@rbxts/replecs 0.3.1 → 0.4.0-rc.2

package/out/replecs/server/init.luau

@@ -0,0 +1,3937 @@
+--!optimize 2
+
+local common = require (script.Parent:WaitForChild('common'))
+local cursor = require (script.Parent:WaitForChild('cursor'))
+local registry = require (script:WaitForChild('registry'))
+local bitmasks = require (script:WaitForChild('bitmasks'))
+local filter_groups = require (script:WaitForChild('filter_group'))
+local types = require (script.Parent:WaitForChild('types'))
+local customid = require (script.Parent:WaitForChild('customid'))
+local shared = require (script.Parent:WaitForChild('shared'))
+local handshake = require (script.Parent:WaitForChild('handshake'))
+local utils = require (script.Parent:WaitForChild('utils'))
+
+type Set<T> = { [T]: boolean }
+type Map<K, V> = { [K]: V }
+type Array<T> = { T }
+
+type Player = any
+
+type FilterAny = types.FilterAny
+type FilterSet = types.FilterSet
+type FilterPredicator = types.FilterPredicator
+type FilterPlayer = types.FilterPlayer
+type FilterGroup = filter_groups.FilterGroup
+
+-- what the public set_* API accepts as a filter
+type FilterInput = FilterAny | FilterGroup
+
+type MaskHash = string
+
+type World = common.World
+type Entity = common.Entity
+type Component<T = any> = common.Component<T>
+type Bitmask = buffer
+type Bitset = number
+type TrackType = number
+
+type BitmaskDeltas = bitmasks.BitmaskDeltas
+type Cursor = cursor.Cursor
+
+export type ServerImp = {
+	set_networked: (self: Server, entity: Entity, filter: FilterInput?) -> (),
+	set_reliable: (self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component, filter: FilterInput?) -> (),
+	set_unreliable: (self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component, filter: FilterInput?) -> (),
+	set_once: (self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component, filter: FilterInput?) -> (),
+	set_pair: (self: Server, entity: Entity, id: Component, filter: FilterInput?) -> (),
+	set_unreliable_pair: (self: Server, entity: Entity, id: Component, filter: FilterInput?) -> (),
+	set_relation: (self: Server, entity: Entity, relation: Component, filter: FilterInput?) -> (),
+
+	stop_networked: (self: Server, entity: Entity) -> (),
+	stop_reliable: (self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component) -> (),
+	stop_unreliable: (self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component) -> (),
+	stop_once: (self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component) -> (),
+	stop_pair: (self: Server, entity: Entity, id: Component) -> (),
+	stop_unreliable_pair: (self: Server, entity: Entity, id: Component) -> (),
+	stop_relation: (self: Server, entity: Entity, relation: Component) -> (),
+
+	force_change: (self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component) -> (),
+
+	set_global: (self: Server, entity: Entity, global_id: number) -> (),
+	remove_global: (self: Server, entity: Entity) -> (),
+	set_custom: (self: Server, entity: Entity, custom: Component | CustomId) -> (),
+	remove_custom: (self: Server, entity: Entity) -> (),
+	register_custom_id: (self: Server, custom_id: CustomId) -> (),
+
+	set_serdes: <T>(self: Server, component: Component<T>, serdes: types.Serdes<T>) -> (),
+	remove_serdes: (self: Server, component: Component) -> (),
+	set_preprocessor: <B, A>(self: Server, component: Component<B>, preprocessor: types.Preprocessor<B, A>) -> (),
+	remove_preprocessor: (self: Server, component: Component) -> (),
+	set_delta_serializer: <T, D>(self: Server, component: Component<T>, delta: types.DeltaSerializer<T, D>) -> (),
+	remove_delta_serializer: (self: Server, component: Component) -> (),
+}
+
+-- filter == nil means "replicate to all active clients", resolved at collect time
+type StorageBase = {
+	filter: Bitmask?,
+	last_replicated: Bitmask?,
+
+	-- set while a filter group drives this storage's filter; the listener is
+	-- kept so it can be disconnected when the filter changes or the storage dies
+	filter_group: FilterGroup?,
+	filter_listener: ((Bitmask) -> ())?,
+	filter_input: FilterInput?,
+}
+
+type TrackingStorageBase = StorageBase & {
+	track_type: TrackType,
+
+	dirty_flags: Bitset,
+	is_component: boolean,
+	-- once storages replicate on add, removal and visibility gain only; world
+	-- value changes are ignored unless force_change is called
+	is_once: boolean?,
+	-- set by stop_*: the filter is forced empty so collect sends the removal
+	-- delta, then the storage is discarded; a start_* before that revives it
+	is_dead: boolean,
+}
+
+type ReliableStorage = TrackingStorageBase & {}
+type PairStorage = TrackingStorageBase & {}
+type UnreliableStorage = TrackingStorageBase & {}
+type UnreliablePairStorage = TrackingStorageBase & {}
+
+type RelationStorage = TrackingStorageBase & {
+	dirty_targets: Set<Entity>,
+}
+
+type NetworkedStorage = StorageBase & {
+	dirty_flags: Bitset,
+	is_dead: boolean,
+	-- live (not stopped) unreliable + unreliable_pair storages; keeps
+	-- unreliable_networked membership in sync without scanning storages
+	unreliable_count: number,
+	-- set by cleanup_entity: unlike a stopped storage, a cleaned one cannot be
+	-- revived; set_* calls error until collect_updates discards it
+	cleaned: boolean?,
+
+	dirty_reliable: Array<Component>,
+	dirty_unreliable: Array<Component>,
+	dirty_pairs: Array<Component>,
+	dirty_unreliable_pairs: Array<Component>,
+	dirty_relations: Array<Component>,
+
+	replicate_exclude: Set<Component>?,
+
+	reliable_storages: { [Component]: ReliableStorage },
+	unreliable_storages: { [Component]: UnreliableStorage },
+	pair_storages: { [Component]: PairStorage },
+	unreliable_pair_storages: { [Component]: UnreliablePairStorage },
+	relation_storages: { [Component]: RelationStorage },
+}
+
+type PostponedComponent = {
+	filter: FilterInput?,
+	once: boolean?,
+}
+
+-- a predicate-driven filter, re-evaluated before every collect_updates cycle
+type FunctionFilterEntry = {
+	predicator: registry.MemberPredicator,
+	entity: Entity,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+
+	-- set for reliable component filters, nil for entity-level ones
+	tracking: Component?,
+	tracking_storage: TrackingStorageBase?,
+}
+
+type NetworkedReferencesInfo = {
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	tracking_storage: TrackingStorageBase,
+}
+
+type HookedInfo = {
+	networked_references: Map<Entity, NetworkedReferencesInfo>,
+}
+
+type PostponedComponentsList = {
+	[TrackType]: Map<Component, PostponedComponent>,
+}
+
+type ComponentSerializationOptions = {
+	serdes: types.Serdes?,
+	preprocessor: types.Preprocessor?,
+	delta_serializer: types.DeltaSerializer?,
+}
+
+type CustomId = customid.CustomId
+
+-- how an entity id is written on the wire; absent means plain entity / shared
+type EntitySerializationOptions = {
+	global_id: number?,
+	custom: (Component | CustomId)?,
+}
+
+export type Server = ServerImp & {
+	world: World,
+	inited: boolean?,
+
+	registry: registry.Registry,
+	-- byte size of every bitmask, fixed by the client cap given to create
+	bitmask_size: number,
+	ready_players_bitmask: Bitmask,
+	components: types.Components,
+	shared: types.Shared,
+
+	networked: Map<Entity, NetworkedStorage>,
+	-- live networked entities with at least one live unreliable storage; the
+	-- unreliable collect iterates this instead of every networked entity
+	unreliable_networked: Set<Entity>,
+	postponed_components: Map<Entity, PostponedComponentsList>,
+	-- single lookup for global/custom id resolution at write time
+	entity_serialization: Map<Entity, EntitySerializationOptions>,
+	registered_custom_ids: Set<CustomId>,
+	-- single lookup for serdes/preprocessor/delta at write time
+	component_serialization: Map<Component, ComponentSerializationOptions>,
+	-- serdes and custom ids feed the handshake; set when either changes
+	is_shared_dirty: boolean,
+
+	hooked_components: Map<Component, HookedInfo>,
+	hooked_unreliable: Map<Component, HookedInfo>,
+	hooked_pairs: Map<Component, HookedInfo>,
+	hooked_unreliable_pairs: Map<Component, HookedInfo>,
+	hooked_relations: Map<Component, HookedInfo>,
+
+	dirty_networked: Array<Entity>,
+	function_filters: Map<StorageBase, FunctionFilterEntry>,
+
+	empty_bitmask: Bitmask,
+	draft_bitmask: Bitmask,
+	-- scratch for the entity target of the networked entity being collected
+	target_bitmask: Bitmask,
+	filled_bitmask: Bitmask,
+
+	client_active_bitmask: Bitmask,
+	last_active_bitmask: Bitmask,
+	newly_active_bitmask: Bitmask,
+	newly_unactive_bitmask: Bitmask,
+
+	entity_bitmask_deltas: BitmaskDeltas,
+	component_bitmask_deltas: BitmaskDeltas,
+
+	cleanups: { () -> () },
+
+	resolve_dirty: (self: Server) -> (),
+	get_full: (self: Server, player: Player) -> (buffer, Array<any>),
+	collect_entity: (self: Server, entity: Entity) -> PacketIterator,
+	collect_updates: (self: Server) -> PacketIterator,
+	collect_unreliable: (self: Server) -> PacketIterator,
+
+	register_player: (self: Server, player: Player) -> (),
+	add_player_alias: (self: Server, player: Player, alias: any) -> (),
+	remove_player_alias: (self: Server, alias: any) -> (),
+	mark_player_ready: (self: Server, player: Player) -> (),
+	is_player_ready: (self: Server, player: Player) -> boolean,
+	remove_player: (self: Server, player: Player) -> (),
+
+	encode_component: (self: Server, component: Component) -> number,
+	decode_component: (self: Server, encoded: number) -> Component?,
+	get_shared_count: (self: Server) -> number,
+
+	generate_handshake: (self: Server) -> types.HandshakeInfo,
+	verify_handshake: (self: Server, handshake: types.HandshakeInfo) -> (boolean, string?),
+
+	cleanup_entity: (self: Server, entity: Entity) -> (),
+
+	init: (self: Server, world: World?) -> (),
+	destroy: (self: Server) -> (),
+}
+
+-- matches replecs.MAX_CLIENTS; only reached when server.create
+-- is called directly without a cap
+local DEFAULT_MAX_CLIENTS = 128
+
+local RELATIONSHIPS = common.relationships
+local WILDCARD = common.wildcard
+local ECS_NAME = common.ecs_name
+
+local IS_PAIR = common.is_pair
+local PAIR = common.pair
+local PAIR_FIRST = common.pair_first
+local PAIR_SECOND = common.pair_second
+local WORLD_ADD = common.world_add
+local WORLD_HAS = common.world_has
+local WORLD_GET = common.world_get
+local WORLD_TARGET = common.world_target
+local IS_COMPONENT = common.is_component
+
+local LISTEN_RELATION = common.listen_relation
+
+local HOOK_ADDED = common.hook_added
+local HOOK_CHANGED = common.hook_changed
+local HOOK_REMOVED = common.hook_removed
+
+local LOG_ERROR = common.log_error
+
+local function HOOK_PAIR_ADDED(world: World, pair_id: Entity, callback: (Entity, Component, any) -> ())
+	local relation = PAIR_FIRST(world, pair_id)
+
+	return HOOK_ADDED(world, relation, function(entity, id, value)
+		if id ~= pair_id then
+			return
+		end
+		callback(entity, id, value)
+	end)
+end
+
+local function HOOK_PAIR_CHANGED(world: World, pair_id: Entity, callback: (Entity, Component, any) -> ())
+	local relation = PAIR_FIRST(world, pair_id)
+
+	return HOOK_CHANGED(world, relation, function(entity, id, value)
+		if id ~= pair_id then
+			return
+		end
+		callback(entity, id, value)
+	end)
+end
+
+local function HOOK_PAIR_REMOVED(world: World, pair_id: Entity, callback: (Entity, Component) -> ())
+	local relation = PAIR_FIRST(world, pair_id)
+
+	return HOOK_REMOVED(world, relation, function(entity, id)
+		if id ~= pair_id then
+			return
+		end
+		callback(entity, id)
+	end)
+end
+
+local DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG = 0b001
+local DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG = 0b010
+local DIRTY_COMPONENT_FLAG = 0b100
+
+local VLQ_ZERO = 128
+
+-- global ids are written as a single byte; values below the offset are
+-- reserved for the ENTITY_ID_TYPES tags that trail every other id form
+local GLOBAL_ID_OFFSET = 10
+
+local MAX_GLOBAL_ID = 255 - GLOBAL_ID_OFFSET
+
+-- unreliable remotes drop packets over the transport budget, so combined
+-- batches stay under the ~1kB roblox limit
+local MAX_UNRELIABLE_PACKET_SIZE = 900
+
+local TRACK_TYPES = {
+	reliable = 1,
+	pair = 2,
+	relation = 3,
+	unreliable = 4,
+	unreliable_pair = 5,
+}
+
+-- sentinel for nil component values (tags), keeps value arrays hole-free
+local NIL_VALUE = newproxy()
+
+-- wraps a world value before it enters a value array
+local function SET_VALUE(value: any): any
+	return if value == nil then NIL_VALUE else value
+end
+
+-- unwraps a value array entry back into the world value
+local function READ_VALUE(value: any): any
+	return if value == NIL_VALUE then nil else value
+end
+
+local ENTITY_ID_TYPES = {
+	entity = 1,
+	custom_handler = 2,
+	custom_id = 3,
+	shared = 4,
+}
+
+-- u8 trailing every outgoing buffer (the client reads it first) so a packet
+-- fed to the wrong apply function fails loudly instead of desyncing
+local PACKET_TYPES = {
+	full = 1,
+	entity = 2,
+	updates = 3,
+	unreliable = 4,
+}
+local PACKET_TYPE_SPAN = 1
+
+local server = {}
+server.__index = server
+
+
+local function flag_test(bitset: Bitset, flags: Bitset): boolean
+	return bit32.band(bitset, flags) == flags
+end
+
+
+function mark_networked_dirty(self: Server, entity: Entity, networked: NetworkedStorage, flag: Bitset)
+	if networked.dirty_flags == 0 then
+		table.insert(self.dirty_networked, entity)
+	end
+	networked.dirty_flags = bit32.bor(networked.dirty_flags, flag)
+end
+
+
+local function get_dirty_list(networked: NetworkedStorage, track_type: TrackType): Array<Component>
+	if track_type == TRACK_TYPES.reliable then
+		return networked.dirty_reliable
+	elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.unreliable then
+		return networked.dirty_unreliable
+	elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.pair then
+		return networked.dirty_pairs
+	elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.unreliable_pair then
+		return networked.dirty_unreliable_pairs
+	else
+		return networked.dirty_relations
+	end
+end
+
+
+function mark_tracking_storage_dirty(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	component: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	storage: TrackingStorageBase,
+	flag: Bitset
+)
+	if storage.dirty_flags == 0 then
+		table.insert(get_dirty_list(networked, storage.track_type), component)
+	end
+	storage.dirty_flags = bit32.bor(storage.dirty_flags, flag)
+	mark_networked_dirty(self, entity, networked, DIRTY_COMPONENT_FLAG)
+end
+
+local function increment_unreliable(self: Server, entity: Entity, networked: NetworkedStorage)
+	networked.unreliable_count += 1
+	if not networked.is_dead then
+		self.unreliable_networked[entity] = true
+	end
+end
+
+local function decrement_unreliable(self: Server, entity: Entity, networked: NetworkedStorage)
+	networked.unreliable_count -= 1
+	if networked.unreliable_count <= 0 then
+		self.unreliable_networked[entity] = nil
+	end
+end
+
+
+local function edit_storage_filter(self: Server, storage: StorageBase, filter: Bitmask?)
