n * starts receiving keepalives.\n */\nexport class HeartbeatMonitor {\n  readonly #stopInterval: number;\n\n  #lc: LogContext;\n  #checkIntervalTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;\n  #checkImmediateTimer: NodeJS.Immediate | undefined;\n  #lastHeartbeat = 0;\n\n  constructor(lc: LogContext, stopInterval: number) {\n    this.#lc = lc;\n    this.#stopInterval = stopInterval;\n  }\n\n  onHeartbeat(reqHeaders: IncomingHttpHeaders) {\n    this.#lastHeartbeat = Date.now();\n    if (this.#checkIntervalTimer === undefined) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(\n        `starting heartbeat monitor at ${\n          this.#stopInterval / 1000\n        } second interval`,\n        reqHeaders,\n      );\n      // e.g. check every 5 seconds to see if it's been over 20 seconds\n      //      since the last heartbeat.\n      this.#checkIntervalTimer = setInterval(\n        this.#checkStopInterval,\n        this.#stopInterval / 4,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  #checkStopInterval = () => {\n    // In the Node.js event loop, timers like setInterval and setTimeout\n    // run *before* I/O events coming from network sockets or file reads/writes.\n    // When this process gets starved of CPU resources for long periods of time,\n    // for example when other processes are monopolizing all available cores,\n    // pathological behavior can emerge:\n    // - keepalive network request comes in, but is queued in Node internals waiting\n    //   for time on the event loop\n    // - CPU is starved/monopolized by other processes for longer than the time\n    //   configured via this.#stopInterval\n    // - When CPU becomes available and the event loop wakes up, this stop interval\n    //   check is run *before* the keepalive request is processed. The value of\n    //   this.#lastHeartbeat is now very stale, and erroneously triggers a shutdown\n    //   even though keepalive requests were about to be processed and update\n    //   this.#lastHeartbeat. Downtime ensues.\n    //\n    // To avoid this, we push the check out to a phase of the event loop *after*\n    // I/O events are processed, using setImmediate():\n    // https://nodejs.org/en/learn/asynchronous-work/event-loop-timers-and-nexttick#setimmediate-vs-settimeout\n    //\n    // This ensures we see a value for this.#lastHeartbeat that reflects\n    // any keepalive requests that came in during the current event loop turn.\n    this.#checkImmediateTimer = setImmediate(() => {\n      this.#checkImmediateTimer = undefined;\n      const timeSinceLastHeartbeat = Date.now() - this.#lastHeartbeat;\n      if (timeSinceLastHeartbeat >= this.#stopInterval) {\n        this.#lc.info?.(\n          `last heartbeat received ${\n            timeSinceLastHeartbeat / 1000\n          } seconds ago. draining.`,\n        );\n        process.kill(process.pid, GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN[0]);\n      }\n    });\n  };\n\n  stop() {\n    clearTimeout(this.#checkIntervalTimer);\n    if (this.#checkImmediateTimer) {\n      clearImmediate(this.#checkImmediateTimer);\n    }\n  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+{"version":3,"file":"life-cycle.js","names":["#lc","#userFacing","#all","#exitImpl","#start","#ready","#startDrain","#kill","#exit","#drainStart","#runningState","#onExit","#initializing","#nextID","#stopInterval","#lastHeartbeat","#checkIntervalTimer","#checkStopInterval","#checkImmediateTimer"],"sources":["../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/life-cycle.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type {IncomingHttpHeaders} from 'node:http';\nimport {pid} from 'node:process';\nimport type {EventEmitter} from 'stream';\nimport type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport {AbortError} from '../../../shared/src/abort-error.ts';\nimport {logLastChanceSQLiteCorruptionDiagnostics} from '../db/sqlite-corruption.ts';\nimport {\n  getOrCreateHistogram,\n  LONG_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n} from '../observability/metrics.ts';\nimport {ConfigurationError} from '../types/configuration-error.ts';\nimport {\n  singleProcessMode,\n  type Subprocess,\n  type Worker,\n} from '../types/processes.ts';\nimport {RunningState} from './running-state.ts';\nimport type {SingletonService} from './service.ts';\n\n/**\n * * `user-facing` workers serve external requests and are the first to\n *   receive a `SIGTERM` or `SIGINT` signal for graceful shutdown.\n *\n * * `supporting` workers support `user-facing` workers and are sent\n *   the `SIGTERM` signal only after all `user-facing` workers have\n *   exited.\n *\n * For other kill signals, such as `SIGQUIT` and `SIGABRT`, all workers\n * are stopped without draining. `SIGQUIT` is used to represent an\n * intentional shutdown (for which draining is not beneficial), whereas\n * `SIGABRT` is used for unexpected process exits.\n */\nexport type WorkerType = 'user-facing' | 'supporting';\n\nexport const GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN = ['SIGTERM', 'SIGINT'] as const;\nexport const FORCEFUL_SHUTDOWN = ['SIGQUIT', 'SIGABRT'] as const;\n\ntype GracefulShutdownSignal = (typeof GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN)[number];\n\nfunction workerStartupMetricName(name: string) {\n  if (name === 'zero-cache') {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('change-streamer')) {\n    return 'change_streamer';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('replicator')) {\n    if (name.includes('(backup)')) {\n      return 'backup_replicator';\n    }\n    if (name.includes('(serving-copy)')) {\n      return 'serving_copy_replicator';\n    }\n    if (name.includes('(serving)')) {\n      return 'serving_replicator';\n    }\n    return 'other';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('syncer')) {\n    return 'syncer';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('reaper')) {\n    return 'reaper';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('shadow-syncer')) {\n    return 'shadow_syncer';\n  }\n  if (name.startsWith('mutator')) {\n    return 'mutator';\n  }\n  return 'other';\n}\n\nfunction startupDuration() {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('server', 'startup_duration', {\n    description: 'Duration from starting zero-cache to its ready signal.',\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: LONG_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\nexport function recordStartupDurationMs(durationMs: number) {\n  startupDuration().recordMs(durationMs, {component: 'dispatcher'});\n}\n\nfunction workerStartupDuration() {\n  return getOrCreateHistogram('server', 'worker_startup_duration', {\n    description: 'Duration from starting a worker to its ready signal.',\n    unit: 's',\n    bucketBoundaries: LONG_DURATION_HISTOGRAM_BOUNDARIES_S,\n  });\n}\n\n// An internal error code used to indicate that a message has already been\n// logged at level ERRROR. When a process exits with this error code, the\n// parent process logs the exit at level WARN instead of ERROR.\nexport const UNHANDLED_EXCEPTION_ERROR_CODE = 13;\n\n// An internal error code used to indicate that the server should exit\n// without draining (e.g. due to a supporting worker get a signal to shut\n// down), but the exit is otherwise intentional.\nexport const INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE = 14;\n\n/**\n * Handles readiness, termination signals, and coordination of graceful\n * shutdown.\n */\nexport class ProcessManager {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #userFacing = new Set<Subprocess>();\n  readonly #all = new Set<Subprocess>();\n  readonly #exitImpl: (code: number) => never;\n  readonly #start = Date.now();\n  readonly #ready: Promise<void>[] = [];\n\n  #runningState = new RunningState('process-manager');\n  #drainStart = 0;\n\n  constructor(lc: LogContext, proc: EventEmitter) {\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('component', 'process-manager');\n\n    // Propagate `SIGTERM` and `SIGINT` to all user-facing workers,\n    // initiating a graceful shutdown. The parent process will\n    // exit once all user-facing workers have exited ...\n    for (const signal of GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN) {\n      proc.on(signal, () => this.#startDrain(signal));\n    }\n\n    // ... which will result in sending `SIGTERM` to the remaining workers.\n    proc.on('exit', code =>\n      this.#kill(\n        this.#all,\n        code === 0\n          ? 'SIGTERM' // graceful, drained shutdown\n          : code === INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE\n            ? 'SIGQUIT' // intentional abort without drain\n            : 'SIGABRT', // unintentional shutdown, alertable error\n      ),\n    );\n\n    // For other (catchable) kill signals, exit with a non-zero error code\n    // to send a `SIGQUIT` (intentional shutdown) or `SIGABRT` (unexpected\n    // shutdown) to all workers. For these signals, workers are stopped\n    // immediately without draining, since there is no merit to slowly draining\n    // when supporting workers have stopped.\n    //\n    // The logic for handling these signals is in `runUntilKilled()`.\n    for (const signal of FORCEFUL_SHUTDOWN) {\n      proc.on(signal, () =>\n        this.#exit(signal === 'SIGQUIT' ? INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE : -1),\n      );\n    }\n\n    this.#exitImpl = (code: number) => {\n      if (singleProcessMode()) {\n        return proc.emit('exit', code) as never; // For unit / integration tests.