@rcrsr/rill 0.4.5 → 0.6.0

package/docs/99_llm-reference.txt

@@ -1,601 +0,0 @@
-RILL LANGUAGE REFERENCE
-=======================
-
-Rill is designed to be generated by LLMs and understood by humans. The focus is on auditable LLM output, not ergonomic human authoring. It combines the flexibility of imperative languages with the strictness of declaritive specifications.
-
-STRENGTHS AND USE CASES
------------------------
-Strengths:
-  - Unambiguous syntax: $ prefix, explicit operators, no implicit coercion
-  - Single-pass parseable: LLMs generate correct code without symbol tables
-  - Readable by humans: pipe chains show data flow left-to-right
-  - Safe defaults: immutable values, type locking, no null/undefined
-
-Use cases:
-  - Workflow orchestration: chain LLM calls, API requests, transformations
-  - State machines: (cond) @ { } loops with $ as state dict handle multi-state logic
-  - Data pipelines: each/map/filter/fold process collections declaratively
-  - Prompt engineering: parse LLM output with parse_json, parse_xml, parse_fence
-
-State machine pattern ($ carries state through iterations):
-  [state: "init", data: $input]
-    -> ($.state != "done") @ {
-      $.state -> [
-        init: { [state: "process", data: transform($.data)] },
-        process: { [state: "done", data: finalize($.data)] }
-      ]
-    }
-
-NAMING CONVENTION: snake_case
------------------------------
-Use snake_case for all identifiers:
-  $user_name, $item_list, $is_valid    # variables
-  $double_value, $cleanup_text         # closures
-  [first_name: "x", last_name: "y"]    # dict keys
-
-WHY VARIABLES USE $ PREFIX
---------------------------
-The $ prefix enables single-pass parsing without a symbol table:
-
-  name()    -> host function call
-  $name()   -> closure invocation
-  $name     -> variable reference
-  name      -> dict key literal
-
-Without $, "process(data)" is ambiguous: is process a host function or stored
-closure? Is data a variable or key? This would require tracking all declarations.
-
-Additional disambiguation:
-  - Capture: :> $x requires $ for lookahead (avoids conflict with slice /<1:>)
-  - Destructure: *<$a, $b> marks variables vs skip patterns
-  - Dynamic access: $data.$key distinguishes variable-key from literal field
-  - Visual clarity: $total is always a variable, no context needed
-
-This follows rill's "no magic" principle: syntax communicates intent explicitly.
-
-SPACING RULES
--------------
-Operators:    space both sides       5 + 3, $x -> .upper, "a" :> $b
-Parentheses:  no inner space         ($x + 1), ($ > 3) ? "yes"
-Braces:       space inside           { $x + 1 }, each { $ * 2 }
-Brackets:     no inner space         $list[0], $dict.items[1]
-Literals:     space after , and :    [1, 2, 3], [name: "x", age: 30]
-Closures:     space after params     |x| ($x * 2), |a, b| { $a + $b }
-Methods:      no space before . or ( $str.upper(), $list.join(", ")
-Pipes:        space both sides       "x" -> .upper -> .len
-Continuations: indent 2 spaces       $data
-                                       -> .filter { $.active }
-                                       -> map { $.name }
-
-IMPLICIT $ SHORTHAND (always prefer)
-------------------------------------
-$.method()  ->  .method            "x" -> .upper  (not $.upper())
-func($)     ->  func               "x" -> log     (not log($))
-$fn($)      ->  $fn                5 -> $double   (not $double($))
-
-NO THROWAWAY CAPTURES
----------------------
-Don't capture just to continue - use line continuation instead:
-  # avoid                          # good
-  "x" :> $a                        "x"
-  $a -> .upper :> $b                 -> .upper
-  $b -> .len                         -> .len
-
-Only capture when the variable is reused later in the code.
-
-CRITICAL DIFFERENCES FROM MAINSTREAM LANGUAGES
-----------------------------------------------
-
-1. NO ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
-   Wrong: x = 5
-   Right: 5 :> $x
-
-   Pipe (->): passes value to next operation
-   Capture (:>): stores value AND continues chain
-   Example: "hello" :> $x -> .upper :> $y   # $x="hello", $y="HELLO"
-
-2. NO NULL/UNDEFINED
-   Empty values ("", [], [:]) exist. "No value" cannot be represented.