+	if not storage.last_replicated then
+		storage.last_replicated = bitmasks.clone(storage.filter or self.last_active_bitmask)
+	end
+	storage.filter = filter
+end
+
+
+local function resolve_filter_bitmask(self: Server, filter: FilterAny): Bitmask
+	local registry = self.registry
+	local type = typeof(filter)
+	if type == "table" then
+		return registry:create_bitmask_from_set(filter :: FilterSet)
+	elseif type == "function" then
+		return registry:create_bitmask_from_function(filter :: registry.MemberPredicator)
+	else
+		return registry:create_bitmask_from_member(filter :: Player)
+	end
+end
+
+local function disconnect_filter_group(storage: StorageBase)
+	local group = storage.filter_group
+	local listener = storage.filter_listener
+	if group and listener then
+		group:disconnect(listener)
+	end
+	storage.filter_group = nil
+	storage.filter_listener = nil
+end
+
+-- releases whatever was driving this storage's filter (group or predicate)
+local function clear_filter_source(self: Server, storage: StorageBase)
+	disconnect_filter_group(storage)
+	self.function_filters[storage] = nil
+end
+
+-- a nil-filter storage inherits entity visibility, so its replicated set is
+-- exactly the entity's; clients entering the entity filter then get the
+-- storage through its own added delta
+local function snapshot_tracking_replicated(storage: TrackingStorageBase, entity_last: Bitmask)
+	if storage.last_replicated then
+		return
+	end
+
+	local filter = storage.filter
+	if not filter then
+		storage.last_replicated = bitmasks.clone(entity_last)
+		return
+	end
+
+	local snapshot = bitmasks.clone(filter)
+	bitmasks.band(snapshot, entity_last, snapshot)
+	storage.last_replicated = snapshot
+end
+
+local function edit_networked_filter(self: Server, entity: Entity, networked: NetworkedStorage, bitmask: Bitmask?)
+	edit_storage_filter(self, networked, bitmask)
+	mark_networked_dirty(self, entity, networked, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+	mark_networked_dirty(self, entity, networked, DIRTY_COMPONENT_FLAG)
+
+	local entity_last = networked.last_replicated :: Bitmask
+
+	for component, reliable_storage in networked.reliable_storages do
+		snapshot_tracking_replicated(reliable_storage, entity_last)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, component, networked, reliable_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+	end
+	for component, unreliable_storage in networked.unreliable_storages do
+		snapshot_tracking_replicated(unreliable_storage, entity_last)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, component, networked, unreliable_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+	end
+	for id, pair_storage in networked.pair_storages do
+		snapshot_tracking_replicated(pair_storage, entity_last)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, id, networked, pair_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+	end
+	for id, unreliable_pair_storage in networked.unreliable_pair_storages do
+		snapshot_tracking_replicated(unreliable_pair_storage, entity_last)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, id, networked, unreliable_pair_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+	end
+	for rel, relation_storage in networked.relation_storages do
+		snapshot_tracking_replicated(relation_storage, entity_last)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, rel, networked, relation_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+	end
+end
+
+local function edit_tracking_filter(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	component: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	storage: TrackingStorageBase,
+	bitmask: Bitmask?
+)
+	if not storage.last_replicated then
+		-- only components in entity visibiblity were ever replicated, so the snapshot
+		-- must not claim clients that were outside the entity filter
+		local last_active = self.last_active_bitmask
+		local snapshot = bitmasks.clone(storage.filter or last_active)
+		local entity_last = networked.last_replicated or networked.filter or last_active
+		bitmasks.band(snapshot, entity_last, snapshot)
+		storage.last_replicated = snapshot
+	end
+	storage.filter = bitmask
+	mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, component, networked, storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+end
+
+local function connect_networked_group(self: Server, entity: Entity, networked: NetworkedStorage, group: FilterGroup)
+	local function listener(bitmask: Bitmask)
+		edit_networked_filter(self, entity, networked, bitmask)
+	end
+	networked.filter_group = group
+	networked.filter_listener = listener
+	group:connect(listener)
+end
+
+local function connect_tracking_group(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	component: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	storage: TrackingStorageBase,
+	group: FilterGroup
+)
+	local function listener(bitmask: Bitmask)
+		edit_tracking_filter(self, entity, component, networked, storage, bitmask)
+	end
+	storage.filter_group = group
+	storage.filter_listener = listener
+	group:connect(listener)
+end
+
+function ensure_hooked_component(self: Server, component: Component): HookedInfo
+	local info = self.hooked_components[component]
+	if info then
+		return info
+	end
+
+	local networked_references: Map<Entity, NetworkedReferencesInfo> = {}
+	local new_info: HookedInfo = {
+		networked_references = networked_references,
+	}
+	self.hooked_components[component] = new_info
+
+	local function hook(unhook: () -> ())
+		table.insert(self.cleanups, unhook)
+	end
+	local world = self.world
+
+	local function mark_component_dirty(entity: Entity)
+		local reference = networked_references[entity]
+		if not reference then
+			return
+		end
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(
+			self,
+			entity,
+			component,
+			reference.networked,
+			reference.tracking_storage,
+			DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG
+		)
+	end
+
+	-- once storages only replicate the value on add, removal and visibility
+	-- gain; in-place world changes are ignored (force_change bypasses this)
+	local function mark_component_changed(entity: Entity)
+		local reference = networked_references[entity]
+		if not reference or reference.tracking_storage.is_once then
+			return
+		end
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(
+			self,
+			entity,
+			component,
+			reference.networked,
+			reference.tracking_storage,
+			DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG
+		)
+	end
+
+	hook(HOOK_ADDED(world, component, mark_component_dirty))
+	hook(HOOK_CHANGED(world, component, mark_component_changed))
+	hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, component, mark_component_dirty))
+
+	return new_info
+end
+
+local function ensure_hooked_relation(self: Server, rel: Component): HookedInfo
+	local info = self.hooked_relations[rel]
+	if info then
+		return info
+	end
+
+	local networked_references: Map<Entity, NetworkedReferencesInfo> = {}
+	local new_info: HookedInfo = {
+		networked_references = networked_references,
+	}
+	self.hooked_relations[rel] = new_info
+
+	local function hook(unhook: () -> ())
+		table.insert(self.cleanups, unhook)
+	end
+	local world = self.world
+
+	local function mark_relation_dirty(entity: Entity, id: Entity)
+		if not IS_PAIR(id) then
+			return
+		end
+
+		local reference = networked_references[entity]
+		if not reference then
+			return
+		end
+		local affected = PAIR_SECOND(world, id)
+		local relation_storage = reference.tracking_storage :: RelationStorage
+
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, rel, reference.networked, relation_storage, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG)
+		relation_storage.dirty_targets[affected] = true
+	end
+
+	hook(HOOK_ADDED(world, LISTEN_RELATION(rel), mark_relation_dirty))
+	hook(HOOK_CHANGED(world, LISTEN_RELATION(rel), mark_relation_dirty))
+	hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, LISTEN_RELATION(rel), mark_relation_dirty))
+
+	return new_info
+end
+
+local function ensure_hooked_pair(self: Server, id: Entity)
+	local info = self.hooked_pairs[id]
+	if info then
+		return info
+	end
+
+	local networked_references: Map<Entity, NetworkedReferencesInfo> = {}
+	local new_info: HookedInfo = {
+		networked_references = networked_references,
+	}
+	self.hooked_pairs[id] = new_info
+
+	local function hook(unhook: () -> ())
+		table.insert(self.cleanups, unhook)
+	end
+	local world = self.world
+
+	local function mark_pair_dirty(entity: Entity)
+		local reference = networked_references[entity]
+		if not reference then
+			return
+		end
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, id, reference.networked, reference.tracking_storage, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG)
+	end
+
+	hook(HOOK_PAIR_ADDED(world, id, mark_pair_dirty))
+	hook(HOOK_PAIR_CHANGED(world, id, mark_pair_dirty))
+	hook(HOOK_PAIR_REMOVED(world, id, mark_pair_dirty))
+
+	return new_info
+end
+
+local function ensure_hooked_unreliable(self: Server, component: Component): HookedInfo
+	local info = self.hooked_unreliable[component]
+	if info then
+		return info
+	end
+
+	local networked_references: Map<Entity, NetworkedReferencesInfo> = {}
+	local new_info: HookedInfo = {
+		networked_references = networked_references,
+	}
+	self.hooked_unreliable[component] = new_info
+
+	local function hook(unhook: () -> ())
+		table.insert(self.cleanups, unhook)
+	end
+	local world = self.world
+
+	local function mark_unreliable_dirty(entity: Entity)
+		local reference = networked_references[entity]
+		if not reference then
+			return
+		end
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(
+			self,
+			entity,
+			component,
+			reference.networked,
+			reference.tracking_storage,
+			DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG
+		)
+	end
+
+	hook(HOOK_ADDED(world, component, mark_unreliable_dirty))
+	hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, component, mark_unreliable_dirty))
+
+	return new_info
+end
+
+local function ensure_hooked_unreliable_pair(self: Server, id: Entity): HookedInfo
+	local info = self.hooked_unreliable_pairs[id]
+	if info then
+		return info
+	end
+
+	local networked_references: Map<Entity, NetworkedReferencesInfo> = {}
+	local new_info: HookedInfo = {
+		networked_references = networked_references,
+	}
+	self.hooked_unreliable_pairs[id] = new_info
+
+	local function hook(unhook: () -> ())
+		table.insert(self.cleanups, unhook)
+	end
+	local world = self.world
+
+	local function mark_unreliable_pair_dirty(entity: Entity)
+		local reference = networked_references[entity]
+		if not reference then
+			return
+		end
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, id, reference.networked, reference.tracking_storage, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG)
+	end
+
+	hook(HOOK_PAIR_ADDED(world, id, mark_unreliable_pair_dirty))
+	hook(HOOK_PAIR_REMOVED(world, id, mark_unreliable_pair_dirty))
+
+	return new_info
+end
+
+local function get_hooked_map(self: Server, track_type: TrackType): Map<Component, HookedInfo>
+	if track_type == TRACK_TYPES.reliable then
+		return self.hooked_components
+	elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.unreliable then
+		return self.hooked_unreliable
+	elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.pair then
+		return self.hooked_pairs
+	elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.unreliable_pair then
+		return self.hooked_unreliable_pairs
+	else
+		return self.hooked_relations
+	end
+end
+
+-- hook references live as long as their storage: a stopped storage keeps
+-- receiving world changes so a same-frame revive still replicates them. the
+-- reference goes away only when collect discards the storage
+local function clear_hook_reference(self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component, storage: TrackingStorageBase)
+	local info = get_hooked_map(self, storage.track_type)[component]
+	if not info then
+		return
+	end
+	local reference = info.networked_references[entity]
+	if reference and reference.tracking_storage == storage then
+		info.networked_references[entity] = nil
+	end
+end
+
+local function clear_networked_references(self: Server, entity: Entity, networked: NetworkedStorage)
+	for component, storage in networked.reliable_storages do
+		clear_hook_reference(self, entity, component, storage)
+	end
+	for component, storage in networked.unreliable_storages do
+		clear_hook_reference(self, entity, component, storage)
+	end
+	for id, storage in networked.pair_storages do
+		clear_hook_reference(self, entity, id, storage)
+	end
+	for id, storage in networked.unreliable_pair_storages do
+		clear_hook_reference(self, entity, id, storage)
+	end
+	for rel, storage in networked.relation_storages do
+		clear_hook_reference(self, entity, rel, storage)
+	end
+end
+
+-- resolves a filter input into a bitmask and attaches its driving source
+-- (group listener or predicate entry) to the storage; nil filter means
+-- "replicate to all active clients", resolved at collect
+local function apply_tracking_filter(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	component: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	storage: TrackingStorageBase,
+	filter: FilterInput?
+): Bitmask?
+	local bitmask: Bitmask?
+
+	if filter then
+		if filter_groups.is_filter_group(filter) then
+			local group = filter :: FilterGroup
+			bitmask = group:calculate_up()
+			connect_tracking_group(self, entity, component, networked, storage, group)
+		elseif typeof(filter) == "function" then
+			local predicator = filter :: registry.MemberPredicator
+			bitmask = self.registry:create_bitmask_from_function(predicator)
+
+			self.function_filters[storage] = {
+				predicator = predicator,
+				entity = entity,
+				networked = networked,
+
+				tracking = component,
+				tracking_storage = storage,
+			}
+		else
+			bitmask = resolve_filter_bitmask(self, filter :: FilterAny)
+		end
+	end
+
+	return bitmask
+end
+
+local function change_tracking(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	component: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	storage: TrackingStorageBase,
+	filter: FilterInput?
+)
+	-- old filter source stops driving this storage before the new one takes over
+	clear_filter_source(self, storage)
+
+	local bitmask = apply_tracking_filter(self, entity, component, networked, storage, filter)
+
+	-- a stopped storage keeps its last_replicated (forced at stop), so reviving
+	-- here sends only the delta between the pre-stop and the new filter
+	storage.is_dead = false
+	storage.filter_input = filter
+	edit_tracking_filter(self, entity, component, networked, storage, bitmask)
+end
+
+-- the last filter is forced into last_replicated and the current one becomes
+-- the empty bitmask: collect emits the removal to everyone who had it, then
+-- drops the storage. hooks stop feeding it right away
+local function stop_tracking(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	component: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	storage: TrackingStorageBase
+)
+	storage.is_dead = true
+	storage.filter_input = nil
+	clear_filter_source(self, storage)
+	edit_tracking_filter(self, entity, component, networked, storage, self.empty_bitmask)
+end
+
+local function remove_postponed_component(self: Server, entity: Entity, track_type: TrackType, component: Component)
+	local postponed = self.postponed_components[entity]
+	if not postponed then
+		return
+	end
+	local postponed_list = postponed[track_type]
+	if postponed_list then
+		postponed_list[component] = nil
+	end
+end
+
+local function create_tracking_storage(
+	self: Server,
+	component: Component,
+	track_type: TrackType,
+	filter: FilterInput?
+): TrackingStorageBase
+	return {
+		filter = nil :: Bitmask?,
+		last_replicated = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size),
+
+		track_type = track_type,
+		is_component = IS_COMPONENT(self.world, component),
+
+		dirty_flags = 0,
+		is_dead = false,
+		filter_input = filter,
+	}
+end
+
+local function start_reliable(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	component: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	filter: FilterInput?,
+	once: boolean?
