@rocicorp/zero 0.25.0 → 0.26.0-canary.0

package/out/zql/src/planner/planner-join.js

@@ -1,329 +1,246 @@
 import { assert } from "../../../shared/src/asserts.js";
-import { mergeConstraints, } from "./planner-constraint.js";
-/**
- * Translate constraints for a flipped join from parent space to child space.
- * Matches the runtime behavior of FlippedJoin.fetch() which translates
- * parent constraints to child constraints using index-based key mapping.
- *
- * Example:
- *   parentConstraint = {issueID: undefined, projectID: undefined}
- *   childConstraint = {id: undefined, projectID: undefined}
- *   incomingConstraint = {issueID: 5}
- *   result = {id: 5}  // issueID at index 0 maps to id at index 0
- */
+import { mergeConstraints } from "./planner-constraint.js";
+import { omitFanout } from "./planner-node.js";
 function translateConstraintsForFlippedJoin(incomingConstraint, parentConstraint, childConstraint) {
-    if (!incomingConstraint)
-        return undefined;
-    const parentKeys = Object.keys(parentConstraint);
-    const childKeys = Object.keys(childConstraint);
-    const translated = {};
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(incomingConstraint)) {
-        const index = parentKeys.indexOf(key);
-        if (index !== -1) {
-            // Found this key in parent at position `index`
-            // Map to child key at same position
-            translated[childKeys[index]] = value;
-        }
-    }
-    return Object.keys(translated).length > 0 ? translated : undefined;
+  if (!incomingConstraint) return void 0;
+  const parentKeys = Object.keys(parentConstraint);
+  const childKeys = Object.keys(childConstraint);
+  const translated = {};
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(incomingConstraint)) {
+    const index = parentKeys.indexOf(key);
+    if (index !== -1) {
+      translated[childKeys[index]] = value;
+    }
+  }
+  return Object.keys(translated).length > 0 ? translated : void 0;
 }
-/**
- * Semi-join overhead multiplier.
- *
- * Semi-joins represent correlated subqueries (EXISTS checks) which have
- * execution overhead compared to flipped joins, even when logical row counts
- * are identical. This overhead comes from:
- * - Need to execute a separate correlation check for each parent row
- * - Cannot leverage combined constraint checking as effectively as flipped joins
- *
- * A multiplier of 1.5 means semi-joins are estimated to be ~50% more expensive
- * than equivalent flipped joins, which empirically matches observed performance
- * differences in production workloads (e.g., 1.7x in zbugs benchmarks).
- *
- * Flipped joins have a different overhead in that they become unlimited. This
- * is accounted for when propagating unlimits rather than here.
- */
-// const SEMI_JOIN_OVERHEAD_MULTIPLIER = 1.5;
-/**
- * Represents a join between two data streams (parent and child).
- *
- * # Dual-State Pattern
- * Like all planner nodes, PlannerJoin separates:
- * 1. IMMUTABLE STRUCTURE: Parent/child nodes, constraints, flippability
- * 2. MUTABLE STATE: Join type (semi/flipped), pinned status
- *
- * # Join Flipping
- * A join can be in two states:
- * - 'semi': Parent is outer loop, child is inner (semi-join for EXISTS)
- * - 'flipped': Child is outer loop, parent is inner
- *
- * Flipping is the key optimization: choosing which table scans first.
- * NOT EXISTS joins cannot be flipped (#flippable = false).
- *
- * # Constraint Propagation
- * - Semi-join: Sends childConstraint to child, forwards received constraints to parent
- * - Flipped join: Sends undefined to child, merges parentConstraint with received to parent
- * - Unpinned join: Only forwards constraints to parent (doesn't constrain child yet)
- *
- * # Lifecycle
- * 1. Construct with immutable structure (parent, child, constraints, flippability)
- * 2. Wire to output node during graph construction
- * 3. Planning calls flipIfNeeded() based on connection selection order
- * 4. pin() locks the join type once chosen
- * 5. reset() clears mutable state (type → 'semi', pinned → false)
- */
-export class PlannerJoin {
-    kind = 'join';
-    #parent;
-    #child;
-    #parentConstraint;
-    #childConstraint;
-    #flippable;
-    planId;
-    #output; // Set once during graph construction
-    // Reset between planning attempts
-    #type;
-    constructor(parent, child, parentConstraint, childConstraint, flippable, planId) {
-        this.#type = 'semi';
-        this.#parent = parent;
-        this.#child = child;
-        this.#childConstraint = childConstraint;
-        this.#parentConstraint = parentConstraint;
-        this.#flippable = flippable;
-        this.planId = planId;
-    }
-    setOutput(node) {
-        this.#output = node;
-    }
-    get output() {
-        assert(this.#output !== undefined, 'Output not set');
-        return this.#output;
-    }
-    closestJoinOrSource() {
-        return 'join';
-    }
-    flipIfNeeded(input) {
-        if (input === this.#child) {
-            this.flip();
-        }
-        else {
-            assert(input === this.#parent, 'Can only flip a join from one of its inputs');
-        }
-    }
-    flip() {
-        assert(this.#type === 'semi', 'Can only flip a semi-join');
-        if (!this.#flippable) {
-            throw new UnflippableJoinError('Cannot flip a non-flippable join (e.g., NOT EXISTS)');
-        }
-        this.#type = 'flipped';
-    }
-    get type() {
-        return this.#type;
-    }
-    isFlippable() {
-        return this.#flippable;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Propagate unlimiting when this join is flipped.
