@rangojs/router 0.0.0-experimental.dfa55db4 → 0.0.0-experimental.e16b7c00

package/src/vite/discovery/state.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@ export interface PluginOptions {
   buildEnv?: import("../plugin-types.js").BuildEnvOption;
   /** Deployment preset (needed for buildEnv "auto" resolution). */
   preset?: "node" | "cloudflare";
+  /**
+   * Shared context the built-in clientChunks strategy reads. Discovery populates
+   * it (registered fallback hashes + single-router name) before the client build
+   * invokes the strategy. Present only when the built-in strategy is active
+   * (`clientChunks: true`/default); undefined for `false` or a custom function.
+   */
+  clientChunkCtx?: import("../utils/client-chunks.js").ClientChunkContext;
 }
 
 export interface PrecomputedEntry {
@@ -45,6 +52,21 @@ export interface DiscoveryState {
   projectRoot: string;
   isBuildMode: boolean;
   userResolveAlias: any;
+  /**
+   * Data-only slice of the user's resolved config (resolve.* incl. native
+   * tsconfigPaths, define, oxc) mirrored into the discovery temp server so it
+   * resolves and transforms modules the same way the real environment does.
+   * See `utils/forward-user-plugins.ts`.
+   */
+  userRunnerConfig:
+    | import("../utils/forward-user-plugins.js").ForwardedRunnerConfig
+    | undefined;
+  /**
+   * User resolution plugins (resolveId/load), stripped to their resolution
+   * surface, forwarded into the discovery temp server. Lets third-party
+   * resolvers such as vite-tsconfig-paths participate in discovery.
+   */
+  userResolvePlugins: import("vite").Plugin[];
   scanFilter: ScanFilter | undefined;
   cachedRouterFiles: string[] | undefined;
   opts: PluginOptions | undefined;
@@ -76,6 +98,14 @@ export interface DiscoveryState {
   resolvedBuildEnv?: Record<string, unknown>;
   /** Cleanup function for build-time env resources (e.g., miniflare). */
   buildEnvDispose?: (() => Promise<void> | void) | null;
+
+  /**
+   * Set when the most recent HMR re-discovery threw. Cleared on the next
+   * successful discovery. Surfaced via debug logs so we can detect "manifest
+   * frozen at last-good after error → user fix in non-route file → no
+   * rediscovery trigger" scenarios.
+   */
+  lastDiscoveryError?: { message: string; at: number } | null;
 }
 
 export function createDiscoveryState(
@@ -87,6 +117,8 @@ export function createDiscoveryState(
     projectRoot: "",
     isBuildMode: false,
     userResolveAlias: undefined,
+    userRunnerConfig: undefined,
+    userResolvePlugins: [],
     scanFilter: undefined,
     cachedRouterFiles: undefined,
     opts,
@@ -113,5 +145,6 @@ export function createDiscoveryState(
     devServer: null,
     selfWrittenGenFiles: new Map(),
     SELF_WRITE_WINDOW_MS: 5_000,
+    lastDiscoveryError: null,
   };
 }

package/src/vite/discovery/virtual-module-codegen.ts

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export function generateRoutesManifestModule(state: DiscoveryState): string {
     }
 
     const lines = [
-      `import { setCachedManifest, setPrecomputedEntries, setRouteTrie, setRouterManifest, registerRouterManifestLoader, clearAllRouterData } from "@rangojs/router/server";`,
+      `import { setCachedManifest, setRouterManifest, registerRouterManifestLoader, clearAllRouterData } from "@rangojs/router/server";`,
       ...genFileImports,
       // Clear stale per-router cached data (manifest, trie, precomputed entries)
       // before re-populating. In Cloudflare dev mode, program reloads re-evaluate
@@ -101,28 +101,18 @@ export function generateRoutesManifestModule(state: DiscoveryState): string {
       }
     }
 