\n      }\n      process.exit(code);\n    };\n  }\n\n  async shutdown() {\n    if (this.#drainStart === 0) {\n      this.#startDrain(GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN[0]);\n    }\n    await this.#runningState.stopped();\n  }\n\n  #exit(code: number) {\n    this.#lc.info?.('exiting with code', code);\n    this.#runningState.stop(this.#lc);\n    void this.#lc.flush().finally(() => this.#exitImpl(code));\n  }\n\n  #startDrain(signal: GracefulShutdownSignal) {\n    if (this.#all.size === 0) {\n      // Shutdown if a signal is received before any subprocesses are added.\n      this.#lc.info?.(`exiting on ${signal}`);\n      this.#exit(0);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(`initiating drain (${signal})`);\n    this.#drainStart = Date.now();\n    if (this.#userFacing.size) {\n      this.#kill(this.#userFacing, signal);\n    } else {\n      this.#kill(this.#all, signal);\n    }\n  }\n\n  addSubprocess(proc: Subprocess, type: WorkerType, name: string) {\n    if (type === 'user-facing') {\n      this.#userFacing.add(proc);\n    }\n    this.#all.add(proc);\n\n    let isOpen = true;\n    proc.on('close', (code, signal) => {\n      isOpen = false;\n      this.#onExit(code, signal, null, type, name, proc);\n    });\n\n    // As per https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html#event-error\n    // 'error' events can happen when sending a message to a child process\n    // fails. This is not really an error when the server is shutting down,\n    // so log any post-close errors at 'warn'.\n    proc.on('error', err =>\n      this.#lc[!isOpen || this.#drainStart > 0 ? 'warn' : 'error']?.(\n        `error from ${name} ${proc.pid}`,\n        err,\n      ),\n    );\n  }\n\n  readonly #initializing = new Map<number, string>();\n  #nextID = 0;\n\n  addWorker(worker: Worker, type: WorkerType, name: string): Worker {\n    this.addSubprocess(worker, type, name);\n\n    const start = performance.now();\n    const id = ++this.#nextID;\n    this.#initializing.set(id, name);\n    const {promise, resolve} = resolver();\n    this.#ready.push(promise);\n\n    worker.onceMessageType('ready', () => {\n      const elapsed = performance.now() - start;\n      const workerMetricName = workerStartupMetricName(name);\n      if (workerMetricName) {\n        workerStartupDuration().recordMs(elapsed, {\n          worker: workerMetricName,\n          type,\n        });\n      }\n      this.#lc.debug?.(`${name} ready (${Date.now() - this.#start} ms)`);\n      this.#initializing.delete(id);\n      resolve();\n    });\n\n    return worker;\n  }\n\n  initializing(): string[] {\n    return [...this.#initializing.values()];\n  }\n\n  async allWorkersReady() {\n    await Promise.all(this.#ready);\n  }\n\n  logErrorAndExit(err: unknown, name: string) {\n    // only accessible by the main (i.e. user-facing) process.\n    this.#onExit(-1, null, err, 'user-facing', name, undefined);\n  }\n\n  #onExit(\n    code: number,\n    sig: NodeJS.Signals | null,\n    err: unknown,\n    type: WorkerType,\n    name: string,\n    worker: Subprocess | undefined,\n  ) {\n    // Remove the worker from maps to avoid attempting to send more signals to it.\n    if (worker) {\n      this.#userFacing.delete(worker);\n      this.#all.delete(worker);\n    }\n\n    const pid = worker?.pid ?? process.pid;\n\n    if (type === 'supporting') {\n      // Supporting workers like the replication-manager shut down without a\n      // drain signal when receiving protocol-specific instructions (like auto\n      // reset). In this case, a special error code is used to signal that the\n      // server should be shut down without draining, but it is otherwise not\n      // considered an unexpected/alertable error.\n      if (code === 0 && (this.#drainStart === 0 || this.#userFacing.size > 0)) {\n        code = INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE;\n      }\n      const log =\n        code === 0 || code === INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE\n          ? 'info'\n          : 'warn';\n      this.#lc[log]?.(`${name} (${pid}) exited with code (${code})`, err ?? '');\n      return this.#exit(code);\n    }\n\n    const log =\n      code === 0 || code === INTENTIONAL_SHUTDOWN_ERROR_CODE\n        ? 'info'\n        : this.#drainStart > 0 || code === UNHANDLED_EXCEPTION_ERROR_CODE\n          ? 'warn'\n          : 'error';\n    this.#lc[log]?.(\n      sig\n        ? `${name} (${pid}) killed with (${sig})`\n        : `${name} (${pid}) exited with code (${code})`,\n      err ?? 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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/litestream/commands.d.ts

@@ -1,22 +1,54 @@
 import type { ChildProcess } from 'node:child_process';
 import type { LogContext } from '@rocicorp/logger';
 import { type LitestreamConfig } from '../../config/normalize.ts';
+import type { InitCleanup } from '../change-source/common/init-cleanup.ts';
 import { type LitestreamRole } from './metrics.ts';
+import { WalKeeper } from './wal-keeper.ts';
 export type ReplicaConstraints = {
     replicaVersion: string;
     minWatermark: string;
 };
 export type RestoreResult = 'success' | 'no_backup' | 'invalid_replica' | 'error';
-type RestoreAttempt = {
+export type RestoreAttempt = {
     restored: boolean;
     backupURL: string | undefined;
     result: RestoreResult;
+    /**
+     * Set when the restore prepared the backup to continue from the restored
+     * replica (see {@link ForkBackup}). It is registered with the
+     * `cleanup`; otherwise the caller must release it (see {@link WalKeeper}).
+     */
+    walKeeper?: WalKeeper | undefined;
+};
+/**
+ * Prepares the restored replica to continue from a forked backup
+ * instead of starting a new lineage with a full snapshot.
+ */
+export type ForkBackup = {
+    /** The restore also forks its backup into the (new, empty) one at this URL. */
+    url: string;
+    /**
+     * Registers the resulting {@link WalKeeper} to be released if the
+     * initialization fails.
+     */
+    cleanup?: InitCleanup | undefined;
 };
 export declare class BackupNotFoundException extends Error {
     static readonly name = "BackupNotFoundException";
     constructor(backupURL: string | undefined);
 }
-export declare function tryRestore(lc: LogContext, config: LitestreamConfig, replicaFile: string, replicaConstraints: ReplicaConstraints | undefined, role: LitestreamRole): Promise<RestoreAttempt>;
+/**
+ * The effective backup URL: the `backupURLOverride` if present (i.e. a
+ * lineage-specific location computed by the replication-manager), or
+ * otherwise the configured `backupURL`.
+ */
+export declare function backupDestinationURL(config: Pick<LitestreamConfig, 'backupURL' | 'backupURLOverride'>): string | undefined;
+export declare function tryRestore(lc: LogContext, config: LitestreamConfig, replicaFile: string, replicaConstraints: ReplicaConstraints | undefined, role: LitestreamRole, signal?: AbortSignal, forkBackup?: ForkBackup | undefined): Promise<RestoreAttempt>;
+/**
+ * Deletes litestream's local state for `replicaFile` (its default meta
+ * directory, `.<file>-litestream`).
+ */
+export declare function deleteLitestreamMetaDir(replicaFile: string): void;
 export declare function startReplicaBackupProcess(lc: LogContext, config: LitestreamConfig, replicaFile: string): ChildProcess;
 /**
  * Returns the time of the most recent object (snapshot or WAL segment)
@@ -41,5 +73,4 @@ export declare function getLastBackupTime(lc: LogContext, config: LitestreamConf
  * Exported for testing.
  */
 export declare function parseBackupCreatedTimes(lc: LogContext, command: 'snapshots' | 'wal', output: string): Date[];
-export {};
 //# sourceMappingURL=commands.d.ts.map

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/litestream/commands.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/litestream/commands.js

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { parse, valita_exports } from "../../../../shared/src/valita.js";
 import { must } from "../../../../shared/src/must.js";
 import "../../config/normalize.js";
 import { Database } from "../../../../zqlite/src/db.js";
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ import { deleteLiteDB } from "../../db/delete-lite-db.js";
 import { deleteChangeLogDB } from "../replicator/change-log-db.js";
 import { litestreamSocketPath } from "./litestream-controller.js";
 import { litestreamBackupListDuration, litestreamBackupMetricAttrs, litestreamBackupProcessDuration, litestreamBackupProcessMetricAttrs, litestreamBackupProcessRuns, litestreamRestoreAttempts, litestreamRestoreMetricAttrs, litestreamRestoreProcessDuration, litestreamRestoreValidationDuration, litestreamRestoredDbBytes } from "./metrics.js";
+import { WalKeeper } from "./wal-keeper.js";
 import { resolver } from "@rocicorp/resolver";
 import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
 import { existsSync, readdirSync, rmSync, statSync } from "node:fs";
@@ -15,27 +17,35 @@ import { basename, dirname, join } from "node:path";
 //#region ../zero-cache/src/services/litestream/commands.ts
 var MAX_LOGGED_RESTORE_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES = 100;
 var LEGACY_RESTORE_WAL_INDEX = /^[0-9a-f]{8}$/;
+/**
+* The effective backup URL: the `backupURLOverride` if present (i.e. a
+* lineage-specific location computed by the replication-manager), or
+* otherwise the configured `backupURL`.