-     * When a join is flipped:
-     * 1. Child becomes outer loop → produces all rows (unlimited)
-     * 2. Parent is fetched once per child row → effectively unlimited
-     *
-     * Example: If child produces 896 rows, parent is fetched 896 times.
-     * Even if each fetch returns 1 row, parent produces 896 total rows.
-     *
-     * Propagation rules:
-     * - Connection: call unlimit()
-     * - Semi-join: continue to parent (outer loop)
-     * - Flipped join: stop (already unlimited when it was flipped)
-     * - Fan-out/Fan-in: propagate to all inputs
-     */
-    propagateUnlimit() {
-        assert(this.#type === 'flipped', 'Can only unlimit a flipped join');
-        this.#parent.propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin();
-        this.#child.propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin(); // Up the child chain
-    }
-    /**
-     * Called when a parent join is flipped and this join is part of its child subgraph.
-     * - Semi-join: continue propagation to parent (the outer loop)
-     * - Flipped join: stop propagation (already unlimited when it was flipped)
-     */
-    propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin() {
-        if (this.#type === 'semi') {
-            this.#parent.propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin();
-        }
-        // For flipped joins, stop propagation
-    }
-    propagateConstraints(branchPattern, constraint, from, planDebugger) {
-        planDebugger?.log({
-            type: 'node-constraint',
-            nodeType: 'join',
-            node: this.getName(),
-            branchPattern,
-            constraint,
-            from: from ? getNodeName(from) : 'unknown',
-        });
-        if (this.#type === 'semi') {
-            // A semi-join always has constraints for its child.
-            // They are defined by the correlation between parent and child.
-            this.#child.propagateConstraints(branchPattern, this.#childConstraint, this, planDebugger);
-            // A semi-join forwards constraints to its parent.
-            this.#parent.propagateConstraints(branchPattern, constraint, this, planDebugger);
-        }
-        else if (this.#type === 'flipped') {
-            // A flipped join translates constraints from parent space to child space.
-            // This matches FlippedJoin.fetch() runtime behavior where parent constraints
-            // on join keys are translated to child constraints.
-            // Example: If parent has {issueID: 5} and join maps issueID→id,
-            // child gets {id: 5} allowing index usage.
-            const translatedConstraint = translateConstraintsForFlippedJoin(constraint, this.#parentConstraint, this.#childConstraint);
-            this.#child.propagateConstraints(branchPattern, translatedConstraint, this, planDebugger);
-            // A flipped join will have constraints to send to its parent.
-            // - The constraints its output sent
-            // - The constraints its child creates
-            this.#parent.propagateConstraints(branchPattern, mergeConstraints(constraint, this.#parentConstraint), this, planDebugger);
-        }
-    }
-    reset() {
-        this.#type = 'semi';
-    }
-    estimateCost(
-    /**
-     * This argument is to deal with consecutive `andExists` statements.
-     * Each one will constrain how often a parent row passes all constraints.
-     * This means that we have to scan more and more parent rows the more
-     * constraints we add.
-     */
-    downstreamChildSelectivity, 
-    /**
-     * branchPattern uniquely identifies OR branches in the graph.
-     * Each path through an OR will have unique constraints to apply to the source
-     * connection.
-     * branchPattern allows us to correlate a path through the graph
-     * to the constraints that should be applied for that path.
-     *
-     * Example graph:
-     *  UFO
-     * /  \
-     * J1   J2
-     * \  /
-     *  UFI
-     *
-     * J1 and J2 are joins inside an OR (FO).