-   Use ?? for defaults: $dict.field ?? "default"
-   Use .empty to check: $str -> .empty ? "was empty"
-
-3. NO TRUTHINESS
-   Conditions MUST be boolean. No implicit coercion.
-   Wrong: "" ? "yes" ! "no"
-   Right: "" -> .empty ? "yes" ! "no"
-   Wrong: 0 ? "yes" ! "no"
-   Right: (0 == 0) ? "yes" ! "no"
-
-4. VARIABLES LOCK TO FIRST TYPE
-   "hello" :> $x
-   42 :> $x        # ERROR: cannot assign number to string variable
-
-5. NO VARIABLE SHADOWING (CRITICAL FOR LOOPS)
-   Child scopes can READ parent variables but cannot WRITE or redeclare them.
-   Variables created inside blocks/loops do NOT leak out.
-
-   WRONG - this pattern NEVER works:
-     0 :> $count
-     [1, 2, 3] -> each { $count + 1 :> $count }  # creates LOCAL $count
-     $count                                       # still 0!
-
-   RIGHT - use $ or $@ as state carrier (see LOOP STATE PATTERNS below)
-
-6. NO EXCEPTIONS
-   Errors halt execution. No try/catch. Use conditionals for error handling.
-   Built-in: assert (validate condition), error (halt with message).
-
-7. VALUE SEMANTICS (no references)
-   All copies are deep. All comparisons are by value. No object identity.
-   [1, 2, 3] == [1, 2, 3]   # true (content equality)
-   [1, 2] :> $a
-   $a :> $b                  # $b is an independent deep copy
-   Mainstream habit to avoid: expecting two variables to share the same object.
-
-SYNTAX QUICK REFERENCE
-----------------------
-
-Variables:     $name (always prefixed with $)
-Strings:       "hello {$var}"          # interpolation with {}
-               """..."""               # multiline (also interpolates)
-Numbers:       42, 3.14, -7
-Booleans:      true, false
-Lists:         [1, 2, 3]
-               [...$list, 4]               # spread: inline list elements
-Dicts:         [name: "alice", age: 30]    # identifier keys
-               [1: "one", 2: "two"]        # number keys (incl. negative: [-1: "neg"])
-               [true: "yes", false: "no"]  # boolean keys
-               [["a", "b"]: 1]             # multi-key: [a: 1, b: 1]
-               [$keyVar: value]            # variable key (must eval to string)
-               [($expr): value]            # computed key (must eval to string)
-Tuples:        *[1, 2, 3]              # for argument unpacking
-Closures:      |x|($x + 1)             # like lambda/arrow functions
-Type annot:    "hi" :> $x:string       # lock type on capture
-Comments:      # single line only
-
-PIPES AND $ BINDING
--------------------
-
-$ is the current piped value. Its meaning depends on context:
-
-| Context                    | $ contains              |
-|----------------------------|-------------------------|
-| -> { body }                | piped value             |
-| -> each { }                | current item            |
-| (cond) @ { }               | accumulated value       |
-| @ { } ? cond               | accumulated value       |
-| cond ? { } ! { }           | tested value            |
-| -> ? { } ! { }             | piped value             |
-| ||{ $.field } in dict      | the containing dict     |
-| |x|{ } stored closure      | N/A - use parameters    |
-
-Implied $: bare .method() means $ -> .method()
-Example: "hello" -> .upper   # same as "hello" -> $.upper()
-
-CONTROL FLOW
-------------
-
-Conditional (if-else):
-  cond ? then_expr ! else_expr
-  cond ? then_expr                    # else returns ""
-
-Piped conditional ($ becomes condition):
-  value -> ? then_expr ! else_expr
-
-Condition loop (NO "while" keyword - use @ operator):
-  init_value -> ($ < 10) @ { $ + 1 }  # $ is accumulator
-
-Do-condition loop (body runs at least once):
-  init_value -> @ { $ + 1 } ? ($ < 10)
-
-Break (exits loop, returns collected results before break):
-  [1,2,3,4,5] -> each { ($ == 3) ? break; $ }  # returns [1, 2]
-
-Return (exits block or script with value):
-  { 5 :> $x; ($x > 3) ? ("big" -> return); "small" }  # returns "big"
-  "done" -> return                                     # exits script with "done"
-
-Assert (validate condition, halt if false, pass through if true):
-  5 -> assert ($ > 0)                   # returns 5
-  -1 -> assert ($ > 0)                  # ERROR: Assertion failed
-  "" -> assert !.empty "Input required" # ERROR: Input required
-  $val -> assert $:?list "Expected list" # type validation
-
-Error (halt execution immediately with message):
-  error "Something went wrong"           # halt with message
-  "Operation failed" -> error            # piped form (must be string)
-  error "Status: {$code}"               # interpolation works
-
-LOOP STATE PATTERNS (CRITICAL)
-------------------------------
-Rill loops CANNOT modify outer variables. All state must flow through $ or $@.