-    // In dev mode, skip trie and precomputed entries injection. These are
-    // computed once during initial discovery and become stale after route
-    // changes. A stale trie would incorrectly match removed routes. The
-    // handler falls back to Phase 2 regex matching against the live
-    // router.urlpatterns, which is always correct after a program reload.
-    // In build mode, the trie is always fresh (built from the final route
-    // tree) so it's safe to inject.
-    if (state.isBuildMode) {
-      if (
-        state.mergedPrecomputedEntries &&
-        state.mergedPrecomputedEntries.length > 0
-      ) {
-        lines.push(
-          `setPrecomputedEntries(${jsonParseExpression(state.mergedPrecomputedEntries)});`,
-        );
-      }
-      if (state.mergedRouteTrie) {
-        lines.push(
-          `setRouteTrie(${jsonParseExpression(state.mergedRouteTrie)});`,
-        );
-      }
-    }
+    // Per-router trie and precomputedEntries are NOT inlined eagerly.
+    // They live in the per-router lazy chunks (generatePerRouterModule) and
+    // are loaded via ensureRouterManifest(routerId), which is awaited before
+    // every request in router.fetch() and before findMatch is reached.
+    // Inlining the merged versions here would duplicate the per-router data
+    // (the merged trie/precomputedEntries equal the per-router data for
+    // single-router apps; for multi-router, the merged trie is dead code
+    // because find-match.ts only consumes per-router tries).
+    //
+    // In dev mode, the handler also falls back to Phase 2 regex matching
+    // against live router.urlpatterns, which is always correct after a
+    // program reload.
 
     // Register lazy loaders for per-router manifest modules.
     // Each import() uses a static string literal so Rollup creates separate chunks.

package/src/vite/index.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ export type {
   RangoNodeOptions,
   RangoCloudflareOptions,
   RangoOptions,
+  ClientChunks,
+  ClientChunkMeta,
   BuildEnvOption,
   BuildEnvFactory,
   BuildEnvFactoryContext,

package/src/vite/plugin-types.ts

@@ -47,6 +47,64 @@ export type BuildEnvOption =
   | Record<string, unknown>
   | BuildEnvFactory;
 
+// -- Client chunking --------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Metadata for one client ("use client") module, passed to a {@link ClientChunks}
+ * function. Mirrors the shape `@vitejs/plugin-rsc` passes to its own
+ * `clientChunks` option.
+ */
+export interface ClientChunkMeta {
+  /** Absolute module id of the "use client" file. */
+  id: string;
+  /** Normalized (posix) module id — convenient for path-based matching. */
+  normalizedId: string;
+  /**
+   * The RSC/server chunk that statically imports this client reference. This is
+   * the key used for the default grouping when no override is supplied: a single
+   * router that statically imports every route yields ONE `serverChunk`, hence
+   * one client chunk for all routes.
+   */
+  serverChunk: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Controls how client ("use client") components are grouped into browser
+ * chunks, i.e. per-route / per-feature code splitting of the client bundle.
+ *
+ * Without splitting, a single router ships ONE client chunk containing every
+ * route's client components (and their CSS) — navigating to one route downloads
+ * every other route's client code. (Host sub-apps loaded via a dynamic `import()`
+ * are the exception: each forms its own chunk.) This option controls how that
+ * monolith is split.
+ *
+ * Behavior branches:
+ * - `true` / omitted (**default**, pre-1.0): Rango's built-in **directory
+ *   strategy**. It splits app `"use client"` modules by **route id** — the segment
+ *   after a route-root directory (`routes`, `app`, `pages`, `features`, `handlers`,
+ *   …) — so `routes/dashboard/**` becomes `app-dashboard` at any nesting depth.
+ *   Where it finds NO route structure (a flat `src/components/`, or host sub-apps
+ *   already split by a dynamic `import()`), it inherits the default grouping
+ *   unchanged — so the shared `src/components` chunk stays shared and host apps do
+ *   not leak across each other. Shared runtime (React, the router, `node_modules`)
+ *   is never split.
+ * - `false`: opt out — inherit `@vitejs/plugin-rsc`'s default grouping everywhere
+ *   (one chunk per router / per host sub-app).
+ * - function: full override. Return a chunk group name, or `undefined` to fall
+ *   back to the default grouping for that one module. Forwarded directly to
+ *   `@vitejs/plugin-rsc`'s `clientChunks`.
+ *
+ * Every module maps to exactly one group, so there is no byte duplication: a
+ * component used by two routes lives in one group and is fetched whenever it
+ * renders. Put genuinely shared client components OUTSIDE route directories so
+ * they land in the shared group rather than one route's chunk.
+ *
+ * @default true
+ */
+export type ClientChunks =
+  | boolean
+  | ((meta: ClientChunkMeta) => string | undefined);
+
 // -- Plugin options ---------------------------------------------------------
 
