@rangojs/router 0.0.0-experimental.2 → 0.0.0-experimental.20dbba0c

package/skills/loader/SKILL.md

@@ -1,365 +1,639 @@
 ---
 name: loader
 description: Define data loaders for fetching data in routes with createLoader
-argument-hint: [loader-name]
+argument-hint: [loader]
 ---
 
-# Data Loaders
+# Data Loaders with loader()
 
-Loaders fetch data for routes and make it available to handlers and client components.
+Loaders fetch data on the server and stream it to the client.
 
 ## Creating a Loader
 
 ```typescript
-import { createLoader, notFound } from "rsc-router/server";
+import { createLoader } from "@rangojs/router";
 
 export const ProductLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  const product = await db.products.findUnique({
-    where: { slug: ctx.params.slug },
-  });
+  "use server";
 
-  if (!product) {
-    throw notFound("Product not found");
-  }
+  const product = await ctx.env.DB.prepare(
+    "SELECT * FROM products WHERE slug = ?",
+  )
+    .bind(ctx.params.slug)
+    .first();
 
-  return product;
+  return { product };
 });
 ```
 
-## Loader Context
+### Supported export patterns
 
-The loader receives a context with:
+All of the following are equivalent and fully supported by the Vite transform:
 
 ```typescript
-export const MyLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  ctx.params;      // Route parameters { id: string, slug: string }
-  ctx.query;       // Query string parameters
-  ctx.url;         // Full URL object
-  ctx.pathname;    // Current path
-  ctx.method;      // HTTP method
-  ctx.request;     // Raw Request object
-
-  // Variables from middleware
-  const user = ctx.get("user");
+// Direct export (most common)
+export const ProductLoader = createLoader(handler);
 
-  // Use other loaders
-  const related = await ctx.use(RelatedLoader);
+// Separate declaration + named export
+const ProductLoader = createLoader(handler);
+export { ProductLoader };
 
-  return { user, related };
-});
+// Aliased export
+const InternalLoader = createLoader(handler);
+export { InternalLoader as ProductLoader };
+
+// Aliased import
+import { createLoader as cl } from "@rangojs/router";
+export const ProductLoader = cl(handler);
 ```
 
-## Registering Loaders on Routes
+The `export const` form and the `const + export { }` form both work for
+client stubs, ID injection, and loader manifest tracking.
+
+## Using Loaders in Routes
 
 ```typescript
-import { map } from "rsc-router/server";
-import { ProductLoader } from "../loaders/product";
-
-export default map<typeof routes>(({ route, loader, loading }) => [
-  route("products.detail", async (ctx) => {
-    const product = await ctx.use(ProductLoader);
-    return <ProductPage product={product} />;
-  }, () => [
+import { urls } from "@rangojs/router";
+import { ProductLoader } from "./loaders/product";
+
+export const urlpatterns = urls(({ path, loader }) => [
+  path("/product/:slug", ProductPage, { name: "product" }, () => [
     loader(ProductLoader),
-    loading(<ProductSkeleton />),
   ]),
 ]);
 ```
 
-## Loader with Middleware
+## Consuming Loader Data
 
-Add middleware specific to a loader:
+Register loaders with `loader()` in the DSL and consume them in client
+components with `useLoader()`. This is the recommended pattern — it keeps
+data fetching on the server and consumption on the client, with a clean
+separation that works correctly with `cache()`.
 
 ```typescript
-export const UserProfileLoader = createLoader(
-  async (ctx) => {
-    const userId = ctx.get("validatedUserId");
-    return db.users.findUnique({ where: { id: userId } });
-  },
-  {
-    middleware: [
-      async (ctx, next) => {
-        const userId = ctx.params.id;
-
-        // Validate user ID
-        if (!isValidUUID(userId)) {
-          throw new Error("Invalid user ID");
-        }
-
-        ctx.set("validatedUserId", userId);
-        await next();
-      },
-    ],
-  }
-);
-```
+"use client";
+import { useLoader } from "@rangojs/router/client";
+import { ProductLoader } from "./loaders/product";
 
-## Using Loaders in Handlers
+function ProductDetails() {
+  const { data } = useLoader(ProductLoader);
+  return <div>{data.product.description}</div>;
+}
+```
 
 ```typescript
-route("products.detail", async (ctx) => {
-  // Fetch loader data
-  const product = await ctx.use(ProductLoader);
+// Route definition — loader() registration required
+path("/product/:slug", ProductPage, { name: "product" }, () => [
+  loader(ProductLoader),
+]);
+```
 
-  // Multiple loaders
-  const [product, reviews, related] = await Promise.all([
-    ctx.use(ProductLoader),
-    ctx.use(ReviewsLoader),
-    ctx.use(RelatedProductsLoader),
-  ]);
+DSL loaders are the **live data layer** — they resolve fresh on every
+request, even when the route is inside a `cache()` boundary. The router
+excludes them from the segment cache at storage time and re-resolves them
+on retrieval. This means `cache()` gives you cached UI + fresh data by
+default.
 