+)
+	local reliable_storage = networked.reliable_storages[component]
+
+	if reliable_storage then
+		-- revived storage keeps its last_replicated, collect sends only the delta
+		change_tracking(self, entity, component, networked, reliable_storage, filter)
+		-- set_once / set_reliable on an existing storage switches its mode
+		reliable_storage.is_once = once
+	else
+		local new_storage = create_tracking_storage(self, component, TRACK_TYPES.reliable, filter) :: ReliableStorage
+		new_storage.is_once = once
+		networked.reliable_storages[component] = new_storage
+
+		new_storage.filter = apply_tracking_filter(self, entity, component, networked, new_storage, filter)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, component, networked, new_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+		reliable_storage = new_storage
+	end
+
+	local hook_info = ensure_hooked_component(self, component)
+	hook_info.networked_references[entity] = {
+		tracking_storage = reliable_storage,
+		networked = networked,
+	}
+end
+
+local function start_unreliable(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	component: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	filter: FilterInput?
+)
+	local unreliable_storage = networked.unreliable_storages[component]
+
+	if unreliable_storage then
+		-- reviving a stopped storage regains the count its stop gave up
+		if unreliable_storage.is_dead then
+			increment_unreliable(self, entity, networked)
+		end
+		change_tracking(self, entity, component, networked, unreliable_storage, filter)
+	else
+		local new_storage = create_tracking_storage(self, component, TRACK_TYPES.unreliable, filter)
+		networked.unreliable_storages[component] = new_storage
+		increment_unreliable(self, entity, networked)
+
+		new_storage.filter = apply_tracking_filter(self, entity, component, networked, new_storage, filter)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, component, networked, new_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+		unreliable_storage = new_storage
+	end
+
+	local hook_info = ensure_hooked_unreliable(self, component)
+	hook_info.networked_references[entity] = {
+		tracking_storage = unreliable_storage,
+		networked = networked,
+	}
+end
+
+local function start_pair(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	id: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	filter: FilterInput?
+)
+	local pair_storage = networked.pair_storages[id]
+
+	if pair_storage then
+		change_tracking(self, entity, id, networked, pair_storage, filter)
+	else
+		local new_storage = create_tracking_storage(self, id, TRACK_TYPES.pair, filter) :: PairStorage
+		networked.pair_storages[id] = new_storage
+
+		new_storage.filter = apply_tracking_filter(self, entity, id, networked, new_storage, filter)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, id, networked, new_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+		pair_storage = new_storage
+	end
+
+	local hook_info = ensure_hooked_pair(self, id)
+	hook_info.networked_references[entity] = {
+		tracking_storage = pair_storage,
+		networked = networked,
+	}
+end
+
+local function start_unreliable_pair(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	id: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	filter: FilterInput?
+)
+	local unreliable_pair_storage = networked.unreliable_pair_storages[id]
+
+	if unreliable_pair_storage then
+		-- reviving a stopped storage regains the count its stop gave up
+		if unreliable_pair_storage.is_dead then
+			increment_unreliable(self, entity, networked)
+		end
+		-- revived storage keeps its last_replicated, collect sends only the delta
+		change_tracking(self, entity, id, networked, unreliable_pair_storage, filter)
+	else
+		local new_storage =
+			create_tracking_storage(self, id, TRACK_TYPES.unreliable_pair, filter) :: UnreliablePairStorage
+		networked.unreliable_pair_storages[id] = new_storage
+		increment_unreliable(self, entity, networked)
+
+		new_storage.filter = apply_tracking_filter(self, entity, id, networked, new_storage, filter)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, id, networked, new_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+		unreliable_pair_storage = new_storage
+	end
+
+	local hook_info = ensure_hooked_unreliable_pair(self, id)
+	hook_info.networked_references[entity] = {
+		tracking_storage = unreliable_pair_storage,
+		networked = networked,
+	}
+end
+
+local function start_relation(
+	self: Server,
+	entity: Entity,
+	rel: Component,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	filter: FilterInput?
+)
+	local relation_storage = networked.relation_storages[rel]
+
+	if relation_storage then
+		change_tracking(self, entity, rel, networked, relation_storage, filter)
+	else
+		local new_storage = create_tracking_storage(self, rel, TRACK_TYPES.relation, filter) :: RelationStorage
+		new_storage.dirty_targets = {}
+		networked.relation_storages[rel] = new_storage
+
+		new_storage.filter = apply_tracking_filter(self, entity, rel, networked, new_storage, filter)
+		mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, rel, networked, new_storage, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+		relation_storage = new_storage
+	end
+
+	local hook_info = ensure_hooked_relation(self, rel)
+	hook_info.networked_references[entity] = {
+		tracking_storage = relation_storage,
+		networked = networked,
+	}
+end
+
+local function ensure_networked(self: Server, entity: Entity): (NetworkedStorage, boolean)
+	local existing = self.networked[entity]
+	if existing then
+		existing.is_dead = false
+		return existing, true
+	end
+
+	local new_networked: NetworkedStorage = {
+		filter = nil :: any,
+		last_replicated = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size),
+		dirty_flags = 0,
+		is_dead = false,
+		unreliable_count = 0,
+
+		dirty_reliable = {},
+		dirty_unreliable = {},
+		dirty_pairs = {},
+		dirty_unreliable_pairs = {},
+		dirty_relations = {},
+
+		reliable_storages = {},
+		unreliable_storages = {},
+		pair_storages = {},
+		unreliable_pair_storages = {},
+		relation_storages = {},
+	}
+	self.networked[entity] = new_networked
+	return new_networked, false
+end
+
+function start_networked(self: Server, entity: Entity, filter: FilterInput?)
+	local networked, revived = ensure_networked(self, entity)
+
+	-- the removal hook on this tag is how world:delete reaches the server
+	local alive_tracking = self.components.__alive_tracking__
+	if not WORLD_HAS(self.world, entity, alive_tracking) then
+		WORLD_ADD(self.world, entity, alive_tracking)
+	end
+
+	if revived then
+		-- old filter snapshots into last_replicated, clients leaving the filter
+		-- get a removal delta instead of the pending deletion
+		change_networked(self, entity, networked, filter)
+	else
+		local bitmask: Bitmask?
+
+		if filter then
+			if filter_groups.is_filter_group(filter) then
+				local group = filter :: FilterGroup
+				bitmask = group:calculate_up()
+				connect_networked_group(self, entity, networked, group)
+			elseif typeof(filter) == "function" then
+				local predicator = filter :: registry.MemberPredicator
+				bitmask = self.registry:create_bitmask_from_function(predicator)
+
+				self.function_filters[networked] = {
+					predicator = predicator,
+					entity = entity,
+					networked = networked,
+				}
+			else
+				bitmask = resolve_filter_bitmask(self, filter :: FilterAny)
+			end
+			-- bitmask stays nil: replicate to all active clients, resolved at collect
+		
+end
+
+		networked.filter = bitmask
+		mark_networked_dirty(self, entity, networked, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+	end
+
+	local postponed = self.postponed_components[entity]
+	if postponed then
+		self.postponed_components[entity] = nil
+
+		for track_type, components_list in postponed do
+			if track_type == TRACK_TYPES.reliable then
+				for component, info in components_list do
+					start_reliable(self, entity, component, networked, info.filter, info.once)
+				end
+			elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.unreliable then
+				for component, info in components_list do
+					start_unreliable(self, entity, component, networked, info.filter)
+				end
+			elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.pair then
+				for id, info in components_list do
+					start_pair(self, entity, id, networked, info.filter)
+				end
+			elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.unreliable_pair then
+				for id, info in components_list do
+					start_unreliable_pair(self, entity, id, networked, info.filter)
+				end
+			elseif track_type == TRACK_TYPES.relation then
+				for rel, info in components_list do
+					start_relation(self, entity, rel, networked, info.filter)
+				end
+			end
+		end
+	end
+
+	-- a revived entity keeps its live unreliable storages (their count never
+	-- dropped), so membership lost at stop_networked comes back here
+	if networked.unreliable_count > 0 then
+		self.unreliable_networked[entity] = true
+	end
+end
+
+function change_networked(self: Server, entity: Entity, networked: NetworkedStorage, filter: FilterInput?)
+	-- old filter source stops driving this storage before the new one takes over
+	clear_filter_source(self, networked)
+
+	local bitmask: Bitmask?
+	if filter then
+		if filter_groups.is_filter_group(filter) then
+			local group = filter :: FilterGroup
+			bitmask = group:calculate_up()
+			connect_networked_group(self, entity, networked, group)
+		elseif typeof(filter) == "function" then
+			local predicator = filter :: registry.MemberPredicator
+			bitmask = self.registry:create_bitmask_from_function(predicator)
+			self.function_filters[networked] = {
+				predicator = predicator,
+				entity = entity,
+				networked = networked,
+			}
+		else
+			bitmask = resolve_filter_bitmask(self, filter :: FilterAny)
+		end
+	end
+
+	edit_networked_filter(self, entity, networked, bitmask)
+end
+
+function server.set_networked(self: Server, entity: Entity, filter: FilterInput?)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+
+	if networked and networked.cleaned then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to network a dead entity"
+	end
+
+	if networked and not networked.is_dead then
+		change_networked(self, entity, networked, filter)
+	else
+		start_networked(self, entity, filter)
+	end
+end
+
+function push_postponed_component(
+	postponed: PostponedComponentsList,
+	track_type: TrackType,
+	component: Component,
+	filter: any,
+	once: boolean?
+)
+	local postponed_list = postponed[track_type]
+	if not postponed_list then
+		postponed_list = {}
+		postponed[track_type] = postponed_list
+	end
+	postponed_list[component] = { filter = filter, once = once }
+end
+
+function ensure_postponed(self: Server, entity: Entity): PostponedComponentsList
+	local postponed = self.postponed_components[entity]
+	if not postponed then
+		postponed = {}
+		self.postponed_components[entity] = postponed
+	end
+
+	return postponed
+end
+
+function server.stop_networked(self: Server, entity: Entity)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+	-- already dead: postponing again would resurrect storages a stop_* dropped
+	if not networked or networked.cleaned or networked.is_dead then
+		return
+	end
+
+	networked.is_dead = true
+	clear_filter_source(self, networked)
+	mark_networked_dirty(self, entity, networked, DIRTY_COMPONENT_FLAG)
+	-- count stays: live storages get postponed and come back on revive
+	self.unreliable_networked[entity] = nil
+
+	local postponed = ensure_postponed(self, entity)
+
+	-- storages stopped with stop_* must not come back with the entity, so only
+	-- live ones get postponed. hook references stay: world changes during the
+	-- dead window keep marking the storage so a revive replicates them
+	for component, reliable_storage in networked.reliable_storages do
+		if reliable_storage.is_dead then
+			continue
+		end
+		clear_filter_source(self, reliable_storage)
+		push_postponed_component(
+			postponed,
+			TRACK_TYPES.reliable,
+			component,
+			reliable_storage.filter_input,
+			reliable_storage.is_once
+		)
+	end
+	for component, unreliable_storage in networked.unreliable_storages do
+		if unreliable_storage.is_dead then
+			continue
+		end
+		clear_filter_source(self, unreliable_storage)
+		push_postponed_component(postponed, TRACK_TYPES.unreliable, component, unreliable_storage.filter_input)
+	end
+	for id, pair_storage in networked.pair_storages do
+		if pair_storage.is_dead then
+			continue
+		end
+		clear_filter_source(self, pair_storage)
+		push_postponed_component(postponed, TRACK_TYPES.pair, id, pair_storage.filter_input)
+	end
+	for id, unreliable_pair_storage in networked.unreliable_pair_storages do
+		if unreliable_pair_storage.is_dead then
+			continue
+		end
+		-- filter_input keeps the group or predicate itself, so a later start reattaches it
+		clear_filter_source(self, unreliable_pair_storage)
+		push_postponed_component(postponed, TRACK_TYPES.unreliable_pair, id, unreliable_pair_storage.filter_input)
+	end
+	for rel, relation_storage in networked.relation_storages do
+		if relation_storage.is_dead then
+			continue
+		end
+		clear_filter_source(self, relation_storage)
+		push_postponed_component(postponed, TRACK_TYPES.relation, rel, relation_storage.filter_input)
+	end
+end
+
+function server.cleanup_entity(self: Server, entity: Entity)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+
+	if networked then
+		if not networked.is_dead then
+			self:stop_networked(entity)
+		end
+		networked.cleaned = true
+	end
+
+	-- stop_networked postpones components for a revive; the entity is gone, drop them
+	self.postponed_components[entity] = nil
+	self.unreliable_networked[entity] = nil
+
+	-- custom ids travel with the server id, so the client resolves the
+	-- deletion without them; a global id is the only address the deletion
+	-- delta has, so it outlives the storage until collect_updates discards it
+	local options = self.entity_serialization[entity]
+	if options then
+		options.custom = nil
+		if not networked or options.global_id == nil then
+			self.entity_serialization[entity] = nil
+		end
+	end
+end
+
+function server.set_reliable(self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component, filter: FilterInput?)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+
+	if networked and networked.cleaned then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to network a dead entity"
+	end
+
+	if networked and not networked.is_dead then
+		start_reliable(self, entity, component, networked, filter, false)
+	else
+		push_postponed_component(ensure_postponed(self, entity), TRACK_TYPES.reliable, component, filter, false)
+	end
+end
+
+-- the unreliable channel only carries values, so tags cannot be tracked
+-- unreliably; use set_reliable for presence-only replication
+function server.set_unreliable(self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component, filter: FilterInput?)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+
+	if networked and networked.cleaned then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to network a dead entity"
+	end
+	if not IS_COMPONENT(self.world, component) then
+		LOG_ERROR(
+			"attempted to track a tag unreliably, unreliables only send values: ",
+			common.log_component(self.world, component)
+		)
+	end
+
+	if networked and not networked.is_dead then
+		start_unreliable(self, entity, component, networked, filter)
+	else
+		push_postponed_component(ensure_postponed(self, entity), TRACK_TYPES.unreliable, component, filter)
+	end
+end
+
+function server.set_once(self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component, filter: FilterInput?)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+
+	if networked and networked.cleaned then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to network a dead entity"
+	end
+
+	if networked and not networked.is_dead then
+		start_reliable(self, entity, component, networked, filter, true)
+	else
+		push_postponed_component(ensure_postponed(self, entity), TRACK_TYPES.reliable, component, filter, true)
+	end
+end
+
+-- a dead storage or entity still takes the mark: it is harmless if collect
+-- discards it and needed if a revive lands before then
+function server.force_change(self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+	if not networked or networked.cleaned then
+		return
+	end
+
+	local reliable_storage = networked.reliable_storages[component]
+	if not reliable_storage then
+		return
+	end
+	mark_tracking_storage_dirty(self, entity, component, networked, reliable_storage, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG)
+end
+
+function server.set_pair(self: Server, entity: Entity, id: Component, filter: FilterInput?)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+
+	if networked and networked.cleaned then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to network a dead entity"
+	end
+
+	if networked and not networked.is_dead then
+		start_pair(self, entity, id, networked, filter)
+	else
+		push_postponed_component(ensure_postponed(self, entity), TRACK_TYPES.pair, id, filter)
+	end
+end
+
+-- unreliable pairs replicate their value reliably on add and remove; later
+-- value changes are left to the unreliable channel. pair tags are rejected,
+-- the channel has nothing to send for them
+function server.set_unreliable_pair(self: Server, entity: Entity, id: Component, filter: FilterInput?)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+
+	if networked and networked.cleaned then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to network a dead entity"
+	end
+	if not IS_COMPONENT(self.world, id) then
+		LOG_ERROR(
+			"attempted to track a pair tag unreliably, unreliables only send values: ",
+			common.log_component(self.world, id)
+		)
+	end
+
+	if networked and not networked.is_dead then
+		start_unreliable_pair(self, entity, id, networked, filter)
+	else
+		-- dead entities postpone too; a revive replays this alongside the rest
+		push_postponed_component(ensure_postponed(self, entity), TRACK_TYPES.unreliable_pair, id, filter)
+	end
+end
+
+function server.set_relation(self: Server, entity: Entity, relation: Component, filter: FilterInput?)