-     * branchPattern [0] = path through J1
-     * branchPattern [1] = path through J2
-     *
-     * If many ORs are nested, branchPattern will have multiple elements
-     * representing each level of OR.
-     *
-     * If no joins are flipped within the `OR`, then only a single
-     * branchPattern element will be needed, as FO represents all sub-joins
-     * as a single path.
-     */
-    branchPattern, planDebugger) {
-        /**
-         * downstreamChildSelectivity accumulates up a parent chain, not
-         * up child chains. Child chains represent independent sub-graphs.
-         * So we pass 1 for `downstreamChildSelectivity` when estimating child cost.
-         * Put another way, downstreamChildSelectivity impacts how many parent
-         * rows are returned.
-         */
-        const child = this.#child.estimateCost(1, branchPattern, planDebugger);
-        /**
-         * How selective is the graph from this point forward?
-         * If we are _very_ selective then we must scan more parent rows
-         * before finding a match.
-         * E.g., if childSelectivity = 0.1 and downstreamChildSelectivity = 0.5
-         * then we only pass 5% of parent rows (0.1 * 0.5 = 0.05).
-         *
-         * This is used to estimate how many rows will be pulled from the parent
-         * when trying to satisfy downstream constraints and a limit.
-         *
-         * NOTE: We do not know if the probabilities are correlated so we assume independence.
-         * This is a fundamental limitation of the planner.
-         */
-        const parent = this.#parent.estimateCost(
-        // Selectivity flows up the graph from child to parent
-        // so we can determine the total selectivity of all ANDed exists checks.
-        child.selectivity * downstreamChildSelectivity, branchPattern, planDebugger);
-        let costEstimate;
-        if (this.type === 'semi') {
-            costEstimate = {
-                startupCost: parent.startupCost,
-                scanEst: parent.limit === undefined
-                    ? parent.returnedRows
-                    : Math.min(parent.returnedRows, parent.limit / downstreamChildSelectivity),
-                cost: parent.cost + parent.scanEst * (child.startupCost + child.scanEst),
-                returnedRows: parent.returnedRows * child.selectivity,
-                selectivity: child.selectivity * parent.selectivity,
-                limit: parent.limit,
-            };
-        }
-        else {
-            costEstimate = {
-                startupCost: child.startupCost,
-                scanEst: parent.limit === undefined
-                    ? parent.returnedRows
-                    : Math.min(parent.returnedRows * child.returnedRows, parent.limit / downstreamChildSelectivity),
-                cost: child.cost + child.scanEst * (parent.startupCost + parent.scanEst),
-                returnedRows: parent.returnedRows * child.returnedRows * child.selectivity,
-                selectivity: parent.selectivity * child.selectivity,
-                limit: parent.limit,
-            };
-        }
-        planDebugger?.log({
-            type: 'node-cost',
-            nodeType: 'join',
-            node: this.getName(),
-            branchPattern,
-            downstreamChildSelectivity,
-            costEstimate,
-            joinType: this.#type,
-        });
-        return costEstimate;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Get a human-readable name for this join for debugging.
-     * Format: "parentName ⋈ childName"
-     */
-    getName() {
-        const parentName = getNodeName(this.#parent);
-        const childName = getNodeName(this.#child);
-        return `${parentName} ⋈ ${childName}`;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Get debug information about this join's state.
-     */
-    getDebugInfo() {
-        return {
-            name: this.getName(),
-            type: this.#type,
-            planId: this.planId,
-        };
-    }
+class PlannerJoin {
+  kind = "join";
+  #parent;
+  #child;
+  #parentConstraint;
+  #childConstraint;
+  #flippable;
+  planId;
+  #output;
+  // Set once during graph construction
+  // Reset between planning attempts
+  #type;
+  #initialType;
+  constructor(parent, child, parentConstraint, childConstraint, flippable, planId, initialType = "semi") {
+    this.#type = initialType;
+    this.#initialType = initialType;
+    this.#parent = parent;
+    this.#child = child;
+    this.#childConstraint = childConstraint;
+    this.#parentConstraint = parentConstraint;
+    this.#flippable = flippable;
+    this.planId = planId;
+  }
+  setOutput(node) {
+    this.#output = node;
+  }
+  get output() {
+    assert(this.#output !== void 0, "Output not set");
+    return this.#output;
+  }
+  closestJoinOrSource() {
+    return "join";
+  }
+  flipIfNeeded(input) {
+    if (input === this.#child) {
+      this.flip();
+    } else {
+      assert(
+        input === this.#parent,
+        "Can only flip a join from one of its inputs"
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  flip() {
+    assert(this.#type === "semi", "Can only flip a semi-join");
+    if (!this.#flippable) {
+      throw new UnflippableJoinError(
+        "Cannot flip a non-flippable join (e.g., NOT EXISTS)"
+      );
+    }
+    this.#type = "flipped";
+  }
+  get type() {
+    return this.#type;
+  }
+  isFlippable() {
+    return this.#flippable;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Propagate unlimiting when this join is flipped.