 /**
@@ -59,6 +117,15 @@ interface RangoBaseOptions {
    */
   banner?: boolean;
 
+  /**
+   * Group client ("use client") components into browser chunks for per-route /
+   * per-feature code splitting. On by default (pre-1.0); pass `false` to opt out.
+   * See {@link ClientChunks}.
+   *
+   * @default true
+   */
+  clientChunks?: ClientChunks;
+
   /**
    * Environment bindings available to Prerender and Static handlers at build
    * time via `ctx.env`. Applies to both production build and dev on-demand

package/src/vite/plugins/cjs-to-esm.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 import type { Plugin } from "vite";
+import { createRangoDebugger, NS } from "../debug.js";
+
+const debug = createRangoDebugger(NS.transform);
 
 /**
  * Transform CJS vendor files from @vitejs/plugin-rsc to ESM for browser compatibility.
@@ -9,18 +12,16 @@ export function createCjsToEsmPlugin(): Plugin {
     name: "@rangojs/router:cjs-to-esm",
     enforce: "pre",
     transform(code, id) {
-      const cleanId = id.split("?")[0];
+      const cleanId = id.split("?")[0].replaceAll("\\", "/");
 
       // Transform the client.browser.js entry point to re-export from CJS
-      if (
-        cleanId.includes("vendor/react-server-dom/client.browser.js") ||
-        cleanId.includes("vendor\\react-server-dom\\client.browser.js")
-      ) {
+      if (cleanId.includes("vendor/react-server-dom/client.browser.js")) {
         const isProd = process.env.NODE_ENV === "production";
         const cjsFile = isProd
           ? "./cjs/react-server-dom-webpack-client.browser.production.js"
           : "./cjs/react-server-dom-webpack-client.browser.development.js";
 
+        debug?.("cjs-to-esm entry redirect %s", id);
         return {
           code: `export * from "${cjsFile}";`,
           map: null,
@@ -29,8 +30,7 @@ export function createCjsToEsmPlugin(): Plugin {
 
       // Transform the actual CJS files to ESM
       if (
-        (cleanId.includes("vendor/react-server-dom/cjs/") ||
-          cleanId.includes("vendor\\react-server-dom\\cjs\\")) &&
+        cleanId.includes("vendor/react-server-dom/cjs/") &&
         cleanId.includes("client.browser")
       ) {
         let transformed = code;
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ export function createCjsToEsmPlugin(): Plugin {
         // Reconstruct with license at the top
         transformed = license + "\n" + transformed;
 
+        debug?.("cjs-to-esm body rewrite %s", id);
         return {
           code: transformed,
           map: null,

package/src/vite/plugins/client-ref-dedup.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 import type { Plugin, ResolvedConfig } from "vite";
+import { createRangoDebugger, NS } from "../debug.js";
+
+const debug = createRangoDebugger(NS.transform);
 
 const CLIENT_IN_SERVER_PROXY_PREFIX =
   "virtual:vite-rsc/client-in-server-package-proxy/";
@@ -62,6 +65,7 @@ export function extractPackageName(absolutePath: string): string | null {
  */
 export function clientRefDedup(): Plugin {
   let clientExclude: string[] = [];
+  const dedupedPackages = new Set<string>();
 
   return {
     name: "@rangojs/router:client-ref-dedup",
@@ -76,6 +80,16 @@ export function clientRefDedup(): Plugin {
         clientEnv?.optimizeDeps?.exclude ?? config.optimizeDeps?.exclude ?? [];
     },
 