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+
+	if networked and networked.cleaned then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to network a dead entity"
+	end
+
+	if networked and not networked.is_dead then
+		start_relation(self, entity, relation, networked, filter)
+	else
+		push_postponed_component(ensure_postponed(self, entity), TRACK_TYPES.relation, relation, filter)
+	end
+end
+
+-- stop_* marks the storage dead (removal goes out at the next collect) and
+-- drops its postponed entry so a later start_networked does not bring it
+-- back. a dead entity keeps its live storages until collect, so both happen:
+-- otherwise a same-frame revive would keep the storage alive. a set_* call
+-- before the collect revives the storage in place
+
+-- resolves the networked storage a stop_* acts on; nil means only the
+-- postponed entry needs dropping
+local function stop_target(self: Server, entity: Entity, track_type: TrackType, component: Component): NetworkedStorage?
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+	if networked and networked.cleaned then
+		return nil
+	end
+
+	if not networked or networked.is_dead then
+		remove_postponed_component(self, entity, track_type, component)
+	end
+	return networked
+end
+
+function server.stop_reliable(self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component)
+	local networked = stop_target(self, entity, TRACK_TYPES.reliable, component)
+	if not networked then
+		return
+	end
+
+	local reliable_storage = networked.reliable_storages[component]
+	if reliable_storage and not reliable_storage.is_dead then
+		stop_tracking(self, entity, component, networked, reliable_storage)
+	end
+end
+
+-- once storages live in the reliable storages, same stop path
+function server.stop_once(self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component)
+	self:stop_reliable(entity, component)
+end
+
+function server.stop_unreliable(self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component)
+	local networked = stop_target(self, entity, TRACK_TYPES.unreliable, component)
+	if not networked then
+		return
+	end
+
+	local unreliable_storage = networked.unreliable_storages[component]
+	if unreliable_storage and not unreliable_storage.is_dead then
+		stop_tracking(self, entity, component, networked, unreliable_storage)
+		decrement_unreliable(self, entity, networked)
+	end
+end
+
+function server.stop_pair(self: Server, entity: Entity, id: Component)
+	local networked = stop_target(self, entity, TRACK_TYPES.pair, id)
+	if not networked then
+		return
+	end
+
+	local pair_storage = networked.pair_storages[id]
+	if pair_storage and not pair_storage.is_dead then
+		stop_tracking(self, entity, id, networked, pair_storage)
+	end
+end
+
+function server.stop_unreliable_pair(self: Server, entity: Entity, id: Component)
+	local networked = stop_target(self, entity, TRACK_TYPES.unreliable_pair, id)
+	if not networked then
+		return
+	end
+
+	local unreliable_pair_storage = networked.unreliable_pair_storages[id]
+	if unreliable_pair_storage and not unreliable_pair_storage.is_dead then
+		stop_tracking(self, entity, id, networked, unreliable_pair_storage)
+		decrement_unreliable(self, entity, networked)
+	end
+end
+
+function server.stop_relation(self: Server, entity: Entity, relation: Component)
+	local networked = stop_target(self, entity, TRACK_TYPES.relation, relation)
+	if not networked then
+		return
+	end
+
+	local relation_storage = networked.relation_storages[relation]
+	if relation_storage and not relation_storage.is_dead then
+		stop_tracking(self, entity, relation, networked, relation_storage)
+	end
+end
+
+local function ensure_entity_serialization(self: Server, entity: Entity): EntitySerializationOptions
+	local options = self.entity_serialization[entity]
+	if not options then
+		options = {} :: EntitySerializationOptions
+		self.entity_serialization[entity] = options
+	end
+	return options
+end
+
+local function prune_entity_serialization(self: Server, entity: Entity, options: EntitySerializationOptions)
+	if options.global_id == nil and options.custom == nil then
+		self.entity_serialization[entity] = nil
+	end
+end
+
+function server.set_global(self: Server, entity: Entity, global_id: number)
+	if global_id > MAX_GLOBAL_ID then
+		LOG_ERROR(`global id size exceeded, max is {MAX_GLOBAL_ID}`)
+	end
+	ensure_entity_serialization(self, entity).global_id = global_id
+end
+
+function server.remove_global(self: Server, entity: Entity)
+	local options = self.entity_serialization[entity]
+	if not options then
+		return
+	end
+	options.global_id = nil
+	prune_entity_serialization(self, entity, options)
+end
+
+function server.set_custom(self: Server, entity: Entity, custom: Component | CustomId)
+	local options = ensure_entity_serialization(self, entity)
+	if options.custom then
+		common.log_warn("attempted to register a custom_id twice for the same entity", debug.traceback())
+		return
+	end
+
+	if type(custom) ~= "number" and not self.registered_custom_ids[custom :: CustomId] then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to use a custom id that wasn't registered, use register_custom_id first"
+	end
+	options.custom = custom
+end
+
+function server.remove_custom(self: Server, entity: Entity)
+	local options = self.entity_serialization[entity]
+	if not options then
+		return
+	end
+	options.custom = nil
+	prune_entity_serialization(self, entity, options)
+end
+
+function server.register_custom_id(self: Server, custom_id: CustomId)
+	self.registered_custom_ids[custom_id] = true
+	self.is_shared_dirty = true
+end
+
+local function ensure_component_serialization(self: Server, component: Component): ComponentSerializationOptions
+	local options = self.component_serialization[component]
+	if not options then
+		options = {} :: ComponentSerializationOptions
+		self.component_serialization[component] = options
+	end
+	return options
+end
+
+local function prune_component_serialization(self: Server, component: Component, options: ComponentSerializationOptions)
+	if options.serdes == nil and options.preprocessor == nil and options.delta_serializer == nil then
+		self.component_serialization[component] = nil
+	end
+end
+
+function server.set_serdes(self: Server, component: Component, serdes: types.Serdes)
+	ensure_component_serialization(self, component).serdes = serdes
+	self.is_shared_dirty = true
+end
+
+function server.remove_serdes(self: Server, component: Component)
+	local options = self.component_serialization[component]
+	if not options then
+		return
+	end
+	options.serdes = nil
+	prune_component_serialization(self, component, options)
+	self.is_shared_dirty = true
+end
+
+function server.set_preprocessor(self: Server, component: Component, preprocessor: types.Preprocessor)
+	ensure_component_serialization(self, component).preprocessor = preprocessor
+end
+
+function server.remove_preprocessor(self: Server, component: Component)
+	local options = self.component_serialization[component]
+	if not options then
+		return
+	end
+	options.preprocessor = nil
+	prune_component_serialization(self, component, options)
+end
+
+function server.set_delta_serializer(self: Server, component: Component, delta_serializer: types.DeltaSerializer)
+	ensure_component_serialization(self, component).delta_serializer = delta_serializer
+end
+
+function server.remove_delta_serializer(self: Server, component: Component)
+	local options = self.component_serialization[component]
+	if not options then
+		return
+	end
+	options.delta_serializer = nil
+	prune_component_serialization(self, component, options)
+end
+
+type ChangedSerializeEntry = {
+	components: Array<Component>,
+	values: Array<any>,
+}
+
+type FullRelationEntry = {
+	components: {
+		[Component]: {
+			targets: { Entity },
+			values: { any },
+		},
+	},
+	tags: {
+		[Component]: { Entity },
+	},
+}
+type ChangedRelationEntry = {
+	added: {
+		[Component]: { Entity },
+	},
+	removed: {
+		[Component]: { Entity },
+	},
+	changed: {
+		[Component]: {
+			targets: { Entity },
+			values: { any },
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+-- every bucket is created on first push, so an entity only pays for the
+-- categories it actually touched this collect
+export type EntityUpdates = {
+	changed: ChangedSerializeEntry?,
+	added: Array<Component>?,
+	removed: Array<Component>?,
+
+	pair_changed: ChangedSerializeEntry?,
+	pair_added: Array<Component>?,
+	pair_removed: Array<Component>?,
+
+	full_relations: FullRelationEntry?,
+	changed_relations: ChangedRelationEntry?,
+	removed_relations: Array<Component>?,
+}
+
+type GroupedKey = "added" | "removed" | "pair_added" | "pair_removed" | "removed_relations"
+
+type MemberPacket = {
+	buffer: buffer,
+	variants: Array<any>,
+}
+
+export type MemberUpdatePackets = {
+	-- combined byte size of every buffer in `updates`
+	total_size: number,
+	updates: Array<MemberPacket>,
+}
+
+type PacketIterator = () -> (Player, buffer, { { any } })
+
+type SerializeGroupOutput = {
+	buffer: buffer,
+	variants: Array<any>,
+}
+
+export type SerializeGroup = {
+	bitmask: Bitmask,
+	deleted_entities: Array<Entity>,
+	added_entities: Array<Entity>,
+
+	updates: Map<Entity, EntityUpdates>,
+
+	output: SerializeGroupOutput,
+}
+
+-- unreliable packets carry only current values: presence, filters and
+-- relations all travel on the reliable channel
+type UnreliableSerializeEntry = {
+	components: ChangedSerializeEntry?,
+	pairs: ChangedSerializeEntry?,
+}
+
+export type UnreliableSerializeGroup = {
+	bitmask: Bitmask,
+	updates: Map<Entity, UnreliableSerializeEntry>,
+
+	outputs: Array<SerializeGroupOutput>,
+}
+
+function calculate_component_deltas(
+	last_replicated: Bitmask,
+	component_target: Bitmask,
+	entity_target: Bitmask,
+	deltas: BitmaskDeltas
+)
+	bitmasks.load_bitmask_deltas(deltas)
+	bitmasks.calculate_bitmask_deltas(last_replicated, component_target, deltas)
+
+	-- clients outside entity visibility get entity add/delete instead
+	bitmasks.band(deltas.added, entity_target, deltas.added)
+	bitmasks.band(deltas.removed, entity_target, deltas.removed)
+end
+
+function exclude_active_deltas(deltas: BitmaskDeltas, newly_active: Bitmask, newly_unactive: Bitmask)
+	bitmasks.exclude(deltas.added, newly_active, deltas.added)
+	bitmasks.exclude(deltas.removed, newly_active, deltas.removed)
+	bitmasks.exclude(deltas.removed, newly_unactive, deltas.removed)
+end
+
+local function entity_updates(group: SerializeGroup, entity: Entity): EntityUpdates
+	local entry = group.updates[entity]
+	if not entry then
+		entry = {} :: EntityUpdates
+		group.updates[entity] = entry
+	end
+	return entry
+end
+
+local function push_grouped_component(entry: EntityUpdates, key: GroupedKey, component: Component)
+	local list = (entry :: any)[key] :: Array<Component>?
+	if not list then
+		list = {}
+		(entry :: any)[key] = list
+	end
+	table.insert(list :: Array<Component>, component)
+end
+
+local function push_changed_component(entry: EntityUpdates, is_pair: boolean, component: Component, value: any)
+	local changed = if is_pair then entry.pair_changed else entry.changed
+	if not changed then
+		changed = { components = {}, values = {} }
+		if is_pair then
+			entry.pair_changed = changed
+		else
+			entry.changed = changed
+		end
+	end
+	table.insert((changed :: ChangedSerializeEntry).components, component)
+	table.insert((changed :: ChangedSerializeEntry).values, SET_VALUE(value))
+end
+
+local function push_unreliable_update(
+	updates: Map<Entity, UnreliableSerializeEntry>,
+	entity: Entity,
+	is_pair: boolean,
+	component: Component,
+	value: any
+)
+	local entry = updates[entity]
+	if not entry then
+		entry = {} :: UnreliableSerializeEntry
+		updates[entity] = entry
+	end
+
+	local changed = if is_pair then entry.pairs else entry.components
+	if not changed then
+		changed = { components = {}, values = {} }
+		if is_pair then
+			entry.pairs = changed
+		else
+			entry.components = changed
+		end
+	end
+
+	table.insert((changed :: ChangedSerializeEntry).components, component)
+	table.insert((changed :: ChangedSerializeEntry).values, SET_VALUE(value))
+end
+
+function push_storage_updates(
+	storage: TrackingStorageBase,
+	entry: EntityUpdates,
+	is_pair: boolean,
+	component: Component,
+	has_component: boolean,
+	value: any
+)
+	if storage.is_component then
+		if has_component then
+			push_changed_component(entry, is_pair, component, value)
+		else
+			push_grouped_component(entry, if is_pair then "pair_removed" else "removed", component)
+		end
+	else
+		if has_component then
+			push_grouped_component(entry, if is_pair then "pair_added" else "added", component)
+		else
+			push_grouped_component(entry, if is_pair then "pair_removed" else "removed", component)
+		end
+	end
+end
+
+function push_relation_full(
+	world: World,
+	storage: RelationStorage,
+	entry: EntityUpdates,
+	entity: Entity,
+	rel: Component
+)
+	local bucket: FullRelationEntry = entry.full_relations or { components = {}, tags = {} }
+	entry.full_relations = bucket
+
+	if storage.is_component then
+		local targets: Array<Entity> = {}
+		local values: Array<any> = {}
+
+		local index = 0
+		while true do
+			local target = WORLD_TARGET(world, entity, rel, index)
+			if not target then
+				break
+			end
+			index += 1
+
+			local value = WORLD_GET(world, entity, PAIR(rel, target))
+			table.insert(targets, target)
+			table.insert(values, SET_VALUE(value))
+		end
+
+		bucket.components[rel] = { targets = targets, values = values }
+	else
+		local targets: Array<Entity> = {}
+
+		local index = 0
+		while true do
+			local target = WORLD_TARGET(world, entity, rel, index)
+			if not target then
+				break
+			end
+			index += 1
+			table.insert(targets, target)
+		end
+
+		bucket.tags[rel] = targets
+	end
+end
+
+function push_relation_updates(
+	world: World,
+	storage: RelationStorage,
+	entry: EntityUpdates,
+	entity: Entity,
+	rel: Component
+)
+	local bucket: ChangedRelationEntry = entry.changed_relations or { added = {}, removed = {}, changed = {} }
+	entry.changed_relations = bucket
+
+	local is_component = storage.is_component
+
+	for target in storage.dirty_targets do
+		if WORLD_HAS(world, entity, PAIR(rel, target)) then
+			if is_component then
+				local changed = bucket.changed[rel]
+				if not changed then
+					changed = { targets = {}, values = {} }
+					bucket.changed[rel] = changed
+				end
+
+				local value = WORLD_GET(world, entity, PAIR(rel, target))
+				table.insert(changed.targets, target)
+				table.insert(changed.values, SET_VALUE(value))
+			else
+				local added = bucket.added[rel]
+				if not added then
+					added = {}
+					bucket.added[rel] = added
+				end
+				table.insert(added, target)
+			end
+		else
+			local removed = bucket.removed[rel]
+			if not removed then
+				removed = {}
+				bucket.removed[rel] = removed
+			end
+			table.insert(removed, target)
+		end
+	end
+end
+
+local function setbit(mask: number, bit: number)
+	return bit32.bor(mask, bit32.lshift(1, bit))
+end
+
+local function vlq_span(length: number): number
+	if length < 0x80 then
+		return 1
+	elseif length < 0x4000 then
+		return 2
+	elseif length < 0x200000 then
+		return 3
+	else
+		return 4
+	end
+end
+
+local function write_vlq_bitmask(c: Cursor, value: number, mask: number, bit: number): number
+	if value > 0 then
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, value)
+		return setbit(mask, bit)
+	else
+		return mask
+	end
+end
+
+local function write_variant_value(
+	self: Server,
+	c: Cursor,
+	log_component: Component,
+	options: ComponentSerializationOptions?,
+	value: any,
+	variants: Array<any>
+)
+	local serialize_value = READ_VALUE(value)
+
+	if options then
+		local serdes = options.serdes
+		local preprocessor = options.preprocessor
+
+		if preprocessor then
+			serialize_value = preprocessor.serialize(serialize_value)
+		end
+
+		if serdes then
+			local output, serdes_variants = serdes.serialize(serialize_value)
+
+			if serdes.includes_variants then
+				if serdes_variants == nil then
+					cursor.writeu8(c, VLQ_ZERO)
+				else
+					local start_variants = #variants
+					if #serdes_variants > 0 then
+						table.move(serdes_variants, 1, #serdes_variants, #variants + 1, variants)
+					end
+					cursor.write_vlq(c, #serdes_variants)
+					cursor.write_vlq(c, start_variants + 1)
+				end
+			elseif serdes_variants ~= nil then
+				common.log_error(
+					"serdes: serializer provided variants yet includes_variants is not set to true for component: ",
+					common.log_component(self.world, log_component)
+				)
+			end
+
+			local bytespan = serdes.bytespan
+			cursor.write_buffer(c, output)
+			if bytespan then
+				if bytespan ~= buffer.len(output) then
+					common.log_error(
+						`bytespan: {bytespan} mismatch for buffer length: {buffer.len(output)} in component: `,
+						common.log_component(self.world, log_component)
+					)
+				end
+			else
+				cursor.write_vlq(c, buffer.len(output))
+			end
+			return
+		end
+	end
+
+	if serialize_value == nil then
+		cursor.writeu8(c, VLQ_ZERO)
+	else
+		table.insert(variants, serialize_value)
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, #variants)
+	end
+end
+
+local function write_component_value(self: Server, c: Cursor, component: Component, value: any, variants: Array<any>)
+	local options = self.component_serialization[component]
+	write_variant_value(self, c, component, options, value, variants)
+end
+
+local function write_pair_value(
+	self: Server,
+	c: Cursor,
+	relation: Component,
+	id: Component,
+	value: any,
+	variants: Array<any>
+)
+	local options = self.component_serialization[id] or self.component_serialization[PAIR(relation, WILDCARD)]
+	write_variant_value(self, c, relation, options, value, variants)
+end
+
+local function write_component_id(self: Server, c: Cursor, component: Entity)
+	local shared_components = self.shared.components
+	local encoded = shared_components.members[component]
+	if not encoded then
+		LOG_ERROR(`attempted to replicate a non-shared component `, common.log_component(self.world, component))
+		return
+	end
+	cursor.write_span(c, encoded, #shared_components.keys)
+end
+
+-- ids are written back-to-front like the rest of the wire format: payload
+-- first, then the ENTITY_ID_TYPES tag the client reads first. global ids are
+-- the exception, a single byte with no tag.
