@reality.eth/contracts 3.0.80 → 3.1.0

package/flat/RealityETH-3.2.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-only
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.6;
+
+contract BalanceHolder {
+
+    mapping(address => uint256) public balanceOf;
+
+    event LogWithdraw(
+        address indexed user,
+        uint256 amount
+    );
+
+    function withdraw() 
+    public {
+        uint256 bal = balanceOf[msg.sender];
+        balanceOf[msg.sender] = 0;
+        payable(msg.sender).transfer(bal);
+        emit LogWithdraw(msg.sender, bal);
+    }
+
+}
+
+contract RealityETH_v3_2 is BalanceHolder {
+
+    address constant NULL_ADDRESS = address(0);
+
+    // History hash when no history is created, or history has been cleared
+    bytes32 constant NULL_HASH = bytes32(0);
+
+    // An unitinalized finalize_ts for a question will indicate an unanswered question.
+    uint32 constant UNANSWERED = 0;
+
+    // An unanswered reveal_ts for a commitment will indicate that it does not exist.
+    uint256 constant COMMITMENT_NON_EXISTENT = 0;
+
+    // Commit->reveal timeout is 1/8 of the question timeout (rounded down).
+    uint32 constant COMMITMENT_TIMEOUT_RATIO = 8;
+
+    // Proportion withheld when you claim an earlier bond.
+    uint256 constant BOND_CLAIM_FEE_PROPORTION = 40; // One 40th ie 2.5%
+
+    // Special value representing a question that was answered too soon.
+    // bytes32(-2). By convention we use bytes32(-1) for "invalid", although the contract does not handle this.
+    bytes32 constant UNRESOLVED_ANSWER = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe;
+
+    event LogSetQuestionFee(
+        address arbitrator,
+        uint256 amount
+    );
+
+    event LogNewTemplate(
+        uint256 indexed template_id,
+        address indexed user, 
+        string question_text
+    );
+
+    event LogNewQuestion(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id,
+        address indexed user, 
+        uint256 template_id,
+        string question,
+        bytes32 indexed content_hash,
+        address arbitrator, 
+        uint32 timeout,
+        uint32 opening_ts,
+        uint256 nonce,
+        uint256 created
+    );
+
+    event LogMinimumBond(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id,
+        uint256 min_bond
+    );
+
+    event LogFundAnswerBounty(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id,
+        uint256 bounty_added,
+        uint256 bounty,
+        address indexed user 
+    );
+
+    event LogNewAnswer(
+        bytes32 answer,
+        bytes32 indexed question_id,
+        bytes32 history_hash,
+        address indexed user,
+        uint256 bond,
+        uint256 ts,
+        bool is_commitment
+    );
+
+    event LogAnswerReveal(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id, 
+        address indexed user, 
+        bytes32 indexed answer_hash, 
+        bytes32 answer, 
+        uint256 nonce, 
+        uint256 bond
+    );
+
+    event LogNotifyOfArbitrationRequest(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id,
+        address indexed user 
+    );
+
+    event LogCancelArbitration(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id
+    );
+
+    event LogFinalize(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id,
+        bytes32 indexed answer
+    );
+
+    event LogClaim(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id,
+        address indexed user,
+        uint256 amount
+    );
+
+    event LogReopenQuestion(
+        bytes32 indexed question_id,
+        bytes32 indexed reopened_question_id
+    );
+
+    struct Question {
+        bytes32 content_hash;
+        address arbitrator;
+        uint32 opening_ts;
+        uint32 timeout;
+        uint32 finalize_ts;
+        bool is_pending_arbitration;
+        uint256 bounty;
+        bytes32 best_answer;
+        bytes32 history_hash;
+        uint256 bond;
+        uint256 min_bond;
+    }
+
+    // Stored in a mapping indexed by commitment_id, a hash of commitment hash, question, bond. 
+    struct Commitment {
+        uint32 reveal_ts;
+        bool is_revealed;
+        bytes32 revealed_answer;
+    }
+
+    // Only used when claiming more bonds than fits into a transaction
+    // Stored in a mapping indexed by question_id.