-  return (
-    <ProductPage
-      product={product}
-      reviews={reviews}
-      related={related}
-    />
-  );
-}, () => [
-  loader(ProductLoader),
-  loader(ReviewsLoader),
-  loader(RelatedProductsLoader),
+### Cache safety
+
+DSL loaders can safely read `createVar({ cache: false })` variables
+because they are always resolved fresh. The read guard is bypassed for
+loader functions — they never produce stale data.
+
+### ctx.use(Loader) — escape hatch
+
+For cases where you need loader data in the server handler itself (e.g.,
+to set ctx variables or make routing decisions), use `ctx.use(Loader)`:
+
+```typescript
+path("/product/:slug", async (ctx) => {
+  const { product } = await ctx.use(ProductLoader);
+  ctx.set(Product, product); // make available to children
+  return <ProductPage />;
+}, { name: "product" }, () => [
+  loader(ProductLoader), // still register for client consumption
 ])
 ```
 
-## Loader Revalidation
+When you register with `loader()` in the DSL, `ctx.use()` returns the
+same memoized result — loaders never run twice per request.
+
+**Limitations of ctx.use(Loader):**
+
+- The handler output depends on the loader data. If the route is inside
+  `cache()`, the handler is cached with the loader result baked in —
+  defeating the live data guarantee.
+- Non-cacheable variable reads (`createVar({ cache: false })`) inside the
+  handler still throw, even if the data came from a loader.
+- Prefer DSL `loader()` + client `useLoader()` for data that depends on
+  non-cacheable context variables.
 
-Control when loaders refetch:
+**Never use `useLoader()` in server components** — it is a client-only API.
+
+### Summary
+
+| Pattern                | API                 | Cache-safe | Recommended |
+| ---------------------- | ------------------- | ---------- | ----------- |
+| DSL + client component | `useLoader(Loader)` | Yes        | Yes         |
+| Handler escape hatch   | `ctx.use(Loader)`   | No         | When needed |
+
+## Loader Context
+
+Loaders receive the same context shape as route handlers.
+
+### Full field surface
+
+| Field          | Type                           | Notes                                                                                               |
+| -------------- | ------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `params`       | `TParams`                      | Merged route + explicit loader params; overridable by fetchable `load({ params })`.                 |
+| `routeParams`  | `Record<string, string>`       | Server-trusted route params from URL pattern matching; cannot be overridden.                        |
+| `request`      | `Request`                      | The incoming `Request` (headers, method, body, `signal` for abort).                                 |
+| `url`          | `URL`                          | Parsed request URL.                                                                                 |
+| `pathname`     | `string`                       | URL pathname (shortcut for `ctx.url.pathname`).                                                     |
+| `searchParams` | `URLSearchParams`              | Shortcut for `ctx.url.searchParams`.                                                                |
+| `search`       | `ResolveSearchSchema<TSearch>` | Typed query params when a search schema is declared on the route; `{}` otherwise.                   |
+| `env`          | `TEnv`                         | Plain bindings from `createRouter<TEnv>()` (DB, KV, secrets, etc.).                                 |
+| `get`          | `(key \| ContextVar) => value` | Reads variables/context-vars set by middleware.                                                     |
+| `use`          | `(loader \| handle) => T`      | Access another loader's data (Promise) or a handle's collected data (after `await ctx.rendered()`). |
+| `rendered`     | `() => Promise<void>`          | **Experimental.** DSL loaders only — waits for non-loader segments before reading handle data.      |
+| `method`       | `string`                       | HTTP method. `"GET"` for SSR loader runs; reflects real method for fetchable loaders.               |
+| `body`         | `TBody \| undefined`           | Parsed request body for fetchable POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE calls.                                      |
+| `formData`     | `FormData \| undefined`        | Present when a fetchable loader is invoked via form submission.                                     |
+| `reverse`      | `ScopedReverseFunction`        | Generate type-checked URLs from route names (same scoped semantics as route handlers).              |
+
+### Example
 
 ```typescript
-route("products.detail", ProductHandler, () => [
-  loader(ProductLoader),
+export const ProductLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
+  "use server";
 