+    buildEnd() {
+      if (debug && dedupedPackages.size > 0) {
+        debug(
+          "client-ref-dedup: redirected %d package(s) (%s)",
+          dedupedPackages.size,
+          [...dedupedPackages].join(","),
+        );
+      }
+    },
+
     resolveId(source, importer, options) {
       // Only intercept in the client environment
       if (this.environment?.name !== "client") return;
@@ -95,6 +109,8 @@ export function clientRefDedup(): Plugin {
       // Don't redirect packages that are excluded from optimization
       if (clientExclude.includes(packageName)) return;
 
+      if (debug) dedupedPackages.add(packageName);
+
       // Return a virtual module that re-exports via bare specifier
       return `\0rango:dedup/${packageName}`;
     },

package/src/vite/plugins/client-ref-hashing.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import type { Plugin } from "vite";
 import { relative } from "node:path";
 import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
+import { createRangoDebugger, createCounter, NS } from "../debug.js";
+
+const debug = createRangoDebugger(NS.transform);
 
 // Dev-mode client-reference key prefixes emitted by @vitejs/plugin-rsc
 const CLIENT_PKG_PROXY_PREFIX =
@@ -19,6 +22,17 @@ const FS_PREFIX = "/@fs/";
  * Returns the input unchanged if it doesn't match a known dev-mode pattern
  * (e.g., already a production hash).
  */
+/**
+ * The production client-reference key hash: `sha256(relativeId).slice(0,12)`,
+ * matching @vitejs/plugin-rsc's `hashString`. Exported so the client-chunks
+ * strategy can hash a `clientChunks` callback's `meta.normalizedId` (already the
+ * project-root-relative id) and compare it against fallback hashes collected
+ * during discovery.
+ */
+export function hashRefKey(relativeId: string): string {
+  return createHash("sha256").update(relativeId).digest("hex").slice(0, 12);
+}
+
 export function computeProductionHash(
   projectRoot: string,
   refKey: string,
@@ -46,7 +60,7 @@ export function computeProductionHash(
     return refKey;
   }
 
-  return createHash("sha256").update(toHash).digest("hex").slice(0, 12);
+  return hashRefKey(toHash);
 }
 
 // Regex to match registerClientReference() calls as emitted by @vitejs/plugin-rsc.
@@ -89,6 +103,7 @@ export function transformClientRefs(
  * regex replacement of Flight payloads.
  */
 export function hashClientRefs(projectRoot: string): Plugin {
+  const counter = createCounter(debug, "hash-client-refs");
   return {
     name: "@rangojs/router:hash-client-refs",
     // Run after the RSC plugin's transform (default enforce is normal)
@@ -96,10 +111,18 @@ export function hashClientRefs(projectRoot: string): Plugin {
     applyToEnvironment(env) {
       return env.name === "rsc";
     },
-    transform(code, _id) {
-      const result = transformClientRefs(code, projectRoot);
-      if (result === null) return;
-      return { code: result, map: null };
+    buildEnd() {
+      counter?.flush();
+    },
+    transform(code, id) {
+      const start = counter ? performance.now() : 0;
+      try {
+        const result = transformClientRefs(code, projectRoot);
+        if (result === null) return;
+        return { code: result, map: null };
+      } finally {
+        counter?.record(id, performance.now() - start);
+      }
     },
   };
 }

package/src/vite/plugins/cloudflare-protocol-loader-hook.d.mts

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+export interface LoaderResolveContext {
+  parentURL?: string;
+  conditions?: readonly string[];
+  importAttributes?: Record<string, string>;
+}
+
+export interface LoaderResolveResult {
+  shortCircuit?: boolean;
+  url: string;
+  format?: "module" | "commonjs" | "json" | "wasm" | null;
+  importAttributes?: Record<string, string>;
+}
+
+export type NextResolve = (
+  specifier: string,
+  context?: LoaderResolveContext,
+) => Promise<LoaderResolveResult>;
+
+export function resolve(
+  specifier: string,
+  context: LoaderResolveContext,
+  nextResolve: NextResolve,
+): Promise<LoaderResolveResult>;

