@rocicorp/zero 0.26.1-canary.9 → 0.26.1

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/subscriber.js

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { assert } from "../../../../shared/src/asserts.js";
+import { must } from "../../../../shared/src/must.js";
 import { max } from "../../types/lexi-version.js";
 import "./change-streamer.js";
 import { Unknown } from "./error-type-enum.js";
@@ -29,21 +30,21 @@ class Subscriber {
       if (this.#backlog) {
         this.#backlog.push(change);
       } else {
-        await this.#send(change);
+        await this.#sendChange(change);
       }
     }
   }
   #initialStatusSent = false;
   #ensureInitialStatusSent() {
     if (this.#protocolVersion >= 2 && !this.#initialStatusSent) {
-      this.#downstream.push(["status", { tag: "status" }]);
+      void this.#sendDownstream(["status", { tag: "status" }]);
       this.#initialStatusSent = true;
     }
   }
   /** catchup() is called on ChangeEntries loaded from the store. */
   async catchup(change) {
     this.#ensureInitialStatusSent();
-    await this.#send(change);
+    await this.#sendChange(change);
   }
   /**
    * Marks the Subscribe as "caught up" and flushes any backlog of
@@ -56,11 +57,11 @@ class Subscriber {
       "setCaughtUp() called but subscriber is not in catchup mode"
     );
     for (const change of this.#backlog) {
-      void this.#send(change);
+      void this.#sendChange(change);
     }
     this.#backlog = null;
   }
-  async #send(change) {
+  async #sendChange(change) {
     const [watermark, downstream] = change;
     if (watermark <= this.watermark) {
       return;
@@ -68,16 +69,71 @@ class Subscriber {
     if (!this.supportsMessage(downstream[1])) {
       return;
     }
-    const pending = this.#downstream.push(downstream);
     if (downstream[0] === "commit") {
       this.#watermark = watermark;
-      void pending.result.then((val) => {
-        if (val === "consumed") {
-          this.#acked = max(this.#acked, watermark);
-        }
-      });
     }
-    await pending.result;
+    const result = await this.#sendDownstream(downstream);
+    if (downstream[0] === "commit" && result === "consumed") {
+      this.#acked = max(this.#acked, watermark);
+    }
+  }
+  async #sendDownstream(downstream) {
+    this.#pending++;
+    const { result } = this.#downstream.push(downstream);
+    try {
+      return await result;
+    } finally {
+      this.#pending--;
+      this.#processed++;
+    }
+  }
+  // `pending` and `processed` stats are tracked by periodically sampling
+  // the running totals (by the progress tracker in the Forwarder).
+  // This information was originally collected for use in flow control
+  // decisions. The final flow control algorithm ended up being simpler
+  // than expected and does not actually use this information. However, the
+  // stats are still tracked and logged during flow control decisions for
+  // debugging, forensics, and potential improvements to the algorithm.
+  #pending = 0;
+  #processed = 0;
+  #samples = [
+    { processed: 0, timestamp: performance.now() }
+  ];
+  /**
+   * The number of downstream messages that have yet to be acked.
+   */
+  get numPending() {
+    return this.#pending;
+  }
+  /**
+   * The total number of downstream messages that the subscriber has
+   * processed (i.e. acked).
+   */
+  get numProcessed() {
+    return this.#processed;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Records a new history entry for the number of messages processed,
+   * keeping the number of samples bounded to `maxSamples`.
+   */
+  sampleProcessRate(now, maxSamples = 10) {
+    while (this.#samples.length >= maxSamples) {
+      this.#samples.shift();
+    }
+    this.#samples.push({ processed: this.#processed, timestamp: now });
+    return this;
+  }
+  getStats() {
+    const pending = this.#pending;
+    if (this.#samples.length < 2) {
+      return { processRate: 0, pending };
+    }
+    const from = this.#samples[0];
+    const to = must(this.#samples.at(-1));
+    const processed = to.processed - from.processed;
+    const seconds = (to.timestamp - from.timestamp) / 1e3;
+    const processRate = seconds === 0 ? 0 : processed / seconds;
+    return { processRate, pending };
   }
   supportsMessage(change) {
     switch (change.tag) {

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/subscriber.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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Once the catchup is complete, calls to\n * {@link send()} result in immediately sending the change.\n */\nexport class Subscriber {\n  readonly #protocolVersion: number;\n  readonly id: string;\n  readonly #downstream: Subscription<Downstream>;\n  #watermark: string;\n  #acked: string;\n  #backlog: WatermarkedChange[] | null;\n\n  constructor(\n    protocolVersion: number,\n    id: string,\n    watermark: string,\n    downstream: Subscription<Downstream>,\n  ) {\n    this.#protocolVersion = protocolVersion;\n    this.id = id;\n    this.#downstream = downstream;\n    this.#watermark = watermark;\n    this.#acked = watermark;\n    this.#backlog = [];\n  }\n\n  get watermark() {\n    return this.#watermark;\n  }\n\n  get acked() {\n    return this.#acked;\n  }\n\n  async send(change: WatermarkedChange) {\n    const [watermark] = change;\n    if (watermark > this.#watermark) {\n      if (this.#backlog) {\n        this.#backlog.push(change);\n      } else {\n        await this.#send(change);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  #initialStatusSent = false;\n\n  #ensureInitialStatusSent() {\n    if (this.#protocolVersion >= 2 && !this.#initialStatusSent) {\n      this.#downstream.push(['status', {tag: 'status'}]);\n      this.#initialStatusSent = true;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /** catchup() is called on ChangeEntries loaded from the store. */\n  async catchup(change: WatermarkedChange) {\n    this.#ensureInitialStatusSent();\n    await this.#send(change);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Marks the Subscribe as \"caught up\" and flushes any backlog of\n   * entries that were received during the catchup.\n   */\n  setCaughtUp() {\n    this.#ensureInitialStatusSent();\n    assert(\n      this.#backlog,\n      'setCaughtUp() called but subscriber is not in catchup mode',\n    );\n    // Note that this method must be asynchronous in order for send() to\n    // interpret the #backlog variable correctly. This is the only place\n    // where I/O flow control is not heeded. However, it will be awaited\n    // by the next caller to send().\n    for (const change of this.#backlog) {\n      void this.#send(change);\n    }\n    this.#backlog = null;\n  }\n\n  async #send(change: WatermarkedChange) {\n    const [watermark, downstream] = change;\n    if (watermark <= this.watermark) {\n      return;\n    }\n    if (!this.supportsMessage(downstream[1])) {\n      return;\n    }\n    const pending = this.#downstream.push(downstream);\n    if (downstream[0] === 'commit') {\n      this.#watermark = watermark;\n      void pending.result.then(val => {\n        if (val === 'consumed') {\n          this.#acked = max(this.#acked, watermark);\n        }\n      });\n    }\n    await pending.result;\n  }\n\n  supportsMessage(change: ChangeStreamData[1]) {\n    switch (change.tag) {\n      case 'update-table-metadata':\n        // update-table-row-key is only understood by subscribers >= protocol v5\n        return this.#protocolVersion >= 5;\n    }\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  fail(err?: unknown) {\n    this.close(ErrorType.Unknown, String(err));\n  }\n\n  close(error?: ErrorType, message?: string) {\n    if (error) {\n      const {result} = this.#downstream.push(['error', {type: error, message}]);\n      // Wait for the ACK of the error message before closing the connection.\n      void result.then(() => this.#downstream.cancel());\n    } else {\n      this.#downstream.cancel();\n    }\n  }\n}\n"],"names":["ErrorType.Unknown"],"mappings":";;;;AAkBO,MAAM,WAAW;AAAA,EACb;AAAA,EACA;AAAA,EACA;AAAA,EACT;AAAA,EACA;AAAA,EACA;AAAA,EAEA,YACE,iBACA,IACA,WACA,YACA;AACA,SAAK,mBAAmB;AACxB,SAAK,KAAK;AACV,SAAK,cAAc;AACnB,SAAK,aAAa;AAClB,SAAK,SAAS;AACd,SAAK,WAAW,CAAA;AAAA,EAClB;AAAA,EAEA,IAAI,YAAY;AACd,WAAO,KAAK;AAAA,EACd;AAAA,EAEA,IAAI,QAAQ;AACV,WAAO,KAAK;AAAA,EACd;AAAA,EAEA,MAAM,KAAK,QAA2B;AACpC,UAAM,CAAC,SAAS,IAAI;AACpB,QAAI,YAAY,KAAK,YAAY;AAC/B,UAAI,KAAK,UAAU;AACjB,aAAK,SAAS,KAAK,MAAM;AAAA,MAC3B,OAAO;AACL,cAAM,KAAK,MAAM,MAAM;AAAA,MACzB;AAAA,IACF;AAAA,EACF;AAAA,EAEA,qBAAqB;AAAA,EAErB,2BAA2B;AACzB,QAAI,KAAK,oBAAoB,KAAK,CAAC,KAAK,oBAAoB;AAC1D,WAAK,YAAY,KAAK,CAAC,UAAU,EAAC,KAAK,SAAA,CAAS,CAAC;AACjD,WAAK,qBAAqB;AAAA,IAC5B;AAAA,EACF;AAAA;AAAA,EAGA,MAAM,QAAQ,QAA2B;AACvC,SAAK,yBAAA;AACL,UAAM,KAAK,MAAM,MAAM;AAAA,EACzB;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA,EAMA,cAAc;AACZ,SAAK,yBAAA;AACL;AAAA,MACE,KAAK;AAAA,MACL;AAAA,IAAA;AAMF,eAAW,UAAU,KAAK,UAAU;AAClC,WAAK,KAAK,MAAM,MAAM;AAAA,IACxB;AACA,SAAK,WAAW;AAAA,EAClB;AAAA,EAEA,MAAM,MAAM,QAA2B;AACrC,UAAM,CAAC,WAAW,UAAU,IAAI;AAChC,QAAI,aAAa,KAAK,WAAW;AAC/B;AAAA,IACF;AACA,QAAI,CAAC,KAAK,gBAAgB,WAAW,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG;AACxC;AAAA,IACF;AACA,UAAM,UAAU,KAAK,YAAY,KAAK,UAAU;AAChD,QAAI,WAAW,CAAC,MAAM,UAAU;AAC9B,WAAK,aAAa;AAClB,WAAK,QAAQ,OAAO,KAAK,CAAA,QAAO;AAC9B,YAAI,QAAQ,YAAY;AACtB,eAAK,SAAS,IAAI,KAAK,QAAQ,SAAS;AAAA,QAC1C;AAAA,MACF,CAAC;AAAA,IACH;AACA,UAAM,QAAQ;AAAA,EAChB;AAAA,EAEA,gBAAgB,QAA6B;AAC3C,YAAQ,OAAO,KAAA;AAAA,MACb,KAAK;AAEH,eAAO,KAAK,oBAAoB;AAAA,IAAA;AAEpC,WAAO;AAAA,EACT;AAAA,EAEA,KAAK,KAAe;AAClB,SAAK,MAAMA,SAAmB,OAAO,GAAG,CAAC;AAAA,EAC3C;AAAA,EAEA,MAAM,OAAmB,SAAkB;AACzC,QAAI,OAAO;AACT,YAAM,EAAC,OAAA,IAAU,KAAK,YAAY,KAAK,CAAC,SAAS,EAAC,MAAM,OAAO,QAAA,CAAQ,CAAC;AAExE,WAAK,OAAO,KAAK,MAAM,KAAK,YAAY,QAAQ;AAAA,IAClD,OAAO;AACL,WAAK,YAAY,OAAA;AAAA,IACnB;AAAA,EACF;AACF;"}