-  // Revalidate when params change
-  revalidate(({ currentParams, nextParams }) =>
-    currentParams.slug !== nextParams.slug
-  ),
+  // URL params (may include client-provided overrides for fetchable loaders)
+  const { slug } = ctx.params;
 
-  // Revalidate on specific actions
-  revalidate(({ actionId }) =>
-    actionId?.includes("updateProduct") ?? false
-  ),
-])
+  // Server-trusted route params (from URL pattern matching, cannot be overridden)
+  const { slug: trustedSlug } = ctx.routeParams;
+
+  // Query params
+  const variant = ctx.url.searchParams.get("variant");
+
+  // Platform bindings (DB, KV, etc.) — plain bindings from createRouter<TEnv>()
+  const db = ctx.env.DB;
+
+  // Request headers
+  const auth = ctx.request.headers.get("Authorization");
+
+  // Variables set by middleware (from RSCRouter.Vars augmentation)
+  const user = ctx.get("user");
+
+  // Type-checked URLs for payloads. `.name` resolves within the current
+  // include() scope; a bare `name` resolves globally. See /route and
+  // /typesafety for scope rules and route-name autocomplete.
+  const detailUrl = ctx.reverse(".detail", { slug });
+
+  return {
+    product: await fetchProduct(slug),
+    links: { self: detailUrl },
+  };
+});
 ```
 
-### Soft vs Hard Revalidation
+See `/route` for the full handler-context contract (shared with loaders) and
+`/typesafety` for route-name typing that powers `ctx.reverse` autocomplete.
+
+### params vs routeParams
+
+- `ctx.params` — merged route params + explicit loader params. For fetchable
+  loaders called with `load(Loader, { params: { ... } })`, explicit params
+  override route-matched params.
+- `ctx.routeParams` — server-trusted route params from URL pattern matching.
+  Cannot be overridden by client-provided params.
+
+Use `ctx.routeParams` when you need trusted route identity for authorization
+or resource scoping:
 
 ```typescript
-// Hard decision - stops evaluation
-revalidate(({ currentParams, nextParams }) => {
-  return currentParams.id !== nextParams.id; // boolean
-});
+export const OrderLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
+  "use server";
 
-// Soft decision - continues to next revalidator
-revalidate(({ actionId, defaultShouldRevalidate }) => {
-  if (actionId?.includes("cart")) {
-    return true; // Hard: must revalidate
-  }
-  // Soft: defer to next revalidator
-  return { defaultShouldRevalidate };
+  // Use routeParams for auth checks — client cannot spoof the URL-matched ID
+  const { orderId } = ctx.routeParams;
+  const user = ctx.get("user");
+
+  const order = await db.orders.get(orderId);
+  if (order.userId !== user.id)
+    throw new Response("Forbidden", { status: 403 });
+
+  return { order };
 });
 ```
 
-## Client-Side Loader Access
+## Loader with Children
 
-### useLoader() - Strict access
+Add caching or revalidation to specific loaders:
 
-```tsx
-"use client";
-import { useLoader } from "rsc-router";
-import { ProductLoader } from "../loaders/product";
+```typescript
+path("/product/:slug", ProductPage, { name: "product" }, () => [
+  // Cached loader
+  loader(ProductLoader, () => [cache({ ttl: 300 })]),
 
-function ProductPrice() {
-  // Data guaranteed (throws if not in context)
-  const { data } = useLoader(ProductLoader);
-  return <span>${data.price}</span>;
-}
+  // Loader with revalidation control
+  loader(RelatedProductsLoader, () => [
+    revalidate(() => false), // Never revalidate
+  ]),
+
+  // Loader that revalidates after cart actions
+  loader(CartLoader, () => [
+    revalidate(({ actionId }) => actionId?.includes("Cart") ?? false),
+  ]),
+]);
 ```
 
-### useFetchLoader() - Flexible access
+### Revalidation Contracts for Loader Dependencies
 
-```tsx
-"use client";
-import { useFetchLoader } from "rsc-router";
-import { SearchLoader } from "../loaders/search";
+If a loader reads `ctx.get()` data produced by an outer handler/layout, share
+the same named revalidation contract across producer and consumer segments.
 