+*/
+function backupDestinationURL(config) {
+	return config.backupURLOverride ?? config.backupURL;
+}
 function getLitestream(mode, config, replicaFile, logLevelOverride) {
-	const { executable, executableV5, restoreUsingV5, backupUsingV5, backupURL, logLevel, configPath, configPathV5, endpoint, region, port, checkpointThresholdMB, minCheckpointPageCount = checkpointThresholdMB * 256, maxCheckpointPageCount = minCheckpointPageCount * 10, forceCheckpointThresholdMB, incrementalBackupIntervalMinutes, incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds, snapshotBackupIntervalHours, snapshotBackupIntervalHoursV5, multipartConcurrency, multipartSize } = config;
+	const { executable, executableV5, restoreUsingV5, backupUsingV5, logLevel, configPath, configPathV5, endpoint, region, port, checkpointThresholdMB, minCheckpointPageCount = checkpointThresholdMB * 256, maxCheckpointPageCount = minCheckpointPageCount * 10, forceCheckpointThresholdMB, incrementalBackupIntervalMinutes, incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds, snapshotBackupIntervalHours, multipartConcurrency, multipartSize } = config;
 	const v5 = mode === "restore" && restoreUsingV5 || mode === "replicate" && backupUsingV5;
 	const litestream = (v5 ? executableV5 : executable) ?? must(executable, `Missing --litestream-executable`);
 	const litestreamConfig = v5 ? configPathV5 : configPath;
-	const snapshotIntervalHours = v5 ? snapshotBackupIntervalHoursV5 : snapshotBackupIntervalHours;
 	const truncatePageN = forceCheckpointThresholdMB ? -1 : 121359;
 	return {
 		litestream,
 		env: {
 			...process.env,
 			["ZERO_REPLICA_FILE"]: replicaFile,
-			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_BACKUP_URL"]: must(backupURL),
+			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_BACKUP_URL"]: must(backupDestinationURL(config)),
 			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_MIN_CHECKPOINT_PAGE_COUNT"]: String(minCheckpointPageCount),
 			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_MAX_CHECKPOINT_PAGE_COUNT"]: String(maxCheckpointPageCount),
 			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_INCREMENTAL_BACKUP_INTERVAL_MINUTES"]: String(incrementalBackupIntervalMinutes),
 			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_INCREMENTAL_BACKUP_INTERVAL_SECONDS"]: String(incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds),
+			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_MONITOR_INTERVAL_SECONDS"]: String(2 * incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds),
 			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_TRUNCATE_PAGE_N"]: String(truncatePageN),
 			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_LOG_LEVEL"]: logLevelOverride ?? logLevel,
-			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_SNAPSHOT_BACKUP_INTERVAL_HOURS"]: String(snapshotIntervalHours),
-			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_INTERVAL_HOURS"]: String(snapshotIntervalHours + 6),
+			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_SNAPSHOT_BACKUP_INTERVAL_HOURS"]: String(snapshotBackupIntervalHours),
+			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_INTERVAL_HOURS"]: String(snapshotBackupIntervalHours + 6),
 			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_MULTIPART_CONCURRENCY"]: String(multipartConcurrency),
 			["ZERO_LITESTREAM_MULTIPART_SIZE"]: String(multipartSize),
 			["ZERO_LOG_FORMAT"]: "json",
@@ -43,18 +53,30 @@ function getLitestream(mode, config, replicaFile, logLevelOverride) {
 			["LITESTREAM_CONFIG"]: litestreamConfig,
 			["LITESTREAM_PORT"]: String(port),
 			...endpoint ? { ["ZERO_LITESTREAM_ENDPOINT"]: endpoint } : {},
-			...region ? { ["ZERO_LITESTREAM_REGION"]: region } : {}
+			...region ? { ["ZERO_LITESTREAM_REGION"]: region } : {},
+			["LITESTREAM_COMPACTION_SERIALIZE"]: "false"
 		}
 	};
 }
-async function tryRestore(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role) {
-	const { backupURL } = config;
+async function tryRestore(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role, signal, forkBackup) {
+	const { reusedExisting, ...attempt } = await restoreOnce(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role, signal, forkBackup);
+	if (attempt.result === "invalid_replica" && reusedExisting) {
+		const { reusedExisting: _, ...retry } = await restoreOnce(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role, signal, forkBackup);
+		return retry;
+	}
+	return attempt;
+}
+async function restoreOnce(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role, signal, forkBackup) {
+	const { backupUsingV5 } = config;
+	const backupURL = backupDestinationURL(config);
+	if (forkBackup && !backupUsingV5) forkBackup = void 0;
 	const attrs = litestreamRestoreMetricAttrs(config, role, backupURL);
 	let result = "error";
 	try {
 		logRestoreDirectoryContents(lc, replicaFile, "before-temp-cleanup");
 		deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile);
-		const replicaExistedBeforeRestore = existsSync(replicaFile);
+		const reusedExisting = existsSync(replicaFile);
+		if (!reusedExisting) deleteLitestreamMetaDir(replicaFile);
 		const { litestream, env } = getLitestream("restore", config, replicaFile, "debug");
 		const { restoreParallelism: parallelism, multipartConcurrency, multipartSize } = config;
 		lc.info?.(`starting litestream restore`, {
@@ -68,6 +90,11 @@ async function tryRestore(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role) {
 			"-if-replica-exists",
 			"-parallelism",
 			String(parallelism),
+			...forkBackup ? [
+				"-json",
+				"-fork-to-url",
+				forkBackup.url
+			] : [],
 			replicaFile
 		], {
 			env,
@@ -76,7 +103,8 @@ async function tryRestore(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role) {
 				"pipe",
 				"pipe"
 			],
-			windowsHide: true
+			windowsHide: true,
+			signal
 		});
 		let stdout = "";
 		let stderr = "";
@@ -117,39 +145,53 @@ async function tryRestore(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role) {
 			return {
 				restored: false,
 				backupURL,
-				result
+				result,
+				reusedExisting
 			};
 		}
 		const validationStart = performance.now();
-		const valid = replicaIsValid(lc, replicaFile, replicaConstraints);
+		let db = openValidReplica(lc, replicaFile, replicaConstraints);
 		litestreamRestoreValidationDuration().recordMs(performance.now() - validationStart, {
 			...attrs,
-			result: valid ? "success" : "invalid_replica"
+			result: db ? "success" : "invalid_replica"
 		});
-		if (!valid) {
+		if (!db) {
 			result = "invalid_replica";
 			lc.info?.(`Deleting local replica and retrying restore`);
 			deleteLiteDB(replicaFile);
 			deleteChangeLogDB(replicaFile);
+			deleteLitestreamMetaDir(replicaFile);
 			return {
 				restored: false,
 				backupURL,
-				result
+				result,
+				reusedExisting
 			};
 		}
-		result = "success";
-		if (!replicaExistedBeforeRestore) {
-			deleteChangeLogDB(replicaFile);
-			litestreamRestoredDbBytes().add(statSync(replicaFile).size, {
-				...attrs,
-				result: "success"
-			});
+		try {
+			result = "success";
+			if (!reusedExisting) {
+				deleteChangeLogDB(replicaFile);
+				litestreamRestoredDbBytes().add(statSync(replicaFile).size, {
+					...attrs,
+					result: "success"
+				});
+			}
+			const walKeeper = forkBackup && !reusedExisting && restoreForked(lc, stdout) ? new WalKeeper(lc, db) : void 0;
+			if (walKeeper) {
+				db = void 0;
+				forkBackup?.cleanup?.onFailure("WAL keeper", () => walKeeper.release("initialization failed"));
+			}
+			return {
+				restored: true,
+				backupURL,
+				result,
+				reusedExisting,
+				walKeeper
+			};
+		} finally {
+			db?.close();
 		}
-		return {
-			restored: true,
-			backupURL,
-			result
-		};
 	} finally {
 		try {
 			deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile);
@@ -166,6 +208,43 @@ async function tryRestore(lc, config, replicaFile, replicaConstraints, role) {
 		});
 	}
 }
+var restoreForkOutputSchema = valita_exports.object({ fork: valita_exports.object({
+	forked: valita_exports.boolean(),
+	txid: valita_exports.string().optional()
+}).optional() });
+/**
+* Whether the `-json` output of `litestream restore -fork-to-url` reports that
+* the backup was forked. A restore plan that cannot fork the backup is
+* restored without forking.
+*/
+function restoreForked(lc, stdout) {
+	const start = stdout.indexOf("{");
+	const end = stdout.lastIndexOf("}");
+	if (start < 0 || end < start) {
+		lc.warn?.("litestream restore did not report a fork result");
+		return false;
+	}
+	let output;
+	try {
+		output = parse(JSON.parse(stdout.slice(start, end + 1)), restoreForkOutputSchema, "passthrough");
+	} catch (e) {
+		lc.warn?.("unable to parse the litestream restore result", e);
+		return false;
+	}
+	const forked = output.fork?.forked === true;
+	lc.info?.(forked ? `forked the backup at txid ${output.fork?.txid}` : "restored without forking the backup");
+	return forked;
+}
+/**
+* Deletes litestream's local state for `replicaFile` (its default meta
+* directory, `.<file>-litestream`).
+*/
+function deleteLitestreamMetaDir(replicaFile) {
+	rmSync(join(dirname(replicaFile), `.${basename(replicaFile)}-litestream`), {
+		recursive: true,
+		force: true
+	});
+}
 function deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile) {
 	const temporaryReplicaFile = `${replicaFile}.tmp`;
 	deleteLiteDB(temporaryReplicaFile);
@@ -203,7 +282,12 @@ function logRestoreDirectoryContents(lc, replicaFile, phase) {
 		});
 	}
 }
-function replicaIsValid(lc, replica, constraints) {
+/**
+* Opens and validates the restored replica. Returns the open connection if
+* the replica is valid, which the caller must close; otherwise closes it and
+* returns `undefined`.