+   * When a join is flipped:
+   * 1. Child becomes outer loop → produces all rows (unlimited)
+   * 2. Parent is fetched once per child row → effectively unlimited
+   *
+   * Example: If child produces 896 rows, parent is fetched 896 times.
+   * Even if each fetch returns 1 row, parent produces 896 total rows.
+   *
+   * Propagation rules:
+   * - Connection: call unlimit()
+   * - Semi-join: continue to parent (outer loop)
+   * - Flipped join: stop (already unlimited when it was flipped)
+   * - Fan-out/Fan-in: propagate to all inputs
+   */
+  propagateUnlimit() {
+    assert(this.#type === "flipped", "Can only unlimit a flipped join");
+    this.#child.propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin();
+  }
+  /**
+   * Called when a parent join is flipped and this join is part of its child subgraph.
+   * Continue propagation to parent (the outer loop).
+   * If we are hitting a semi-join, the parent drives.
+   * If we are hitting a flip-join, well now we have to unlimit its parent too!
+   */
+  propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin() {
+    this.#parent.propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin();
+  }
+  propagateConstraints(branchPattern, constraint, from, planDebugger) {
+    planDebugger?.log({
+      type: "node-constraint",
+      nodeType: "join",
+      node: this.getName(),
+      branchPattern,
+      constraint,
+      from: from ? getNodeName(from) : "unknown"
+    });
+    if (this.#type === "semi") {
+      this.#child.propagateConstraints(
+        branchPattern,
+        this.#childConstraint,
+        this,
+        planDebugger
+      );
+      this.#parent.propagateConstraints(
+        branchPattern,
+        constraint,
+        this,
+        planDebugger
+      );
+    } else if (this.#type === "flipped") {
+      const translatedConstraint = translateConstraintsForFlippedJoin(
+        constraint,
+        this.#parentConstraint,
+        this.#childConstraint
+      );
+      this.#child.propagateConstraints(
+        branchPattern,
+        translatedConstraint,
+        this,
+        planDebugger
+      );
+      this.#parent.propagateConstraints(
+        branchPattern,
+        mergeConstraints(constraint, this.#parentConstraint),
+        this,
+        planDebugger
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  reset() {
+    this.#type = this.#initialType;
+  }
+  estimateCost(downstreamChildSelectivity, branchPattern, planDebugger) {
+    const child = this.#child.estimateCost(1, branchPattern, planDebugger);
+    const fanoutFactor = child.fanout(Object.keys(this.#childConstraint));
+    const scaledChildSelectivity = 1 - Math.pow(1 - child.selectivity, fanoutFactor.fanout);
+    const parent = this.#parent.estimateCost(
+      // Selectivity flows up the graph from child to parent
+      // so we can determine the total selectivity of all ANDed exists checks.
+      this.#type === "flipped" ? 1 * downstreamChildSelectivity : scaledChildSelectivity * downstreamChildSelectivity,
+      branchPattern,
+      planDebugger
+    );
+    let costEstimate;
+    if (this.type === "semi") {
+      costEstimate = {
+        startupCost: parent.startupCost,
+        scanEst: parent.limit === void 0 ? parent.returnedRows : Math.min(
+          parent.returnedRows,
+          downstreamChildSelectivity === 0 ? 0 : parent.limit / downstreamChildSelectivity
+        ),
+        cost: parent.cost + parent.scanEst * (child.startupCost + child.cost + child.scanEst),
+        returnedRows: parent.returnedRows * child.selectivity,
+        selectivity: child.selectivity * parent.selectivity,
+        limit: parent.limit,
+        fanout: parent.fanout
+      };
+    } else {
+      costEstimate = {
+        startupCost: child.startupCost,
+        scanEst: parent.limit === void 0 ? parent.returnedRows * child.returnedRows : Math.min(
+          parent.returnedRows * child.returnedRows,
+          downstreamChildSelectivity === 0 ? 0 : parent.limit / downstreamChildSelectivity
+        ),
+        cost: child.cost + child.scanEst * (parent.startupCost + parent.cost + parent.scanEst),
+        // the child selectivity is not relevant here because it has already been taken into account via the flipping.