+    struct Claim {
+        address payee;
+        uint256 last_bond;
+        uint256 queued_funds;
+    }
+
+    uint256 nextTemplateID = 0;
+    mapping(uint256 => uint256) public templates;
+    mapping(uint256 => bytes32) public template_hashes;
+    mapping(bytes32 => Question) public questions;
+    mapping(bytes32 => Claim) public question_claims;
+    mapping(bytes32 => Commitment) public commitments;
+    mapping(address => uint256) public arbitrator_question_fees; 
+    mapping(bytes32 => bytes32) public reopened_questions;
+    mapping(bytes32 => bool) public reopener_questions;
+
+
+    modifier onlyArbitrator(bytes32 question_id) {
+        require(msg.sender == questions[question_id].arbitrator, "msg.sender must be arbitrator");
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier stateAny() {
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier stateNotCreated(bytes32 question_id) {
+        require(questions[question_id].timeout == 0, "question must not exist");
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier stateOpen(bytes32 question_id) {
+        require(questions[question_id].timeout > 0, "question must exist");
+        require(!questions[question_id].is_pending_arbitration, "question must not be pending arbitration");
+        uint32 finalize_ts = questions[question_id].finalize_ts;
+        require(finalize_ts == UNANSWERED || finalize_ts > uint32(block.timestamp), "finalization deadline must not have passed");
+        uint32 opening_ts = questions[question_id].opening_ts;
+        require(opening_ts == 0 || opening_ts <= uint32(block.timestamp), "opening date must have passed"); 
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier statePendingArbitration(bytes32 question_id) {
+        require(questions[question_id].is_pending_arbitration, "question must be pending arbitration");
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier stateOpenOrPendingArbitration(bytes32 question_id) {
+        require(questions[question_id].timeout > 0, "question must exist");
+        uint32 finalize_ts = questions[question_id].finalize_ts;
+        require(finalize_ts == UNANSWERED || finalize_ts > uint32(block.timestamp), "finalization dealine must not have passed");
+        uint32 opening_ts = questions[question_id].opening_ts;
+        require(opening_ts == 0 || opening_ts <= uint32(block.timestamp), "opening date must have passed"); 
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier stateFinalized(bytes32 question_id) {
+        require(isFinalized(question_id), "question must be finalized");
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier bondMustDoubleAndMatchMinimum(bytes32 question_id) {
+        require(msg.value > 0, "bond must be positive"); 
+        uint256 current_bond = questions[question_id].bond;
+        if (current_bond == 0) {
+            require(msg.value >= (questions[question_id].min_bond), "bond must exceed the minimum");
+        } else {
+            require(msg.value >= (current_bond * 2), "bond must be double at least previous bond");
+        }
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier previousBondMustNotBeatMaxPrevious(bytes32 question_id, uint256 max_previous) {
+        if (max_previous > 0) {
+            require(questions[question_id].bond <= max_previous, "bond must exceed max_previous");
+        }
+        _;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Constructor, sets up some initial templates
+    /// @dev Creates some generalized templates for different question types used in the DApp.
+    constructor() {
+        createTemplate('{"title": "%s", "type": "bool", "description": "%s", "lang": "%s"}');
+        createTemplate('{"title": "%s", "type": "uint", "decimals": 18, "description": "%s", "lang": "%s"}');
+        createTemplate('{"title": "%s", "type": "single-select", "outcomes": [%s], "description": "%s", "lang": "%s"}');
+        createTemplate('{"title": "%s", "type": "multiple-select", "outcomes": [%s], "description": "%s", "lang": "%s"}');
+        createTemplate('{"title": "%s", "type": "datetime", "description": "%s", "lang": "%s"}');
+        createTemplate('{"title": "%s", "type": "hash", "description": "%s", "lang": "%s"}');
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Function for arbitrator to set an optional per-question fee. 
+    /// @dev The per-question fee, charged when a question is asked, is intended as an anti-spam measure.
+    /// @param fee The fee to be charged by the arbitrator when a question is asked
+    function setQuestionFee(uint256 fee) 
+        stateAny() 
+    external {
+        arbitrator_question_fees[msg.sender] = fee;
+        emit LogSetQuestionFee(msg.sender, fee);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Create a reusable template, which should be a JSON document.
+    /// Placeholders should use gettext() syntax, eg %s.
+    /// @dev Template data is only stored in the event logs, but its block number is kept in contract storage.
+    /// @param content The template content
+    /// @return The ID of the newly-created template, which is created sequentially.
+    function createTemplate(string memory content) 
+        stateAny()
+    public returns (uint256) {
+        uint256 id = nextTemplateID;
+        templates[id] = block.number;
+        template_hashes[id] = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(content));
+        emit LogNewTemplate(id, msg.sender, content);
+        nextTemplateID = id + 1;
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Create a new reusable template and use it to ask a question
+    /// @dev Template data is only stored in the event logs, but its block number is kept in contract storage.
+    /// @param content The template content
+    /// @param question A string containing the parameters that will be passed into the template to make the question
+    /// @param arbitrator The arbitration contract that will have the final word on the answer if there is a dispute
+    /// @param timeout How long the contract should wait after the answer is changed before finalizing on that answer
+    /// @param opening_ts If set, the earliest time it should be possible to answer the question.
+    /// @param nonce A user-specified nonce used in the question ID. Change it to repeat a question.
+    /// @return The ID of the newly-created template, which is created sequentially.
+    function createTemplateAndAskQuestion(
+        string memory content, 
+        string memory question, address arbitrator, uint32 timeout, uint32 opening_ts, uint256 nonce 
+    ) 
+        // stateNotCreated is enforced by the internal _askQuestion
+    public payable returns (bytes32) {
+        uint256 template_id = createTemplate(content);
+        return askQuestion(template_id, question, arbitrator, timeout, opening_ts, nonce);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Ask a new question and return the ID
+    /// @dev Template data is only stored in the event logs, but its block number is kept in contract storage.
+    /// @param template_id The ID number of the template the question will use
+    /// @param question A string containing the parameters that will be passed into the template to make the question
+    /// @param arbitrator The arbitration contract that will have the final word on the answer if there is a dispute
+    /// @param timeout How long the contract should wait after the answer is changed before finalizing on that answer
+    /// @param opening_ts If set, the earliest time it should be possible to answer the question.
+    /// @param nonce A user-specified nonce used in the question ID. Change it to repeat a question.
+    /// @return The ID of the newly-created question, created deterministically.