+{"version":3,"file":"subscriber.js","sources":["../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/change-streamer/subscriber.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {assert} from '../../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport type {Enum} from '../../../../shared/src/enum.ts';\nimport {must} from '../../../../shared/src/must.ts';\nimport {max} from '../../types/lexi-version.ts';\nimport type {Subscription} from '../../types/subscription.ts';\nimport type {ChangeStreamData} from '../change-source/protocol/current.ts';\nimport type {WatermarkedChange} from './change-streamer-service.ts';\nimport {type Downstream} from './change-streamer.ts';\nimport * as ErrorType from './error-type-enum.ts';\n\ntype ErrorType = Enum<typeof ErrorType>;\n\n/**\n * Encapsulates a subscriber to changes. All subscribers start in a\n * \"catchup\" phase in which changes are buffered in a backlog while the\n * storer is queried to send any changes that were committed since the\n * subscriber's watermark. Once the catchup is complete, calls to\n * {@link send()} result in immediately sending the change.\n */\nexport class Subscriber {\n  readonly #protocolVersion: number;\n  readonly id: string;\n  readonly #downstream: Subscription<Downstream>;\n  #watermark: string;\n  #acked: string;\n  #backlog: WatermarkedChange[] | null;\n\n  constructor(\n    protocolVersion: number,\n    id: string,\n    watermark: string,\n    downstream: Subscription<Downstream>,\n  ) {\n    this.#protocolVersion = protocolVersion;\n    this.id = id;\n    this.#downstream = downstream;\n    this.#watermark = watermark;\n    this.#acked = watermark;\n    this.#backlog = [];\n  }\n\n  get watermark() {\n    return this.#watermark;\n  }\n\n  get acked() {\n    return this.#acked;\n  }\n\n  async send(change: WatermarkedChange) {\n    const [watermark] = change;\n    if (watermark > this.#watermark) {\n      if (this.#backlog) {\n        this.#backlog.push(change);\n      } else {\n        await this.#sendChange(change);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  #initialStatusSent = false;\n\n  #ensureInitialStatusSent() {\n    if (this.#protocolVersion >= 2 && !this.#initialStatusSent) {\n      void this.#sendDownstream(['status', {tag: 'status'}]);\n      this.#initialStatusSent = true;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /** catchup() is called on ChangeEntries loaded from the store. */\n  async catchup(change: WatermarkedChange) {\n    this.#ensureInitialStatusSent();\n    await this.#sendChange(change);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Marks the Subscribe as \"caught up\" and flushes any backlog of\n   * entries that were received during the catchup.\n   */\n  setCaughtUp() {\n    this.#ensureInitialStatusSent();\n    assert(\n      this.#backlog,\n      'setCaughtUp() called but subscriber is not in catchup mode',\n    );\n    // Note that this method must be asynchronous in order for send() to\n    // interpret the #backlog variable correctly. This is the only place\n    // where I/O flow control is not heeded. However, it will be awaited\n    // by the next caller to send().\n    for (const change of this.#backlog) {\n      void this.#sendChange(change);\n    }\n    this.#backlog = null;\n  }\n\n  async #sendChange(change: WatermarkedChange) {\n    const [watermark, downstream] = change;\n    if (watermark <= this.watermark) {\n      return;\n    }\n    if (!this.supportsMessage(downstream[1])) {\n      return;\n    }\n    if (downstream[0] === 'commit') {\n      this.#watermark = watermark;\n    }\n    const result = await this.#sendDownstream(downstream);\n    if (downstream[0] === 'commit' && result === 'consumed') {\n      this.#acked = max(this.#acked, watermark);\n    }\n  }\n\n  async #sendDownstream(downstream: Downstream) {\n    this.#pending++;\n    const {result} = this.#downstream.push(downstream);\n    try {\n      return await result;\n    } finally {\n      this.#pending--;\n      this.#processed++;\n    }\n  }\n\n  // `pending` and `processed` stats are tracked by periodically sampling\n  // the running totals (by the progress tracker in the Forwarder).\n  // This information was originally collected for use in flow control\n  // decisions. 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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/replicator/change-processor.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/replicator/change-processor.js

@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ class TransactionProcessor {
   }
   processCreateTable(create) {
     if (create.metadata) {
-      this.#tableMetadata.set(create.spec, create.metadata);
+      this.#tableMetadata.setUpstreamMetadata(create.spec, create.metadata);
     }
     const table = mapPostgresToLite(create.spec);
     this.#db.db.exec(createLiteTableStatement(table));
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ class TransactionProcessor {
     this.#lc.info?.(create.tag, table.name);
   }
   processTableMetadata(msg) {
-    this.#tableMetadata.set(msg.table, msg.new);
+    this.#tableMetadata.setUpstreamMetadata(msg.table, msg.new);
   }
   processRenameTable(rename) {
     this.#tableMetadata.rename(rename.old, rename.new);
@@ -364,13 +364,13 @@ class TransactionProcessor {
     const newName = liteTableName(rename.new);
     this.#db.db.exec(`ALTER TABLE ${id(oldName)} RENAME TO ${id(newName)}`);
     this.#columnMetadata.renameTable(oldName, newName);
-    this.#bumpVersions(newName);
+    this.#bumpVersions(rename.new);
     this.#logResetOp(oldName);
     this.#lc.info?.(rename.tag, oldName, newName);
   }
   processAddColumn(msg) {
     if (msg.tableMetadata) {
-      this.#tableMetadata.set(msg.table, msg.tableMetadata);
+      this.#tableMetadata.setUpstreamMetadata(msg.table, msg.tableMetadata);
     }
     const table = liteTableName(msg.table);
     const { name } = msg.column;
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ class TransactionProcessor {
     if (msg.backfill) {
       this.#reloadTableSpecs();
     } else {
-      this.#bumpVersions(table);
+      this.#bumpVersions(msg.table);
     }
     this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, msg.column);
   }
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ class TransactionProcessor {
       msg.new.name,
       msg.new.spec
     );
-    this.#bumpVersions(table);
+    this.#bumpVersions(msg.table);
     this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, msg.new);
   }
   processDropColumn(msg) {
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ class TransactionProcessor {
     const { column } = msg;
     this.#db.db.exec(`ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} DROP ${id(column)}`);
     this.#columnMetadata.deleteColumn(table, column);
-    this.#bumpVersions(table);
+    this.#bumpVersions(msg.table);
     this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, column);
   }
   processDropTable(drop) {
@@ -462,11 +462,8 @@ class TransactionProcessor {
     this.#lc.info?.(drop.tag, name);
   }
   #bumpVersions(table) {
-    this.#db.run(
-      `UPDATE ${id(table)} SET ${id(ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME)} = ?`,
-      this.#version
-    );
-    this.#logResetOp(table);
+    this.#tableMetadata.setMinRowVersion(table, this.#version);
+    this.#logResetOp(liteTableName(table));
   }
   /**
    * @param backfilledColumns `backfilling` columns for which values were set
@@ -559,7 +556,7 @@ class TransactionProcessor {
     for (const col of cols) {
       columnMetadata.clearBackfilling(tableName, col);
     }
-    this.#bumpVersions(tableName);
+    this.#bumpVersions(relation);
     if (status) {
       this.#completedBackfill = { table: tableName, columns: cols, ...status };
     }

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/replicator/change-processor.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"change-processor.js","sources":["../../../../../../zero-cache/src/services/replicator/change-processor.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type {LogContext} from '@rocicorp/logger';\nimport {SqliteError} from '@rocicorp/zero-sqlite3';\nimport {AbortError} from '../../../../shared/src/abort-error.ts';\nimport {assert, unreachable} from '../../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport {stringify} from '../../../../shared/src/bigint-json.ts';\nimport {must} from '../../../../shared/src/must.ts';\nimport type {DownloadStatus} from '../../../../zero-events/src/status.ts';\nimport {\n  createLiteIndexStatement,\n  createLiteTableStatement,\n  liteColumnDef,\n} from '../../db/create.ts';\nimport {\n  computeZqlSpecs,\n  listIndexes,\n  listTables,\n  type LiteTableSpecWithReplicationStatus,\n} from '../../db/lite-tables.ts';\nimport {\n  mapPostgresToLite,\n  mapPostgresToLiteColumn,\n  mapPostgresToLiteIndex,\n} from '../../db/pg-to-lite.ts';\nimport type {LiteTableSpec} from '../../db/specs.ts';\nimport type {StatementRunner} from '../../db/statements.ts';\nimport type {LexiVersion} from '../../types/lexi-version.ts';\nimport {\n  JSON_PARSED,\n  liteRow,\n  type JSONFormat,\n  type LiteRow,\n  type LiteRowKey,\n  type LiteValueType,\n} from '../../types/lite.ts';\nimport {liteTableName} from '../../types/names.ts';\nimport {id} from '../../types/sql.ts';\nimport type {\n  BackfillCompleted,\n  Change,\n  ColumnAdd,\n  ColumnDrop,\n  ColumnUpdate,\n  IndexCreate,\n  IndexDrop,\n  MessageBackfill,\n  MessageCommit,\n  MessageDelete,\n  MessageInsert,\n  MessageRelation,\n  MessageTruncate,\n  MessageUpdate,\n  TableCreate,\n  TableDrop,\n  TableRename,\n  TableUpdateMetadata,\n} from '../change-source/protocol/current/data.ts';\nimport type {ChangeStreamData} from '../change-source/protocol/current/downstream.ts';\nimport type {ReplicatorMode} from './replicator.ts';\nimport {ChangeLog, DEL_OP, SET_OP} from './schema/change-log.ts';\nimport {ColumnMetadataStore} from './schema/column-metadata.ts';\nimport {\n  ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME,\n  updateReplicationWatermark,\n} from './schema/replication-state.ts';\nimport {TableMetadataTracker} from './schema/table-metadata.ts';\n\nexport type ChangeProcessorMode = ReplicatorMode | 'initial-sync';\n\nexport type CommitResult = {\n  watermark: string;\n  completedBackfill: DownloadStatus | undefined;\n  schemaUpdated: boolean;\n  changeLogUpdated: boolean;\n};\n\n/**\n * The ChangeProcessor partitions the stream of messages into transactions\n * by creating a {@link TransactionProcessor} when a transaction begins, and dispatching\n * messages to it until the commit is received.\n *\n * From https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-logical-replication.html#PROTOCOL-LOGICAL-MESSAGES-FLOW :\n *\n * \"The logical replication protocol sends individual transactions one by one.\n *  This means that all messages between a pair of Begin and Commit messages\n *  belong to the same transaction.