+local function write_entity_id(self: Server, c: Cursor, entity: Entity)
+	local options = self.entity_serialization[entity]
+
+	if options then
+		local global_id = options.global_id
+		if global_id then
+			cursor.writeu8(c, global_id + GLOBAL_ID_OFFSET)
+			return
+		end
+
+		local custom = options.custom
+		if custom then
+			if type(custom) == "number" then
+				write_component_id(self, c, custom :: any)
+				cursor.writeu40(c, entity :: any)
+				cursor.writeu8(c, ENTITY_ID_TYPES.custom_id)
+			else
+				cursor.writeu8(c, self.shared.custom_ids.members[custom :: CustomId])
+				cursor.writeu40(c, entity :: any)
+				cursor.writeu8(c, ENTITY_ID_TYPES.custom_handler)
+			end
+			return
+		end
+	end
+
+	if self.shared.components.members[entity] then
+		write_component_id(self, c, entity)
+		cursor.writeu8(c, ENTITY_ID_TYPES.shared)
+	else
+		cursor.writeu40(c, entity :: any)
+		cursor.writeu8(c, ENTITY_ID_TYPES.entity)
+	end
+end
+
+local function write_entity_pair_value(
+	self: Server,
+	world: World,
+	c: Cursor,
+	id: Component,
+	value: any,
+	variants: Array<any>
+)
+	local first, second = PAIR_FIRST(world, id), PAIR_SECOND(world, id)
+	local pointer_start = c.offset
+
+	write_pair_value(self, c, first, id, value, variants)
+
+	-- if the entity is a custom id, we dont know if this has a serdes in the client, as it needs to be processed first to know the final pair
+	-- we write a vlq so the client can jump in the cursor to skip this value entirely and process it later
+	local pointer_offset = c.offset - pointer_start
+	cursor.write_vlq(c, pointer_offset)
+
+	write_entity_id(self, c, second)
+	write_component_id(self, c, first)
+end
+
+local function write_entity_pair(self: Server, world: World, c: Cursor, id: Component)
+	local first, second = PAIR_FIRST(world, id), PAIR_SECOND(world, id)
+	write_entity_id(self, c, second)
+	write_component_id(self, c, first)
+end
+
+local ENTITY_BITS = {
+	reliable_removed = 0,
+	reliable_added = 1,
+	reliable_changed = 2,
+	pair_removed = 3,
+	pair_added = 4,
+	pair_changed = 5,
+	relations_removed = 6,
+	full_relations = 7,
+	changed_relations = 8,
+}
+
+-- per group trailer mask
+local GROUP_BITS = {
+	updates = 0,
+	added_entities = 1,
+	deleted_entities = 2,
+}
+
+local function write_relation_targets(self: Server, c: Cursor, relation: Component, targets: Array<Entity>)
+	for _, target in targets do
+		write_entity_id(self, c, target)
+	end
+	cursor.write_vlq(c, #targets)
+	write_component_id(self, c, relation)
+end
+
+local function write_relation_targets_values(
+	self: Server,
+	c: Cursor,
+	relation: Component,
+	targets: Array<Entity>,
+	values: Array<any>,
+	variants: Array<any>
+)
+	for index, target in targets do
+		write_entity_id(self, c, target)
+		write_component_value(self, c, relation, values[index], variants)
+	end
+	cursor.write_vlq(c, #targets)
+	write_component_id(self, c, relation)
+end
+
+-- component ids only (tags added, anything removed): ids..., returns count
+local function write_grouped_components(self: Server, c: Cursor, components: Array<Component>?): number
+	if not components then
+		return 0
+	end
+	for _, component in components do
+		write_component_id(self, c, component)
+	end
+	return #components
+end
+
+-- pair ids only (tags added, anything removed): pairs..., returns count
+local function write_grouped_pairs(self: Server, c: Cursor, ids: Array<Component>?): number
+	if not ids then
+		return 0
+	end
+	local world = self.world
+	for _, id in ids do
+		write_entity_pair(self, world, c, id)
+	end
+	return #ids
+end
+
+-- one entity block. every section is written only when non empty, its bit set
+-- in the entity mask and its count vlq written right after the payload
+local function serialize_entity_updates(
+	self: Server,
+	c: Cursor,
+	entity: Entity,
+	entry: EntityUpdates,
+	variants: Array<any>
+)
+	local world = self.world
+	local mask = 0
+
+	-- relations
+
+	local total = write_grouped_components(self, c, entry.removed_relations)
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, ENTITY_BITS.relations_removed)
+
+	local full = entry.full_relations
+	if full then
+		local total_components = 0
+		for relation, targets in full.components do
+			write_relation_targets_values(self, c, relation, targets.targets, targets.values, variants)
+			total_components += 1
+		end
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, total_components)
+
+		local total_tags = 0
+		for relation, targets in full.tags do
+			write_relation_targets(self, c, relation, targets)
+			total_tags += 1
+		end
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, total_tags)
+
+		mask = setbit(mask, ENTITY_BITS.full_relations)
+	end
+
+	local changed_relations = entry.changed_relations
+	if changed_relations then
+		local total_changed = 0
+		for relation, targets in changed_relations.changed do
+			write_relation_targets_values(self, c, relation, targets.targets, targets.values, variants)
+			total_changed += 1
+		end
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, total_changed)
+
+		local total_added = 0
+		for relation, targets in changed_relations.added do
+			write_relation_targets(self, c, relation, targets)
+			total_added += 1
+		end
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, total_added)
+
+		local total_removed = 0
+		for relation, targets in changed_relations.removed do
+			write_relation_targets(self, c, relation, targets)
+			total_removed += 1
+		end
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, total_removed)
+
+		mask = setbit(mask, ENTITY_BITS.changed_relations)
+	end
+
+	-- pairs
+
+	total = write_grouped_pairs(self, c, entry.pair_removed)
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, ENTITY_BITS.pair_removed)
+
+	total = write_grouped_pairs(self, c, entry.pair_added)
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, ENTITY_BITS.pair_added)
+
+	local pair_changed = entry.pair_changed
+	if pair_changed then
+		local ids = pair_changed.components
+		local values = pair_changed.values
+		for index, id in ids do
+			write_entity_pair_value(self, world, c, id, values[index], variants)
+		end
+		mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, #ids, mask, ENTITY_BITS.pair_changed)
+	end
+
+	-- reliables
+
+	total = write_grouped_components(self, c, entry.removed)
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, ENTITY_BITS.reliable_removed)
+
+	total = write_grouped_components(self, c, entry.added)
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, ENTITY_BITS.reliable_added)
+
+	local changed = entry.changed
+	if changed then
+		local components = changed.components
+		local values = changed.values
+		for index, component in components do
+			write_component_value(self, c, component, values[index], variants)
+			write_component_id(self, c, component)
+		end
+		mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, #components, mask, ENTITY_BITS.reliable_changed)
+	end
+
+	cursor.writeu16(c, mask)
+	write_entity_id(self, c, entity)
+end
+
+-- layout (read order is the reverse of write order):
+--   u16 group mask                         GROUP_BITS, vlq count per set bit
+--   deleted entities                       entity ids
+--   added entities                         entity ids
+--   updates                                per entity:
+--     entity id
+--     u16 entity mask                      ENTITY_BITS, vlq count per set bit
+--     reliable changed                     value + component id, vlq
+--     reliable added / removed             component ids, vlq
+--     pair changed                         pair values, vlq
+--     pair added / removed                 pairs, vlq
+--     changed relations                    [targets..., vlq, relation] for
+--                                          changed / added / removed, each vlq counted
+--     full relations                       components then tags, each vlq counted
+--     relations removed                    relation ids, vlq
+local function serialize_update_group(self: Server, group: SerializeGroup): (buffer, Array<any>)
+	local c = cursor.new()
+	local variants: Array<any> = {}
+	local group_mask = 0
+
+	local total = 0
+	for entity, entry in group.updates do
+		serialize_entity_updates(self, c, entity, entry, variants)
+		total += 1
+	end
+	group_mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, group_mask, GROUP_BITS.updates)
+
+	total = 0
+	for _, entity in group.added_entities do
+		write_entity_id(self, c, entity)
+		total += 1
+	end
+	group_mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, group_mask, GROUP_BITS.added_entities)
+
+	total = 0
+	for _, entity in group.deleted_entities do
+		write_entity_id(self, c, entity)
+		total += 1
+	end
+	group_mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, group_mask, GROUP_BITS.deleted_entities)
+
+	cursor.writeu16(c, group_mask)
+
+	return cursor.close(c), variants
+end
+
+-- layout (read order is the reverse of write order). packets split at
+-- MAX_UNRELIABLE_PACKET_SIZE, each one self-contained.