+    function askQuestion(uint256 template_id, string memory question, address arbitrator, uint32 timeout, uint32 opening_ts, uint256 nonce) 
+        // stateNotCreated is enforced by the internal _askQuestion
+    public payable returns (bytes32) {
+
+        require(templates[template_id] > 0, "template must exist");
+
+        bytes32 content_hash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(template_id, opening_ts, question));
+        bytes32 question_id = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(content_hash, arbitrator, timeout, uint256(0), address(this), msg.sender, nonce));
+
+        // We emit this event here because _askQuestion doesn't need to know the unhashed question. Other events are emitted by _askQuestion.
+        emit LogNewQuestion(question_id, msg.sender, template_id, question, content_hash, arbitrator, timeout, opening_ts, nonce, block.timestamp);
+        _askQuestion(question_id, content_hash, arbitrator, timeout, opening_ts, 0);
+
+        return question_id;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Ask a new question and return the ID
+    /// @dev Template data is only stored in the event logs, but its block number is kept in contract storage.
+    /// @param template_id The ID number of the template the question will use
+    /// @param question A string containing the parameters that will be passed into the template to make the question
+    /// @param arbitrator The arbitration contract that will have the final word on the answer if there is a dispute
+    /// @param timeout How long the contract should wait after the answer is changed before finalizing on that answer
+    /// @param opening_ts If set, the earliest time it should be possible to answer the question.
+    /// @param nonce A user-specified nonce used in the question ID. Change it to repeat a question.
+    /// @param min_bond The minimum bond that may be used for an answer.
+    /// @return The ID of the newly-created question, created deterministically.
+    function askQuestionWithMinBond(uint256 template_id, string memory question, address arbitrator, uint32 timeout, uint32 opening_ts, uint256 nonce, uint256 min_bond) 
+        // stateNotCreated is enforced by the internal _askQuestion
+    public payable returns (bytes32) {
+
+        require(templates[template_id] > 0, "template must exist");
+
+        bytes32 content_hash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(template_id, opening_ts, question));
+        bytes32 question_id = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(content_hash, arbitrator, timeout, min_bond, address(this), msg.sender, nonce));
+
+        // We emit this event here because _askQuestion doesn't need to know the unhashed question.
+        // Other events are emitted by _askQuestion.
+        emit LogNewQuestion(question_id, msg.sender, template_id, question, content_hash, arbitrator, timeout, opening_ts, nonce, block.timestamp);
+        _askQuestion(question_id, content_hash, arbitrator, timeout, opening_ts, min_bond);
+
+        return question_id;
+    }
+
+    function _askQuestion(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 content_hash, address arbitrator, uint32 timeout, uint32 opening_ts, uint256 min_bond) 
+        stateNotCreated(question_id)
+    internal {
+
+        // A timeout of 0 makes no sense, and we will use this to check existence
+        require(timeout > 0, "timeout must be positive"); 
+        require(timeout < 365 days, "timeout must be less than 365 days"); 
+
+        uint256 bounty = msg.value;
+
+        // The arbitrator can set a fee for asking a question. 
+        // This is intended as an anti-spam defence.
+        // The fee is waived if the arbitrator is asking the question.
+        // This allows them to set an impossibly high fee and make users proxy the question through them.
+        // This would allow more sophisticated pricing, question whitelisting etc.
+        if (arbitrator != NULL_ADDRESS && msg.sender != arbitrator) {
+            uint256 question_fee = arbitrator_question_fees[arbitrator];
+            require(bounty >= question_fee, "ETH provided must cover question fee"); 
+            bounty = bounty - question_fee;
+            balanceOf[arbitrator] = balanceOf[arbitrator] + question_fee;
+        }
+
+        questions[question_id].content_hash = content_hash;
+        questions[question_id].arbitrator = arbitrator;
+        questions[question_id].opening_ts = opening_ts;
+        questions[question_id].timeout = timeout;
+
+        if (bounty > 0) {
+            questions[question_id].bounty = bounty;
+            emit LogFundAnswerBounty(question_id, bounty, bounty, msg.sender);
+        }
+
+        if (min_bond > 0) {
+            questions[question_id].min_bond = min_bond;
+            emit LogMinimumBond(question_id, min_bond);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Add funds to the bounty for a question
+    /// @dev Add bounty funds after the initial question creation. Can be done any time until the question is finalized.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question you wish to fund
+    function fundAnswerBounty(bytes32 question_id) 
+        stateOpen(question_id)
+    external payable {
+        questions[question_id].bounty = questions[question_id].bounty + msg.value;
+        emit LogFundAnswerBounty(question_id, msg.value, questions[question_id].bounty, msg.sender);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Submit an answer for a question.
+    /// @dev Adds the answer to the history and updates the current "best" answer.
+    /// May be subject to front-running attacks; Substitute submitAnswerCommitment()->submitAnswerReveal() to prevent them.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param answer The answer, encoded into bytes32
+    /// @param max_previous If specified, reverts if a bond higher than this was submitted after you sent your transaction.
+    function submitAnswer(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer, uint256 max_previous) 
+        stateOpen(question_id)
+        bondMustDoubleAndMatchMinimum(question_id)
+        previousBondMustNotBeatMaxPrevious(question_id, max_previous)
+    external payable {
+        _addAnswerToHistory(question_id, answer, msg.sender, msg.value, false);
+        _updateCurrentAnswer(question_id, answer);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Submit an answer for a question, crediting it to the specified account.