+*/
+function openValidReplica(lc, replica, constraints) {
 	let db;
 	try {
 		db = new Database(lc, replica);
@@ -211,19 +295,21 @@ function replicaIsValid(lc, replica, constraints) {
 		if (constraints) {
 			if (replicaVersion !== constraints.replicaVersion) {
 				lc.warn?.(`Local replica version ${replicaVersion} does not match expected replicaVersion ${constraints.replicaVersion}`, constraints);
-				return false;
+				return;
 			}
 			if (watermark < constraints.minWatermark) {
 				lc.warn?.(`Local replica watermark ${watermark} is earlier than minWatermark ${constraints.minWatermark}`);
-				return false;
+				return;
 			}
 			lc.info?.(`Local replica at version ${replicaVersion} and watermark ${watermark} is compatible`, constraints);
 		}
-		return true;
+		const valid = db;
+		db = void 0;
+		return valid;
 	} catch (e) {
 		if (isSQLiteCorruption(e)) logSQLiteCorruptionDiagnostics(lc, "restored replica", replica, e);
 		lc.error?.("Error while validating restored replica", e);
-		return false;
+		return;
 	} finally {
 		db?.close();
 	}
@@ -231,7 +317,7 @@ function replicaIsValid(lc, replica, constraints) {
 function startReplicaBackupProcess(lc, config, replicaFile) {
 	const { litestream, env } = getLitestream("replicate", config, replicaFile);
 	const attrs = litestreamBackupProcessMetricAttrs(config);
-	lc.info?.(`starting litestream backup to ${config.backupURL}`);
+	lc.info?.(`starting litestream backup to ${backupDestinationURL(config)}`);
 	const start = performance.now();
 	const proc = spawn(litestream, ["replicate"], {
 		env,
@@ -284,7 +370,7 @@ var wsRe = /\s+/;
 async function getLastBackupTime(lc, config, replicaFile) {
 	const [snapshots, wal] = await Promise.all([listBackupCreatedTimes(lc, config, replicaFile, "snapshots"), listBackupCreatedTimes(lc, config, replicaFile, "wal")]);
 	const times = [...snapshots, ...wal];
-	if (times.length === 0) throw new Error(`no snapshots or WAL segments listed at ${config.backupURL}`);
+	if (times.length === 0) throw new Error(`no snapshots or WAL segments listed at ${backupDestinationURL(config)}`);
 	return new Date(Math.max(...times.map((time) => time.getTime())));
 }
 /**
@@ -362,6 +448,6 @@ function parseBackupCreatedTimes(lc, command, output) {
 	return times;
 }
 //#endregion
-export { getLastBackupTime, startReplicaBackupProcess, tryRestore };
+export { backupDestinationURL, deleteLitestreamMetaDir, getLastBackupTime, startReplicaBackupProcess, tryRestore };
 
 //# sourceMappingURL=commands.js.map

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/litestream/commands.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"commands.js","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/litestream/commands.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type {ChildProcess} from 'node:child_process';\nimport {spawn} from 'node:child_process';\nimport {existsSync, readdirSync, rmSync, statSync} from 'node:fs';\nimport {basename, dirname, join} from 'node:path';\nimport type {LogContext, LogLevel} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {resolver} from '@rocicorp/resolver';\nimport {must} from '../../../../shared/src/must.ts';\nimport {Database} from '../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';\nimport {type LitestreamConfig} from '../../config/normalize.ts';\nimport {deleteLiteDB} from '../../db/delete-lite-db.ts';\nimport {\n  isSQLiteCorruption,\n  logSQLiteCorruptionDiagnostics,\n} from '../../db/sqlite-corruption.ts';\nimport {StatementRunner} from '../../db/statements.ts';\nimport {deleteChangeLogDB} from '../replicator/change-log-db.ts';\nimport {getSubscriptionState} from '../replicator/schema/replication-state.ts';\nimport {litestreamSocketPath} from './litestream-controller.ts';\nimport {\n  litestreamBackupListDuration,\n  litestreamBackupMetricAttrs,\n  litestreamBackupProcessDuration,\n  litestreamBackupProcessMetricAttrs,\n  litestreamBackupProcessRuns,\n  litestreamRestoreAttempts,\n  litestreamRestoredDbBytes,\n  litestreamRestoreMetricAttrs,\n  litestreamRestoreProcessDuration,\n  litestreamRestoreValidationDuration,\n  type LitestreamRole,\n} from './metrics.ts';\n\nexport type ReplicaConstraints = {\n  replicaVersion: string;\n  minWatermark: string;\n};\n\nexport type RestoreResult =\n  | 'success'\n  | 'no_backup'\n  | 'invalid_replica'\n  | 'error';\n\ntype RestoreAttempt = {\n  restored: boolean;\n  backupURL: string | undefined;\n  result: RestoreResult;\n};\n\nconst MAX_LOGGED_RESTORE_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES = 100;\nconst LEGACY_RESTORE_WAL_INDEX = /^[0-9a-f]{8}$/;\n\nexport class BackupNotFoundException extends Error {\n  static readonly name = 'BackupNotFoundException';\n\n  constructor(backupURL: string | undefined) {\n    super(`backup not found at ${backupURL}`);\n  }\n}\n\nfunction getLitestream(\n  mode: 'restore' | 'replicate',\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  logLevelOverride?: LogLevel,\n): {\n  litestream: string;\n  env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv;\n} {\n  const {\n    executable,\n    executableV5,\n    restoreUsingV5,\n    backupUsingV5,\n    backupURL,\n    logLevel,\n    configPath,\n    configPathV5,\n    endpoint,\n    region,\n    port,\n    checkpointThresholdMB,\n    // Note: This assumes the default page size. If page size configuration\n    // is added, this computation must be adjusted accordingly.\n    minCheckpointPageCount = checkpointThresholdMB * 256, // 1 MiB / 4 KiB page size\n    maxCheckpointPageCount = minCheckpointPageCount * 10,\n    forceCheckpointThresholdMB,\n    incrementalBackupIntervalMinutes,\n    incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds,\n    snapshotBackupIntervalHours,\n    snapshotBackupIntervalHoursV5,\n    multipartConcurrency,\n    multipartSize,\n  } = config;\n\n  const v5 =\n    (mode === 'restore' && restoreUsingV5) ||\n    (mode === 'replicate' && backupUsingV5);\n  const litestream =\n    (v5 ? executableV5 : executable) ??\n    must(executable, `Missing --litestream-executable`);\n  const litestreamConfig = v5 ? configPathV5 : configPath;\n  const snapshotIntervalHours = v5\n    ? snapshotBackupIntervalHoursV5\n    : snapshotBackupIntervalHours;\n  // Disable truncate-page-n if forced checkpoints are enabled,\n  // and otherwise use litestream's default.\n  const truncatePageN = forceCheckpointThresholdMB ? -1 : 121359;\n\n  return {\n    litestream,\n    env: {\n      ...process.env,\n      ['ZERO_REPLICA_FILE']: replicaFile,\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_BACKUP_URL']: must(backupURL),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MIN_CHECKPOINT_PAGE_COUNT']: String(\n        minCheckpointPageCount,\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MAX_CHECKPOINT_PAGE_COUNT']: String(\n        maxCheckpointPageCount,\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_INCREMENTAL_BACKUP_INTERVAL_MINUTES']: String(\n        incrementalBackupIntervalMinutes, // v3 only\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_INCREMENTAL_BACKUP_INTERVAL_SECONDS']: String(\n        incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds, // v5 only\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_TRUNCATE_PAGE_N']: String(truncatePageN),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_LOG_LEVEL']: logLevelOverride ?? logLevel,\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_SNAPSHOT_BACKUP_INTERVAL_HOURS']: String(\n        snapshotIntervalHours,\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_INTERVAL_HOURS']: String(\n        snapshotIntervalHours + 6, // delete old snapshots after 6 hours\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MULTIPART_CONCURRENCY']: String(multipartConcurrency),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MULTIPART_SIZE']: String(multipartSize),\n      ['ZERO_LOG_FORMAT']: 'json',\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_SOCKET_PATH']: litestreamSocketPath(replicaFile),\n      ['LITESTREAM_CONFIG']: litestreamConfig,\n      ['LITESTREAM_PORT']: String(port),\n      ...(endpoint ? {['ZERO_LITESTREAM_ENDPOINT']: endpoint} : {}),\n      ...(region ? {['ZERO_LITESTREAM_REGION']: region} : {}),\n    },\n  };\n}\n\nexport async function tryRestore(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  replicaConstraints: ReplicaConstraints | undefined,\n  role: LitestreamRole,\n): Promise<RestoreAttempt> {\n  const {backupURL} = config;\n  const attrs = litestreamRestoreMetricAttrs(config, role, backupURL);\n  let result: RestoreResult = 'error';\n  try {\n    logRestoreDirectoryContents(lc, replicaFile, 'before-temp-cleanup');\n    deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile);\n    const replicaExistedBeforeRestore = existsSync(replicaFile);\n    const {litestream, env} = getLitestream(\n      'restore',\n      config,\n      replicaFile,\n      'debug', // Include all output from `litestream restore`, as it's minimal.\n    );\n    const {\n      restoreParallelism: parallelism,\n      multipartConcurrency,\n      multipartSize,\n    } = config;\n    lc.info?.(`starting litestream restore`, {\n      restoreParallelism: parallelism,\n      multipartConcurrency,\n      multipartSize,\n    });\n    // Pipe (rather than inherit) litestream's stdout/stderr so that its own\n    // `\"level\":\"ERROR\"` output on a failed restore does not go straight to the\n    // pod's stdout — where a log-scraper alert would page on it — before our\n    // code has decided how to handle the failure. The captured output is\n    // included in the thrown error so the caller can log the final outcome.