+        // I.e., `child.returnedRows` is the estimated number of rows produced by the child _after_ taking filtering into account.
+        returnedRows: parent.returnedRows * child.returnedRows,
+        selectivity: parent.selectivity * child.selectivity,
+        limit: parent.limit,
+        fanout: parent.fanout
+      };
+    }
+    if (planDebugger) {
+      planDebugger.log({
+        type: "node-cost",
+        nodeType: "join",
+        node: this.getName(),
+        branchPattern,
+        downstreamChildSelectivity,
+        costEstimate: omitFanout(costEstimate),
+        joinType: this.#type
+      });
+    }
+    return costEstimate;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get a human-readable name for this join for debugging.
+   * Format: "parentName ⋈ childName"
+   */
+  getName() {
+    const parentName = getNodeName(this.#parent);
+    const childName = getNodeName(this.#child);
+    return `${parentName} ⋈ ${childName}`;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get debug information about this join's state.
+   */
+  getDebugInfo() {
+    return {
+      name: this.getName(),
+      type: this.#type,
+      planId: this.planId
+    };
+  }
 }
-export class UnflippableJoinError extends Error {
-    constructor(message) {
-        super(message);
-        this.name = 'UnflippableJoinError';
-    }
+class UnflippableJoinError extends Error {
+  constructor(message) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = "UnflippableJoinError";
+  }
 }
-/**
- * Get a human-readable name for any planner node.
- * Used for debugging and tracing.
- */
 function getNodeName(node) {
-    switch (node.kind) {
-        case 'connection':
-            return node.name;
-        case 'join':
-            return node.getName();
-        case 'fan-out':
-            return 'FO';
-        case 'fan-in':
-            return 'FI';
-        case 'terminus':
-            return 'terminus';
-    }
+  switch (node.kind) {
+    case "connection":
+      return node.name;
+    case "join":
+      return node.getName();
+    case "fan-out":
+      return "FO";
+    case "fan-in":
+      return "FI";
+    case "terminus":
+      return "terminus";
+  }
 }
-//# sourceMappingURL=planner-join.js.map
+export {
+  PlannerJoin,
+  UnflippableJoinError
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=planner-join.js.map

package/out/zql/src/planner/planner-join.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"planner-join.js","sources":["../../../../../zql/src/planner/planner-join.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {assert} from '../../../shared/src/asserts.ts';\nimport {\n  mergeConstraints,\n  type PlannerConstraint,\n} from './planner-constraint.ts';\nimport type {PlanDebugger} from './planner-debug.ts';\nimport {omitFanout} from './planner-node.ts';\nimport type {\n  CostEstimate,\n  JoinOrConnection,\n  PlannerNode,\n} from './planner-node.ts';\nimport type {PlannerTerminus} from './planner-terminus.ts';\n\n/**\n * Translate constraints for a flipped join from parent space to child space.\n * Matches the runtime behavior of FlippedJoin.fetch() which translates\n * parent constraints to child constraints using index-based key mapping.\n *\n * Example:\n *   parentConstraint = {issueID: undefined, projectID: undefined}\n *   childConstraint = {id: undefined, projectID: undefined}\n *   incomingConstraint = {issueID: 5}\n *   result = {id: 5}  // issueID at index 0 maps to id at index 0\n */\nfunction translateConstraintsForFlippedJoin(\n  incomingConstraint: PlannerConstraint | undefined,\n  parentConstraint: PlannerConstraint,\n  childConstraint: PlannerConstraint,\n): PlannerConstraint | undefined {\n  if (!incomingConstraint) return undefined;\n\n  const parentKeys = Object.keys(parentConstraint);\n  const childKeys = Object.keys(childConstraint);\n  const translated: PlannerConstraint = {};\n\n  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(incomingConstraint)) {\n    const index = parentKeys.indexOf(key);\n    if (index !== -1) {\n      // Found this key in parent at position `index`\n      // Map to child key at same position\n      translated[childKeys[index]] = value;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return Object.keys(translated).length > 0 ? translated : undefined;\n}\n\n/**\n * Semi-join overhead multiplier.\n *\n * Semi-joins represent correlated subqueries (EXISTS checks) which have\n * execution overhead compared to flipped joins, even when logical row counts\n * are identical. This overhead comes from:\n * - Need to execute a separate correlation check for each parent row\n * - Cannot leverage combined constraint checking as effectively as flipped joins\n *\n * A multiplier of 1.5 means semi-joins are estimated to be ~50% more expensive\n * than equivalent flipped joins, which empirically matches observed performance\n * differences in production workloads (e.g., 1.7x in zbugs benchmarks).