\"\n */\nexport class ChangeProcessor {\n  readonly #db: StatementRunner;\n  readonly #changeLog: ChangeLog;\n  readonly #tableMetadata: TableMetadataTracker;\n  readonly #mode: ChangeProcessorMode;\n  readonly #failService: (lc: LogContext, err: unknown) => void;\n\n  // The TransactionProcessor lazily loads table specs into this Map,\n  // and reloads them after a schema change. It is cached here to avoid\n  // reading them from the DB on every transaction.\n  readonly #tableSpecs = new Map<string, LiteTableSpec>();\n\n  #currentTx: TransactionProcessor | null = null;\n\n  #failure: Error | undefined;\n\n  constructor(\n    db: StatementRunner,\n    mode: ChangeProcessorMode,\n    failService: (lc: LogContext, err: unknown) => void,\n  ) {\n    this.#db = db;\n    this.#changeLog = new ChangeLog(db.db);\n    this.#tableMetadata = new TableMetadataTracker(db.db);\n    this.#mode = mode;\n    this.#failService = failService;\n  }\n\n  #fail(lc: LogContext, err: unknown) {\n    if (!this.#failure) {\n      this.#currentTx?.abort(lc); // roll back any pending transaction.\n\n      this.#failure = ensureError(err);\n\n      if (!(err instanceof AbortError)) {\n        // Propagate the failure up to the service.\n        lc.error?.('Message Processing failed:', this.#failure);\n        this.#failService(lc, this.#failure);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  abort(lc: LogContext) {\n    this.#fail(lc, new AbortError());\n  }\n\n  /** @return If a transaction was committed. */\n  processMessage(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    downstream: ChangeStreamData,\n  ): CommitResult | null {\n    const [type, message] = downstream;\n    if (this.#failure) {\n      lc.debug?.(`Dropping ${message.tag}`);\n      return null;\n    }\n    try {\n      const watermark =\n        type === 'begin'\n          ? downstream[2].commitWatermark\n          : type === 'commit'\n            ? downstream[2].watermark\n            : undefined;\n      return this.#processMessage(lc, message, watermark);\n    } catch (e) {\n      this.#fail(lc, e);\n    }\n    return null;\n  }\n\n  #beginTransaction(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    commitVersion: string,\n    jsonFormat: JSONFormat,\n  ): TransactionProcessor {\n    const start = Date.now();\n\n    // litestream can technically hold the lock for an arbitrary amount of time\n    // when checkpointing a large commit. Crashing on the busy-timeout in this\n    // scenario will either produce a corrupt backup or otherwise prevent\n    // replication from proceeding.\n    //\n    // Instead, retry the lock acquisition indefinitely. If this masks\n    // an unknown deadlock situation, manual intervention will be necessary.\n    for (let i = 0; ; i++) {\n      try {\n        return new TransactionProcessor(\n          lc,\n          this.#db,\n          this.#mode,\n          this.#changeLog,\n          this.#tableMetadata,\n          this.#tableSpecs,\n          commitVersion,\n          jsonFormat,\n        );\n      } catch (e) {\n        if (e instanceof SqliteError && e.code === 'SQLITE_BUSY') {\n          lc.warn?.(\n            `SQLITE_BUSY for ${Date.now() - start} ms (attempt ${i + 1}). ` +\n              `This is only expected if litestream is performing a large ` +\n              `checkpoint.`,\n            e,\n          );\n          continue;\n        }\n        throw e;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /** @return If a transaction was committed. */\n  #processMessage(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    msg: Change,\n    watermark: string | undefined,\n  ): CommitResult | null {\n    if (msg.tag === 'begin') {\n      if (this.#currentTx) {\n        throw new Error(`Already in a transaction ${stringify(msg)}`);\n      }\n      this.#currentTx = this.#beginTransaction(\n        lc,\n        must(watermark),\n        msg.json ?? JSON_PARSED,\n      );\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    // For non-begin messages, there should be a #currentTx set.\n    const tx = this.#currentTx;\n    if (!tx) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Received message outside of transaction: ${stringify(msg)}`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (msg.tag === 'commit') {\n      // Undef this.#currentTx to allow the assembly of the next transaction.\n      this.#currentTx = null;\n\n      assert(watermark, 'watermark is required for commit messages');\n      return tx.processCommit(msg, watermark);\n    }\n\n    if (msg.tag === 'rollback') {\n      this.#currentTx?.abort(lc);\n      this.#currentTx = null;\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    switch (msg.tag) {\n      case 'insert':\n        tx.processInsert(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'update':\n        tx.processUpdate(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'delete':\n        tx.processDelete(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'truncate':\n        tx.processTruncate(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'create-table':\n        tx.processCreateTable(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'rename-table':\n        tx.processRenameTable(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'update-table-metadata':\n        tx.processTableMetadata(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'add-column':\n        tx.processAddColumn(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'update-column':\n        tx.processUpdateColumn(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'drop-column':\n        tx.processDropColumn(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'drop-table':\n        tx.processDropTable(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'create-index':\n        tx.processCreateIndex(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'drop-index':\n        tx.processDropIndex(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'backfill':\n        tx.processBackfill(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'backfill-completed':\n        tx.processBackfillCompleted(msg);\n        break;\n      default:\n        unreachable(msg);\n    }\n\n    return null;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * The {@link TransactionProcessor} handles the sequence of messages from\n * upstream, from `BEGIN` to `COMMIT` and executes the corresponding mutations\n * on the {@link postgres.TransactionSql} on the replica.\n *\n * When applying row contents to the replica, the `_0_version` column is added / updated,\n * and a corresponding entry in the `ChangeLog` is added. The version value is derived\n * from the watermark of the preceding transaction (stored as the `nextStateVersion` in the\n * `ReplicationState` table).\n *\n *   Side note: For non-streaming Postgres transactions, the commitEndLsn (and thus\n *   commit watermark) is available in the `begin` message, so it could theoretically\n *   be used for the row version of changes within the transaction. However, the\n *   commitEndLsn is not available in the streaming (in-progress) transaction\n *   protocol, and may not be available for CDC streams of other upstream types.\n *   Therefore, the zero replication protocol is designed to not require the commit\n *   watermark when a transaction begins.\n *\n * Also of interest is the fact that all INSERT Messages are logically applied as\n * UPSERTs. See {@link processInsert} for the underlying motivation.\n */\nclass TransactionProcessor {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #startMs: number;\n  readonly #db: StatementRunner;\n  readonly #mode: ChangeProcessorMode;\n  readonly #version: LexiVersion;\n  readonly #changeLog: ChangeLog;\n  readonly #tableMetadata: TableMetadataTracker;\n  readonly #tableSpecs: Map<string, LiteTableSpecWithReplicationStatus>;\n  readonly #jsonFormat: JSONFormat;\n  readonly #columnMetadata: ColumnMetadataStore;\n\n  #pos = 0;\n  #schemaChanged = false;\n  #numChangeLogEntries = 0;\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    db: StatementRunner,\n    mode: ChangeProcessorMode,\n    changeLog: ChangeLog,\n    tableMetadata: TableMetadataTracker,\n    tableSpecs: Map<string, LiteTableSpecWithReplicationStatus>,\n    commitVersion: LexiVersion,\n    jsonFormat: JSONFormat,\n  ) {\n    this.#startMs = Date.now();\n    this.#mode = mode;\n    this.#jsonFormat = jsonFormat;\n\n    switch (mode) {\n      case 'serving':\n        // Although the Replicator / Incremental Syncer is the only writer of the replica,\n        // a `BEGIN CONCURRENT` transaction is used to allow View Syncers to simulate\n        // (i.e. and `ROLLBACK`) changes on historic snapshots of the database for the\n        // purpose of IVM).\n        //\n        // This TransactionProcessor is the only logic that will actually\n        // `COMMIT` any transactions to the replica.\n        db.beginConcurrent();\n        break;\n      case 'backup':\n        // For the backup-replicator (i.e. replication-manager), there are no View Syncers\n        // and thus BEGIN CONCURRENT is not necessary. In fact, BEGIN CONCURRENT can cause\n        // deadlocks with forced wal-checkpoints (which `litestream replicate` performs),\n        // so it is important to use vanilla transactions in this configuration.\n        db.beginImmediate();\n        break;\n      case 'initial-sync':\n        // When the ChangeProcessor is used for initial-sync, the calling code\n        // handles the transaction boundaries.\n        break;\n      default:\n        unreachable();\n    }\n    this.#db = db;\n    this.#version = commitVersion;\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('version', commitVersion);\n    this.#changeLog = changeLog;\n    this.#tableMetadata = tableMetadata;\n    this.#tableSpecs = tableSpecs;\n    // The column_metadata table is guaranteed to exist since the\n    // replica-schema.ts migration to v8.\n    this.#columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(db.db));\n\n    if (this.#tableSpecs.size === 0) {\n      this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n    }\n  }\n\n  #reloadTableSpecs() {\n    this.#tableSpecs.clear();\n    // zqlSpecs include the primary key derived from unique indexes\n    const zqlSpecs = computeZqlSpecs(this.#lc, this.#db.db, {\n      includeBackfillingColumns: true,\n    });\n    for (let spec of listTables(this.