-
-WRONG - outer variable modification (NEVER works):
-  0 :> $sum
-  [1, 2, 3] -> each { $sum + $ :> $sum }  # $sum unchanged!
-
-WRONG - "while" keyword does not exist:
-  while ($i < 10) { $i + 1 :> $i }        # SYNTAX ERROR
-
-RIGHT - use fold for reduction:
-  [1, 2, 3] -> fold(0) { $@ + $ }         # 6 ($@ is accumulator)
-
-RIGHT - use each(init) when you need both results AND accumulator:
-  [1, 2, 3] -> each(0) { $@ + $ }         # [1, 3, 6] (running totals)
-
-RIGHT - use (cond) @ { } with $ as state dict for multiple values:
-  [iter: 0, max: 3, text: $input, done: false]
-    -> (!$.done && $.iter < $.max) @ {
-      $.iter + 1 :> $i
-      process($.text) :> $result
-      $result.finished ? [iter: $i, max: $.max, text: $.text, done: true]
-                       ! [iter: $i, max: $.max, text: $result.text, done: false]
-    }
-  # Access final state: $.text, $.iter
-
-Pattern summary:
-  - Single value accumulation     -> fold(init) { $@ + $ }
-  - Per-item results + running    -> each(init) { ... $@ ... }
-  - Multiple state values / while -> (cond) @ { } with $ as state dict
-  - "while" and "for" keywords    -> DO NOT EXIST
-
-COLLECTION OPERATORS
---------------------
-
-| Operator           | Execution  | Returns              | Break? |
-|--------------------|------------|----------------------|--------|
-| -> each { }        | sequential | all body results     | yes    |
-| -> each(i) { $@+$} | sequential | all with accumulator | yes    |
-| -> map { }         | parallel   | all body results     | NO     |
-| -> filter { }      | parallel   | matching elements    | NO     |
-| -> fold(i) { $@+$} | sequential | final result only    | yes    |
-
-$@ is the accumulator in each(init) and fold(init).
-
-Method shorthand in collection operators:
-  ["a", "b"] -> map .upper            # ["A", "B"]
-  ["", "x"] -> filter (!.empty)       # ["x"]
-  ["a", "b"] -> map .pad_start(3, "0") # ["00a", "00b"] (with args)
-  ["  HI  "] -> map .trim.lower       # ["hi"] (chained methods)
-
-Body forms (all operators accept these):
-  -> each { $ * 2 }                   # block ($ is current element)
-  -> each ($ + 10)                    # grouped expression
-  -> each |x| ($x * 2)               # inline closure
-  -> each $double                     # variable closure
-  -> each .upper                      # method shorthand
-
-Dict iteration ($ contains key and value fields):
-  [a: 1, b: 2] -> each { "{$.key}={$.value}" }   # ["a=1", "b=2"]
-  [a: 1, b: 5] -> filter { $.value > 2 }          # entries where value > 2
-
-String iteration (iterates over characters):
-  "abc" -> each { "{$}!" }            # ["a!", "b!", "c!"]