package/src/vite/plugins/cloudflare-protocol-loader-hook.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Node ESM loader hook that resolves `cloudflare:*` imports to the same
+// stub ESM the Vite transform produces for rewritten specifiers.
+//
+// Why both? The Vite transform (cloudflare-protocol-stub.ts) catches
+// imports in modules that flow through Vite's plugin pipeline — covers
+// user source and any node_modules package Vite fetches and transforms.
+// But Vite/Rollup externalize certain packages (e.g. `partyserver`,
+// which has `import { DurableObject, env } from "cloudflare:workers"`
+// at its top level, and similar "workerd-native" libraries). Externalized
+// modules bypass the transform: Rollup hands their resolution to Node's
+// native ESM loader, which rejects URL-scheme specifiers. This loader
+// hook registers via `module.register()` from `createTempRscServer` and
+// intercepts `cloudflare:*` at Node's resolve layer — before the default
+// loader throws ERR_UNSUPPORTED_ESM_URL_SCHEME.
+//
+// Lifecycle: the hook runs in a dedicated worker thread (Node ESM loader
+// architecture) with its own globalThis. It cannot see the main thread's
+// `__rango_build_env__` bridge, so the `env` export here is always `{}`.
+// That's fine in practice — externalized libraries don't typically touch
+// `env` at module top level; they read it at request time in workerd
+// where the real module exists. Build-time prerender handlers in user
+// source DO read `env`, but they flow through the Vite transform (which
+// does bridge `env` from `getPlatformProxy()`), not through this loader.
+//
+// Keep STUBS in sync with cloudflare-protocol-stub.ts — both paths need
+// to hand out the same base classes.
+
+const CF_PREFIX = "cloudflare:";
+
+const STUBS = {
+  "cloudflare:workers": `
+export class DurableObject { constructor(_ctx, _env) {} }
+export class WorkerEntrypoint { constructor(_ctx, _env) {} }
+export class WorkflowEntrypoint { constructor(_ctx, _env) {} }
+export class RpcTarget {}
+export const env = {};
+export default {};
+`,
+  "cloudflare:email": `
+export class EmailMessage { constructor(_from, _to, _raw) {} }
+export default {};
+`,
+  "cloudflare:sockets": `
+export function connect() { return {}; }
+export default {};
+`,
+  "cloudflare:workflows": `
+export class NonRetryableError extends Error {
+  constructor(message, name) { super(message); this.name = name ?? "NonRetryableError"; }
+}
+export default {};
+`,
+};
+
+// Policy: unknown `cloudflare:*` specifiers resolve permissively to an
+// empty default export rather than throwing. Same reasoning as
+// cloudflare-protocol-stub.ts's FALLBACK_STUB — we prioritize
+// dependency-graph resilience over strict validation, because third-party
+// packages can pull `cloudflare:*` modules we haven't curated.
+const FALLBACK_STUB = `export default {};\n`;
+
+function dataUrlFor(specifier) {
+  const body = STUBS[specifier] ?? FALLBACK_STUB;
+  return "data:text/javascript;base64," + Buffer.from(body).toString("base64");
+}
+
+export async function resolve(specifier, context, nextResolve) {
+  if (specifier.startsWith(CF_PREFIX)) {
+    return {
+      shortCircuit: true,
+      url: dataUrlFor(specifier),
+      format: "module",
+    };
+  }
+  return nextResolve(specifier, context);
+}