+    /// @dev Adds the answer to the history and updates the current "best" answer.
+    /// May be subject to front-running attacks; Substitute submitAnswerCommitment()->submitAnswerReveal() to prevent them.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param answer The answer, encoded into bytes32
+    /// @param max_previous If specified, reverts if a bond higher than this was submitted after you sent your transaction.
+    /// @param answerer The account to which the answer should be credited
+    function submitAnswerFor(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer, uint256 max_previous, address answerer)
+        stateOpen(question_id)
+        bondMustDoubleAndMatchMinimum(question_id)
+        previousBondMustNotBeatMaxPrevious(question_id, max_previous)
+    external payable {
+        require(answerer != NULL_ADDRESS, "answerer must be non-zero");
+        _addAnswerToHistory(question_id, answer, answerer, msg.value, false);
+        _updateCurrentAnswer(question_id, answer);
+    }
+
+    // @notice Verify and store a commitment, including an appropriate timeout
+    // @param question_id The ID of the question to store
+    // @param commitment The ID of the commitment
+    function _storeCommitment(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 commitment_id) 
+    internal
+    {
+        require(commitments[commitment_id].reveal_ts == COMMITMENT_NON_EXISTENT, "commitment must not already exist");
+
+        uint32 commitment_timeout = questions[question_id].timeout / COMMITMENT_TIMEOUT_RATIO;
+        commitments[commitment_id].reveal_ts = uint32(block.timestamp) + commitment_timeout;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Submit the hash of an answer, laying your claim to that answer if you reveal it in a subsequent transaction.
+    /// @dev Creates a hash, commitment_id, uniquely identifying this answer, to this question, with this bond.
+    /// The commitment_id is stored in the answer history where the answer would normally go.
+    /// Does not update the current best answer - this is left to the later submitAnswerReveal() transaction.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param answer_hash The hash of your answer, plus a nonce that you will later reveal
+    /// @param max_previous If specified, reverts if a bond higher than this was submitted after you sent your transaction.
+    /// @param _answerer If specified, the address to be given as the question answerer. Defaults to the sender.
+    /// @dev Specifying the answerer is useful if you want to delegate the commit-and-reveal to a third-party.
+    function submitAnswerCommitment(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer_hash, uint256 max_previous, address _answerer) 
+        stateOpen(question_id)
+        bondMustDoubleAndMatchMinimum(question_id)
+        previousBondMustNotBeatMaxPrevious(question_id, max_previous)
+    external payable {
+
+        bytes32 commitment_id = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(question_id, answer_hash, msg.value));
+        address answerer = (_answerer == NULL_ADDRESS) ? msg.sender : _answerer;
+        _storeCommitment(question_id, commitment_id);
+        _addAnswerToHistory(question_id, commitment_id, answerer, msg.value, true);
+
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Submit the answer whose hash you sent in a previous submitAnswerCommitment() transaction
+    /// @dev Checks the parameters supplied recreate an existing commitment, and stores the revealed answer
+    /// Updates the current answer unless someone has since supplied a new answer with a higher bond
+    /// msg.sender is intentionally not restricted to the user who originally sent the commitment; 
+    /// For example, the user may want to provide the answer+nonce to a third-party service and let them send the tx
+    /// NB If we are pending arbitration, it will be up to the arbitrator to wait and see any outstanding reveal is sent
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param answer The answer, encoded as bytes32
+    /// @param nonce The nonce that, combined with the answer, recreates the answer_hash you gave in submitAnswerCommitment()
+    /// @param bond The bond that you paid in your submitAnswerCommitment() transaction
+    function submitAnswerReveal(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer, uint256 nonce, uint256 bond) 
+        stateOpenOrPendingArbitration(question_id)
+    external {
+
+        bytes32 answer_hash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(answer, nonce));
+        bytes32 commitment_id = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(question_id, answer_hash, bond));
+
+        require(!commitments[commitment_id].is_revealed, "commitment must not have been revealed yet");
+        require(commitments[commitment_id].reveal_ts > uint32(block.timestamp), "reveal deadline must not have passed");
+
+        commitments[commitment_id].revealed_answer = answer;
+        commitments[commitment_id].is_revealed = true;
+
+        if (bond == questions[question_id].bond) {
+            _updateCurrentAnswer(question_id, answer);
+        }
+
+        emit LogAnswerReveal(question_id, msg.sender, answer_hash, answer, nonce, bond);
+
+    }
+
+    function _addAnswerToHistory(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer_or_commitment_id, address answerer, uint256 bond, bool is_commitment) 
+    internal 
+    {
+        bytes32 new_history_hash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(questions[question_id].history_hash, answer_or_commitment_id, bond, answerer, is_commitment));
+
+        // Update the current bond level, if there's a bond (ie anything except arbitration)
+        if (bond > 0) {
+            questions[question_id].bond = bond;
+        }
+        questions[question_id].history_hash = new_history_hash;
+
+        emit LogNewAnswer(answer_or_commitment_id, question_id, new_history_hash, answerer, bond, block.timestamp, is_commitment);
+    }
+
+    function _updateCurrentAnswer(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer)
+    internal {
+        questions[question_id].best_answer = answer;
+        questions[question_id].finalize_ts = uint32(block.timestamp) + questions[question_id].timeout;
+    }
+
+    // Like _updateCurrentAnswer but without advancing the timeout
+    function _updateCurrentAnswerByArbitrator(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer)
+    internal {
+        questions[question_id].best_answer = answer;
+        questions[question_id].finalize_ts = uint32(block.timestamp);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Notify the contract that the arbitrator has been paid for a question, freezing it pending their decision.