+--   vlq entity count
+--   per entity: component values + ids, vlq component count,
+--   pair values, vlq pair count, entity id
+local function serialize_unreliable_group(
+	self: Server,
+	group: UnreliableSerializeGroup,
+	outputs: Array<SerializeGroupOutput>
+)
+	local c = cursor.new()
+	local world = self.world
+	local variants: Array<any> = {}
+	local total_entities = 0
+
+	local checkpoint_offset = 0
+	local checkpoint_variants_count = 0
+	local checkpoint_total_entities = 0
+
+	local function create_checkpoint()
+		checkpoint_offset = c.offset
+		checkpoint_variants_count = #variants
+		checkpoint_total_entities = total_entities
+	end
+
+	local function rollback_checkpoint()
+		c.offset = checkpoint_offset
+		for i = #variants, checkpoint_variants_count + 1, -1 do
+			variants[i] = nil
+		end
+		total_entities = checkpoint_total_entities
+	end
+
+	local function commit()
+		if total_entities <= 0 then
+			return
+		end
+
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, total_entities)
+		table.insert(outputs, {
+			buffer = cursor.close(c),
+			variants = variants,
+		})
+
+		c = cursor.new()
+		variants = {}
+		total_entities = 0
+	end
+
+	local function serialize_entity(entity: Entity, entry: UnreliableSerializeEntry)
+		local components = entry.components
+		if components then
+			local values = components.values
+			for index, component in components.components do
+				write_component_value(self, c, component, values[index], variants)
+				write_component_id(self, c, component)
+			end
+			cursor.write_vlq(c, #components.components)
+		else
+			cursor.write_vlq(c, 0)
+		end
+
+		local pairs = entry.pairs
+		if pairs then
+			local values = pairs.values
+			for index, id in pairs.components do
+				write_entity_pair_value(self, world, c, id, values[index], variants)
+			end
+			cursor.write_vlq(c, #pairs.components)
+		else
+			cursor.write_vlq(c, 0)
+		end
+
+		write_entity_id(self, c, entity)
+		total_entities += 1
+	end
+
+	for entity, entry in group.updates do
+		create_checkpoint()
+		serialize_entity(entity, entry)
+
+		if c.offset + vlq_span(total_entities) + vlq_span(1) + PACKET_TYPE_SPAN > MAX_UNRELIABLE_PACKET_SIZE then
+			rollback_checkpoint()
+			commit()
+			serialize_entity(entity, entry)
+		end
+	end
+
+	commit()
+end
+
+local function collect_updates_groups(self: Server): Map<MaskHash, SerializeGroup>
+	local client_registry = self.registry
+	for storage, entry in self.function_filters do
+		local bitmask = client_registry:create_bitmask_from_function(entry.predicator)
+		local current = storage.filter
+		if current and bitmasks.equals(current, bitmask) then
+			continue
+		end
+
+		local tracking_component = entry.tracking
+
+		if tracking_component then
+			-- routes to the right dirty list via the storage's track_type
+			edit_tracking_filter(
+				self,
+				entry.entity,
+				tracking_component,
+				entry.networked,
+				entry.tracking_storage :: TrackingStorageBase,
+				bitmask
+			)
+		else
+			edit_networked_filter(self, entry.entity, entry.networked, bitmask)
+		end
+	end
+
+	local serialize_groups: Map<MaskHash, SerializeGroup> = {}
+	local networked_entities = self.networked
+	local world = self.world
+
+	local function emit(bitmask: Bitmask): SerializeGroup
+		local hash = bitmasks.hash(bitmask)
+		local serialize = serialize_groups[hash]
+		if not serialize then
+			local new_serialize: SerializeGroup = {
+				-- deltas are reused scratch buffers, groups need a stable copy
+				bitmask = bitmasks.clone(bitmask),
+				deleted_entities = {},
+				added_entities = {},
+
+				updates = {},
+
+				variants = nil :: any,
+				output = nil :: any,
+			}
+			serialize_groups[hash] = new_serialize
+			return new_serialize
+		end
+
+		return serialize
+	end
+
+	local active = self.client_active_bitmask
+	local last_active = self.last_active_bitmask
+	local newly_active = self.newly_active_bitmask
+	local newly_unactive = self.newly_unactive_bitmask
+
+	bitmasks.exclude(active, last_active, newly_active)
+	bitmasks.exclude(last_active, active, newly_unactive)
+
+	local is_active_dirty = not bitmasks.is_empty(newly_active) or not bitmasks.is_empty(newly_unactive)
+
+	local entity_deltas = self.entity_bitmask_deltas
+	local component_deltas = self.component_bitmask_deltas
+	local draft = self.draft_bitmask
+	local entity_target = self.target_bitmask
+
+	for _, entity in self.dirty_networked do
+		local networked = networked_entities[entity]
+
+		if networked.is_dead then
+			-- deletion goes to everyone who last had the entity and is still here
+			local last = networked.last_replicated or networked.filter or last_active
+			bitmasks.load(last, draft)
+			bitmasks.band(draft, active, draft)
+			bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_active, draft)
+			if not bitmasks.is_empty(draft) then
+				table.insert(emit(draft).deleted_entities, entity)
+			end
+			clear_networked_references(self, entity, networked)
+			networked_entities[entity] = nil
+			if networked.cleaned then
+				self.entity_serialization[entity] = nil
+			end
+			continue
+		end
+
+		-- filter sources (groups especially) can carry freed or never active
+		-- indexes; only active clients ever receive anything. every storage
+		-- target below is clipped by this one
+		local target: Bitmask = active
+		local entity_filter = networked.filter
+		if entity_filter then
+			bitmasks.load(entity_filter, entity_target)
+			bitmasks.band(entity_target, active, entity_target)
+			target = entity_target
+		end
+		local is_entity_filter_dirty = flag_test(networked.dirty_flags, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+
+		if is_entity_filter_dirty then
+			local last = networked.last_replicated or networked.filter or last_active
+			bitmasks.load_bitmask_deltas(entity_deltas)
+			bitmasks.calculate_bitmask_deltas(last, target, entity_deltas)
+			-- newly active clients get a full snapshot at this same boundary instead;
+			-- newly unactive clients are gone, nobody to send removals to
+			if is_active_dirty then
+				exclude_active_deltas(entity_deltas, newly_active, newly_unactive)
+			end
+
+			if not bitmasks.is_empty(entity_deltas.added) then
+				table.insert(emit(entity_deltas.added).added_entities, entity)
+			end
+			if not bitmasks.is_empty(entity_deltas.removed) then
+				table.insert(emit(entity_deltas.removed).deleted_entities, entity)
+			end
+			networked.last_replicated = nil
+		end
+
+		for _, component in networked.dirty_reliable do
+			local reliable_storage = networked.reliable_storages[component]
+			local is_component_filter_dirty = flag_test(reliable_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+
+			local has_delta_source = reliable_storage.filter ~= nil or reliable_storage.last_replicated ~= nil
+			local component_target = reliable_storage.filter or target
+			local is_component_added = false
+			local has_component = WORLD_HAS(world, entity, component)
+			local has_value = has_component and reliable_storage.is_component
+			-- `and/or` would turn a false value into nil
+			local value = if has_value then WORLD_GET(world, entity, component) else nil
+
+			if has_delta_source and is_component_filter_dirty then
+				local last = reliable_storage.last_replicated or reliable_storage.filter :: Bitmask
+
+				calculate_component_deltas(last, component_target, target, component_deltas)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					exclude_active_deltas(component_deltas, newly_active, newly_unactive)
+				end
+
+				is_component_added = not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.added)
+
+				if is_component_added then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.added), entity)
+					push_storage_updates(reliable_storage, entry, false, component, has_component, value)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.removed) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.removed), entity)
+					push_grouped_component(entry, "removed", component)
+				end
+				reliable_storage.last_replicated = nil
+			end
+
+			if flag_test(reliable_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG) then
+				bitmasks.load(component_target, draft)
+				bitmasks.band(draft, target, draft)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_active, draft)
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_unactive, draft)
+				end
+
+				if is_component_added then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, component_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+				if is_entity_filter_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, entity_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(draft) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(draft), entity)
+					push_storage_updates(reliable_storage, entry, false, component, has_component, value)
+				end
+			end
+			reliable_storage.dirty_flags = 0
+			-- the removal delta above was its last word
+			if reliable_storage.is_dead then
+				clear_hook_reference(self, entity, component, reliable_storage)
+				networked.reliable_storages[component] = nil
+			end
+		end
+
+		for _, component in networked.dirty_unreliable do
+			local unreliable_storage = networked.unreliable_storages[component]
+			local is_unreliable_filter_dirty = flag_test(unreliable_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+
+			local has_delta_source = unreliable_storage.filter ~= nil or unreliable_storage.last_replicated ~= nil
+			local component_target = unreliable_storage.filter or target
+			local is_unreliable_added = false
+			local has_value = WORLD_HAS(world, entity, component)
+			local value = if has_value then WORLD_GET(world, entity, component) else nil
+
+			if has_delta_source and is_unreliable_filter_dirty then
+				local last = unreliable_storage.last_replicated or unreliable_storage.filter :: Bitmask
+
+				calculate_component_deltas(last, component_target, target, component_deltas)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					exclude_active_deltas(component_deltas, newly_active, newly_unactive)
+				end
+
+				is_unreliable_added = not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.added)
+
+				if is_unreliable_added then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.added), entity)
+					if has_value then
+						push_changed_component(entry, false, component, value)
+					else
+						push_grouped_component(entry, "removed", component)
+					end
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.removed) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.removed), entity)
+					push_grouped_component(entry, "removed", component)
+				end
+				unreliable_storage.last_replicated = nil
+			end
+
+			if flag_test(unreliable_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG) then
+				bitmasks.load(component_target, draft)
+				bitmasks.band(draft, target, draft)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_active, draft)
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_unactive, draft)
+				end
+
+				if is_unreliable_added then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, component_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+				if is_entity_filter_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, entity_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(draft) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(draft), entity)
+					if has_value then
+						push_changed_component(entry, false, component, value)
+					else
+						push_grouped_component(entry, "removed", component)
+					end
+				end
+			end
+			unreliable_storage.dirty_flags = 0
+			if unreliable_storage.is_dead then
+				clear_hook_reference(self, entity, component, unreliable_storage)
+				networked.unreliable_storages[component] = nil
+			end
+		end
+
+		for _, id in networked.dirty_pairs do
+			local pair_storage = networked.pair_storages[id]
+			local is_pair_filter_dirty = flag_test(pair_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+
+			local has_delta_source = pair_storage.filter ~= nil or pair_storage.last_replicated ~= nil
+			local component_target = pair_storage.filter or target
+			local is_pair_added = false
+			local has_pair = WORLD_HAS(world, entity, id)
+			local has_value = (has_pair and pair_storage.is_component)
+			local value = if has_value then WORLD_GET(world, entity, id) else nil
+
+			if has_delta_source and is_pair_filter_dirty then
+				local last = pair_storage.last_replicated or pair_storage.filter :: Bitmask
+
+				calculate_component_deltas(last, component_target, target, component_deltas)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					exclude_active_deltas(component_deltas, newly_active, newly_unactive)
+				end
+
+				is_pair_added = not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.added)
+
+				if is_pair_added then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.added), entity)
+					push_storage_updates(pair_storage, entry, true, id, has_pair, value)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.removed) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.removed), entity)
+					push_grouped_component(entry, "pair_removed", id)
+				end
+				pair_storage.last_replicated = nil
+			end
+
+			if flag_test(pair_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG) then
+				bitmasks.load(component_target, draft)
+				bitmasks.band(draft, target, draft)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_active, draft)
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_unactive, draft)
+				end
+
+				if is_pair_added then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, component_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+				if is_entity_filter_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, entity_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(draft) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(draft), entity)
+					push_storage_updates(pair_storage, entry, true, id, has_pair, value)
+				end
+			end
+			pair_storage.dirty_flags = 0
+			if pair_storage.is_dead then
+				clear_hook_reference(self, entity, id, pair_storage)
+				networked.pair_storages[id] = nil
+			end
+		end
+
+		for _, id in networked.dirty_unreliable_pairs do
+			local unreliable_pair_storage = networked.unreliable_pair_storages[id]
+			local is_pair_filter_dirty = flag_test(unreliable_pair_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+
+			local has_delta_source = unreliable_pair_storage.filter ~= nil
+				or unreliable_pair_storage.last_replicated ~= nil
+			local component_target = unreliable_pair_storage.filter or target
+			local is_pair_added = false
+			local has_pair = WORLD_HAS(world, entity, id)
+			local has_value = (has_pair and unreliable_pair_storage.is_component)
+			local value = has_value and WORLD_GET(world, entity, id) or nil
+
+			if has_delta_source and is_pair_filter_dirty then
+				local last = unreliable_pair_storage.last_replicated or unreliable_pair_storage.filter :: Bitmask
+
+				calculate_component_deltas(last, component_target, target, component_deltas)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					exclude_active_deltas(component_deltas, newly_active, newly_unactive)
+				end
+
+				is_pair_added = not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.added)
+
+				if is_pair_added then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.added), entity)
+					push_storage_updates(unreliable_pair_storage, entry, true, id, has_pair, value)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.removed) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.removed), entity)
+					push_grouped_component(entry, "pair_removed", id)
+				end
+				unreliable_pair_storage.last_replicated = nil
+			end
+
+			if flag_test(unreliable_pair_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG) then
+				bitmasks.load(component_target, draft)
+				bitmasks.band(draft, target, draft)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_active, draft)
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_unactive, draft)
+				end
+
+				if is_pair_added then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, component_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+				if is_entity_filter_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, entity_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(draft) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(draft), entity)
+					push_storage_updates(unreliable_pair_storage, entry, true, id, has_pair, value)
+				end
+			end
+			unreliable_pair_storage.dirty_flags = 0
+			if unreliable_pair_storage.is_dead then
+				clear_hook_reference(self, entity, id, unreliable_pair_storage)
+				networked.unreliable_pair_storages[id] = nil
+			end
+		end
+
+		for _, rel in networked.dirty_relations do
+			local relation_storage = networked.relation_storages[rel]
+			local is_rel_filter_dirty = flag_test(relation_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_FILTER_FLAG)
+
+			local has_delta_source = relation_storage.filter ~= nil or relation_storage.last_replicated ~= nil
+			local component_target = relation_storage.filter or target
+			local is_rel_added = false
+
+			if has_delta_source and is_rel_filter_dirty then
+				local last = relation_storage.last_replicated or relation_storage.filter :: Bitmask
+
+				calculate_component_deltas(last, component_target, target, component_deltas)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					exclude_active_deltas(component_deltas, newly_active, newly_unactive)
+				end
+
+				is_rel_added = not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.added)
+
+				if is_rel_added then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.added), entity)
+					push_relation_full(world, relation_storage, entry, entity, rel)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(component_deltas.removed) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(component_deltas.removed), entity)
+					push_grouped_component(entry, "removed_relations", rel)
+				end
+				relation_storage.last_replicated = nil
+			end
+
+			if flag_test(relation_storage.dirty_flags, DIRTY_CHANGED_FLAG) then
+				bitmasks.load(component_target, draft)
+				bitmasks.band(draft, target, draft)
+				if is_active_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_active, draft)
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, newly_unactive, draft)
+				end
+
+				if is_rel_added then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, component_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+				if is_entity_filter_dirty then
+					bitmasks.exclude(draft, entity_deltas.added, draft)
+				end
+
+				if not bitmasks.is_empty(draft) then
+					local entry = entity_updates(emit(draft), entity)
+					push_relation_updates(world, relation_storage, entry, entity, rel)
+				end
+			end
+			relation_storage.dirty_flags = 0
+			table.clear(relation_storage.dirty_targets)
+			if relation_storage.is_dead then
+				clear_hook_reference(self, entity, rel, relation_storage)
+				networked.relation_storages[rel] = nil
+			end
+		end
+
+		table.clear(networked.dirty_reliable)
+		table.clear(networked.dirty_unreliable)
+		table.clear(networked.dirty_pairs)
+		table.clear(networked.dirty_unreliable_pairs)
+		table.clear(networked.dirty_relations)
+		networked.dirty_flags = 0
+	end
+	table.clear(self.dirty_networked)
+
+	bitmasks.load(active, last_active)
+	bitmasks.clear(newly_active)
+	bitmasks.clear(newly_unactive)
+
+	return serialize_groups
+end
+
+-- fills every group's output buffer and variants in place
+local function serialize_update_groups(self: Server, groups: Map<MaskHash, SerializeGroup>)
+	for _, group in groups do
+		local buf, variants = serialize_update_group(self, group)
+		group.output = {
+			buffer = buf,
+			variants = variants,
+		}
+	end
+end
+
+local function collect_unreliable_groups(self: Server): Map<MaskHash, UnreliableSerializeGroup>
+	local unreliable_groups: Map<MaskHash, UnreliableSerializeGroup> = {}
+	local world = self.world
+	local active = self.client_active_bitmask
+	local draft = self.draft_bitmask
+
+	local function emit(bitmask: Bitmask): UnreliableSerializeGroup
+		local hash = bitmasks.hash(bitmask)
+		local group = unreliable_groups[hash]
+		if not group then
+			local new_group: UnreliableSerializeGroup = {
+				bitmask = bitmasks.clone(bitmask),
+				updates = {},
+
+				outputs = {},
+			}
+			unreliable_groups[hash] = new_group
+			return new_group
+		end
+		return group
+	end
+
+	for entity in self.unreliable_networked do
+		local networked = self.networked[entity]
+		local entity_filter = networked.filter
+
+		for component, storage in networked.unreliable_storages do
+			if storage.is_dead or not WORLD_HAS(world, entity, component) then
+				continue
+			end
+
+			-- visibility right now: active clients inside both the entity and
+			-- storage filters. no delta correction exists here, so inactive
+			-- clients are always clipped out
+			bitmasks.load(active, draft)
+			if entity_filter then
+				bitmasks.band(draft, entity_filter, draft)
+			end
+			local filter = storage.filter
+			if filter then
+				bitmasks.band(draft, filter, draft)
+			end
+			if bitmasks.is_empty(draft) then
+				continue
+			end
+
+			push_unreliable_update(emit(draft).updates, entity, false, component, WORLD_GET(world, entity, component))
+		end
+
+		for id, storage in networked.unreliable_pair_storages do
+			-- pair tags have no value to resend, their presence is reliable
+			if storage.is_dead or not storage.is_component or not WORLD_HAS(world, entity, id) then
+				continue
+			end
+
+			bitmasks.load(active, draft)
+			if entity_filter then
+				bitmasks.band(draft, entity_filter, draft)
+			end
+			local filter = storage.filter
+			if filter then
+				bitmasks.band(draft, filter, draft)
+			end
+			if bitmasks.is_empty(draft) then
+				continue
+			end
+
+			push_unreliable_update(emit(draft).updates, entity, true, id, WORLD_GET(world, entity, id))
+		end
+	end
+
+	return unreliable_groups
+end
+
+local function serialize_unreliable_groups(self: Server, groups: Map<MaskHash, UnreliableSerializeGroup>)
+	for _, group in groups do
+		serialize_unreliable_group(self, group, group.outputs)
+	end
+end
+
+-- rebuilds the shared lookups (component ids, custom ids, serdes) when
+-- flagged; no-op otherwise.