#db.db)) {\n      if (!spec.primaryKey) {\n        spec = {\n          ...spec,\n          primaryKey: [\n            ...(zqlSpecs.get(spec.name)?.tableSpec.primaryKey ?? []),\n          ],\n        };\n      }\n      this.#tableSpecs.set(spec.name, spec);\n    }\n  }\n\n  #tableSpec(name: string) {\n    return must(this.#tableSpecs.get(name), `Unknown table ${name}`);\n  }\n\n  #getKey(\n    {row, numCols}: {row: LiteRow; numCols: number},\n    {relation}: {relation: MessageRelation},\n  ): LiteRowKey {\n    const keyColumns =\n      relation.rowKey.type !== 'full'\n        ? relation.rowKey.columns // already a suitable key\n        : this.#tableSpec(liteTableName(relation)).primaryKey;\n    if (!keyColumns?.length) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Cannot replicate table \"${relation.name}\" without a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE INDEX`,\n      );\n    }\n    // For the common case (replica identity default), the row is already the\n    // key for deletes and updates, in which case a new object can be avoided.\n    if (numCols === keyColumns.length) {\n      return row;\n    }\n    const key: Record<string, LiteValueType> = {};\n    for (const col of keyColumns) {\n      key[col] = row[col];\n    }\n    return key;\n  }\n\n  processInsert(insert: MessageInsert) {\n    const table = liteTableName(insert.relation);\n    const tableSpec = this.#tableSpec(table);\n    const newRow = liteRow(insert.new, tableSpec, this.#jsonFormat);\n\n    this.#upsert(table, {\n      ...newRow.row,\n      [ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME]: this.#version,\n    });\n\n    if (insert.relation.rowKey.columns.length === 0) {\n      // INSERTs can be replicated for rows without a PRIMARY KEY or a\n      // UNIQUE INDEX. These are written to the replica but not recorded\n      // in the changeLog, because these rows cannot participate in IVM.\n      //\n      // (Once the table schema has been corrected to include a key, the\n      //  associated schema change will reset pipelines and data can be\n      //  loaded via hydration.)\n      return;\n    }\n    const key = this.#getKey(newRow, insert);\n    this.#logSetOp(table, key, getBackfilledColumns(newRow.row, tableSpec));\n  }\n\n  #upsert(table: string, row: LiteRow) {\n    const columns = Object.keys(row).map(c => id(c));\n    this.#db.run(\n      `\n      INSERT OR REPLACE INTO ${id(table)} (${columns.join(',')})\n        VALUES (${Array.from({length: columns.length}).fill('?').join(',')})\n      `,\n      Object.values(row),\n    );\n  }\n\n  // Updates by default are applied as UPDATE commands to support partial\n  // row specifications from the change source. In particular, this is needed\n  // to handle updates for which unchanged TOASTed values are not sent:\n  //\n  // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-logicalrep-message-formats.html#PROTOCOL-LOGICALREP-MESSAGE-FORMATS-TUPLEDATA\n  //\n  // However, in certain cases an UPDATE may be received for a row that\n  // was not initially synced, such as when, an existing table is added\n  // to the app's publication.\n  //\n  // In order to facilitate \"resumptive\" replication, the logic falls back to\n  // an INSERT if the update did not change any rows.\n  processUpdate(update: MessageUpdate) {\n    const table = liteTableName(update.relation);\n    const tableSpec = this.#tableSpec(table);\n    const newRow = liteRow(update.new, tableSpec, this.#jsonFormat);\n    const row = {...newRow.row, [ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME]: this.#version};\n\n    // update.key is set with the old values if the key has changed.\n    const oldKey = update.key\n      ? this.#getKey(\n          liteRow(update.key, this.#tableSpec(table), this.#jsonFormat),\n          update,\n        )\n      : null;\n    const newKey = this.#getKey(newRow, update);\n\n    if (oldKey) {\n      this.#logDeleteOp(table, oldKey, tableSpec.backfilling);\n    }\n    this.#logSetOp(table, newKey, getBackfilledColumns(newRow.row, tableSpec));\n\n    const currKey = oldKey ?? newKey;\n    const conds = Object.keys(currKey).map(col => `${id(col)}=?`);\n    const setExprs = Object.keys(row).map(col => `${id(col)}=?`);\n\n    const {changes} = this.#db.run(\n      `\n      UPDATE ${id(table)}\n        SET ${setExprs.join(',')}\n        WHERE ${conds.join(' AND ')}\n      `,\n      [...Object.values(row), ...Object.values(currKey)],\n    );\n\n    // If the UPDATE did not affect any rows, perform an UPSERT of the\n    // new row for resumptive replication.\n    if (changes === 0) {\n      this.#upsert(table, row);\n    }\n  }\n\n  processDelete(del: MessageDelete) {\n    const table = liteTableName(del.relation);\n    const tableSpec = this.#tableSpec(table);\n    const rowKey = this.#getKey(\n      liteRow(del.key, tableSpec, this.#jsonFormat),\n      del,\n    );\n\n    this.#delete(table, rowKey);\n    this.#logDeleteOp(table, rowKey, tableSpec.backfilling);\n  }\n\n  #delete(table: string, rowKey: LiteRowKey) {\n    const conds = Object.keys(rowKey).map(col => `${id(col)}=?`);\n    this.#db.run(\n      `DELETE FROM ${id(table)} WHERE ${conds.join(' AND ')}`,\n      Object.values(rowKey),\n    );\n  }\n\n  processTruncate(truncate: MessageTruncate) {\n    for (const relation of truncate.relations) {\n      const table = liteTableName(relation);\n      // Update replica data.\n      this.#db.run(`DELETE FROM ${id(table)}`);\n\n      // Update change log.\n      this.#logTruncateOp(table);\n    }\n  }\n\n  processCreateTable(create: TableCreate) {\n    if (create.metadata) {\n      this.#tableMetadata.set(create.spec, create.metadata);\n    }\n    const table = mapPostgresToLite(create.spec);\n    this.#db.db.exec(createLiteTableStatement(table));\n\n    // Write to metadata table\n    for (const [colName, colSpec] of Object.entries(create.spec.columns)) {\n      this.#columnMetadata.insert(\n        table.name,\n        colName,\n        colSpec,\n        create.backfill?.[colName],\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (\n      Object.keys(create.backfill ?? {}).length ===\n      Object.keys(create.spec.columns).length\n    ) {\n      this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n    } else {\n      // Make the table visible immediately unless all of the columns are\n      // being backfilled. In the backfill case, the version bump will happen\n      // with the backfill is complete.\n      this.#logResetOp(table.name);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(create.tag, table.name);\n  }\n\n  processTableMetadata(msg: TableUpdateMetadata) {\n    this.#tableMetadata.set(msg.table, msg.new);\n  }\n\n  processRenameTable(rename: TableRename) {\n    this.#tableMetadata.rename(rename.old, rename.new);\n\n    const oldName = liteTableName(rename.old);\n    const newName = liteTableName(rename.new);\n    this.#db.db.exec(`ALTER TABLE ${id(oldName)} RENAME TO ${id(newName)}`);\n\n    // Rename in metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.renameTable(oldName, newName);\n\n    this.#bumpVersions(newName);\n    this.#logResetOp(oldName);\n    this.#lc.info?.(rename.tag, oldName, newName);\n  }\n\n  processAddColumn(msg: ColumnAdd) {\n    if (msg.tableMetadata) {\n      this.#tableMetadata.set(msg.table, msg.tableMetadata);\n    }\n    const table = liteTableName(msg.table);\n    const {name} = msg.column;\n    const spec = mapPostgresToLiteColumn(table, msg.column);\n    this.#db.db.exec(\n      `ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} ADD ${id(name)} ${liteColumnDef(spec)}`,\n    );\n\n    // Write to metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.insert(table, name, msg.column.spec, msg.backfill);\n\n    if (msg.backfill) {\n      this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n    } else {\n      // Make the new column visible immediately if it's not being backfilled.\n      // Otherwise, the version bump will happen with the backfill is complete.\n      this.#bumpVersions(table);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, msg.column);\n  }\n\n  processUpdateColumn(msg: ColumnUpdate) {\n    const table = liteTableName(msg.table);\n    let oldName = msg.old.name;\n    const newName = msg.new.name;\n\n    // update-column can ignore defaults because it does not change the values\n    // in existing rows.\n    //\n    // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-DESC-SET-DROP-DEFAULT\n    //\n    // \"The new default value will only apply in subsequent INSERT or UPDATE\n    //  commands; it does not cause rows already in the table to change.\"\n    //\n    // This allows support for _changing_ column defaults to any expression,\n    // since it does not affect what the replica needs to do.\n    const oldSpec = mapPostgresToLiteColumn(table, msg.old, 'ignore-default');\n    const newSpec = mapPostgresToLiteColumn(table, msg.new, 'ignore-default');\n\n    // The only updates that are relevant are the column name and the data type.\n    if (oldName === newName && oldSpec.dataType === newSpec.dataType) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, 'no thing to update', oldSpec, newSpec);\n      return;\n    }\n    // If the data type changes, we have to make a new column with the new data type\n    // and copy the values over.\n    if (oldSpec.dataType !== newSpec.dataType) {\n      // Remember (and drop) the indexes that reference the column.\n      const indexes = listIndexes(this.#db.db).filter(\n        idx => idx.tableName === table && oldName in idx.columns,\n      );\n      const stmts = indexes.map(idx => `DROP INDEX IF EXISTS ${id(idx.name)};`);\n      const tmpName = `tmp.${newName}`;\n      stmts.push(`\n        ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} ADD ${id(tmpName)} ${liteColumnDef(newSpec)};\n        UPDATE ${id(table)} SET ${id(tmpName)} = ${id(oldName)};\n        ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} DROP ${id(oldName)};\n        `);\n      for (const idx of indexes) {\n        // Re-create the indexes to reference the new column.\n        idx.columns[tmpName] = idx.columns[oldName];\n        delete idx.columns[oldName];\n        stmts.push(createLiteIndexStatement(idx));\n      }\n      this.#db.db.exec(stmts.join(''));\n      oldName = tmpName;\n    }\n    if (oldName !== newName) {\n      this.