-  "hello" -> filter { $ != "l" }      # ["h", "e", "o"]
-
-CLOSURES
---------
-
-BLOCK-CLOSURES vs EXPLICIT CLOSURES:
-
-Two ways to create closures:
-
-1. Block-closures: { body } in expression position
-   { $ + 1 } :> $inc                  # implicit $ parameter
-   $inc(5)                            # 6
-   5 -> $inc                          # 6 (pipe invocation)
-   [x: { $ * 2 }]                     # dict value is closure
-   type({ "hi" })                     # "closure"
-
-2. Explicit closures: |params| body
-   |x|($x + 1) :> $inc                # named parameter
-   |a, b|($a + $b) :> $add            # multiple params
-   |x = 0|($x + 1) :> $inc_or_one     # default value
-   |x: number|($x + 1) :> $typed      # type annotation
-
-CRITICAL: { } vs ( ) distinction
-
-| Syntax       | Semantics              | Example                    |
-|--------------|------------------------|----------------------------|
-| { body }     | Deferred (closure)     | { $ + 1 } :> $fn  # closure |
-| ( expr )     | Eager (immediate eval) | ( 5 + 1 ) :> $x  # 6        |
-
-When to use:
-  { body } :> $fn     # store closure for later use
-  ( expr ) :> $x      # store result value immediately
-
-PIPE TARGET: { } creates closure then immediately invokes it:
-  5 -> { $ + 1 }      # 6 (create closure, invoke with 5)
-  5 -> ($ + 1)        # 6 (evaluate expression with $=5)
-  Same observable result, different mechanism. Error messages differ.
-
-Block-closure invocation:
-  { $ + 1 } :> $inc
-  $inc(5)                             # direct call: 6
-  5 -> $inc                           # pipe call: 6
-  [1,2,3] -> map $inc                 # in collection op
-
-LATE BINDING: closures capture scope, not values. Variables resolve at call time.
-
-$ vs named params:
-  Use $ in inline pipes and loops:     "hello" -> { .upper }
-  Use named params in stored closures: |x| ($x * 2) :> $double
-  $ is undefined when a stored closure is called later — always use params.
-
-Zero-param dict closures (methods):
-  [count: 3, double: ||{ $.count * 2 }] :> $obj
-  $obj.double                         # 6 ($ is bound to dict)
-
-PROPERTY ACCESS
----------------
-
-$data.field                           # dict field
-$data[0], $data[-1]                   # list index (negative from end)
-$data.$key                            # variable as key
-$data.($i + 1)                        # computed key
-$data.(a || b)                        # try keys left-to-right
-$data.field ?? "default"              # default if missing
-$data.?field                          # existence check (boolean)
-$data.?$keyVar                        # variable existence check
-$data.?($expr)                        # computed existence check
-$data.?field&string                   # existence AND type check
-$data.?$key&number                    # variable existence + type check
-$data.?($a -> "{$}_b")&list           # computed existence + type check
-
-DISPATCH OPERATORS
-------------------
-
-DICT DISPATCH (single key):
-Pipe a value to a dict to match keys and return associated values:
-  $val -> [apple: "fruit", carrot: "veg"]        # returns "fruit" if $val is "apple"
-  $val -> [apple: "fruit"] ?? "not found"         # default if no match
-  $method -> [["GET", "HEAD"]: "safe", ["POST", "PUT"]: "unsafe"]  # multi-key dispatch
-
-Multi-key dispatch uses the same syntax as multi-key dict literals:
-  [["GET", "HEAD"]: "safe"]                      # dict with keys "GET" and "HEAD" both = "safe"
-  "GET" -> [["GET", "HEAD"]: "safe"]             # "safe" (matches "GET" key)
-
-Type-aware matching (keys matched by value AND type):
-  1 -> [1: "number", "1": "string"]              # "number" (number key matches)
-  "1" -> [1: "number", "1": "string"]            # "string" (string key matches)
-  true -> [true: "bool", "true": "str"]          # "bool" (boolean key matches)
-
-LIST DISPATCH (index):
-Pipe a number to a list to get element at index:
-  0 -> ["first", "second"]                        # "first"
-  -1 -> ["first", "second"]                       # "second" (last)
-  5 -> ["a", "b"] ?? "not found"                  # default if out of bounds
-
-HIERARCHICAL DISPATCH (path navigation):
-Pipe a list of keys/indexes to navigate nested structures:
-  ["name", "first"] -> [name: [first: "Alice"]]   # "Alice" (dict path)
-  [0, 1] -> [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]                 # 2 (list path)
-  ["users", 0, "name"] -> [users: [[name: "Alice"]]] # "Alice" (mixed)
-  [] -> [a: 1]                                    # [a: 1] (empty path = unchanged)
-  ["a", "missing"] -> [a: [x: 1]] ?? "default"    # "default" (missing key)
-
-Path elements: strings for dict keys, numbers for list indexes (negative supported).