-function SearchResults() {
-  const { data, load, isLoading } = useFetchLoader(SearchLoader);
+```typescript
+// revalidation-contracts.ts
+export const revalidateAccountScope = ({ actionId }) =>
+  actionId?.includes("src/actions/account.ts#") ?? false;
+
+layout(AccountLayout, () => [
+  revalidate(revalidateAccountScope), // producer reruns
+  path("/account/orders", OrdersPage, { name: "account.orders" }, () => [
+    loader(OrdersLoader, () => [
+      revalidate(revalidateAccountScope), // consumer reruns
+    ]),
+  ]),
+]);
+```
 
-  const handleSearch = async (query: string) => {
-    await load({ params: { query } });
-  };
+For segments that depend on multiple upstream domains, compose multiple
+contracts on both sides.
 
-  return (
-    <div>
-      <input onChange={(e) => handleSearch(e.target.value)} />
-      {isLoading && <Spinner />}
-      {data?.results.map(r => <Result key={r.id} {...r} />)}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
+To keep loader route trees concise, export helper wrappers:
+
+```typescript
+import { revalidate } from "@rangojs/router";
+
+export const revalidateAccount = () => [revalidate(revalidateAccountScope)];
+
+layout(AccountLayout, () => [
+  revalidateAccount(),
+  path("/account/orders", OrdersPage, { name: "account.orders" }, () => [
+    loader(OrdersLoader, () => [revalidateAccount()]),
+  ]),
+]);
 ```
 
-## Async/Streaming Loaders
+## Loaders: The Live Data Layer
+
+Loaders are the live data layer of the router. They resolve fresh on every
+request, even when the route's UI segments are served from cache. This is a
+core design principle — route-level `cache()` caches rendered components but
+never caches loader data. Loaders are excluded at storage time and re-resolved
+on retrieval.
+
+This means `cache()` gives you cached UI + fresh data by default. Pre-rendering
+follows the same rule: at build time, loaders are skipped entirely (there is no
+real request context), and at runtime the worker resolves them fresh against
+the live database.
 
-Return promises for streaming:
+### Opting a Loader into Caching
+
+To cache a specific loader's data, attach a `cache()` child:
 
 ```typescript
-export const RecommendationsLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  return {
-    // Immediate data
-    product: await db.products.findUnique({ where: { id: ctx.params.id } }),
+loader(ProductLoader, () => [cache({ ttl: 300 })]),
+```
 
-    // Streams while other content renders
-    recommendations: db.recommendations.findAsync(ctx.params.id),
-  };
-});
+The loader's data is cached independently from the route's segment cache,
+using the same `SegmentCacheStore` (app-level or per-loader override).
+
+Values are serialized through RSC Flight, so loaders can return ReactNode,
+Promises, null, and any RSC-serializable type — all round-trip correctly
+through the cache.
+
+### Cache Key
+
+The default cache key is `loader:{loaderId}:{pathname}:{sortedParams}`.
+This can be customized at two levels:
+
+```typescript
+// Full override — key function replaces the default entirely
+loader(ProductLoader, () => [
+  cache({
+    ttl: 300,
+    key: (ctx) => `product:${ctx.params.slug}:${cookies().get("locale")?.value ?? "en"}`,
+  }),
+]),
+
+// Store-level keyGenerator — modifies the default key (e.g., adds a region prefix)
+// Set in the store configuration, applies to all entries in that store
 ```
 
-## Loader Caching
+Resolution priority (same as route-level `cache()`):
+
+1. `key(ctx)` from cache options — full override
+2. `store.keyGenerator(ctx, defaultKey)` — store-level modification
+3. Default key — `loader:{id}:{pathname}:{params}`
+
+If a custom key function throws, it falls back to the default key silently
+(logged to console.error).
+
+### Tags for Invalidation
 
 ```typescript
-route("products.detail", ProductHandler, () => [
-  loader(ProductLoader, () => [
-    // Cache this loader's results
-    revalidate(({ currentParams, nextParams }) =>
-      currentParams.slug !== nextParams.slug
-    ),
-  ]),
-])
+// Static tags
+loader(ProductLoader, () => [
+  cache({ ttl: 300, tags: ["products", "catalog"] }),
+]),
+
+// Dynamic tags
+loader(ProductLoader, () => [
+  cache({
+    ttl: 300,
+    tags: (ctx) => [`product:${ctx.params.slug}`, "products"],
+  }),
+]),
+```
+
+### Stale-While-Revalidate
+
+```typescript
+loader(ProductLoader, () => [
+  cache({ ttl: 60, swr: 300 }),
+]),
+```
+
+During the SWR window (60-360s), stale data is returned immediately while
+fresh data is fetched in the background via `waitUntil`. After the SWR window
+expires (360s+), the entry is treated as a cache miss.
+
+### Conditional Caching
+
+Skip the cache at runtime based on request properties:
+
+```typescript
+loader(ProductLoader, () => [
+  cache({
+    ttl: 300,
+    condition: (ctx) => !ctx.request.headers.has("authorization"),
+  }),
+]),
+```
+
+When `condition` returns false, the loader runs fresh and the cache is bypassed
+entirely (no read, no write).
+
+### Per-Loader Store Override
 