+function server.resolve_dirty(self: Server)
+	if not self.is_shared_dirty then
+		return
+	end
+
+	local serdes: { [Component]: types.Serdes } = {}
+	for component, options in self.component_serialization do
+		if options.serdes then
+			serdes[component] = options.serdes
+		end
+	end
+
+	self.shared = shared.resolve_shared(self.world, self.components, self.registered_custom_ids, serdes)
+	self.is_shared_dirty = false
+end
+
+local FULL_BITS = {
+	tags = 0,
+	components = 1,
+	pair_tags = 2,
+	pair_components = 3,
+	relation_tags = 4,
+	relation_components = 5,
+}
+
+-- full snapshot for a single player, serialized straight into one buffer.
+--
+-- layout in read order (sections are written in the reverse):
+--   vlq entity count
+--   per entity:
+--     entity id
+--     u8 entity mask                     FULL_BITS, vlq count per set bit
+--     tags                               component ids (tags and unreliable presence)
+--     components                         value + component id
+--     pair tags                          pairs
+--     pair components                    pair values
+--     relation tags                      per relation: [targets..., vlq, relation]
+--     relation components                per relation: [target + value..., vlq, relation]
+local function write_full_entity(
+	self: Server,
+	c: Cursor,
+	entity: Entity,
+	networked: NetworkedStorage,
+	index: number,
+	variants: Array<any>
+)
+	local world = self.world
+	local mask = 0
+
+	-- relation components: every current target with its value
+	local total = 0
+	for rel, relation_storage in networked.relation_storages do
+		if not relation_storage.is_component then
+			continue
+		end
+		local filter = relation_storage.filter
+		if filter and not bitmasks.test(filter, index) then
+			continue
+		end
+
+		local targets: Array<Entity> = {}
+		local values: Array<any> = {}
+		local target_index = 0
+		while true do
+			local target = WORLD_TARGET(world, entity, rel, target_index)
+			if not target then
+				break
+			end
+			target_index += 1
+			local value = WORLD_GET(world, entity, PAIR(rel, target))
+			table.insert(targets, target)
+			table.insert(values, SET_VALUE(value))
+		end
+		write_relation_targets_values(self, c, rel, targets, values, variants)
+		total += 1
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, FULL_BITS.relation_components)
+
+	-- relation tags: every current target
+	total = 0
+	for rel, relation_storage in networked.relation_storages do
+		if relation_storage.is_component then
+			continue
+		end
+		local filter = relation_storage.filter
+		if filter and not bitmasks.test(filter, index) then
+			continue
+		end
+
+		local targets: Array<Entity> = {}
+		local target_index = 0
+		while true do
+			local target = WORLD_TARGET(world, entity, rel, target_index)
+			if not target then
+				break
+			end
+			target_index += 1
+			table.insert(targets, target)
+		end
+		write_relation_targets(self, c, rel, targets)
+		total += 1
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, FULL_BITS.relation_tags)
+
+	-- pair components, unreliable values included
+	total = 0
+	for id, storage in networked.pair_storages do
+		if not storage.is_component then
+			continue
+		end
+		local filter = storage.filter
+		if filter and not bitmasks.test(filter, index) then
+			continue
+		end
+		if WORLD_HAS(world, entity, id) then
+			write_entity_pair_value(self, world, c, id, WORLD_GET(world, entity, id), variants)
+			total += 1
+		end
+	end
+	for id, storage in networked.unreliable_pair_storages do
+		if not storage.is_component then
+			continue
+		end
+		local filter = storage.filter
+		if filter and not bitmasks.test(filter, index) then
+			continue
+		end
+		if WORLD_HAS(world, entity, id) then
+			write_entity_pair_value(self, world, c, id, WORLD_GET(world, entity, id), variants)
+			total += 1
+		end
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, FULL_BITS.pair_components)
+
+	-- pair tags: reliable without a value
+	total = 0
+	for id, storage in networked.pair_storages do
+		if storage.is_component then
+			continue
+		end
+		local filter = storage.filter
+		if filter and not bitmasks.test(filter, index) then
+			continue
+		end
+		if WORLD_HAS(world, entity, id) then
+			write_entity_pair(self, world, c, id)
+			total += 1
+		end
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, FULL_BITS.pair_tags)
+
+	-- components: unreliable values ride along too, a snapshot is the only
+	-- reliable chance the client gets to see them
+	total = 0
+	for component, storage in networked.reliable_storages do
+		if not storage.is_component then
+			continue
+		end
+		local filter = storage.filter
+		if filter and not bitmasks.test(filter, index) then
+			continue
+		end
+		if WORLD_HAS(world, entity, component) then
+			write_component_value(self, c, component, WORLD_GET(world, entity, component), variants)
+			write_component_id(self, c, component)
+			total += 1
+		end
+	end
+	for component, storage in networked.unreliable_storages do
+		local filter = storage.filter
+		if filter and not bitmasks.test(filter, index) then
+			continue
+		end
+		if WORLD_HAS(world, entity, component) then
+			write_component_value(self, c, component, WORLD_GET(world, entity, component), variants)
+			write_component_id(self, c, component)
+			total += 1
+		end
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, FULL_BITS.components)
+
+	-- tags: reliable without a value
+	total = 0
+	for component, storage in networked.reliable_storages do
+		if storage.is_component then
+			continue
+		end
+		local filter = storage.filter
+		if filter and not bitmasks.test(filter, index) then
+			continue
+		end
+		if WORLD_HAS(world, entity, component) then
+			write_component_id(self, c, component)
+			total += 1
+		end
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, total, mask, FULL_BITS.tags)
+
+	cursor.writeu8(c, mask)
+	write_entity_id(self, c, entity)
+end
+
+function server.get_full(self: Server, player: Player): (buffer, Array<any>)
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+
+	local index = self.registry.client_indexes[player]
+	if index == nil then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to get full of a non registered client"
+	end
+
+	local is_active = bitmasks.test(self.client_active_bitmask, index)
+	if not is_active then
+		common.log_warn(
+			"attempted to get full of a client that is not active, the packet may be incomplete.",
+			"mark the player as ready first with mark_player_ready and run collect_updates"
+		)
+	end
+
+	local c = cursor.new()
+	local variants: Array<any> = {}
+	local total_entities = 0
+
+	for entity, networked in self.networked do
+		if networked.is_dead then
+			continue
+		end
+
+		local entity_filter = networked.filter
+		local visible = if entity_filter then bitmasks.test(entity_filter, index) else is_active
+		if not visible then
+			continue
+		end
+
+		write_full_entity(self, c, entity, networked, index, variants)
+		total_entities += 1
+	end
+
+	cursor.write_vlq(c, total_entities)
+	cursor.writeu8(c, PACKET_TYPES.full)
+	return cursor.close(c), variants
+end
+
+local function distribute_update_groups(groups: Map<MaskHash, SerializeGroup>): Map<number, MemberUpdatePackets>
+	local member_updates: Map<number, MemberUpdatePackets> = {}
+	for _, group in groups do
+		local output = group.output
+
+		local buf = output.buffer
+		local size = buffer.len(buf)
+		local update: MemberPacket = {
+			buffer = buf,
+			variants = output.variants :: Array<any>,
+		}
+
+		bitmasks.iter_set(group.bitmask, function(index)
+			local member = member_updates[index]
+			if not member then
+				member = { total_size = 0, updates = {} }
+				member_updates[index] = member
+			end
+			member.total_size += size
+			table.insert(member.updates, update)
+		end)
+	end
+	return member_updates
+end
+
+local function distribute_unreliable_groups(
+	groups: Map<MaskHash, UnreliableSerializeGroup>
+): Map<number, MemberUpdatePackets>
+	local member_updates: Map<number, MemberUpdatePackets> = {}
+
+	for _, group in groups do
+		local outputs = group.outputs
+		local updates: Array<MemberPacket> = {}
+
+		for _, output in outputs do
+			local buf = output.buffer
+			local update: MemberPacket = {
+				buffer = buf,
+				variants = output.variants :: Array<any>,
+			}
+			table.insert(updates, update)
+		end
+
+		bitmasks.iter_set(group.bitmask, function(index)
+			for _, update in updates do
+				local buf = update.buffer
+				local size = buffer.len(buf)
+
+				local member = member_updates[index]
+				if not member then
+					member = { total_size = 0, updates = {} }
+					member_updates[index] = member
+				end
+				member.total_size += size
+				table.insert(member.updates, update)
+			end
+		end)
+	end
+
+	return member_updates
+end
+
+local function combine_packet_outputs(
+	outputs: Array<MemberPacket>,
+	total_size: number,
+	packet_type: number
+): (buffer, Array<Array<any>>)
+	local count = #outputs
+	local combined = buffer.create(total_size + vlq_span(count) + PACKET_TYPE_SPAN)
+	local variants = table.create(count) :: Array<Array<any>>
+
+	local offset = 0
+	for _, update in outputs do
+		local buf = update.buffer
+		buffer.copy(combined, offset, buf)
+		offset += buffer.len(buf)
+		table.insert(variants, update.variants)
+	end
+
+	local tail = cursor.from_offset(combined, offset)
+	cursor.write_vlq(tail, count)
+	cursor.writeu8(tail, packet_type)
+	return combined, variants
+end
+
+local function create_packet_iterator(
+	self: Server,
+	member_updates: Map<number, MemberUpdatePackets>,
+	packet_type: number
+): PacketIterator
+	local index_clients = self.registry.index_clients
+	local iterated: number? 	
+local function iterator()
+		local index, member = next(member_updates, iterated)
+		if index == nil then
+			return nil :: any
+		end
+		iterated = index
+
+		local player = index_clients[index]
+		if player == nil then
+			LOG_ERROR "packet addressed to a client that is no longer registered, send packets right after collecting"
+		end
+
+		local combined, variants = combine_packet_outputs(member.updates, member.total_size, packet_type)
+		return player, combined, variants
+	end
+	return iterator :: PacketIterator
+end
+
+export type EntitySerializeGroup = {
+	bitmask: Bitmask,
+	relation_components: Array<Component>,
+	relation_tags: Array<Component>,
+	pair_components: Array<Component>,
+	pair_tags: Array<Component>,
+	components: Array<Component>,
+	tags: Array<Component>,
+}
+
+local function serialize_entity_group(
+	self: Server,
+	c: Cursor,
+	entity: Entity,
+	group: EntitySerializeGroup,
+	variants: Array<any>
+)
+	local world = self.world
+	local mask = 0
+
+	local relation_components = group.relation_components
+	for _, rel in relation_components do
+		local targets: Array<Entity> = {}
+		local values: Array<any> = {}
+		local target_index = 0
+		while true do
+			local target = WORLD_TARGET(world, entity, rel, target_index)
+			if not target then
+				break
+			end
+			target_index += 1
+			local value = WORLD_GET(world, entity, PAIR(rel, target))
+			table.insert(targets, target)
+			table.insert(values, SET_VALUE(value))
+		end
+		write_relation_targets_values(self, c, rel, targets, values, variants)
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, #relation_components, mask, FULL_BITS.relation_components)
+
+	local relation_tags = group.relation_tags
+	for _, rel in relation_tags do
+		local targets: Array<Entity> = {}
+		local target_index = 0
+		while true do
+			local target = WORLD_TARGET(world, entity, rel, target_index)
+			if not target then
+				break
+			end
+			target_index += 1
+			table.insert(targets, target)
+		end
+		write_relation_targets(self, c, rel, targets)
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, #relation_tags, mask, FULL_BITS.relation_tags)
+
+	local pair_components = group.pair_components
+	for _, id in pair_components do
+		write_entity_pair_value(self, world, c, id, WORLD_GET(world, entity, id), variants)
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, #pair_components, mask, FULL_BITS.pair_components)
+
+	local pair_tags = group.pair_tags
+	for _, id in pair_tags do
+		write_entity_pair(self, world, c, id)
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, #pair_tags, mask, FULL_BITS.pair_tags)
+
+	local components = group.components
+	for _, component in components do
+		write_component_value(self, c, component, WORLD_GET(world, entity, component), variants)
+		write_component_id(self, c, component)
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, #components, mask, FULL_BITS.components)
+
+	local tags = group.tags
+	for _, component in tags do
+		write_component_id(self, c, component)
+	end
+	mask = write_vlq_bitmask(c, #tags, mask, FULL_BITS.tags)
+
+	cursor.writeu8(c, mask)
+	write_entity_id(self, c, entity)
+end
+
+local function collect_entity_groups(self: Server, entity: Entity): Map<MaskHash, EntitySerializeGroup>
+	local networked = self.networked[entity]
+	if not networked or networked.is_dead then
+		LOG_ERROR "attempted to collect an entity that is not networked"
+	end
+
+	local scratch = self.draft_bitmask
+	local groups: Map<MaskHash, EntitySerializeGroup> = {}
+
+	local function emit(bitmask: Bitmask): EntitySerializeGroup
+		local hash = bitmasks.hash(bitmask)
+		local group = groups[hash]
+		if not group then
+			group = {
+				bitmask = bitmasks.clone(bitmask),
+				relation_components = {},
+				relation_tags = {},
+				pair_components = {},
+				pair_tags = {},
+				components = {},
+				tags = {},
+			}
+			groups[hash] = group
+		end
+		return group
+	end
+
+	-- everyone who sees the entity at all; storage filters clip within it
+	local entity_visible = bitmasks.clone(self.client_active_bitmask)
+	local entity_filter = networked.filter
+	if entity_filter then
+		bitmasks.band(entity_visible, entity_filter, entity_visible)
+	end
+	if bitmasks.is_empty(entity_visible) then
+		return groups
+	end
+	emit(entity_visible)
+
+	-- nil storage filters resolve to the entity's own visibility
+	local function group_for(storage: StorageBase): EntitySerializeGroup?