#db.db.exec(\n        `ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} RENAME ${id(oldName)} TO ${id(newName)}`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    // Update metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.update(\n      table,\n      msg.old.name,\n      msg.new.name,\n      msg.new.spec,\n    );\n\n    this.#bumpVersions(table);\n    this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, msg.new);\n  }\n\n  processDropColumn(msg: ColumnDrop) {\n    const table = liteTableName(msg.table);\n    const {column} = msg;\n    this.#db.db.exec(`ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} DROP ${id(column)}`);\n\n    // Delete from metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.deleteColumn(table, column);\n\n    this.#bumpVersions(table);\n    this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, column);\n  }\n\n  processDropTable(drop: TableDrop) {\n    this.#tableMetadata.drop(drop.id);\n\n    const name = liteTableName(drop.id);\n    this.#db.db.exec(`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ${id(name)}`);\n\n    // Delete from metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.deleteTable(name);\n\n    this.#logResetOp(name);\n    this.#lc.info?.(drop.tag, name);\n  }\n\n  processCreateIndex(create: IndexCreate) {\n    const index = mapPostgresToLiteIndex(create.spec);\n    this.#db.db.exec(createLiteIndexStatement(index));\n\n    // indexes affect tables visibility (e.g. sync-ability is gated on\n    // having a unique index), so reset pipelines to refresh table schemas.\n    // However, the reset is not necessary if the index is for a table\n    // that is not yet visible due to backfilling.\n    const tableSpec = must(this.#tableSpecs.get(index.tableName));\n    if (\n      (tableSpec.backfilling ?? []).length ===\n      Object.entries(tableSpec.columns).length - 1 // don't count _0_version\n    ) {\n      this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n    } else {\n      this.#logResetOp(index.tableName);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(create.tag, index.name);\n  }\n\n  processDropIndex(drop: IndexDrop) {\n    const name = liteTableName(drop.id);\n    this.#db.db.exec(`DROP INDEX IF EXISTS ${id(name)}`);\n    this.#lc.info?.(drop.tag, name);\n  }\n\n  #bumpVersions(table: string) {\n    this.#db.run(\n      `UPDATE ${id(table)} SET ${id(ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME)} = ?`,\n      this.#version,\n    );\n    this.#logResetOp(table);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * @param backfilledColumns `backfilling` columns for which values were set\n   */\n  #logSetOp(\n    table: string,\n    key: LiteRowKey,\n    backfilledColumns: string[] | undefined,\n  ) {\n    // The \"serving\" replicator always writes to the change-log (for IVM).\n    // The \"backup\" replicator only needs to write to the change log\n    // when writing columns that are being backfilled.\n    if (this.#mode === 'serving' || backfilledColumns !== undefined) {\n      this.#changeLog.logSetOp(\n        this.#version,\n        this.#pos++,\n        table,\n        key,\n        backfilledColumns,\n      );\n      this.#numChangeLogEntries++;\n    }\n  }\n\n  #logDeleteOp(table: string, key: LiteRowKey, backfilling?: string[]) {\n    // The \"serving\" replicator always writes to the change-log (for IVM).\n    // The \"backup\" replicator only needs to write to the change log\n    // when writing columns that are being backfilled.\n    if (this.#mode === 'serving' || backfilling?.length) {\n      this.#changeLog.logDeleteOp(this.#version, this.#pos++, table, key);\n      this.#numChangeLogEntries++;\n    }\n  }\n\n  #logTruncateOp(table: string) {\n    if (this.#mode === 'serving') {\n      this.#changeLog.logTruncateOp(this.#version, table);\n      this.#numChangeLogEntries++;\n    }\n  }\n\n  #logResetOp(table: string) {\n    this.#schemaChanged = true;\n    if (this.#mode === 'serving') {\n      this.#changeLog.logResetOp(this.#version, table);\n      this.#numChangeLogEntries++;\n    }\n    this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n  }\n\n  processBackfill({relation, watermark, columns, rowValues}: MessageBackfill) {\n    const tableName = liteTableName(relation);\n    const tableSpec = must(this.#tableSpecs.get(tableName));\n    const rowKeyCols = relation.rowKey.columns;\n    const cols = [...rowKeyCols, ...columns];\n\n    // Common parts of the INSERT sql statement.\n    const insertColsStr = [...cols, ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME].map(id).join(',');\n    const qMarks = Array.from({length: cols.length + 1}, () => '?').join(',');\n    const rowKeyColsStr = rowKeyCols.map(id).join(',');\n\n    let backfilled = 0;\n    let skipped = 0;\n    for (const v of rowValues) {\n      const row = liteRow(\n        Object.fromEntries(cols.map((c, i) => [c, v[i]])),\n        tableSpec,\n        this.#jsonFormat,\n      );\n      const rowKey = this.#getKey(row, {relation});\n      const rowOp = this.#changeLog.getLatestRowOp(tableName, rowKey);\n      if (rowOp?.op === DEL_OP && rowOp.stateVersion > watermark) {\n        skipped++;\n        continue; // the row was deleted after the backfill snapshot\n      }\n      const updates =\n        rowOp?.op === SET_OP\n          ? cols.filter(\n              c => (rowOp.backfillingColumnVersions[c] ?? '') <= watermark,\n            )\n          : cols;\n      if (updates.length === 0) {\n        // row already has newer values for all backfilling columns.\n        skipped++;\n        continue;\n      }\n      const updateStmts = updates.map(col => `${id(col)}=excluded.${id(col)}`);\n      this.#db.run(\n        /*sql*/ `\n        INSERT INTO ${id(tableName)} (${insertColsStr}) VALUES (${qMarks})\n          ON CONFLICT (${rowKeyColsStr})\n          DO UPDATE SET ${updateStmts.join(',')};\n      `,\n        ...Object.values(row.row),\n        watermark, // the _0_version for new rows (i.e. table backfill)\n      );\n      backfilled++;\n    }\n\n    this.#lc.debug?.(\n      `backfilled ${backfilled} rows (skipped ${skipped}) into ${tableName}`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  #completedBackfill: DownloadStatus | undefined;\n\n  processBackfillCompleted({relation, columns, status}: BackfillCompleted) {\n    const tableName = liteTableName(relation);\n    const rowKeyCols = relation.rowKey.columns;\n    const cols = [...rowKeyCols, ...columns];\n\n    const columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(this.#db.db));\n    for (const col of cols) {\n      columnMetadata.clearBackfilling(tableName, col);\n    }\n    // Given that new columns are being exposed for every row in the table, bump the\n    // row version for all rows.\n    this.#bumpVersions(tableName);\n    if (status) {\n      this.#completedBackfill = {table: tableName, columns: cols, ...status};\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(`finished backfilling ${tableName}`);\n\n    // Note that there is no need to clear the backfillingColumnVersions values\n    // in the changeLog. It could theoretically be done for clarity but:\n    // (1) it could be non-trivial in terms of latency introduced and\n    // (2) the data must be preserved if _other_ columns are in the process\n    //     of being backfilled\n    //\n    // Thus, for speed and simplicity, the values are left as is. (Note that\n    // subsequent replicated changes to those rows will clear the values if\n    // no backfills are in progress).\n  }\n\n  processCommit(commit: MessageCommit, watermark: string): CommitResult {\n    if (watermark !== this.#version) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `'commit' version ${watermark} does not match 'begin' version ${\n          this.#version\n        }: ${stringify(commit)}`,\n      );\n    }\n    updateReplicationWatermark(this.#db, watermark);\n\n    if (this.#schemaChanged) {\n      const start = Date.now();\n      this.#db.db.pragma('optimize');\n      this.#lc.info?.(\n        `PRAGMA optimized after schema change (${Date.now() - start} ms)`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (this.#mode !== 'initial-sync') {\n      this.#db.commit();\n    }\n\n    const elapsedMs = Date.now() - this.#startMs;\n    this.#lc.debug?.(`Committed tx@${this.#version} (${elapsedMs} ms)`);\n\n    return {\n      watermark,\n      completedBackfill: this.#completedBackfill,\n      schemaUpdated: this.#schemaChanged,\n      changeLogUpdated: this.#numChangeLogEntries > 0,\n    };\n  }\n\n  abort(lc: LogContext) {\n    lc.info?.(`aborting transaction ${this.#version}`);\n    this.#db.rollback();\n  }\n}\n\nfunction getBackfilledColumns(\n  row: LiteRow,\n  {backfilling}: LiteTableSpecWithReplicationStatus,\n): string[] | undefined {\n  if (!backfilling?.length) {\n    return undefined; // common case\n  }\n  return backfilling.filter(col => col in row);\n}\n\nfunction ensureError(err: unknown): Error {\n  if (err instanceof Error) {\n    return err;\n  }\n  const error = new Error();\n  error.cause = err;\n  return 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It is cached here to avoid\n  // reading them from the DB on every transaction.\n  readonly #tableSpecs = new Map<string, LiteTableSpecWithReplicationStatus>();\n\n  #currentTx: TransactionProcessor | null = null;\n\n  #failure: Error | undefined;\n\n  constructor(\n    db: StatementRunner,\n    mode: ChangeProcessorMode,\n    failService: (lc: LogContext, err: unknown) => void,\n  ) {\n    this.#db = db;\n    this.#changeLog = new ChangeLog(db.db);\n    this.#tableMetadata = new TableMetadataTracker(db.db);\n    this.#mode = mode;\n    this.#failService = failService;\n  }\n\n  #fail(lc: LogContext, err: unknown) {\n    if (!this.#failure) {\n      this.#currentTx?.abort(lc); // roll back any pending transaction.\n\n      this.#failure = ensureError(err);\n\n      if (!(err instanceof AbortError)) {\n        // Propagate the failure up to the service.\n        lc.error?.('Message Processing failed:', this.#failure);\n        this.#failService(lc, this.#failure);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  abort(lc: LogContext) {\n    this.#fail(lc, new AbortError());\n  }\n\n  /** @return If a transaction was committed. */\n  processMessage(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    downstream: ChangeStreamData,\n  ): CommitResult | null {\n    const [type, message] = downstream;\n    if (this.#failure) {\n      lc.debug?.