+    /// @dev The arbitrator contract is trusted to only call this if they've been paid, and tell us who paid them.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param requester The account that requested arbitration
+    /// @param max_previous If specified, reverts if a bond higher than this was submitted after you sent your transaction.
+    function notifyOfArbitrationRequest(bytes32 question_id, address requester, uint256 max_previous) 
+        onlyArbitrator(question_id)
+        stateOpen(question_id)
+        previousBondMustNotBeatMaxPrevious(question_id, max_previous)
+    external {
+        require(questions[question_id].finalize_ts > UNANSWERED, "Question must already have an answer when arbitration is requested");
+        questions[question_id].is_pending_arbitration = true;
+        emit LogNotifyOfArbitrationRequest(question_id, requester);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Cancel a previously-requested arbitration and extend the timeout
+    /// @dev Useful when doing arbitration across chains that can't be requested atomically
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    function cancelArbitration(bytes32 question_id) 
+        onlyArbitrator(question_id)
+        statePendingArbitration(question_id)
+    external {
+        questions[question_id].is_pending_arbitration = false;
+        questions[question_id].finalize_ts = uint32(block.timestamp) + questions[question_id].timeout;
+        emit LogCancelArbitration(question_id);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Submit the answer for a question, for use by the arbitrator.
+    /// @dev Doesn't require (or allow) a bond.
+    /// If the current final answer is correct, the account should be whoever submitted it.
+    /// If the current final answer is wrong, the account should be whoever paid for arbitration.
+    /// However, the answerer stipulations are not enforced by the contract.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param answer The answer, encoded into bytes32
+    /// @param answerer The account credited with this answer for the purpose of bond claims
+    function submitAnswerByArbitrator(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer, address answerer) 
+        onlyArbitrator(question_id)
+        statePendingArbitration(question_id)
+    public {
+
+        require(answerer != NULL_ADDRESS, "answerer must be provided");
+        emit LogFinalize(question_id, answer);
+
+        questions[question_id].is_pending_arbitration = false;
+        _addAnswerToHistory(question_id, answer, answerer, 0, false);
+        _updateCurrentAnswerByArbitrator(question_id, answer);
+
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Submit the answer for a question, for use by the arbitrator, working out the appropriate winner based on the last answer details.
+    /// @dev Doesn't require (or allow) a bond.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param answer The answer, encoded into bytes32
+    /// @param payee_if_wrong The account to by credited as winner if the last answer given is wrong, usually the account that paid the arbitrator
+    /// @param last_history_hash The history hash before the final one
+    /// @param last_answer_or_commitment_id The last answer given, or the commitment ID if it was a commitment.
+    /// @param last_answerer The address that supplied the last answer
+    function assignWinnerAndSubmitAnswerByArbitrator(bytes32 question_id, bytes32 answer, address payee_if_wrong, bytes32 last_history_hash, bytes32 last_answer_or_commitment_id, address last_answerer) 
+    external {
+        bool is_commitment = _verifyHistoryInputOrRevert(questions[question_id].history_hash, last_history_hash, last_answer_or_commitment_id, questions[question_id].bond, last_answerer);
+
+        address payee;
+        // If the last answer is an unrevealed commit, it's always wrong.
+        // For anything else, the last answer was set as the "best answer" in submitAnswer or submitAnswerReveal.