\n *\n * Flipped joins have a different overhead in that they become unlimited. This\n * is accounted for when propagating unlimits rather than here.\n */\n// const SEMI_JOIN_OVERHEAD_MULTIPLIER = 1.5;\n\n/**\n * Represents a join between two data streams (parent and child).\n *\n * # Dual-State Pattern\n * Like all planner nodes, PlannerJoin separates:\n * 1. IMMUTABLE STRUCTURE: Parent/child nodes, constraints, flippability\n * 2. MUTABLE STATE: Join type (semi/flipped), pinned status\n *\n * # Join Flipping\n * A join can be in two states:\n * - 'semi': Parent is outer loop, child is inner (semi-join for EXISTS)\n * - 'flipped': Child is outer loop, parent is inner\n *\n * Flipping is the key optimization: choosing which table scans first.\n * NOT EXISTS joins cannot be flipped (#flippable = false).\n *\n * # Constraint Propagation\n * - Semi-join: Sends childConstraint to child, forwards received constraints to parent\n * - Flipped join: Sends undefined to child, merges parentConstraint with received to parent\n * - Unpinned join: Only forwards constraints to parent (doesn't constrain child yet)\n *\n * # Lifecycle\n * 1. Construct with immutable structure (parent, child, constraints, flippability)\n * 2. Wire to output node during graph construction\n * 3. Planning calls flipIfNeeded() based on connection selection order\n * 4. pin() locks the join type once chosen\n * 5. reset() clears mutable state (type → 'semi', pinned → false)\n */\nexport class PlannerJoin {\n  readonly kind = 'join' as const;\n\n  readonly #parent: Exclude<PlannerNode, PlannerTerminus>;\n  readonly #child: Exclude<PlannerNode, PlannerTerminus>;\n  readonly #parentConstraint: PlannerConstraint;\n  readonly #childConstraint: PlannerConstraint;\n  readonly #flippable: boolean;\n  readonly planId: number;\n  #output?: PlannerNode | undefined; // Set once during graph construction\n\n  // Reset between planning attempts\n  #type: 'semi' | 'flipped';\n  readonly #initialType: 'semi' | 'flipped';\n\n  constructor(\n    parent: Exclude<PlannerNode, PlannerTerminus>,\n    child: Exclude<PlannerNode, PlannerTerminus>,\n    parentConstraint: PlannerConstraint,\n    childConstraint: PlannerConstraint,\n    flippable: boolean,\n    planId: number,\n    initialType: 'semi' | 'flipped' = 'semi',\n  ) {\n    this.#type = initialType;\n    this.#initialType = initialType;\n    this.#parent = parent;\n    this.#child = child;\n    this.#childConstraint = childConstraint;\n    this.#parentConstraint = parentConstraint;\n    this.#flippable = flippable;\n    this.planId = planId;\n  }\n\n  setOutput(node: PlannerNode): void {\n    this.#output = node;\n  }\n\n  get output(): PlannerNode {\n    assert(this.#output !== undefined, 'Output not set');\n    return this.#output;\n  }\n\n  closestJoinOrSource(): JoinOrConnection {\n    return 'join';\n  }\n\n  flipIfNeeded(input: PlannerNode): void {\n    if (input === this.#child) {\n      this.flip();\n    } else {\n      assert(\n        input === this.#parent,\n        'Can only flip a join from one of its inputs',\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  flip(): void {\n    assert(this.#type === 'semi', 'Can only flip a semi-join');\n    if (!this.#flippable) {\n      throw new UnflippableJoinError(\n        'Cannot flip a non-flippable join (e.g., NOT EXISTS)',\n      );\n    }\n    this.#type = 'flipped';\n  }\n\n  get type(): 'semi' | 'flipped' {\n    return this.#type;\n  }\n  isFlippable(): boolean {\n    return this.#flippable;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Propagate unlimiting when this join is flipped.\n   * When a join is flipped:\n   * 1. Child becomes outer loop → produces all rows (unlimited)\n   * 2. Parent is fetched once per child row → effectively unlimited\n   *\n   * Example: If child produces 896 rows, parent is fetched 896 times.\n   * Even if each fetch returns 1 row, parent produces 896 total rows.\n   *\n   * Propagation rules:\n   * - Connection: call unlimit()\n   * - Semi-join: continue to parent (outer loop)\n   * - Flipped join: stop (already unlimited when it was flipped)\n   * - Fan-out/Fan-in: propagate to all inputs\n   */\n  propagateUnlimit(): void {\n    assert(this.#type === 'flipped', 'Can only unlimit a flipped join');\n    // Parent stays limited; child becomes unlimited\n    this.