(`Dropping ${message.tag}`);\n      return null;\n    }\n    try {\n      const watermark =\n        type === 'begin'\n          ? downstream[2].commitWatermark\n          : type === 'commit'\n            ? downstream[2].watermark\n            : undefined;\n      return this.#processMessage(lc, message, watermark);\n    } catch (e) {\n      this.#fail(lc, e);\n    }\n    return null;\n  }\n\n  #beginTransaction(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    commitVersion: string,\n    jsonFormat: JSONFormat,\n  ): TransactionProcessor {\n    const start = Date.now();\n\n    // litestream can technically hold the lock for an arbitrary amount of time\n    // when checkpointing a large commit. Crashing on the busy-timeout in this\n    // scenario will either produce a corrupt backup or otherwise prevent\n    // replication from proceeding.\n    //\n    // Instead, retry the lock acquisition indefinitely. If this masks\n    // an unknown deadlock situation, manual intervention will be necessary.\n    for (let i = 0; ; i++) {\n      try {\n        return new TransactionProcessor(\n          lc,\n          this.#db,\n          this.#mode,\n          this.#changeLog,\n          this.#tableMetadata,\n          this.#tableSpecs,\n          commitVersion,\n          jsonFormat,\n        );\n      } catch (e) {\n        if (e instanceof SqliteError && e.code === 'SQLITE_BUSY') {\n          lc.warn?.(\n            `SQLITE_BUSY for ${Date.now() - start} ms (attempt ${i + 1}). ` +\n              `This is only expected if litestream is performing a large ` +\n              `checkpoint.`,\n            e,\n          );\n          continue;\n        }\n        throw e;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /** @return If a transaction was committed. */\n  #processMessage(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    msg: Change,\n    watermark: string | undefined,\n  ): CommitResult | null {\n    if (msg.tag === 'begin') {\n      if (this.#currentTx) {\n        throw new Error(`Already in a transaction ${stringify(msg)}`);\n      }\n      this.#currentTx = this.#beginTransaction(\n        lc,\n        must(watermark),\n        msg.json ?? JSON_PARSED,\n      );\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    // For non-begin messages, there should be a #currentTx set.\n    const tx = this.#currentTx;\n    if (!tx) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Received message outside of transaction: ${stringify(msg)}`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (msg.tag === 'commit') {\n      // Undef this.#currentTx to allow the assembly of the next transaction.\n      this.#currentTx = null;\n\n      assert(watermark, 'watermark is required for commit messages');\n      return tx.processCommit(msg, watermark);\n    }\n\n    if (msg.tag === 'rollback') {\n      this.#currentTx?.abort(lc);\n      this.#currentTx = null;\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    switch (msg.tag) {\n      case 'insert':\n        tx.processInsert(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'update':\n        tx.processUpdate(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'delete':\n        tx.processDelete(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'truncate':\n        tx.processTruncate(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'create-table':\n        tx.processCreateTable(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'rename-table':\n        tx.processRenameTable(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'update-table-metadata':\n        tx.processTableMetadata(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'add-column':\n        tx.processAddColumn(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'update-column':\n        tx.processUpdateColumn(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'drop-column':\n        tx.processDropColumn(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'drop-table':\n        tx.processDropTable(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'create-index':\n        tx.processCreateIndex(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'drop-index':\n        tx.processDropIndex(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'backfill':\n        tx.processBackfill(msg);\n        break;\n      case 'backfill-completed':\n        tx.processBackfillCompleted(msg);\n        break;\n      default:\n        unreachable(msg);\n    }\n\n    return null;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * The {@link TransactionProcessor} handles the sequence of messages from\n * upstream, from `BEGIN` to `COMMIT` and executes the corresponding mutations\n * on the {@link postgres.TransactionSql} on the replica.\n *\n * When applying row contents to the replica, the `_0_version` column is added / updated,\n * and a corresponding entry in the `ChangeLog` is added. The version value is derived\n * from the watermark of the preceding transaction (stored as the `nextStateVersion` in the\n * `ReplicationState` table).\n *\n *   Side note: For non-streaming Postgres transactions, the commitEndLsn (and thus\n *   commit watermark) is available in the `begin` message, so it could theoretically\n *   be used for the row version of changes within the transaction. However, the\n *   commitEndLsn is not available in the streaming (in-progress) transaction\n *   protocol, and may not be available for CDC streams of other upstream types.\n *   Therefore, the zero replication protocol is designed to not require the commit\n *   watermark when a transaction begins.\n *\n * Also of interest is the fact that all INSERT Messages are logically applied as\n * UPSERTs. See {@link processInsert} for the underlying motivation.\n */\nclass TransactionProcessor {\n  readonly #lc: LogContext;\n  readonly #startMs: number;\n  readonly #db: StatementRunner;\n  readonly #mode: ChangeProcessorMode;\n  readonly #version: LexiVersion;\n  readonly #changeLog: ChangeLog;\n  readonly #tableMetadata: TableMetadataTracker;\n  readonly #tableSpecs: Map<string, LiteTableSpecWithReplicationStatus>;\n  readonly #jsonFormat: JSONFormat;\n  readonly #columnMetadata: ColumnMetadataStore;\n\n  #pos = 0;\n  #schemaChanged = false;\n  #numChangeLogEntries = 0;\n\n  constructor(\n    lc: LogContext,\n    db: StatementRunner,\n    mode: ChangeProcessorMode,\n    changeLog: ChangeLog,\n    tableMetadata: TableMetadataTracker,\n    tableSpecs: Map<string, LiteTableSpecWithReplicationStatus>,\n    commitVersion: LexiVersion,\n    jsonFormat: JSONFormat,\n  ) {\n    this.#startMs = Date.now();\n    this.#mode = mode;\n    this.#jsonFormat = jsonFormat;\n\n    switch (mode) {\n      case 'serving':\n        // Although the Replicator / Incremental Syncer is the only writer of the replica,\n        // a `BEGIN CONCURRENT` transaction is used to allow View Syncers to simulate\n        // (i.e. and `ROLLBACK`) changes on historic snapshots of the database for the\n        // purpose of IVM).\n        //\n        // This TransactionProcessor is the only logic that will actually\n        // `COMMIT` any transactions to the replica.\n        db.beginConcurrent();\n        break;\n      case 'backup':\n        // For the backup-replicator (i.e. replication-manager), there are no View Syncers\n        // and thus BEGIN CONCURRENT is not necessary. In fact, BEGIN CONCURRENT can cause\n        // deadlocks with forced wal-checkpoints (which `litestream replicate` performs),\n        // so it is important to use vanilla transactions in this configuration.\n        db.beginImmediate();\n        break;\n      case 'initial-sync':\n        // When the ChangeProcessor is used for initial-sync, the calling code\n        // handles the transaction boundaries.\n        break;\n      default:\n        unreachable();\n    }\n    this.#db = db;\n    this.#version = commitVersion;\n    this.#lc = lc.withContext('version', commitVersion);\n    this.#changeLog = changeLog;\n    this.#tableMetadata = tableMetadata;\n    this.#tableSpecs = tableSpecs;\n    // The column_metadata table is guaranteed to exist since the\n    // replica-schema.ts migration to v8.\n    this.#columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(db.db));\n\n    if (this.#tableSpecs.size === 0) {\n      this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n    }\n  }\n\n  #reloadTableSpecs() {\n    this.#tableSpecs.clear();\n    // zqlSpecs include the primary key derived from unique indexes\n    const zqlSpecs = computeZqlSpecs(this.#lc, this.#db.db, {\n      includeBackfillingColumns: true,\n    });\n    for (let spec of listTables(this.#db.db)) {\n      if (!spec.primaryKey) {\n        spec = {\n          ...spec,\n          primaryKey: [\n            ...(zqlSpecs.get(spec.name)?.tableSpec.primaryKey ?? []),\n          ],\n        };\n      }\n      this.#tableSpecs.set(spec.name, spec);\n    }\n  }\n\n  #tableSpec(name: string) {\n    return must(this.#tableSpecs.get(name), `Unknown table ${name}`);\n  }\n\n  #getKey(\n    {row, numCols}: {row: LiteRow; numCols: number},\n    {relation}: {relation: MessageRelation},\n  ): LiteRowKey {\n    const keyColumns =\n      relation.rowKey.type !== 'full'\n        ? relation.rowKey.columns // already a suitable key\n        : this.#tableSpec(liteTableName(relation)).primaryKey;\n    if (!keyColumns?.length) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Cannot replicate table \"${relation.name}\" without a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE INDEX`,\n      );\n    }\n    // For the common case (replica identity default), the row is already the\n    // key for deletes and updates, in which case a new object can be avoided.\n    if (numCols === keyColumns.length) {\n      return row;\n    }\n    const key: Record<string, LiteValueType> = {};\n    for (const col of keyColumns) {\n      key[col] = row[col];\n    }\n    return key;\n  }\n\n  processInsert(insert: MessageInsert) {\n    const table = liteTableName(insert.relation);\n    const tableSpec = this.#tableSpec(table);\n    const newRow = liteRow(insert.new, tableSpec, this.#jsonFormat);\n\n    this.#upsert(table, {\n      ...newRow.row,\n      [ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME]: this.#version,\n    });\n\n    if (insert.relation.rowKey.columns.length === 0) {\n      // INSERTs can be replicated for rows without a PRIMARY KEY or a\n      // UNIQUE INDEX. These are written to the replica but not recorded\n      // in the changeLog, because these rows cannot participate in IVM.