\n    // See INC-961.\n    const proc = spawn(\n      litestream,\n      [\n        'restore',\n        '-if-db-not-exists',\n        '-if-replica-exists',\n        '-parallelism',\n        String(parallelism),\n        replicaFile,\n      ],\n      {env, stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'], windowsHide: true},\n    );\n    let stdout = '';\n    let stderr = '';\n    proc.stdout.setEncoding('utf-8');\n    proc.stderr.setEncoding('utf-8');\n    // Output AND capture the stdout and stderr, the former for observability\n    // and the latter for error handling.\n    proc.stdout.on('data', chunk => {\n      process.stdout.write(chunk);\n      stdout += chunk;\n    });\n    proc.stderr.on('data', chunk => {\n      process.stderr.write(chunk);\n      stderr += chunk;\n    });\n    const {promise, resolve, reject} = resolver();\n    proc.on('error', reject);\n    proc.on('close', (code, signal) => {\n      if (signal) {\n        reject(`litestream killed with ${signal}`);\n      } else if (code !== 0) {\n        reject(`litestream exited with code ${code}`);\n      } else {\n        resolve();\n      }\n    });\n    const processStart = performance.now();\n    try {\n      await promise;\n      litestreamRestoreProcessDuration().recordMs(\n        performance.now() - processStart,\n        {...attrs, result: 'success'},\n      );\n    } catch (e) {\n      litestreamRestoreProcessDuration().recordMs(\n        performance.now() - processStart,\n        {...attrs, result: 'error'},\n      );\n      const output = [stdout, stderr]\n        .map(value => value.trim())\n        .filter(Boolean)\n        .join('\\n');\n      throw new Error(output ? `${String(e)}\\n${output}` : String(e), {\n        cause: e,\n      });\n    }\n    if (!existsSync(replicaFile)) {\n      result = 'no_backup';\n      return {restored: false, backupURL, result};\n    }\n    const validationStart = performance.now();\n    const valid = replicaIsValid(lc, replicaFile, replicaConstraints);\n    litestreamRestoreValidationDuration().recordMs(\n      performance.now() - validationStart,\n      {...attrs, result: valid ? 'success' : 'invalid_replica'},\n    );\n    if (!valid) {\n      result = 'invalid_replica';\n      lc.info?.(`Deleting local replica and retrying restore`);\n      deleteLiteDB(replicaFile);\n      deleteChangeLogDB(replicaFile);\n      return {restored: false, backupURL, result};\n    }\n    result = 'success';\n    if (!replicaExistedBeforeRestore) {\n      // This restore materialized the replica file, so any change log beside it\n      // was written against a replica that is no longer there. Reconciliation\n      // is the safety net — a restored replica keeps its replicaVersion, so the\n      // rule falls through to truncate-or-reseed on head mismatch — but the log\n      // is a cache and deleting it here is the explicit statement that nothing\n      // in it survives the restore.\n      //\n      // A restore that reuses an existing replica (`-if-db-not-exists` made it\n      // a no-op) deliberately keeps the log: that is the process-restart path,\n      // where the log is still the one written beside this exact replica and\n      // discarding it would cost every reconnecting subscriber a `too-old`.\n      deleteChangeLogDB(replicaFile);\n      litestreamRestoredDbBytes().add(statSync(replicaFile).size, {\n        ...attrs,\n        result: 'success',\n      });\n    }\n    return {restored: true, backupURL, result};\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile);\n    } catch (e) {\n      lc.warn?.('Unable to clean up Litestream restore temporary files', {\n        replicaFile,\n        error: String(e),\n      });\n    }\n    logRestoreDirectoryContents(lc, replicaFile, 'after-temp-cleanup');\n    litestreamRestoreAttempts().add(1, {...attrs, result});\n  }\n}\n\nfunction deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile: string) {\n  const temporaryReplicaFile = `${replicaFile}.tmp`;\n  deleteLiteDB(temporaryReplicaFile);\n\n  // rocicorp/litestream zero@v0.0.9 downloads WAL indexes in parallel to\n  // `<output>.tmp-<8 lowercase hex digits>-wal` before applying them.\n  const directory = dirname(temporaryReplicaFile);\n  if (!existsSync(directory)) {\n    return;\n  }\n  const prefix = `${basename(temporaryReplicaFile)}-`;\n  for (const name of readdirSync(directory)) {\n    if (!name.startsWith(prefix) || !name.endsWith('-wal')) {\n      continue;\n    }\n    const index = name.slice(prefix.length, -'-wal'.length);\n    if (LEGACY_RESTORE_WAL_INDEX.test(index)) {\n      rmSync(join(directory, name), {force: true});\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction logRestoreDirectoryContents(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  phase: 'before-temp-cleanup' | 'after-temp-cleanup',\n) {\n  const directory = dirname(replicaFile);\n  try {\n    const names = readdirSync(directory).sort();\n    const entries = names\n      .slice(0, MAX_LOGGED_RESTORE_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES)\n      .map(name => ({name, sizeBytes: statSync(join(directory, name)).size}));\n    lc.info?.('Litestream restore directory contents', {\n      phase,\n      directory,\n      replicaFile,\n      entryCount: names.length,\n      omittedEntryCount: Math.max(\n        0,\n        names.length - MAX_LOGGED_RESTORE_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES,\n      ),\n      entries,\n    });\n  } catch (e) {\n    lc.warn?.('Unable to inspect Litestream restore directory', {\n      phase,\n      directory,\n      replicaFile,\n      error: String(e),\n    });\n  }\n}\n\nfunction replicaIsValid(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  replica: string,\n  constraints: ReplicaConstraints | undefined,\n) {\n  let db: Database | undefined;\n  try {\n    // Note: Open the database and read the subscription state as a\n    // sanity / corruption check, even if there are no constraints.\n    db = new Database(lc, replica);\n    const {replicaVersion, watermark} = getSubscriptionState(\n      new StatementRunner(db),\n    );\n    if (constraints) {\n      if (replicaVersion !== constraints.replicaVersion) {\n        lc.warn?.(\n          `Local replica version ${replicaVersion} does not match expected replicaVersion ${constraints.replicaVersion}`,\n          constraints,\n        );\n        return false;\n      }\n      if (watermark < constraints.minWatermark) {\n        lc.warn?.(\n          `Local replica watermark ${watermark} is earlier than minWatermark ${constraints.minWatermark}`,\n        );\n        return false;\n      }\n      lc.info?.(\n        `Local replica at version ${replicaVersion} and watermark ${watermark} is compatible`,\n        constraints,\n      );\n    }\n    return true;\n  } catch (e) {\n    if (isSQLiteCorruption(e)) {\n      logSQLiteCorruptionDiagnostics(lc, 'restored replica', replica, e);\n    }\n    lc.error?.('Error while validating restored replica', e);\n    return false;\n  } finally {\n    db?.close();\n  }\n}\n\nexport function startReplicaBackupProcess(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n): ChildProcess {\n  const {litestream, env} = getLitestream('replicate', config, replicaFile);\n  const attrs = litestreamBackupProcessMetricAttrs(config);\n  lc.info?.(`starting litestream backup to ${config.backupURL}`);\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const proc = spawn(litestream, ['replicate'], {\n    env,\n    stdio: 'inherit',\n    windowsHide: true,\n  });\n  let recorded = false;\n  const record = (result: 'success' | 'error' | 'stopped') => {\n    if (recorded) {\n      return;\n    }\n    recorded = true;\n    const labels = {...attrs, result};\n    litestreamBackupProcessRuns().add(1, labels);\n    litestreamBackupProcessDuration().recordMs(\n      performance.now() - start,\n      labels,\n    );\n  };\n  proc.on('error', e => {\n    lc.warn?.(`litestream backup process error`, e);\n    record('error');\n  });\n  proc.on('close', (code, signal) => {\n    if (signal) {\n      lc.info?.(`litestream backup process stopped`, {signal});\n      record('stopped');\n    } else if (code === 0) {\n      record('success');\n    } else {\n      lc.warn?.(`litestream backup process exited with code ${code}`);\n      record('error');\n    }\n  });\n  return proc;\n}\n\n// Listing the backup state requires a few S3 LIST requests, which should\n// normally complete well within this timeout.\nconst LIST_BACKUP_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;\n\nconst wsRe = /\\s+/;\n\n/**\n * Returns the time of the most recent object (snapshot or WAL segment)\n * actually uploaded to the backup replica destination, as listed by the\n * bundled litestream CLI (`litestream snapshots` / `litestream wal`).\n *\n * This queries the replica destination (e.g. S3) directly, and thus serves\n * as a source of truth for backup durability. This is in contrast to the\n * `litestream_replica_progress` metric, which is exported when litestream\n * *believes* an upload has succeeded, and has been observed to advance even\n * when nothing is actually written to the destination.