package/src/vite/plugins/cloudflare-protocol-stub.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+import type { Plugin } from "vite";
+
+const VIRTUAL_PREFIX = "virtual:rango-cloudflare-stub-";
+const NULL_PREFIX = "\0" + VIRTUAL_PREFIX;
+const CF_PREFIX = "cloudflare:";
+
+/**
+ * `globalThis` key the `cloudflare:workers` stub reads to populate its
+ * `env` export. Router discovery sets this to the resolved `buildEnv`
+ * proxy (from `wrangler.getPlatformProxy()` when `buildEnv: "auto"` is
+ * configured, or a user-supplied object otherwise) before importing the
+ * worker entry, and clears it after discovery disposes the proxy. When
+ * unset, the stub's `env` falls back to `{}`.
+ *
+ * Using `globalThis` is the only cross-module bridge that works here:
+ * the stub's `load` hook returns source text, not a live closure, but
+ * the stub module is evaluated in the same Node process as the
+ * discovery plugin — so reading a global at module-evaluation time
+ * reaches whatever the plugin assigned there. A symbol key would be
+ * cleaner in-process but awkward to name from the stub source.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export const BUILD_ENV_GLOBAL_KEY = "__rango_build_env__";
+
+const SOURCE_EXT_RE = /\.[mc]?[jt]sx?$/;
+
+const IMPORT_NODE_TYPES = new Set([
+  "ImportDeclaration",
+  "ImportExpression",
+  "ExportNamedDeclaration",
+  "ExportAllDeclaration",
+]);
+
+// Keep in sync with `STUBS` in cloudflare-protocol-loader-hook.mjs —
+// both paths (Vite transform and Node loader) need to hand out the same
+// classes. Unknown `cloudflare:*` modules fall back to an empty default
+// export so third-party packages (e.g. the Cloudflare Agents SDK) can
+// pull them into the graph without crashing discovery. Discovery only
+// evaluates module top-level code — no handlers run — so missing named
+// exports only fail if something does `class X extends Missing {}` at
+// module scope, which is rare outside the already-stubbed classes.
+const STUBS: Record<string, string> = {
+  "cloudflare:workers": `
+export class DurableObject { constructor(_ctx, _env) {} }
+export class WorkerEntrypoint { constructor(_ctx, _env) {} }
+export class WorkflowEntrypoint { constructor(_ctx, _env) {} }
+export class RpcTarget {}
+export const env = globalThis[${JSON.stringify(BUILD_ENV_GLOBAL_KEY)}] ?? {};
+export default {};
+`,
+  "cloudflare:email": `
+export class EmailMessage { constructor(_from, _to, _raw) {} }
+export default {};
+`,
+  "cloudflare:sockets": `
+export function connect() { return {}; }
+export default {};
+`,
+  "cloudflare:workflows": `
+export class NonRetryableError extends Error {
+  constructor(message, name) { super(message); this.name = name ?? "NonRetryableError"; }
+}
+export default {};
+`,
+};
+
+// Policy: unknown `cloudflare:*` specifiers resolve permissively (empty
+// default export) rather than throwing. We prioritize dependency-graph
+// resilience over strict validation of user imports because third-party
+// packages can pull `cloudflare:*` modules we haven't curated, and
+// discovery should not fail just because those modules appear in the graph.
+// Tradeoff: unsupported user-authored `cloudflare:*` imports may fail later
+// with a generic JS/module error instead of a tailored rango-branded hint.
+// The test below pins this behavior so dependency compatibility is not
+// regressed accidentally.
+const FALLBACK_STUB = `export default {};\n`;
+
+interface AstNode {
+  type: string;
+  start?: number;
+  end?: number;
+  source?: AstNode | null;
+  value?: unknown;
+  [key: string]: unknown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stubs `cloudflare:*` imports for the discovery-time Node Vite server.
+ *
+ * Discovery only evaluates user module top-level code — it never invokes
+ * DurableObject / WorkerEntrypoint / Workflow handlers — so empty base
+ * classes are enough for `class X extends DurableObject {}` declarations
+ * to load in Node, where `cloudflare:*` is otherwise unresolvable.
+ *
+ * Interception point: a transform hook parses source with Rollup's
+ * plugin-context parser (`this.parse`) and rewrites only real import
+ * specifier spans (`import ... from "cloudflare:xxx"`,
+ * `import("cloudflare:xxx")`, `export ... from "cloudflare:xxx"`) to a
+ * plain virtual module name (`virtual:rango-cloudflare-stub-xxx`).