\n      //\n      // (Once the table schema has been corrected to include a key, the\n      //  associated schema change will reset pipelines and data can be\n      //  loaded via hydration.)\n      return;\n    }\n    const key = this.#getKey(newRow, insert);\n    this.#logSetOp(table, key, getBackfilledColumns(newRow.row, tableSpec));\n  }\n\n  #upsert(table: string, row: LiteRow) {\n    const columns = Object.keys(row).map(c => id(c));\n    this.#db.run(\n      `\n      INSERT OR REPLACE INTO ${id(table)} (${columns.join(',')})\n        VALUES (${Array.from({length: columns.length}).fill('?').join(',')})\n      `,\n      Object.values(row),\n    );\n  }\n\n  // Updates by default are applied as UPDATE commands to support partial\n  // row specifications from the change source. In particular, this is needed\n  // to handle updates for which unchanged TOASTed values are not sent:\n  //\n  // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-logicalrep-message-formats.html#PROTOCOL-LOGICALREP-MESSAGE-FORMATS-TUPLEDATA\n  //\n  // However, in certain cases an UPDATE may be received for a row that\n  // was not initially synced, such as when, an existing table is added\n  // to the app's publication.\n  //\n  // In order to facilitate \"resumptive\" replication, the logic falls back to\n  // an INSERT if the update did not change any rows.\n  processUpdate(update: MessageUpdate) {\n    const table = liteTableName(update.relation);\n    const tableSpec = this.#tableSpec(table);\n    const newRow = liteRow(update.new, tableSpec, this.#jsonFormat);\n    const row = {...newRow.row, [ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME]: this.#version};\n\n    // update.key is set with the old values if the key has changed.\n    const oldKey = update.key\n      ? this.#getKey(\n          liteRow(update.key, this.#tableSpec(table), this.#jsonFormat),\n          update,\n        )\n      : null;\n    const newKey = this.#getKey(newRow, update);\n\n    if (oldKey) {\n      this.#logDeleteOp(table, oldKey, tableSpec.backfilling);\n    }\n    this.#logSetOp(table, newKey, getBackfilledColumns(newRow.row, tableSpec));\n\n    const currKey = oldKey ?? newKey;\n    const conds = Object.keys(currKey).map(col => `${id(col)}=?`);\n    const setExprs = Object.keys(row).map(col => `${id(col)}=?`);\n\n    const {changes} = this.#db.run(\n      `\n      UPDATE ${id(table)}\n        SET ${setExprs.join(',')}\n        WHERE ${conds.join(' AND ')}\n      `,\n      [...Object.values(row), ...Object.values(currKey)],\n    );\n\n    // If the UPDATE did not affect any rows, perform an UPSERT of the\n    // new row for resumptive replication.\n    if (changes === 0) {\n      this.#upsert(table, row);\n    }\n  }\n\n  processDelete(del: MessageDelete) {\n    const table = liteTableName(del.relation);\n    const tableSpec = this.#tableSpec(table);\n    const rowKey = this.#getKey(\n      liteRow(del.key, tableSpec, this.#jsonFormat),\n      del,\n    );\n\n    this.#delete(table, rowKey);\n    this.#logDeleteOp(table, rowKey, tableSpec.backfilling);\n  }\n\n  #delete(table: string, rowKey: LiteRowKey) {\n    const conds = Object.keys(rowKey).map(col => `${id(col)}=?`);\n    this.#db.run(\n      `DELETE FROM ${id(table)} WHERE ${conds.join(' AND ')}`,\n      Object.values(rowKey),\n    );\n  }\n\n  processTruncate(truncate: MessageTruncate) {\n    for (const relation of truncate.relations) {\n      const table = liteTableName(relation);\n      // Update replica data.\n      this.#db.run(`DELETE FROM ${id(table)}`);\n\n      // Update change log.\n      this.#logTruncateOp(table);\n    }\n  }\n\n  processCreateTable(create: TableCreate) {\n    if (create.metadata) {\n      this.#tableMetadata.setUpstreamMetadata(create.spec, create.metadata);\n    }\n    const table = mapPostgresToLite(create.spec);\n    this.#db.db.exec(createLiteTableStatement(table));\n\n    // Write to metadata table\n    for (const [colName, colSpec] of Object.entries(create.spec.columns)) {\n      this.#columnMetadata.insert(\n        table.name,\n        colName,\n        colSpec,\n        create.backfill?.[colName],\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (\n      Object.keys(create.backfill ?? {}).length ===\n      Object.keys(create.spec.columns).length\n    ) {\n      this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n    } else {\n      // Make the table visible immediately unless all of the columns are\n      // being backfilled. In the backfill case, the version bump will happen\n      // with the backfill is complete.\n      this.#logResetOp(table.name);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(create.tag, table.name);\n  }\n\n  processTableMetadata(msg: TableUpdateMetadata) {\n    this.#tableMetadata.setUpstreamMetadata(msg.table, msg.new);\n  }\n\n  processRenameTable(rename: TableRename) {\n    this.#tableMetadata.rename(rename.old, rename.new);\n\n    const oldName = liteTableName(rename.old);\n    const newName = liteTableName(rename.new);\n    this.#db.db.exec(`ALTER TABLE ${id(oldName)} RENAME TO ${id(newName)}`);\n\n    // Rename in metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.renameTable(oldName, newName);\n\n    this.#bumpVersions(rename.new);\n    this.#logResetOp(oldName);\n    this.#lc.info?.(rename.tag, oldName, newName);\n  }\n\n  processAddColumn(msg: ColumnAdd) {\n    if (msg.tableMetadata) {\n      this.#tableMetadata.setUpstreamMetadata(msg.table, msg.tableMetadata);\n    }\n    const table = liteTableName(msg.table);\n    const {name} = msg.column;\n    const spec = mapPostgresToLiteColumn(table, msg.column);\n    this.#db.db.exec(\n      `ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} ADD ${id(name)} ${liteColumnDef(spec)}`,\n    );\n\n    // Write to metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.insert(table, name, msg.column.spec, msg.backfill);\n\n    if (msg.backfill) {\n      this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n    } else {\n      // Make the new column visible immediately if it's not being backfilled.\n      // Otherwise, the version bump will happen with the backfill is complete.\n      this.#bumpVersions(msg.table);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, msg.column);\n  }\n\n  processUpdateColumn(msg: ColumnUpdate) {\n    const table = liteTableName(msg.table);\n    let oldName = msg.old.name;\n    const newName = msg.new.name;\n\n    // update-column can ignore defaults because it does not change the values\n    // in existing rows.\n    //\n    // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-DESC-SET-DROP-DEFAULT\n    //\n    // \"The new default value will only apply in subsequent INSERT or UPDATE\n    //  commands; it does not cause rows already in the table to change.\"\n    //\n    // This allows support for _changing_ column defaults to any expression,\n    // since it does not affect what the replica needs to do.\n    const oldSpec = mapPostgresToLiteColumn(table, msg.old, 'ignore-default');\n    const newSpec = mapPostgresToLiteColumn(table, msg.new, 'ignore-default');\n\n    // The only updates that are relevant are the column name and the data type.\n    if (oldName === newName && oldSpec.dataType === newSpec.dataType) {\n      this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, 'no thing to update', oldSpec, newSpec);\n      return;\n    }\n    // If the data type changes, we have to make a new column with the new data type\n    // and copy the values over.\n    if (oldSpec.dataType !== newSpec.dataType) {\n      // Remember (and drop) the indexes that reference the column.\n      const indexes = listIndexes(this.#db.db).filter(\n        idx => idx.tableName === table && oldName in idx.columns,\n      );\n      const stmts = indexes.map(idx => `DROP INDEX IF EXISTS ${id(idx.name)};`);\n      const tmpName = `tmp.${newName}`;\n      stmts.push(`\n        ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} ADD ${id(tmpName)} ${liteColumnDef(newSpec)};\n        UPDATE ${id(table)} SET ${id(tmpName)} = ${id(oldName)};\n        ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} DROP ${id(oldName)};\n        `);\n      for (const idx of indexes) {\n        // Re-create the indexes to reference the new column.\n        idx.columns[tmpName] = idx.columns[oldName];\n        delete idx.columns[oldName];\n        stmts.push(createLiteIndexStatement(idx));\n      }\n      this.#db.db.exec(stmts.join(''));\n      oldName = tmpName;\n    }\n    if (oldName !== newName) {\n      this.#db.db.exec(\n        `ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} RENAME ${id(oldName)} TO ${id(newName)}`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    // Update metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.update(\n      table,\n      msg.old.name,\n      msg.new.name,\n      msg.new.spec,\n    );\n\n    this.#bumpVersions(msg.table);\n    this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, msg.new);\n  }\n\n  processDropColumn(msg: ColumnDrop) {\n    const table = liteTableName(msg.table);\n    const {column} = msg;\n    this.#db.db.exec(`ALTER TABLE ${id(table)} DROP ${id(column)}`);\n\n    // Delete from metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.deleteColumn(table, column);\n\n    this.#bumpVersions(msg.table);\n    this.#lc.info?.(msg.tag, table, column);\n  }\n\n  processDropTable(drop: TableDrop) {\n    this.#tableMetadata.drop(drop.id);\n\n    const name = liteTableName(drop.id);\n    this.#db.db.exec(`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ${id(name)}`);\n\n    // Delete from metadata table\n    this.#columnMetadata.deleteTable(name);\n\n    this.#logResetOp(name);\n    this.#lc.info?.(drop.tag, name);\n  }\n\n  processCreateIndex(create: IndexCreate) {\n    const index = mapPostgresToLiteIndex(create.spec);\n    this.#db.db.exec(createLiteIndexStatement(index));\n\n    // indexes affect tables visibility (e.g. sync-ability is gated on\n    // having a unique index), so reset pipelines to refresh table schemas.\n    // However, the reset is not necessary if the index is for a table\n    // that is not yet visible due to backfilling.\n    const tableSpec = must(this.#tableSpecs.get(index.tableName));\n    if (\n      (tableSpec.backfilling ?? []).length ===\n      Object.entries(tableSpec.columns).length - 1 // don't count _0_version\n    ) {\n      this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n    } else {\n      this.