\n *\n * Rejects if the backup state cannot be determined (spawn error, non-zero\n * exit, timeout, or empty/unparseable listing).\n */\nexport async function getLastBackupTime(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n): Promise<Date> {\n  const [snapshots, wal] = await Promise.all([\n    listBackupCreatedTimes(lc, config, replicaFile, 'snapshots'),\n    listBackupCreatedTimes(lc, config, replicaFile, 'wal'),\n  ]);\n  const times = [...snapshots, ...wal];\n  if (times.length === 0) {\n    // Note: the litestream CLI exits with code 0 and logs listing errors\n    // (e.g. S3 failures) to stderr, so an empty listing cannot be\n    // distinguished from a failed one. Since a valid backup always contains\n    // at least one snapshot, an empty listing is treated as a failure.\n    throw new Error(\n      `no snapshots or WAL segments listed at ${config.backupURL}`,\n    );\n  }\n  return new Date(Math.max(...times.map(time => time.getTime())));\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs `litestream <snapshots|wal> <replica-file>` with the same config /\n * environment used by the `litestream replicate` process (so that the\n * backupURL, endpoint, region, and credentials are identical), and parses\n * the `created` column (RFC3339) of the tab-formatted output, e.g.:\n *\n * ```\n * replica  generation        index  size     created\n * s3       1862f44967b3863f  0      4546445  2026-06-10T01:11:32Z\n * ```\n */\nasync function listBackupCreatedTimes(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  command: 'snapshots' | 'wal',\n): Promise<Date[]> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  let result: 'success' | 'empty' | 'timeout' | 'error' = 'error';\n  const {litestream, env} = getLitestream('replicate', config, replicaFile);\n  const proc = spawn(litestream, [command, replicaFile], {\n    env,\n    stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'inherit'],\n    windowsHide: true,\n  });\n  const {promise, resolve, reject} = resolver<string>();\n  let stdout = '';\n  proc.stdout.setEncoding('utf-8');\n  proc.stdout.on('data', chunk => (stdout += chunk));\n  proc.on('error', reject);\n  proc.on('close', (code, signal) => {\n    if (signal) {\n      reject(new Error(`litestream ${command} killed with ${signal}`));\n    } else if (code !== 0) {\n      reject(new Error(`litestream ${command} exited with code ${code}`));\n    } else {\n      resolve(stdout);\n    }\n  });\n  const timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n    result = 'timeout';\n    reject(new Error(`timed out listing backup state (litestream ${command})`));\n    proc.kill('SIGKILL');\n  }, LIST_BACKUP_TIMEOUT_MS);\n\n  try {\n    const output = await promise;\n    const times = parseBackupCreatedTimes(lc, command, output);\n    result = times.length ? 'success' : 'empty';\n    return times;\n  } finally {\n    clearTimeout(timeout);\n    litestreamBackupListDuration().recordMs(performance.now() - start, {\n      ...litestreamBackupMetricAttrs(config),\n      command,\n      result,\n    });\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Parses the `created` column (the last, RFC3339-formatted column) from the\n * tab-formatted output of `litestream snapshots` / `litestream wal`. The\n * header row and any unparseable lines are skipped.\n *\n * Exported for testing.\n */\nexport function parseBackupCreatedTimes(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  command: 'snapshots' | 'wal',\n  output: string,\n): Date[] {\n  const times: Date[] = [];\n  for (const line of output.split('\\n')) {\n    const cols = line.trim().split(wsRe);\n    const created = cols.at(-1);\n    if (\n      cols.length < 2 ||\n      created === undefined ||\n      created === 'created' /* header row */\n    ) {\n      continue;\n    }\n    const time = new Date(created);\n    if (Number.isNaN(time.getTime())) {\n      lc.warn?.(`unexpected line in litestream ${command} output: ${line}`);\n      continue;\n    }\n    times.push(time);\n  }\n  return 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It is registered with the\n   * `cleanup`; otherwise the caller must release it (see {@link WalKeeper}).\n   */\n  walKeeper?: WalKeeper | undefined;\n};\n\n/**\n * Prepares the restored replica to continue from a forked backup\n * instead of starting a new lineage with a full snapshot.\n */\nexport type ForkBackup = {\n  /** The restore also forks its backup into the (new, empty) one at this URL. */\n  url: string;\n  /**\n   * Registers the resulting {@link WalKeeper} to be released if the\n   * initialization fails.\n   */\n  cleanup?: InitCleanup | undefined;\n};\n\nconst MAX_LOGGED_RESTORE_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES = 100;\nconst LEGACY_RESTORE_WAL_INDEX = /^[0-9a-f]{8}$/;\n\nexport class BackupNotFoundException extends Error {\n  static readonly name = 'BackupNotFoundException';\n\n  constructor(backupURL: string | undefined) {\n    super(`backup not found at ${backupURL}`);\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * The effective backup URL: the `backupURLOverride` if present (i.e. a\n * lineage-specific location computed by the replication-manager), or\n * otherwise the configured `backupURL`.\n */\nexport function backupDestinationURL(\n  config: Pick<LitestreamConfig, 'backupURL' | 'backupURLOverride'>,\n): string | undefined {\n  return config.backupURLOverride ?? config.backupURL;\n}\n\nfunction getLitestream(\n  mode: 'restore' | 'replicate',\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  logLevelOverride?: LogLevel,\n): {\n  litestream: string;\n  env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv;\n} {\n  const {\n    executable,\n    executableV5,\n    restoreUsingV5,\n    backupUsingV5,\n    logLevel,\n    configPath,\n    configPathV5,\n    endpoint,\n    region,\n    port,\n    checkpointThresholdMB,\n    // Note: This assumes the default page size. If page size configuration\n    // is added, this computation must be adjusted accordingly.\n    minCheckpointPageCount = checkpointThresholdMB * 256, // 1 MiB / 4 KiB page size\n    maxCheckpointPageCount = minCheckpointPageCount * 10,\n    forceCheckpointThresholdMB,\n    incrementalBackupIntervalMinutes,\n    incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds,\n    snapshotBackupIntervalHours,\n    multipartConcurrency,\n    multipartSize,\n  } = config;\n\n  const v5 =\n    (mode === 'restore' && restoreUsingV5) ||\n    (mode === 'replicate' && backupUsingV5);\n  const litestream =\n    (v5 ? executableV5 : executable) ??\n    must(executable, `Missing --litestream-executable`);\n  const litestreamConfig = v5 ? configPathV5 : configPath;\n  // Disable truncate-page-n if forced checkpoints are enabled,\n  // and otherwise use litestream's default.\n  const truncatePageN = forceCheckpointThresholdMB ? -1 : 121359;\n\n  return {\n    litestream,\n    env: {\n      ...process.env,\n      ['ZERO_REPLICA_FILE']: replicaFile,\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_BACKUP_URL']: must(backupDestinationURL(config)),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MIN_CHECKPOINT_PAGE_COUNT']: String(\n        minCheckpointPageCount,\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MAX_CHECKPOINT_PAGE_COUNT']: String(\n        maxCheckpointPageCount,\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_INCREMENTAL_BACKUP_INTERVAL_MINUTES']: String(\n        incrementalBackupIntervalMinutes, // v3 only\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_INCREMENTAL_BACKUP_INTERVAL_SECONDS']: String(\n        incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds, // v5 only\n      ),\n      // v5 only\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MONITOR_INTERVAL_SECONDS']: String(\n        // zero-cache explicitly requests syncs at the incremental backup\n        // interval (see LitestreamSyncRequester), and litestream's\n        // own monitor becomes a backstop that keeps backups and checkpoints\n        // progressing if zero-cache stops requesting them.\n        2 * incrementalBackupIntervalSeconds,\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_TRUNCATE_PAGE_N']: String(truncatePageN),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_LOG_LEVEL']: logLevelOverride ?? logLevel,\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_SNAPSHOT_BACKUP_INTERVAL_HOURS']: String(\n        snapshotBackupIntervalHours,\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_INTERVAL_HOURS']: String(\n        snapshotBackupIntervalHours + 6, // delete old snapshots after 6 hours\n      ),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MULTIPART_CONCURRENCY']: String(multipartConcurrency),\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_MULTIPART_SIZE']: String(multipartSize),\n      ['ZERO_LOG_FORMAT']: 'json',\n      ['ZERO_LITESTREAM_SOCKET_PATH']: litestreamSocketPath(replicaFile),\n      ['LITESTREAM_CONFIG']: litestreamConfig,\n      ['LITESTREAM_PORT']: String(port),\n      ...(endpoint ? {['ZERO_LITESTREAM_ENDPOINT']: endpoint} : {}),\n      ...