#child.propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin(); // Up the child chain\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Called when a parent join is flipped and this join is part of its child subgraph.\n   * Continue propagation to parent (the outer loop).\n   * If we are hitting a semi-join, the parent drives.\n   * If we are hitting a flip-join, well now we have to unlimit its parent too!\n   */\n  propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin(): void {\n    this.#parent.propagateUnlimitFromFlippedJoin();\n  }\n\n  propagateConstraints(\n    branchPattern: number[],\n    constraint: PlannerConstraint | undefined,\n    from?: PlannerNode,\n    planDebugger?: PlanDebugger,\n  ): void {\n    planDebugger?.log({\n      type: 'node-constraint',\n      nodeType: 'join',\n      node: this.getName(),\n      branchPattern,\n      constraint,\n      from: from ? getNodeName(from) : 'unknown',\n    });\n\n    if (this.#type === 'semi') {\n      // A semi-join always has constraints for its child.\n      // They are defined by the correlation between parent and child.\n      this.#child.propagateConstraints(\n        branchPattern,\n        this.#childConstraint,\n        this,\n        planDebugger,\n      );\n      // A semi-join forwards constraints to its parent.\n      this.#parent.propagateConstraints(\n        branchPattern,\n        constraint,\n        this,\n        planDebugger,\n      );\n    } else if (this.#type === 'flipped') {\n      // A flipped join translates constraints from parent space to child space.\n      // This matches FlippedJoin.fetch() runtime behavior where parent constraints\n      // on join keys are translated to child constraints.\n      // Example: If parent has {issueID: 5} and join maps issueID→id,\n      // child gets {id: 5} allowing index usage.\n      const translatedConstraint = translateConstraintsForFlippedJoin(\n        constraint,\n        this.#parentConstraint,\n        this.#childConstraint,\n      );\n      this.#child.propagateConstraints(\n        branchPattern,\n        translatedConstraint,\n        this,\n        planDebugger,\n      );\n      // A flipped join will have constraints to send to its parent.\n      // - The constraints its output sent\n      // - The constraints its child creates\n      this.#parent.propagateConstraints(\n        branchPattern,\n        mergeConstraints(constraint, this.#parentConstraint),\n        this,\n        planDebugger,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  reset(): void {\n    this.#type = this.#initialType;\n  }\n\n  estimateCost(\n    /**\n     * This argument is to deal with consecutive `andExists` statements.\n     * Each one will constrain how often a parent row passes all constraints.\n     * This means that we have to scan more and more parent rows the more\n     * constraints we add.\n     *\n     * DownstreamChildSelectivity factors in fanout factor\n     * from parent -> child\n     */\n    downstreamChildSelectivity: number,\n    /**\n     * branchPattern uniquely identifies OR branches in the graph.\n     * Each path through an OR will have unique constraints to apply to the source\n     * connection.\n     * branchPattern allows us to correlate a path through the graph\n     * to the constraints that should be applied for that path.\n     *\n     * Example graph:\n     *  UFO\n     * /  \\\n     * J1   J2\n     * \\  /\n     *  UFI\n     *\n     * J1 and J2 are joins inside an OR (FO).\n     * branchPattern [0] = path through J1\n     * branchPattern [1] = path through J2\n     *\n     * If many ORs are nested, branchPattern will have multiple elements\n     * representing each level of OR.\n     *\n     * If no joins are flipped within the `OR`, then only a single\n     * branchPattern element will be needed, as FO represents all sub-joins\n     * as a single path.\n     */\n    branchPattern: number[],\n    planDebugger?: PlanDebugger,\n  ): CostEstimate {\n    /**\n     * downstreamChildSelectivity accumulates up a parent chain, not\n     * up child chains. Child chains represent independent sub-graphs.\n     * So we pass 1 for `downstreamChildSelectivity` when estimating child cost.\n     * Put another way, downstreamChildSelectivity impacts how many parent\n     * rows are returned.\n     */\n    const child = this.#child.estimateCost(1, branchPattern, planDebugger);\n\n    const fanoutFactor = child.fanout(Object.keys(this.#childConstraint));\n    // Factor in how many child rows match a parent row.\n    // E.g., if an issue has 10 comments on average then we're more\n    // likely to hit a comment compared to if an issue has 1 comment on average.