+ * This must be done in transform because Vite's module runner routes
+ * URL-scheme specifiers straight to Node's native ESM loader without
+ * consulting plugin `resolveId` hooks. Using the AST (instead of a
+ * text regex or a permissive lexer) guarantees that strings,
+ * comments, and template literals that merely contain import-like
+ * text are never mutated — the walker only looks at the four import
+ * node types.
+ *
+ * The transform runs on user source AND on compiled node_modules
+ * output: real-world CF packages (e.g. the Cloudflare Agents SDK)
+ * ship compiled JS that contains `import ... from "cloudflare:email"`
+ * and similar, so excluding node_modules would leave those imports
+ * unrewritten. Cost is small because the early exit (`code.includes`)
+ * skips files with no cloudflare: mention.
+ *
+ * The plugin intentionally runs at Vite's default ordering (no
+ * `enforce: "pre"`) so TS/JSX has already been compiled to plain JS
+ * by the time `this.parse` runs — acorn doesn't understand
+ * non-standard syntax.
+ *
+ * `cloudflare:workers`, `cloudflare:email`, `cloudflare:sockets`, and
+ * `cloudflare:workflows` each get curated stubs with the well-known
+ * symbols that appear in top-level `extends` positions. Any other
+ * `cloudflare:*` specifier falls back to an empty default export —
+ * discovery never executes the handlers, so an empty module is safe
+ * for anything the graph pulls in transitively.
+ *
+ * Only registered in the discovery temp server, not the user's runtime
+ * config.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function createCloudflareProtocolStubPlugin(): Plugin {
+  return {
+    name: "@rangojs/router:cloudflare-protocol-stub",
+    transform(code, id) {
+      const cleanId = id.split("?")[0] ?? id;
+      if (!SOURCE_EXT_RE.test(cleanId)) return null;
+      if (!code.includes(CF_PREFIX)) return null;
+
+      let ast: AstNode;
+      try {
+        ast = this.parse(code, { lang: "tsx" }) as unknown as AstNode;
+      } catch {
+        // Malformed source — let a downstream plugin surface the parse error.
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      const hits: Array<{ start: number; end: number; value: string }> = [];
+      walk(ast, (node) => {
+        if (!IMPORT_NODE_TYPES.has(node.type)) return;
+        const source = node.source;
+        if (!source || source.type !== "Literal") return;
+        if (typeof source.value !== "string") return;
+        if (!source.value.startsWith(CF_PREFIX)) return;
+        if (typeof source.start !== "number" || typeof source.end !== "number")
+          return;
+        hits.push({
+          start: source.start,
+          end: source.end,
+          value: source.value,
+        });
+      });
+
+      if (hits.length === 0) return null;
+
+      // Rewrite from last to first so earlier offsets stay valid. `start`/
+      // `end` span the full literal including quotes, so we re-emit the
+      // same quote character around the new specifier.
+      hits.sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start);
+      let out = code;
+      for (const hit of hits) {
+        const submodule = hit.value.slice(CF_PREFIX.length);
+        const quote = code[hit.start] === "'" ? "'" : '"';
+        out =
+          out.slice(0, hit.start) +
+          quote +
+          VIRTUAL_PREFIX +
+          submodule +
+          quote +
+          out.slice(hit.end);
+      }
+      return { code: out, map: null };
+    },
+    resolveId(id) {
+      if (id.startsWith(VIRTUAL_PREFIX)) {
+        return "\0" + id;
+      }
+      return null;
+    },
+    load(id) {
+      if (!id.startsWith(NULL_PREFIX)) return null;
+      const submodule = id.slice(NULL_PREFIX.length);
+      const specifier = CF_PREFIX + submodule;
+      return STUBS[specifier] ?? FALLBACK_STUB;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function walk(node: unknown, visit: (n: AstNode) => void): void {
+  if (!node || typeof node !== "object") return;
+  if (Array.isArray(node)) {
+    for (const child of node) walk(child, visit);
+    return;
+  }
+  const n = node as AstNode;
+  if (typeof n.type !== "string") return;
+  visit(n);
+  for (const key in n) {
+    if (key === "loc" || key === "start" || key === "end" || key === "range") {
+      continue;
+    }
+    walk(n[key], visit);
+  }
+}