(region ? {['ZERO_LITESTREAM_REGION']: region} : {}),\n      ['LITESTREAM_COMPACTION_SERIALIZE']: 'false',\n    },\n  };\n}\n\nexport async function tryRestore(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  replicaConstraints: ReplicaConstraints | undefined,\n  role: LitestreamRole,\n  signal?: AbortSignal,\n  forkBackup?: ForkBackup | undefined,\n): Promise<RestoreAttempt> {\n  const {reusedExisting, ...attempt} = await restoreOnce(\n    lc,\n    config,\n    replicaFile,\n    replicaConstraints,\n    role,\n    signal,\n    forkBackup,\n  );\n  if (attempt.result === 'invalid_replica' && reusedExisting) {\n    // `-if-db-not-exists` made the restore a no-op, and the existing local\n    // replica (e.g. one left behind by a failed initial sync of a different\n    // generation) was invalid. It has since been deleted, so restore from the\n    // backup.\n    const {reusedExisting: _, ...retry} = await restoreOnce(\n      lc,\n      config,\n      replicaFile,\n      replicaConstraints,\n      role,\n      signal,\n      forkBackup,\n    );\n    return retry;\n  }\n  return attempt;\n}\n\nasync function restoreOnce(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  replicaConstraints: ReplicaConstraints | undefined,\n  role: LitestreamRole,\n  signal: AbortSignal | undefined,\n  forkBackup: ForkBackup | undefined,\n): Promise<RestoreAttempt & {reusedExisting: boolean}> {\n  const {backupUsingV5} = config;\n  const backupURL = backupDestinationURL(config);\n  if (forkBackup && !backupUsingV5) {\n    forkBackup = undefined; // Ignore forkBackup if v5 is disabled.\n  }\n  const attrs = litestreamRestoreMetricAttrs(config, role, backupURL);\n  let result: RestoreResult = 'error';\n  try {\n    logRestoreDirectoryContents(lc, replicaFile, 'before-temp-cleanup');\n    deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile);\n    const reusedExisting = existsSync(replicaFile);\n    if (!reusedExisting) {\n      // The local litestream state (and anything recorded in it) describes a\n      // replica that no longer exists. Discard it before the restore, which\n      // (if it seeds a backup) writes the state that belongs to the new one.\n      deleteLitestreamMetaDir(replicaFile);\n    }\n    const {litestream, env} = getLitestream(\n      'restore',\n      config,\n      replicaFile,\n      'debug', // Include all output from `litestream restore`, as it's minimal.\n    );\n    const {\n      restoreParallelism: parallelism,\n      multipartConcurrency,\n      multipartSize,\n    } = config;\n    lc.info?.(`starting litestream restore`, {\n      restoreParallelism: parallelism,\n      multipartConcurrency,\n      multipartSize,\n    });\n    // Pipe (rather than inherit) litestream's stdout/stderr so that its own\n    // `\"level\":\"ERROR\"` output on a failed restore does not go straight to the\n    // pod's stdout — where a log-scraper alert would page on it — before our\n    // code has decided how to handle the failure. The captured output is\n    // included in the thrown error so the caller can log the final outcome.\n    // See INC-961.\n    const proc = spawn(\n      litestream,\n      [\n        'restore',\n        '-if-db-not-exists',\n        '-if-replica-exists',\n        '-parallelism',\n        String(parallelism),\n        ...(forkBackup ? ['-json', '-fork-to-url', forkBackup.url] : []),\n        replicaFile,\n      ],\n      {env, stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'], windowsHide: true, signal},\n    );\n    let stdout = '';\n    let stderr = '';\n    proc.stdout.setEncoding('utf-8');\n    proc.stderr.setEncoding('utf-8');\n    // Output AND capture the stdout and stderr, the former for observability\n    // and the latter for error handling.\n    proc.stdout.on('data', chunk => {\n      process.stdout.write(chunk);\n      stdout += chunk;\n    });\n    proc.stderr.on('data', chunk => {\n      process.stderr.write(chunk);\n      stderr += chunk;\n    });\n    const {promise, resolve, reject} = resolver();\n    proc.on('error', reject);\n    proc.on('close', (code, signal) => {\n      if (signal) {\n        reject(`litestream killed with ${signal}`);\n      } else if (code !== 0) {\n        reject(`litestream exited with code ${code}`);\n      } else {\n        resolve();\n      }\n    });\n    const processStart = performance.now();\n    try {\n      await promise;\n      litestreamRestoreProcessDuration().recordMs(\n        performance.now() - processStart,\n        {...attrs, result: 'success'},\n      );\n    } catch (e) {\n      litestreamRestoreProcessDuration().recordMs(\n        performance.now() - processStart,\n        {...attrs, result: 'error'},\n      );\n      const output = [stdout, stderr]\n        .map(value => value.trim())\n        .filter(Boolean)\n        .join('\\n');\n      throw new Error(output ? `${String(e)}\\n${output}` : String(e), {\n        cause: e,\n      });\n    }\n    if (!existsSync(replicaFile)) {\n      result = 'no_backup';\n      return {restored: false, backupURL, result, reusedExisting};\n    }\n    const validationStart = performance.now();\n    // On success, the validating connection is kept open until it is either\n    // closed or kept as the WalKeeper. Until then, its close would be the last\n    // one, which checkpoints and deletes the WAL that a seeded backup continues\n    // from.\n    let db = openValidReplica(lc, replicaFile, replicaConstraints);\n    litestreamRestoreValidationDuration().recordMs(\n      performance.now() - validationStart,\n      {...attrs, result: db ? 'success' : 'invalid_replica'},\n    );\n    if (!db) {\n      result = 'invalid_replica';\n      lc.info?.(`Deleting local replica and retrying restore`);\n      deleteLiteDB(replicaFile);\n      deleteChangeLogDB(replicaFile);\n      // The litestream state (e.g. the anchor of a seeded backup) describes\n      // the deleted replica.\n      deleteLitestreamMetaDir(replicaFile);\n      return {restored: false, backupURL, result, reusedExisting};\n    }\n    try {\n      result = 'success';\n      if (!reusedExisting) {\n        // This restore materialized the replica file, so any change log beside it\n        // was written against a replica that is no longer there. Reconciliation\n        // is the safety net — a restored replica keeps its replicaVersion, so the\n        // rule falls through to truncate-or-reseed on head mismatch — but the log\n        // is a cache and deleting it here is the explicit statement that nothing\n        // in it survives the restore.\n        //\n        // A restore that reuses an existing replica (`-if-db-not-exists` made it\n        // a no-op) deliberately keeps the log: that is the process-restart path,\n        // where the log is still the one written beside this exact replica and\n        // discarding it would cost every reconnecting subscriber a `too-old`.\n        deleteChangeLogDB(replicaFile);\n        litestreamRestoredDbBytes().add(statSync(replicaFile).size, {\n          ...attrs,\n          result: 'success',\n        });\n      }\n      // Last, so that nothing can fail after the WalKeeper is created.\n      const walKeeper =\n        forkBackup && !reusedExisting && restoreForked(lc, stdout)\n          ? new WalKeeper(lc, db)\n          : undefined;\n      if (walKeeper) {\n        db = undefined; // now owned by the WalKeeper\n        forkBackup?.cleanup?.onFailure('WAL keeper', () =>\n          walKeeper.release('initialization failed'),\n        );\n      }\n      return {restored: true, backupURL, result, reusedExisting, walKeeper};\n    } finally {\n      db?.close();\n    }\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile);\n    } catch (e) {\n      lc.warn?.('Unable to clean up Litestream restore temporary files', {\n        replicaFile,\n        error: String(e),\n      });\n    }\n    logRestoreDirectoryContents(lc, replicaFile, 'after-temp-cleanup');\n    litestreamRestoreAttempts().add(1, {...attrs, result});\n  }\n}\n\n// From litestream/cmd/litestream/restore.go\nconst restoreForkOutputSchema = v.object({\n  fork: v\n    .object({\n      forked: v.boolean(),\n      txid: v.string().optional(),\n    })\n    .optional(),\n});\n\ntype RestoreForkOutput = v.Infer<typeof restoreForkOutputSchema>;\n\n/**\n * Whether the `-json` output of `litestream restore -fork-to-url` reports that\n * the backup was forked. A restore plan that cannot fork the backup is\n * restored without forking.\n */\nfunction restoreForked(lc: LogContext, stdout: string): boolean {\n  const start = stdout.indexOf('{');\n  const end = stdout.lastIndexOf('}');\n  if (start < 0 || end < start) {\n    lc.warn?.('litestream restore did not report a fork result');\n    return false;\n  }\n  let output: RestoreForkOutput;\n  try {\n    output = v.parse(\n      JSON.parse(stdout.slice(start, end + 1)),\n      restoreForkOutputSchema,\n      'passthrough',\n    );\n  } catch (e) {\n    lc.warn?.('unable to parse the litestream restore result', e);\n    return false;\n  }\n  const forked = output.fork?.forked === true;\n  lc.info?.(\n    forked\n      ? `forked the backup at txid ${output.fork?.txid}`\n      : 'restored without forking the backup',\n  );\n  return forked;\n}\n\n/**\n * Deletes litestream's local state for `replicaFile` (its default meta\n * directory, `.<file>-litestream`).\n */\nexport function deleteLitestreamMetaDir(replicaFile: string) {\n  rmSync(join(dirname(replicaFile), `.${basename(replicaFile)}-litestream`), {\n    recursive: true,\n    force: true,\n  });\n}\n\nfunction deleteRestoreTempFiles(replicaFile: string) {\n  const temporaryReplicaFile = `${replicaFile}.tmp`;\n  deleteLiteDB(temporaryReplicaFile);\n\n  // rocicorp/litestream zero@v0.0.9 downloads WAL indexes in parallel to\n  // `<output>.tmp-<8 lowercase hex digits>-wal` before applying them.