#logResetOp(index.tableName);\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(create.tag, index.name);\n  }\n\n  processDropIndex(drop: IndexDrop) {\n    const name = liteTableName(drop.id);\n    this.#db.db.exec(`DROP INDEX IF EXISTS ${id(name)}`);\n    this.#lc.info?.(drop.tag, name);\n  }\n\n  #bumpVersions(table: Identifier) {\n    this.#tableMetadata.setMinRowVersion(table, this.#version);\n    this.#logResetOp(liteTableName(table));\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * @param backfilledColumns `backfilling` columns for which values were set\n   */\n  #logSetOp(\n    table: string,\n    key: LiteRowKey,\n    backfilledColumns: string[] | undefined,\n  ) {\n    // The \"serving\" replicator always writes to the change-log (for IVM).\n    // The \"backup\" replicator only needs to write to the change log\n    // when writing columns that are being backfilled.\n    if (this.#mode === 'serving' || backfilledColumns !== undefined) {\n      this.#changeLog.logSetOp(\n        this.#version,\n        this.#pos++,\n        table,\n        key,\n        backfilledColumns,\n      );\n      this.#numChangeLogEntries++;\n    }\n  }\n\n  #logDeleteOp(table: string, key: LiteRowKey, backfilling?: string[]) {\n    // The \"serving\" replicator always writes to the change-log (for IVM).\n    // The \"backup\" replicator only needs to write to the change log\n    // when writing columns that are being backfilled.\n    if (this.#mode === 'serving' || backfilling?.length) {\n      this.#changeLog.logDeleteOp(this.#version, this.#pos++, table, key);\n      this.#numChangeLogEntries++;\n    }\n  }\n\n  #logTruncateOp(table: string) {\n    if (this.#mode === 'serving') {\n      this.#changeLog.logTruncateOp(this.#version, table);\n      this.#numChangeLogEntries++;\n    }\n  }\n\n  #logResetOp(table: string) {\n    this.#schemaChanged = true;\n    if (this.#mode === 'serving') {\n      this.#changeLog.logResetOp(this.#version, table);\n      this.#numChangeLogEntries++;\n    }\n    this.#reloadTableSpecs();\n  }\n\n  processBackfill({relation, watermark, columns, rowValues}: MessageBackfill) {\n    const tableName = liteTableName(relation);\n    const tableSpec = must(this.#tableSpecs.get(tableName));\n    const rowKeyCols = relation.rowKey.columns;\n    const cols = [...rowKeyCols, ...columns];\n\n    // Common parts of the INSERT sql statement.\n    const insertColsStr = [...cols, ZERO_VERSION_COLUMN_NAME].map(id).join(',');\n    const qMarks = Array.from({length: cols.length + 1}, () => '?').join(',');\n    const rowKeyColsStr = rowKeyCols.map(id).join(',');\n\n    let backfilled = 0;\n    let skipped = 0;\n    for (const v of rowValues) {\n      const row = liteRow(\n        Object.fromEntries(cols.map((c, i) => [c, v[i]])),\n        tableSpec,\n        this.#jsonFormat,\n      );\n      const rowKey = this.#getKey(row, {relation});\n      const rowOp = this.#changeLog.getLatestRowOp(tableName, rowKey);\n      if (rowOp?.op === DEL_OP && rowOp.stateVersion > watermark) {\n        skipped++;\n        continue; // the row was deleted after the backfill snapshot\n      }\n      const updates =\n        rowOp?.op === SET_OP\n          ? cols.filter(\n              c => (rowOp.backfillingColumnVersions[c] ?? '') <= watermark,\n            )\n          : cols;\n      if (updates.length === 0) {\n        // row already has newer values for all backfilling columns.\n        skipped++;\n        continue;\n      }\n      const updateStmts = updates.map(col => `${id(col)}=excluded.${id(col)}`);\n      this.#db.run(\n        /*sql*/ `\n        INSERT INTO ${id(tableName)} (${insertColsStr}) VALUES (${qMarks})\n          ON CONFLICT (${rowKeyColsStr})\n          DO UPDATE SET ${updateStmts.join(',')};\n      `,\n        ...Object.values(row.row),\n        watermark, // the _0_version for new rows (i.e. table backfill)\n      );\n      backfilled++;\n    }\n\n    this.#lc.debug?.(\n      `backfilled ${backfilled} rows (skipped ${skipped}) into ${tableName}`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  #completedBackfill: DownloadStatus | undefined;\n\n  processBackfillCompleted({relation, columns, status}: BackfillCompleted) {\n    const tableName = liteTableName(relation);\n    const rowKeyCols = relation.rowKey.columns;\n    const cols = [...rowKeyCols, ...columns];\n\n    const columnMetadata = must(ColumnMetadataStore.getInstance(this.#db.db));\n    for (const col of cols) {\n      columnMetadata.clearBackfilling(tableName, col);\n    }\n    // Given that new columns are being exposed for every row in the table, bump the\n    // row version for all rows.\n    this.#bumpVersions(relation);\n    if (status) {\n      this.#completedBackfill = {table: tableName, columns: cols, ...status};\n    }\n    this.#lc.info?.(`finished backfilling ${tableName}`);\n\n    // Note that there is no need to clear the backfillingColumnVersions values\n    // in the changeLog. It could theoretically be done for clarity but:\n    // (1) it could be non-trivial in terms of latency introduced and\n    // (2) the data must be preserved if _other_ columns are in the process\n    //     of being backfilled\n    //\n    // Thus, for speed and simplicity, the values are left as is. (Note that\n    // subsequent replicated changes to those rows will clear the values if\n    // no backfills are in progress).\n  }\n\n  processCommit(commit: MessageCommit, watermark: string): CommitResult {\n    if (watermark !== this.#version) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `'commit' version ${watermark} does not match 'begin' version ${\n          this.#version\n        }: ${stringify(commit)}`,\n      );\n    }\n    updateReplicationWatermark(this.#db, watermark);\n\n    if (this.#schemaChanged) {\n      const start = Date.now();\n      this.#db.db.pragma('optimize');\n      this.#lc.info?.(\n        `PRAGMA optimized after schema change (${Date.now() - start} ms)`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (this.#mode !== 'initial-sync') {\n      this.#db.commit();\n    }\n\n    const elapsedMs = Date.now() - this.#startMs;\n    this.#lc.debug?.(`Committed tx@${this.#version} (${elapsedMs} ms)`);\n\n    return {\n      watermark,\n      completedBackfill: this.#completedBackfill,\n      schemaUpdated: this.#schemaChanged,\n      changeLogUpdated: this.#numChangeLogEntries > 0,\n    };\n  }\n\n  abort(lc: LogContext) {\n    lc.info?.(`aborting transaction ${this.#version}`);\n    this.#db.rollback();\n  }\n}\n\nfunction getBackfilledColumns(\n  row: LiteRow,\n  {backfilling}: LiteTableSpecWithReplicationStatus,\n): string[] | undefined {\n  if (!backfilling?.length) {\n    return undefined; // common case\n  }\n  return backfilling.filter(col => col in row);\n}\n\nfunction ensureError(err: unknown): Error {\n  if (err instanceof Error) {\n    return err;\n  }\n  const error = new Error();\n  error.cause = err;\n  return 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package/out/zero-cache/src/services/replicator/schema/table-metadata.d.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,30 @@
 import type { Database } from '../../../../../zqlite/src/db.ts';
 import type { Identifier, TableMetadata } from '../../change-source/protocol/current.ts';
 /**
- * Replica-level analog of tableMetadata in change-streamer/schema.
- * Per the requirement of the backfill protocol, backfill metadata
- * must be tracked outside of the change source (otherwise the change
- * source would have to be able to compute the state of the metadata at
- * arbitrary points in the past).
+ * Table-level controls for handling replicated data.
+ *
+ * ### Columns
+ *
+ * `minRowVersion`: the minimum `_0_version` value to apply to
+ *   all rows in the table. This overrides any per-row
+ *   `_0_version` value that is smaller (i.e. earlier).
+ *   The `minRowVersion` column is used to force a re-download
+ *   of all rows after a table-wide schema change (by giving
+ *   each row a version that's newer than what's in any CVR).
+ *   The naive, brute-force method of updating all of the rows
+ *   requires re-writing the entire table into the WAL as one
+ *   SQLite operation, which is too costly from both latency
+ *   and storage space.
+ *
+ * `upstreamMetadata`: the replica-level analog of tableMetadata in
+ *   change-streamer/schema. Per the requirement of the backfill
+ *   protocol, backfill metadata must be tracked outside of the
+ *   change source (otherwise the change source would have to be
+ *   able to compute the state of the metadata at arbitrary points
+ *   in the past).
+ *
+ * `metadata`: the previous name of the `upstreamMetadata` column,
+ *   kept for backwards compatibility.
  *
  * This tracking is done:
  * 1. at the Change DB level, by the change-streamer
@@ -13,11 +32,13 @@ import type { Identifier, TableMetadata } from '../../change-source/protocol/cur
  *    of ephemeral Change DBs (on SQLite) that are initialized from data
  *    in the replica.
  */
-export declare const CREATE_TABLE_METADATA_TABLE = "\n  CREATE TABLE \"_zero.tableMetadata\" (\n    \"schema\"   TEXT NOT NULL,\n    \"table\"    TEXT NOT NULL,\n    \"metadata\" TEXT NOT NULL,\n    PRIMARY KEY (\"schema\", \"table\")\n  );\n";
+export declare const CREATE_TABLE_METADATA_TABLE = "\n  CREATE TABLE \"_zero.tableMetadata\" (\n    \"schema\"           TEXT NOT NULL,\n    \"table\"            TEXT NOT NULL,\n    \"minRowVersion\"    TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT \"00\",\n    \"upstreamMetadata\" TEXT,\n    \"metadata\"         TEXT,  -- deprecated\n    PRIMARY KEY (\"schema\", \"table\")\n  );\n";
 export declare class TableMetadataTracker {
     #private;
     constructor(db: Database);
-    set({ schema, name }: Identifier, metadata: TableMetadata): void;
+    setUpstreamMetadata({ schema, name }: Identifier, metadata: TableMetadata): void;
+    setMinRowVersion({ schema, name }: Identifier, version: string): void;
+    getMinRowVersions(): Map<string, string>;
     rename(oldTable: Identifier, newTable: Identifier): void;
     drop({ schema, name }: Identifier): void;
 }

package/out/zero-cache/src/services/replicator/schema/table-metadata.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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