+		local filter = storage.filter
+		if not filter then
+			return emit(entity_visible)
+		end
+		bitmasks.band(filter, entity_visible, scratch)
+		if bitmasks.is_empty(scratch) then
+			return nil
+		end
+		return emit(scratch)
+	end
+
+	local world = self.world
+	for rel, storage in networked.relation_storages do
+		local group = group_for(storage)
+		if not group then
+			continue
+		end
+		table.insert(if storage.is_component then group.relation_components else group.relation_tags, rel)
+	end
+	for id, storage in networked.pair_storages do
+		if not WORLD_HAS(world, entity, id) then
+			continue
+		end
+		local group = group_for(storage)
+		if not group then
+			continue
+		end
+		table.insert(if storage.is_component then group.pair_components else group.pair_tags, id)
+	end
+
+	for id, storage in networked.unreliable_pair_storages do
+		if not WORLD_HAS(world, entity, id) then
+			continue
+		end
+		local group = group_for(storage)
+		if group then
+			table.insert(group.pair_components, id)
+		end
+	end
+	for component, storage in networked.reliable_storages do
+		if not WORLD_HAS(world, entity, component) then
+			continue
+		end
+		local group = group_for(storage)
+		if not group then
+			continue
+		end
+		table.insert(if storage.is_component then group.components else group.tags, component)
+	end
+	for component, storage in networked.unreliable_storages do
+		if not WORLD_HAS(world, entity, component) then
+			continue
+		end
+		local group = group_for(storage)
+		if group then
+			table.insert(group.components, component)
+		end
+	end
+
+	return groups
+end
+
+function server.collect_entity(self: Server, entity: Entity): PacketIterator
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+	local groups = collect_entity_groups(self, entity)
+
+	local member_updates: Map<number, MemberUpdatePackets> = {}
+	for _, group in groups do
+		local c = cursor.new()
+		local variants: Array<any> = {}
+		serialize_entity_group(self, c, entity, group, variants)
+		cursor.write_vlq(c, 1)
+
+		local buf = cursor.close(c)
+		local size = buffer.len(buf)
+		local update: MemberPacket = { buffer = buf, variants = variants }
+
+		bitmasks.iter_set(group.bitmask, function(index)
+			local member = member_updates[index]
+			if not member then
+				member = { total_size = 0, updates = {} }
+				member_updates[index] = member
+			end
+			member.total_size += size
+			table.insert(member.updates, update)
+		end)
+	end
+
+	return create_packet_iterator(self, member_updates, PACKET_TYPES.entity)
+end
+
+function server.collect_updates(self: Server): PacketIterator
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+	local groups = collect_updates_groups(self)
+	serialize_update_groups(self, groups)
+
+	return create_packet_iterator(self, distribute_update_groups(groups), PACKET_TYPES.updates)
+end
+
+local function create_unreliable_packet_iterator(
+	self: Server,
+	member_updates: Map<number, MemberUpdatePackets>
+): PacketIterator
+	local index_clients = self.registry.index_clients
+
+	return coroutine.wrap(function()
+		for index, member in member_updates do
+			local player = index_clients[index]
+			if player == nil then
+				LOG_ERROR "packet addressed to a client that is no longer registered, send packets right after collecting"
+			end
+			local updates = member.updates
+
+			table.sort(updates, function(a, b)
+				return buffer.len(a.buffer) < buffer.len(b.buffer)
+			end)
+			local total_packets = #updates
+
+			local current = 1
+			while current <= total_packets do
+				local sending: Array<MemberPacket> = {}
+				local batch_size = 0
+
+				while current <= total_packets do
+					local packet = updates[current]
+					local packet_size = buffer.len(packet.buffer)
+
+					-- combine appends the packet count and type byte, so they
+					-- count toward the budget
+					local next_count = #sending + 1
+					local tail = vlq_span(next_count) + PACKET_TYPE_SPAN
+					if batch_size + packet_size + tail > MAX_UNRELIABLE_PACKET_SIZE and #sending > 0 then
+						break
+					end
+
+					table.insert(sending, packet)
+					batch_size += packet_size
+					current += 1
+
+					if batch_size + tail >= MAX_UNRELIABLE_PACKET_SIZE then
+						break
+					end
+				end
+
+				if #sending > 0 then
+					local combined, variants = combine_packet_outputs(sending, batch_size, PACKET_TYPES.unreliable)
+					coroutine.yield(player, combined, variants)
+				end
+			end
+		end
+	end)
+end
+
+function server.collect_unreliable(self: Server): PacketIterator
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+	local groups = collect_unreliable_groups(self)
+	serialize_unreliable_groups(self, groups)
+	return create_unreliable_packet_iterator(self, distribute_unreliable_groups(groups))
+end
+
+function server.register_player(self: Server, player: Player)
+	self.registry:register_client(player)
+end
+
+function server.add_player_alias(self: Server, player: Player, alias: any)
+	self.registry:add_alias(player, alias)
+end
+
+function server.remove_player_alias(self: Server, alias: any)
+	self.registry:remove_alias(alias)
+end
+
+function server.mark_player_ready(self: Server, player: Player)
+	local registry = self.registry
+	registry:register_client(player)
+
+	local index = registry.client_indexes[player]
+	if not index then
+		return
+	end
+	bitmasks.set(self.client_active_bitmask, index)
+end
+
+function server.is_player_ready(self: Server, player: Player): boolean
+	local index = self.registry.client_indexes[player]
+	if not index then
+		return false
+	end
+	return bitmasks.test(self.client_active_bitmask, index)
+end
+
+function server.encode_component(self: Server, component: Component): number
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+	local encoded = self.shared.components.members[component]
+	if not encoded then
+		LOG_ERROR(`attempted to encode a non-shared component `, common.log_component(self.world, component))
+		return 0
+	end
+	return encoded
+end
+
+function server.decode_component(self: Server, encoded: number): Component?
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+	return self.shared.components.indexes[encoded]
+end
+
+function server.get_shared_count(self: Server): number
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+	return #self.shared.components.keys
+end
+
+function server.generate_handshake(self: Server): types.HandshakeInfo
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+	return handshake.generate_handshake(self.shared)
+end
+
+function server.verify_handshake(self: Server, client_handshake: types.HandshakeInfo): (boolean, string?)
+	self:resolve_dirty()
+	return handshake.verify_handshake(self.shared, client_handshake, "client", "server")
+end
+
+
+local function invalidate_client_index(storage: StorageBase, hole_mask: number, index: number)
+	local filter = storage.filter
+	if filter then
+		bitmasks.punch_hole_mask(filter, hole_mask, index)
+	end
+	local last_replicated = storage.last_replicated
+	if last_replicated then
+		bitmasks.punch_hole_mask(last_replicated, hole_mask, index)
+	end
+end
+
+function server.remove_player(self: Server, player: Player)
+	local registry = self.registry
+	local index = registry.client_indexes[player]
+
+	if index then
+		bitmasks.reset(self.client_active_bitmask, index)
+		bitmasks.reset(self.last_active_bitmask, index)
+
+		local hole_mask = bitmasks.get_hole_mask(index)
+		for _, networked in self.networked do
+			invalidate_client_index(networked, hole_mask, index)
+			for _, reliable_storage in networked.reliable_storages do
+				invalidate_client_index(reliable_storage, hole_mask, index)
+			end
+			for _, unreliable_storage in networked.unreliable_storages do
+				invalidate_client_index(unreliable_storage, hole_mask, index)
+			end
+			for _, pair_storage in networked.pair_storages do
+				invalidate_client_index(pair_storage, hole_mask, index)
+			end
+			for _, unreliable_pair_storage in networked.unreliable_pair_storages do
+				invalidate_client_index(unreliable_pair_storage, hole_mask, index)
+			end
+			for _, relation_storage in networked.relation_storages do
+				invalidate_client_index(relation_storage, hole_mask, index)
+			end
+		end
+	end
+
+	registry:remove_client_aliases(player)
+	registry:unregister_client(player)
+end
+
+local function hook_tracking_relation(
+	self: Server,
+	hook: (() -> ()) -> (),
+	track_type: Component,
+	set: (
+		self: Server,
+		entity: Entity,
+		component: Component,
+		filter: FilterInput?
+	) -> (),
+	stop: (self: Server, entity: Entity, component: Component) -> ()
+)
+	local world = self.world
+	hook(HOOK_ADDED(world, LISTEN_RELATION(track_type), function(entity, id, filter)
+		set(self, entity, PAIR_SECOND(world, id), filter)
+	end))
+	hook(HOOK_CHANGED(world, LISTEN_RELATION(track_type), function(entity, id, filter)
+		set(self, entity, PAIR_SECOND(world, id), filter)
+	end))
+	hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, LISTEN_RELATION(track_type), function(entity, id)
+		stop(self, entity, PAIR_SECOND(world, id))
+	end))
+end
+
+local function discover_tracking_relation(
+	self: Server,
+	track_type: Component,
+	set: (
+		self: Server,
+		entity: Entity,
+		component: Component,
+		filter: FilterInput?
+	) -> ()
+)
+	local world = self.world
+	for entity in world:query(PAIR(track_type, WILDCARD)):iter() do
+		local index = 0
+		while true do
+			local component = WORLD_TARGET(world, entity, track_type, index)
+			if not component then
+				break
+			end
+			index += 1
+			set(self, entity, component, WORLD_GET(world, entity, PAIR(track_type, component)))
+		end
+	end
+end
+
+local function discover_current(self: Server)
+	local world = self.world
+	local components = self.components
+
+	for component, serdes in world:query(components.serdes):iter() do
+		self:set_serdes(component, serdes)
+	end
+
+	for entity, filter in world:query(components.networked):iter() do
+		self:set_networked(entity, filter)
+	end
+
+	if RELATIONSHIPS then
+		discover_tracking_relation(self, components.reliable, self.set_reliable)
+		discover_tracking_relation(self, components.once, self.set_once)
+		discover_tracking_relation(self, components.unreliable, self.set_unreliable)
+		discover_tracking_relation(self, components.relation, self.set_relation)
+
+		for entity in world:query(PAIR(components.custom, WILDCARD)):iter() do
+			local handler = WORLD_TARGET(world, entity, components.custom, 0)
+			if handler then
+				self:set_custom(entity, handler)
+			end
+		end
+	end
+end
+
+function server.init(self: Server, wrd: World?)
+	if self.inited == true then
+		return common.log_warn "attempted to init a server twice"
+	end
+	if self.inited == nil then
+		return common.log_warn "attempted to re-init a destroyed server"
+	end
+	self.inited = true
+
+	local world = wrd or self.world
+	self.world = world
+
+	if not world then
+		common.log_error "Providing a world is required to start replecs"
+	end
+
+	if not self.components then
+		self.components = utils.create_world_components(world)
+	end
+	local components = self.components
+
+	local function hook(unhook: () -> ())
+		table.insert(self.cleanups, unhook)
+	end
+
+	-- shared components and their names feed the handshake lookups; any change
+	-- rebuilds them at the next resolve_dirty
+	local function mark_shared_dirty()
+		self.is_shared_dirty = true
+	end
+
+	for _, component in { components.shared, ECS_NAME } do
+		hook(HOOK_ADDED(world, component, mark_shared_dirty))
+		hook(HOOK_CHANGED(world, component, mark_shared_dirty))
+		hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, component, mark_shared_dirty))
+	end
+
+	hook(HOOK_ADDED(world, components.networked, function(entity, _, filter)
+		self:set_networked(entity, filter)
+	end))
+	hook(HOOK_CHANGED(world, components.networked, function(entity, _, filter)
+		self:set_networked(entity, filter)
+	end))
+	hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, components.networked, function(entity)
+		self:stop_networked(entity)
+	end))
+
+	if RELATIONSHIPS then
+		hook_tracking_relation(self, hook, components.reliable, self.set_reliable, self.stop_reliable)
+		hook_tracking_relation(self, hook, components.once, self.set_once, self.stop_once)
+		hook_tracking_relation(self, hook, components.unreliable, self.set_unreliable, self.stop_unreliable)
+		hook_tracking_relation(self, hook, components.relation, self.set_relation, self.stop_relation)
+
+		hook(HOOK_ADDED(world, LISTEN_RELATION(components.custom), function(entity, id)
+			if not IS_PAIR(id) then
+				LOG_ERROR "replecs.custom should be used as a pair in the server: pair(custom, handler)"
+			end
+			self:set_custom(entity, PAIR_SECOND(world, id))
+		end))
+		hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, LISTEN_RELATION(components.custom), function(entity)
+			self:remove_custom(entity)
+		end))
+	end
+
+	hook(HOOK_ADDED(world, components.serdes, function(component, _, serdes)
+		self:set_serdes(component, serdes)
+	end))
+	hook(HOOK_CHANGED(world, components.serdes, function(component, _, serdes)
+		self:set_serdes(component, serdes)
+	end))
+	hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, components.serdes, function(component)
+		self:remove_serdes(component)
+	end))
+
+	hook(HOOK_REMOVED(world, components.__alive_tracking__, function(entity)
+		self:cleanup_entity(entity)
+	end))
+
+	discover_current(self)
+
+	if game and game:GetService("RunService"):IsServer() then
+		local Players = game:GetService "Players"
+
+		local added = Players.PlayerAdded:Connect(function(player)
+			self:register_player(player)
+		end)
+		local removing = Players.PlayerRemoving:Connect(function(player)
+			self:remove_player(player)
+		end)
+		for _, player in Players:GetPlayers() do
+			self:register_player(player)
+		end
+
+		hook(function()
+			added:Disconnect()
+			removing:Disconnect()
+		end)
+	end
+
+	self.is_shared_dirty = true
+end
+
+function server.destroy(self: Server)
+	if self.inited == nil then
+		return common.log_warn "attempted to destroy a server twice"
+	end
+	self.inited = nil
+	for _, cleanup in self.cleanups do
+		cleanup()
+	end
+	table.clear(self.cleanups)
+end
+
+function server.create(world: World?, components: types.Components?, max_clients: number?): Server
+	local self = {} :: Server
+
+	self.world = world :: any
+	self.components = components or (if world then utils.create_world_components(world) else nil) :: any
+	self.inited = false
+
+	self.registry = registry.create(max_clients or DEFAULT_MAX_CLIENTS)
+	self.bitmask_size = self.registry.bitmask_size
+	self.ready_players_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+	self.shared = {} :: types.Shared
+
+	self.networked = {}
+	self.unreliable_networked = {}
+	self.postponed_components = {}
+	self.entity_serialization = {}
+	self.registered_custom_ids = {}
+	self.component_serialization = {}
+	-- starts dirty so the first resolve_dirty builds the lookups
+	self.is_shared_dirty = true
+
+	self.hooked_components = {}
+	self.hooked_unreliable = {}
+	self.hooked_relations = {}
+	self.hooked_pairs = {}
+	self.hooked_unreliable_pairs = {}
+
+	self.dirty_networked = {}
+	self.function_filters = {}
+
+	self.empty_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+	self.draft_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+	self.target_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+	self.filled_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+	buffer.fill(self.filled_bitmask, 0, 0xFF, self.bitmask_size)
+
+	self.client_active_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+	self.last_active_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+	self.newly_active_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+	self.newly_unactive_bitmask = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size)
+
+	self.entity_bitmask_deltas = {
+		added = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size),
+		removed = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size),
+	}
+	self.component_bitmask_deltas = {
+		added = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size),
+		removed = buffer.create(self.bitmask_size),
+	}
+
+	self.cleanups = {}
+	return setmetatable(self, server) :: any
+end
+
+return {
+	create = server.create,
+
+	collect_updates_groups = function(self: Server): Map<MaskHash, SerializeGroup>
+		self:resolve_dirty()
+		return collect_updates_groups(self)
+	end,
+	collect_unreliable_groups = function(self: Server): Map<MaskHash, UnreliableSerializeGroup>
+		self:resolve_dirty()
+		return collect_unreliable_groups(self)
+	end,
+	serialize_update_groups = serialize_update_groups,
+	serialize_unreliable_groups = serialize_unreliable_groups,
+	collect_entity_groups = function(self: Server, entity: Entity): Map<MaskHash, EntitySerializeGroup>
+		self:resolve_dirty()
+		return collect_entity_groups(self, entity)
+	end,
+}