\n  const directory = dirname(temporaryReplicaFile);\n  if (!existsSync(directory)) {\n    return;\n  }\n  const prefix = `${basename(temporaryReplicaFile)}-`;\n  for (const name of readdirSync(directory)) {\n    if (!name.startsWith(prefix) || !name.endsWith('-wal')) {\n      continue;\n    }\n    const index = name.slice(prefix.length, -'-wal'.length);\n    if (LEGACY_RESTORE_WAL_INDEX.test(index)) {\n      rmSync(join(directory, name), {force: true});\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction logRestoreDirectoryContents(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  phase: 'before-temp-cleanup' | 'after-temp-cleanup',\n) {\n  const directory = dirname(replicaFile);\n  try {\n    const names = readdirSync(directory).sort();\n    const entries = names\n      .slice(0, MAX_LOGGED_RESTORE_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES)\n      .map(name => ({name, sizeBytes: statSync(join(directory, name)).size}));\n    lc.info?.('Litestream restore directory contents', {\n      phase,\n      directory,\n      replicaFile,\n      entryCount: names.length,\n      omittedEntryCount: Math.max(\n        0,\n        names.length - MAX_LOGGED_RESTORE_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES,\n      ),\n      entries,\n    });\n  } catch (e) {\n    lc.warn?.('Unable to inspect Litestream restore directory', {\n      phase,\n      directory,\n      replicaFile,\n      error: String(e),\n    });\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Opens and validates the restored replica. Returns the open connection if\n * the replica is valid, which the caller must close; otherwise closes it and\n * returns `undefined`.\n */\nfunction openValidReplica(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  replica: string,\n  constraints: ReplicaConstraints | undefined,\n): Database | undefined {\n  let db: Database | undefined;\n  try {\n    // Note: Open the database and read the subscription state as a\n    // sanity / corruption check, even if there are no constraints.\n    db = new Database(lc, replica);\n    const {replicaVersion, watermark} = getSubscriptionState(\n      new StatementRunner(db),\n    );\n    if (constraints) {\n      if (replicaVersion !== constraints.replicaVersion) {\n        lc.warn?.(\n          `Local replica version ${replicaVersion} does not match expected replicaVersion ${constraints.replicaVersion}`,\n          constraints,\n        );\n        return undefined;\n      }\n      if (watermark < constraints.minWatermark) {\n        lc.warn?.(\n          `Local replica watermark ${watermark} is earlier than minWatermark ${constraints.minWatermark}`,\n        );\n        return undefined;\n      }\n      lc.info?.(\n        `Local replica at version ${replicaVersion} and watermark ${watermark} is compatible`,\n        constraints,\n      );\n    }\n    const valid = db;\n    db = undefined; // owned by the caller\n    return valid;\n  } catch (e) {\n    if (isSQLiteCorruption(e)) {\n      logSQLiteCorruptionDiagnostics(lc, 'restored replica', replica, e);\n    }\n    lc.error?.('Error while validating restored replica', e);\n    return undefined;\n  } finally {\n    db?.close();\n  }\n}\n\nexport function startReplicaBackupProcess(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n): ChildProcess {\n  const {litestream, env} = getLitestream('replicate', config, replicaFile);\n  const attrs = litestreamBackupProcessMetricAttrs(config);\n  lc.info?.(`starting litestream backup to ${backupDestinationURL(config)}`);\n  const start = performance.now();\n  const proc = spawn(litestream, ['replicate'], {\n    env,\n    stdio: 'inherit',\n    windowsHide: true,\n  });\n  let recorded = false;\n  const record = (result: 'success' | 'error' | 'stopped') => {\n    if (recorded) {\n      return;\n    }\n    recorded = true;\n    const labels = {...attrs, result};\n    litestreamBackupProcessRuns().add(1, labels);\n    litestreamBackupProcessDuration().recordMs(\n      performance.now() - start,\n      labels,\n    );\n  };\n  proc.on('error', e => {\n    lc.warn?.(`litestream backup process error`, e);\n    record('error');\n  });\n  proc.on('close', (code, signal) => {\n    if (signal) {\n      lc.info?.(`litestream backup process stopped`, {signal});\n      record('stopped');\n    } else if (code === 0) {\n      record('success');\n    } else {\n      lc.warn?.(`litestream backup process exited with code ${code}`);\n      record('error');\n    }\n  });\n  return proc;\n}\n\n// Listing the backup state requires a few S3 LIST requests, which should\n// normally complete well within this timeout.\nconst LIST_BACKUP_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;\n\nconst wsRe = /\\s+/;\n\n/**\n * Returns the time of the most recent object (snapshot or WAL segment)\n * actually uploaded to the backup replica destination, as listed by the\n * bundled litestream CLI (`litestream snapshots` / `litestream wal`).\n *\n * This queries the replica destination (e.g. S3) directly, and thus serves\n * as a source of truth for backup durability. This is in contrast to the\n * `litestream_replica_progress` metric, which is exported when litestream\n * *believes* an upload has succeeded, and has been observed to advance even\n * when nothing is actually written to the destination.\n *\n * Rejects if the backup state cannot be determined (spawn error, non-zero\n * exit, timeout, or empty/unparseable listing).\n */\nexport async function getLastBackupTime(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n): Promise<Date> {\n  const [snapshots, wal] = await Promise.all([\n    listBackupCreatedTimes(lc, config, replicaFile, 'snapshots'),\n    listBackupCreatedTimes(lc, config, replicaFile, 'wal'),\n  ]);\n  const times = [...snapshots, ...wal];\n  if (times.length === 0) {\n    // Note: the litestream CLI exits with code 0 and logs listing errors\n    // (e.g. S3 failures) to stderr, so an empty listing cannot be\n    // distinguished from a failed one. Since a valid backup always contains\n    // at least one snapshot, an empty listing is treated as a failure.\n    throw new Error(\n      `no snapshots or WAL segments listed at ${backupDestinationURL(config)}`,\n    );\n  }\n  return new Date(Math.max(...times.map(time => time.getTime())));\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs `litestream <snapshots|wal> <replica-file>` with the same config /\n * environment used by the `litestream replicate` process (so that the\n * backupURL, endpoint, region, and credentials are identical), and parses\n * the `created` column (RFC3339) of the tab-formatted output, e.g.:\n *\n * ```\n * replica  generation        index  size     created\n * s3       1862f44967b3863f  0      4546445  2026-06-10T01:11:32Z\n * ```\n */\nasync function listBackupCreatedTimes(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  config: LitestreamConfig,\n  replicaFile: string,\n  command: 'snapshots' | 'wal',\n): Promise<Date[]> {\n  const start = performance.now();\n  let result: 'success' | 'empty' | 'timeout' | 'error' = 'error';\n  const {litestream, env} = getLitestream('replicate', config, replicaFile);\n  const proc = spawn(litestream, [command, replicaFile], {\n    env,\n    stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'inherit'],\n    windowsHide: true,\n  });\n  const {promise, resolve, reject} = resolver<string>();\n  let stdout = '';\n  proc.stdout.setEncoding('utf-8');\n  proc.stdout.on('data', chunk => (stdout += chunk));\n  proc.on('error', reject);\n  proc.on('close', (code, signal) => {\n    if (signal) {\n      reject(new Error(`litestream ${command} killed with ${signal}`));\n    } else if (code !== 0) {\n      reject(new Error(`litestream ${command} exited with code ${code}`));\n    } else {\n      resolve(stdout);\n    }\n  });\n  const timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n    result = 'timeout';\n    reject(new Error(`timed out listing backup state (litestream ${command})`));\n    proc.kill('SIGKILL');\n  }, LIST_BACKUP_TIMEOUT_MS);\n\n  try {\n    const output = await promise;\n    const times = parseBackupCreatedTimes(lc, command, output);\n    result = times.length ? 'success' : 'empty';\n    return times;\n  } finally {\n    clearTimeout(timeout);\n    litestreamBackupListDuration().recordMs(performance.now() - start, {\n      ...litestreamBackupMetricAttrs(config),\n      command,\n      result,\n    });\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Parses the `created` column (the last, RFC3339-formatted column) from the\n * tab-formatted output of `litestream snapshots` / `litestream wal`. The\n * header row and any unparseable lines are skipped.\n *\n * Exported for testing.\n */\nexport function parseBackupCreatedTimes(\n  lc: LogContext,\n  command: 'snapshots' | 'wal',\n  output: string,\n): Date[] {\n  const times: Date[] = [];\n  for (const line of output.split('\\n')) {\n    const cols = line.trim().split(wsRe);\n    const created = cols.at(-1);\n    if (\n      cols.length < 2 ||\n      created === undefined ||\n      created === 'created' /* header row */\n    ) {\n      continue;\n    }\n    const time = new Date(created);\n    if (Number.isNaN(time.getTime())) {\n      lc.warn?.(`unexpected line in litestream ${command} output: ${line}`);\n      continue;\n    }\n    times.push(time);\n  }\n  return 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