\n    // If an index is all nulls (no parents match any children)\n    // this will collapse to 0.\n    const scaledChildSelectivity =\n      1 - Math.pow(1 - child.selectivity, fanoutFactor.fanout);\n\n    // Why do we not need fanout in the other direction?\n    // E.g., for an `inventory -> film` flipped-join, if each film has 100 inventories (100 copies)\n    // then we're more likely to hit an inventory row compared to if each film has 1 inventory.\n    // Flipped-join already accounts for this because the child selectivity is implicitly accounted\n    // for. The returned row estimate of the child is already representative of how many\n    // rows the child will have post-filtering.\n\n    /**\n     * How selective is the graph from this point forward?\n     * If we are _very_ selective then we must scan more parent rows\n     * before finding a match.\n     * E.g., if childSelectivity = 0.1 and downstreamChildSelectivity = 0.5\n     * then we only pass 5% of parent rows (0.1 * 0.5 = 0.05).\n     *\n     * This is used to estimate how many rows will be pulled from the parent\n     * when trying to satisfy downstream constraints and a limit.\n     *\n     * NOTE: We do not know if the probabilities are correlated so we assume independence.\n     * This is a fundamental limitation of the planner.\n     */\n    const parent = this.#parent.estimateCost(\n      // Selectivity flows up the graph from child to parent\n      // so we can determine the total selectivity of all ANDed exists checks.\n      this.#type === 'flipped'\n        ? 1 * downstreamChildSelectivity\n        : scaledChildSelectivity * downstreamChildSelectivity,\n      branchPattern,\n      planDebugger,\n    );\n\n    let costEstimate: CostEstimate;\n\n    if (this.type === 'semi') {\n      costEstimate = {\n        startupCost: parent.startupCost,\n        scanEst:\n          parent.limit === undefined\n            ? parent.returnedRows\n            : Math.min(\n                parent.returnedRows,\n                downstreamChildSelectivity === 0\n                  ? 0\n                  : parent.limit / downstreamChildSelectivity,\n              ),\n        cost:\n          parent.cost +\n          parent.scanEst * (child.startupCost + child.cost + child.scanEst),\n        returnedRows: parent.returnedRows * child.selectivity,\n        selectivity: child.selectivity * parent.selectivity,\n        limit: parent.limit,\n        fanout: parent.fanout,\n      };\n    } else {\n      costEstimate = {\n        startupCost: child.startupCost,\n        scanEst:\n          parent.limit === undefined\n            ? parent.returnedRows * child.returnedRows\n            : Math.min(\n                parent.returnedRows * child.returnedRows,\n                downstreamChildSelectivity === 0\n                  ? 0\n                  : parent.limit / downstreamChildSelectivity,\n              ),\n        cost:\n          child.cost +\n          child.scanEst * (parent.startupCost + parent.cost + parent.scanEst),\n        // the child selectivity is not relevant here because it has already been taken into account via the flipping.\n        // I.e., `child.returnedRows` is the estimated number of rows produced by the child _after_ taking filtering into account.\n        returnedRows: parent.returnedRows * child.returnedRows,\n        selectivity: parent.selectivity * child.selectivity,\n        limit: parent.limit,\n        fanout: parent.fanout,\n      };\n    }\n\n    if (planDebugger) {\n      planDebugger.log({\n        type: 'node-cost',\n        nodeType: 'join',\n        node: this.getName(),\n        branchPattern,\n        downstreamChildSelectivity,\n        costEstimate: omitFanout(costEstimate),\n        joinType: this.#type,\n      });\n    }\n\n    return costEstimate;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a human-readable name for this join for debugging.\n   * Format: \"parentName ⋈ childName\"\n   */\n  getName(): string {\n    const parentName = getNodeName(this.#parent);\n    const childName = getNodeName(this.#child);\n    return `${parentName} ⋈ ${childName}`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get debug information about this join's state.\n   */\n  getDebugInfo(): {\n    name: string;\n    type: 'semi' | 'flipped';\n    planId: number;\n  } {\n    return {\n      name: this.getName(),\n      type: this.#type,\n      planId: this.planId,\n    };\n  }\n}\n\nexport class UnflippableJoinError extends Error {\n  constructor(message: string) {\n    super(message);\n    this.name = 'UnflippableJoinError';\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * 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