+        if (is_commitment && !commitments[last_answer_or_commitment_id].is_revealed) {
+            require(commitments[last_answer_or_commitment_id].reveal_ts < uint32(block.timestamp), "You must wait for the reveal deadline before finalizing");
+            payee = payee_if_wrong;
+        } else {
+            payee = (questions[question_id].best_answer == answer) ? last_answerer : payee_if_wrong;
+        }
+        submitAnswerByArbitrator(question_id, answer, payee);
+    }
+
+
+    /// @notice Report whether the answer to the specified question is finalized
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @return Return true if finalized
+    function isFinalized(bytes32 question_id) 
+    view public returns (bool) {
+        uint32 finalize_ts = questions[question_id].finalize_ts;
+        return ( !questions[question_id].is_pending_arbitration && (finalize_ts > UNANSWERED) && (finalize_ts <= uint32(block.timestamp)) );
+    }
+
+    /// @notice (Deprecated) Return the final answer to the specified question, or revert if there isn't one
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @return The answer formatted as a bytes32
+    function getFinalAnswer(bytes32 question_id) 
+        stateFinalized(question_id)
+    external view returns (bytes32) {
+        return questions[question_id].best_answer;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Return the final answer to the specified question, or revert if there isn't one
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @return The answer formatted as a bytes32
+    function resultFor(bytes32 question_id) 
+        stateFinalized(question_id)
+    public view returns (bytes32) {
+        return questions[question_id].best_answer;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns whether the question was answered before it had an answer, ie resolved to UNRESOLVED_ANSWER
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function isSettledTooSoon(bytes32 question_id)
+    public view returns(bool) {
+        return (resultFor(question_id) == UNRESOLVED_ANSWER);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Like resultFor(), but errors out if settled too soon, or returns the result of a replacement if it was reopened at the right time and settled
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function resultForOnceSettled(bytes32 question_id)
+    external view returns(bytes32) {
+        bytes32 result = resultFor(question_id);
+        if (result == UNRESOLVED_ANSWER) {
+            // Try the replacement
+            bytes32 replacement_id = reopened_questions[question_id];
+            require(replacement_id != bytes32(0x0), "Question was settled too soon and has not been reopened");
+            // We only try one layer down rather than recursing to keep the gas costs predictable
+            result = resultFor(replacement_id);
+            require(result != UNRESOLVED_ANSWER, "Question replacement was settled too soon and has not been reopened");
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Asks a new question reopening a previously-asked question that was settled too soon
+    /// @dev A special version of askQuestion() that replaces a previous question that was settled too soon
+    /// @param template_id The ID number of the template the question will use
+    /// @param question A string containing the parameters that will be passed into the template to make the question
+    /// @param arbitrator The arbitration contract that will have the final word on the answer if there is a dispute
+    /// @param timeout How long the contract should wait after the answer is changed before finalizing on that answer
+    /// @param opening_ts If set, the earliest time it should be possible to answer the question.
+    /// @param nonce A user-specified nonce used in the question ID. Change it to repeat a question.
+    /// @param min_bond The minimum bond that can be used to provide the first answer.
+    /// @param reopens_question_id The ID of the question this reopens
+    /// @return The ID of the newly-created question, created deterministically.
+    function reopenQuestion(uint256 template_id, string memory question, address arbitrator, uint32 timeout, uint32 opening_ts, uint256 nonce, uint256 min_bond, bytes32 reopens_question_id)
+        // stateNotCreated is enforced by the internal _askQuestion
+    public payable returns (bytes32) {
+
+        require(isSettledTooSoon(reopens_question_id), "You can only reopen questions that resolved as settled too soon");
+
+        bytes32 content_hash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(template_id, opening_ts, question));
+
+        // A reopening must exactly match the original question, except for the nonce and the creator
+        require(content_hash == questions[reopens_question_id].content_hash, "content hash mismatch");
+        require(arbitrator == questions[reopens_question_id].arbitrator, "arbitrator mismatch");
+        require(timeout == questions[reopens_question_id].timeout, "timeout mismatch");
+        require(opening_ts == questions[reopens_question_id].opening_ts , "opening_ts mismatch");
+        require(min_bond == questions[reopens_question_id].min_bond, "min_bond mismatch");
+
+        // If the the question was itself reopening some previous question, you'll have to re-reopen the previous question first.
+        // This ensures the bounty can be passed on to the next attempt of the original question.
+        require(!reopener_questions[reopens_question_id], "Question is already reopening a previous question");
+
+        // A question can only be reopened once, unless the reopening was also settled too soon in which case it can be replaced
+        bytes32 existing_reopen_question_id = reopened_questions[reopens_question_id];
+
+        // Normally when we reopen a question we will take its bounty and pass it on to the reopened version.
+        bytes32 take_bounty_from_question_id = reopens_question_id;
+        // If the question has already been reopened but was again settled too soon, we can transfer its bounty to the next attempt.
+        if (existing_reopen_question_id != bytes32(0)) {
+            require(isSettledTooSoon(existing_reopen_question_id), "Question has already been reopened");
+            // We'll overwrite the reopening with our new question and move the bounty.
+            // Once that's done we'll detach the failed reopener and you'll be able to reopen that too if you really want, but without the bounty.
+            reopener_questions[existing_reopen_question_id] = false;
+            take_bounty_from_question_id = existing_reopen_question_id;
+        }
+
+        bytes32 question_id = askQuestionWithMinBond(template_id, question, arbitrator, timeout, opening_ts, nonce, min_bond);
+
+        reopened_questions[reopens_question_id] = question_id;
+        reopener_questions[question_id] = true;
+
+        questions[question_id].bounty = questions[take_bounty_from_question_id].bounty + questions[question_id].bounty;
+        questions[take_bounty_from_question_id].bounty = 0;
+
+        emit LogReopenQuestion(question_id, reopens_question_id);
+
+        return question_id;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Return the final answer to the specified question, provided it matches the specified criteria.
+    /// @dev Reverts if the question is not finalized, or if it does not match the specified criteria.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param content_hash The hash of the question content (template ID + opening time + question parameter string)
+    /// @param arbitrator The arbitrator chosen for the question (regardless of whether they are asked to arbitrate)
+    /// @param min_timeout The timeout set in the initial question settings must be this high or higher
+    /// @param min_bond The bond sent with the final answer must be this high or higher
+    /// @return The answer formatted as a bytes32
+    function getFinalAnswerIfMatches(
+        bytes32 question_id, 
+        bytes32 content_hash, address arbitrator, uint32 min_timeout, uint256 min_bond
+    ) 
+        stateFinalized(question_id)
+    external view returns (bytes32) {
+        require(content_hash == questions[question_id].content_hash, "content hash must match");
+        require(arbitrator == questions[question_id].arbitrator, "arbitrator must match");
+        require(min_timeout <= questions[question_id].timeout, "timeout must be long enough");
+        require(min_bond <= questions[question_id].bond, "bond must be high enough");
+        return questions[question_id].best_answer;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Assigns the winnings (bounty and bonds) to everyone who gave the accepted answer
+    /// Caller must provide the answer history, in reverse order
+    /// @dev Works up the chain and assign bonds to the person who gave the right answer
+    /// If someone gave the winning answer earlier, they must get paid from the higher bond
+    /// That means we can't pay out the bond added at n until we have looked at n-1
+    /// The first answer is authenticated by checking against the stored history_hash.