-Terminal closures receive $ bound to final path key:
-  ["req", "draft"] -> [req: [draft: { "key={$}" }]]  # "key=draft"
-
-TYPE OPERATIONS
----------------
-
-:type   - assert type (error if wrong): 42:number passes; "x":number errors
-:?type  - check type (boolean): 42:?number is true; "x":?number is false
-
-Types: string, number, boolean, list, dict, tuple, closure
-
-COMPARISON METHODS
-------------------
-
-Methods for readable comparisons in conditionals:
-  .eq(val)   ==          $v -> .eq("A") ? "match"
-  .ne(val)   !=          $v -> .ne("") ? "has value"
-  .lt(val)   <           $v -> .lt(10) ? "small"
-  .gt(val)   >           5 -> .gt(3) ? "big"
-  .le(val)   <=          10 -> .le(10) ? "ok"
-  .ge(val)   >=          $age -> .ge(18) ? "adult"
-
-OPERATOR PRECEDENCE (highest to lowest)
----------------------------------------
-
-1.  Member access:   .field, [index]
-2.  Type operators:  :type, :?type
-3.  Unary:           -, !
-4.  Multiplicative:  *, /, %
-5.  Additive:        +, -
-6.  Comparison:      ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
-7.  Logical AND:     &&
-8.  Logical OR:      ||
-9.  Default:         ??
-10. Pipe:            ->
-11. Capture:         :>
-
-Use parentheses to override: (2 + 3) * 4
-
-EXTRACTION OPERATORS
---------------------
-
-Destructure (*<>):
-  [1, 2, 3] -> *<$a, $b, $c>          # $a=1, $b=2, $c=3
-  [x: 1, y: 2] -> *<x: $a, y: $b>     # $a=1, $b=2
-  [1, 2, 3] -> *<$first, _, $third>   # _ skips element
-
-Slice (/<start:stop:step>):
-  [0,1,2,3,4] -> /<1:3>               # [1, 2]
-  [0,1,2,3,4] -> /<-2:>               # [3, 4]
-  [0,1,2,3,4] -> /<::-1>              # [4,3,2,1,0] (reverse)
-  "hello" -> /<1:4>                   # "ell"
-
-LIST SPREAD IN LITERALS
------------------------
-
-Inline list elements into a new list using ... (spread operator):
-  [1, 2] :> $a
-  [...$a, 3]                          # [1, 2, 3]
-  [...$a, ...$b]                      # concatenate lists
-  [...[], 1]                          # [1] (empty spread contributes nothing)
-  [...($nums -> map {$ * 2})]         # spread expression result
-  [...$nested[0]]                     # spread from nested access
-
-Error: spreading non-list throws RUNTIME_TYPE_ERROR
-  "hello" :> $s
-  [...$s]                             # ERROR: Spread requires list, got string
-
-MULTI-KEY DICT LITERALS
------------------------
-
-Map multiple keys to the same value using list syntax:
-  [["a", "b"]: 1]                     # [a: 1, b: 1]
-  [[1, "1"]: "x"]                     # [1: "x", "1": "x"] (mixed types)
-  [a: 0, ["b", "c"]: 1]               # [a: 0, b: 1, c: 1] (mixed entries)
-  [a: 0, ["a", "b"]: 1]               # [a: 1, b: 1] (last-write-wins)
-
-Error cases:
-  [[]: 1]                             # ERROR: empty key list
-  [[[1, 2], "a"]: 1]                  # ERROR: non-primitive key element
-
-TUPLES FOR ARGUMENT UNPACKING
------------------------------
-
-*[1, 2, 3] -> $fn()                   # positional: $fn(1, 2, 3)
-*[b: 2, a: 1] -> $fn()                # named: $fn(a=1, b=2)
-*[...$list, 3] -> $fn()               # spread in tuple: combines elements
-
-SPREAD OPERATOR (@)
--------------------
-
-Chains closures sequentially:
-  5 -> @[$inc, $double, $add10]       # (5+1)*2+10 = 22
-
-STRING METHODS
---------------
-
-.len            length
-.empty          is empty string
-.trim           remove whitespace
-.upper          uppercase
-.lower          lowercase
-.split(sep)     split into list
-.lines          split on newlines
-.join(sep)      join list with separator (on list)
-.contains(s)    substring check
-.starts_with(s) prefix check
-.ends_with(s)   suffix check
-.replace(p,r)   replace first match
-.replace_all(p,r) replace all matches
-.match(regex)   first match info (dict with matched, index, groups)
-.is_match(regex) boolean regex check
-.head           first character
-.tail           last character
-.at(i)          character at index
-.index_of(s)    position of first match (-1 if none)
-.repeat(n)      repeat string n times: "ab" -> .repeat(3)  # "ababab"
-.pad_start(n,f) pad start to length: "42" -> .pad_start(5, "0")  # "00042"
-.pad_end(n,f)   pad end to length: "42" -> .pad_end(5, "0")  # "42000"