+    /// One of the inputs to history_hash is the history_hash before it, so we use that to authenticate the next entry, etc
+    /// Once we get to a null hash we'll know we're done and there are no more answers.
+    /// Usually you would call the whole thing in a single transaction, but if not then the data is persisted to pick up later.
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    /// @param history_hashes Second-last-to-first, the hash of each history entry. (Final one should be empty).
+    /// @param addrs Last-to-first, the address of each answerer or commitment sender
+    /// @param bonds Last-to-first, the bond supplied with each answer or commitment
+    /// @param answers Last-to-first, each answer supplied, or commitment ID if the answer was supplied with commit->reveal
+    function claimWinnings(
+        bytes32 question_id, 
+        bytes32[] memory history_hashes, address[] memory addrs, uint256[] memory bonds, bytes32[] memory answers
+    ) 
+        stateFinalized(question_id)
+    public {
+
+        require(history_hashes.length > 0, "at least one history hash entry must be provided");
+
+        // These are only set if we split our claim over multiple transactions.
+        address payee = question_claims[question_id].payee; 
+        uint256 last_bond = question_claims[question_id].last_bond; 
+        uint256 queued_funds = question_claims[question_id].queued_funds; 
+
+        // Starts as the hash of the final answer submitted. It'll be cleared when we're done.
+        // If we're splitting the claim over multiple transactions, it'll be the hash where we left off last time
+        bytes32 last_history_hash = questions[question_id].history_hash;
+
+        bytes32 best_answer = questions[question_id].best_answer;
+
+        uint256 i;
+        for (i = 0; i < history_hashes.length; i++) {
+        
+            // Check input against the history hash, and see which of 2 possible values of is_commitment fits.
+            bool is_commitment = _verifyHistoryInputOrRevert(last_history_hash, history_hashes[i], answers[i], bonds[i], addrs[i]);
+            
+            queued_funds = queued_funds + last_bond; 
+            (queued_funds, payee) = _processHistoryItem(
+                question_id, best_answer, queued_funds, payee, 
+                addrs[i], bonds[i], answers[i], is_commitment);
+ 
+            // Line the bond up for next time, when it will be added to somebody's queued_funds
+            last_bond = bonds[i];
+
+            // Burn (just leave in contract balance) a fraction of all bonds except the final one.
+            // This creates a cost to increasing your own bond, which could be used to delay resolution maliciously
+            if (last_bond != questions[question_id].bond) {
+                last_bond = last_bond - last_bond / BOND_CLAIM_FEE_PROPORTION;
+            }
+
+            last_history_hash = history_hashes[i];
+
+        }
+ 
+        if (last_history_hash != NULL_HASH) {
+            // We haven't yet got to the null hash (1st answer), ie the caller didn't supply the full answer chain.
+            // Persist the details so we can pick up later where we left off later.
+
+            // If we know who to pay we can go ahead and pay them out, only keeping back last_bond
+            // (We always know who to pay unless all we saw were unrevealed commits)
+            if (payee != NULL_ADDRESS) {
+                _payPayee(question_id, payee, queued_funds);
+                queued_funds = 0;
+            }
+
+            question_claims[question_id].payee = payee;
+            question_claims[question_id].last_bond = last_bond;
+            question_claims[question_id].queued_funds = queued_funds;
+        } else {
+            // There is nothing left below us so the payee can keep what remains
+            _payPayee(question_id, payee, queued_funds + last_bond);
+            delete question_claims[question_id];
+        }
+
+        questions[question_id].history_hash = last_history_hash;
+
+    }
+
+    function _payPayee(bytes32 question_id, address payee, uint256 value) 
+    internal {
+        balanceOf[payee] = balanceOf[payee] + value;
+        emit LogClaim(question_id, payee, value);
+    }
+
+    function _verifyHistoryInputOrRevert(
+        bytes32 last_history_hash,
+        bytes32 history_hash, bytes32 answer, uint256 bond, address addr
+    )
+    internal pure returns (bool) {
+        if (last_history_hash == keccak256(abi.encodePacked(history_hash, answer, bond, addr, true)) ) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (last_history_hash == keccak256(abi.encodePacked(history_hash, answer, bond, addr, false)) ) {
+            return false;
+        } 
+        revert("History input provided did not match the expected hash");
+    }
+
+    function _processHistoryItem(
+        bytes32 question_id, bytes32 best_answer, 
+        uint256 queued_funds, address payee, 
+        address addr, uint256 bond, bytes32 answer, bool is_commitment
+    )
+    internal returns (uint256, address) {
+
+        // For commit-and-reveal, the answer history holds the commitment ID instead of the answer.
+        // We look at the referenced commitment ID and switch in the actual answer.
+        if (is_commitment) {
+            bytes32 commitment_id = answer;
+            // If it's a commit but it hasn't been revealed, it will always be considered wrong.
+            if (!commitments[commitment_id].is_revealed) {
+                delete commitments[commitment_id];
+                return (queued_funds, payee);
+            } else {
+                answer = commitments[commitment_id].revealed_answer;
+                delete commitments[commitment_id];
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (answer == best_answer) {
+
+            if (payee == NULL_ADDRESS) {
+
+                // The entry is for the first payee we come to, ie the winner.
+                // They get the question bounty.
+                payee = addr;
+
+                if (best_answer != UNRESOLVED_ANSWER && questions[question_id].bounty > 0) {
+                    _payPayee(question_id, payee, questions[question_id].bounty);
+                    questions[question_id].bounty = 0;
+                }
+
+            } else if (addr != payee) {
+
+                // Answerer has changed, ie we found someone lower down who needs to be paid
+
+                // The lower answerer will take over receiving bonds from higher answerer.
+                // They should also be paid the takeover fee, which is set at a rate equivalent to their bond. 
+                // (This is our arbitrary rule, to give consistent right-answerers a defence against high-rollers.)
+
+                // There should be enough for the fee, but if not, take what we have.
+                // There's an edge case involving weird arbitrator behaviour where we may be short.
+                uint256 answer_takeover_fee = (queued_funds >= bond) ? bond : queued_funds;
+                // Settle up with the old (higher-bonded) payee
+                _payPayee(question_id, payee, queued_funds - answer_takeover_fee);
+
+                // Now start queued_funds again for the new (lower-bonded) payee
+                payee = addr;
+                queued_funds = answer_takeover_fee;
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        return (queued_funds, payee);
+
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Convenience function to assign bounties/bonds for multiple questions in one go, then withdraw all your funds.
+    /// Caller must provide the answer history for each question, in reverse order
+    /// @dev Can be called by anyone to assign bonds/bounties, but funds are only withdrawn for the user making the call.
+    /// @param question_ids The IDs of the questions you want to claim for
+    /// @param lengths The number of history entries you will supply for each question ID
+    /// @param hist_hashes In a single list for all supplied questions, the hash of each history entry.
+    /// @param addrs In a single list for all supplied questions, the address of each answerer or commitment sender
+    /// @param bonds In a single list for all supplied questions, the bond supplied with each answer or commitment
+    /// @param answers In a single list for all supplied questions, each answer supplied, or commitment ID 
+    function claimMultipleAndWithdrawBalance(
+        bytes32[] memory question_ids, uint256[] memory lengths, 
+        bytes32[] memory hist_hashes, address[] memory addrs, uint256[] memory bonds, bytes32[] memory answers
+    ) 
+        stateAny() // The finalization checks are done in the claimWinnings function
+    public {
+        
+        uint256 qi;
+        uint256 i;
+        for (qi = 0; qi < question_ids.length; qi++) {
+            bytes32 qid = question_ids[qi];
+            uint256 ln = lengths[qi];
+            bytes32[] memory hh = new bytes32[](ln);
+            address[] memory ad = new address[](ln);
+            uint256[] memory bo = new uint256[](ln);
+            bytes32[] memory an = new bytes32[](ln);
+            uint256 j;
+            for (j = 0; j < ln; j++) {
+                hh[j] = hist_hashes[i];
+                ad[j] = addrs[i];
+                bo[j] = bonds[i];
+                an[j] = answers[i];
+                i++;
+            }
+            claimWinnings(qid, hh, ad, bo, an);
+        }
+        withdraw();
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the questions's content hash, identifying the question content
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function getContentHash(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(bytes32) {
+        return questions[question_id].content_hash;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the arbitrator address for the question
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function getArbitrator(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(address) {
+        return questions[question_id].arbitrator;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the timestamp when the question can first be answered
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function getOpeningTS(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(uint32) {
+        return questions[question_id].opening_ts;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the timeout in seconds used after each answer
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function getTimeout(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(uint32) {
+        return questions[question_id].timeout;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the timestamp at which the question will be/was finalized
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function getFinalizeTS(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(uint32) {
+        return questions[question_id].finalize_ts;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns whether the question is pending arbitration
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function isPendingArbitration(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(bool) {
+        return questions[question_id].is_pending_arbitration;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the current total unclaimed bounty
+    /// @dev Set back to zero once the bounty has been claimed
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function getBounty(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(uint256) {
+        return questions[question_id].bounty;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the current best answer
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function getBestAnswer(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(bytes32) {
+        return questions[question_id].best_answer;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the history hash of the question 
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    /// @dev Updated on each answer, then rewound as each is claimed
+    function getHistoryHash(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(bytes32) {
+        return questions[question_id].history_hash;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the highest bond posted so far for a question
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question 
+    function getBond(bytes32 question_id) 
+    public view returns(uint256) {
+        return questions[question_id].bond;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Returns the minimum bond that can answer the question
+    /// @param question_id The ID of the question
+    function getMinBond(bytes32 question_id)
+    public view returns(uint256) {
+        return questions[question_id].min_bond;
+    }
+
+}