-.str            convert any value to string: 42 -> .str  # "42"
-.num            parse string to number: "42" -> .num  # 42
-
-LIST/DICT METHODS
------------------
-
-.len            length
-.empty          is empty
-.head           first element
-.tail           last element
-.at(i)          element at index
-.has(val)       check if list contains value (deep equality)
-.has_any(list)  check if list contains any value from candidates
-.has_all(list)  check if list contains all values from candidates
-.keys           dict keys as list
-.values         dict values as list
-.entries        dict as list of [key: k, value: v]
-
-PARSING FUNCTIONS (for LLM output)
-----------------------------------
-
-parse_auto(str)           auto-detect format
-parse_json(str)           parse JSON (repairs common errors)
-parse_xml(str, tag?)      extract XML tag content
-parse_fence(str, lang?)   extract fenced code block
-parse_fences(str)         all fenced blocks as list
-parse_frontmatter(str)    parse --- delimited YAML + body
-parse_checklist(str)      parse markdown task lists
-
-GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
-----------------
-
-type(val)                 returns type name
-log(val)                  print and pass through
-json(val)                 convert to JSON string
-identity(val)             returns input unchanged
-range(start, end, step?)  number sequence
-repeat(val, count)        repeat value n times
-enumerate(coll)           add index to elements
-
-ITERATORS
----------
-
-Lazy sequence generation. Collection operators auto-expand iterators.
-
-Built-in iterators:
-  range(0, 5) -> each { $ * 2 }        # [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
-  repeat("x", 3) -> each { $ }         # ["x", "x", "x"]
-
-.first() method (returns iterator for any collection):
-  [1, 2, 3] -> .first()                # iterator at 1
-  "abc" -> .first()                     # iterator at "a"
-  [] -> .first()                        # [done: true, ...]
-
-Iterator protocol (dict with value, done, next):
-  $it.done                              # bool: is exhausted?
-  $it.value                             # current element
-  $it.next()                            # returns new iterator at next position
-
-ITERATION LIMITS
-----------------
-
-Default: 10,000 iterations max for loops.
-Override: ^(limit: N) statement
-
-Example:
-  ^(limit: 100) 0 -> ($ < 50) @ { $ + 1 }
-
-Concurrency limit for map (controls parallel concurrency):
-  ^(limit: 3) $items -> map { slow_process($) }
-
-COMMON MISTAKES
----------------
-
-1. Using = for assignment          -> use :> instead
-2. Using || for defaults           -> use ?? instead
-3. Assuming truthiness             -> explicit boolean checks required
-4. Breaking from map/filter        -> only works in each/fold
-5. Modifying outer vars in loops   -> use fold/$@ or $ as state dict (see LOOP STATE PATTERNS)
-6. Expecting variables to leak     -> block scope is strict
-7. Forgetting () on methods        -> .upper() not .upper (unless property)
-8. Reassigning different type      -> variables lock to first type
-9. Using while/for keywords        -> use (cond) @ { } or -> each { } instead
-
-SCRIPT RETURN VALUES
---------------------
-
-true / non-empty string -> exit code 0
-false / empty string    -> exit code 1
-[0, "message"]          -> exit code 0 with message
-[1, "message"]          -> exit code 1 with message
-
-MAINSTREAM TO RILL TRANSLATION
-------------------------------
-
-| Mainstream               | Rill                                      |
-|--------------------------|-----------------------------------------  |
-| x = value                | value :> $x                               |
-| null / undefined         | ?? default, .? existence check             |
-| if "" (truthiness)       | .empty, == 0, :?type                      |
-| try { } catch { }        | assert, conditionals, error                |
-| for (i = 0; ...)         | each, map, filter, fold                   |
-| count += 1 in loop       | fold(0) { $@ + 1 } or $ accumulator      |
-| a === b (reference)      | == always compares by value               |
-| a = b (shared ref)       | :> always deep-copies                     |