-// Or use cache boundaries
-cache({ ttl: 60, swr: 300 }, () => [
+```typescript
+const hotStore = new MemorySegmentCacheStore({ defaults: { ttl: 10 } });
+
+loader(PricingLoader, () => [
+  cache({ store: hotStore }),
+]),
+```
+
+Without an explicit store, the loader uses the app-level store from the
+handler config (`cache.store`).
+
+## Multiple Loaders
+
+Routes can have multiple loaders that run in parallel:
+
+```typescript
+path("/product/:slug", ProductPage, { name: "product" }, () => [
   loader(ProductLoader),
-  route("products.detail", ProductHandler),
+  loader(RelatedProductsLoader),
+  loader(ReviewsLoader),
+]);
+```
+
+## Layout Loaders
+
+Loaders on layouts are shared by all child routes:
+
+```typescript
+layout(<ShopLayout />, () => [
+  // These loaders are available to all shop routes
+  loader(CartLoader),
+  loader(CategoriesLoader),
+
+  path("/shop", ShopIndex, { name: "index" }),
+  path("/shop/product/:slug", ProductPage, { name: "product" }),
 ])
 ```
 
-## Loader Error Handling
+## Passing Loaders as Props
+
+Loaders can be passed as props from server to client components. RSC serialization
+uses `toJSON()` to send only `{ __brand, $$id }` — the loader function is stripped.
 
 ```typescript
-export const ProductLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  try {
-    const product = await db.products.findUnique({
-      where: { slug: ctx.params.slug },
-    });
-
-    if (!product) {
-      throw notFound("Product not found");
-    }
-
-    return product;
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (error instanceof DatabaseError) {
-      throw new Error("Failed to load product");
-    }
-    throw error;
-  }
-});
+// Server component (route handler)
+import { SlowLoader } from "../loaders";
 
-// Handle in route
-route("products.detail", ProductHandler, () => [
-  loader(ProductLoader),
-  errorBoundary(({ error, reset }) => (
-    <div>
-      <p>Error loading product: {error.message}</p>
-      <button onClick={reset}>Retry</button>
-    </div>
-  )),
+path("/dashboard", () => <DashboardContent loader={SlowLoader} />, { name: "dashboard" }, () => [
+  loader(SlowLoader),
+  loading(<DashboardSkeleton />),
 ])
+
+// Client component — use typeof for type-safe props
+"use client";
+import { useLoader } from "@rangojs/router/client";
+import type { SlowLoader } from "../loaders";
+
+function DashboardContent({ loader }: { loader: typeof SlowLoader }) {
+  const { data } = useLoader(loader);
+  return <div>{data.message}</div>;
+}
 ```
 
-## Parallel Slot Loaders
+Use `typeof MyLoader` for the prop type — it infers the full generic automatically.
+
+## Streaming with Suspense
+
+Loaders stream data. Use Suspense for loading states:
 
 ```typescript
-parallel(
-  {
-    "@sidebar": async (ctx) => {
-      const categories = await ctx.use(CategoriesLoader);
-      return <CategorySidebar categories={categories} />;
-    },
-  },
-  () => [
-    loader(CategoriesLoader),
-    loading(<SidebarSkeleton />),
-    revalidate(({ actionId }) => actionId?.includes("category") ?? false),
-  ]
-)
+// In route definition
+path("/product/:slug", ProductPage, { name: "product" }, () => [
+  loader(ProductLoader),
+  loading(<ProductSkeleton />),  // Shows while loader streams
+])
+
+// Or in component
+function ProductPage() {
+  return (
+    <Suspense fallback={<ProductSkeleton />}>
+      <ProductDetails />
+    </Suspense>
+  );
+}
 ```
 
-## Loader Composition
+## Fetchable Loaders
+
+By default, loaders only run during SSR and navigation. Pass `true` as the second
+argument to `createLoader` to make a loader **fetchable** — callable from the client
+via `useFetchLoader()` and `load()`:
 
 ```typescript
-// Base loader
-export const UserLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  return db.users.findUnique({ where: { id: ctx.get("userId") } });
-});
+import { createLoader } from "@rangojs/router";
 
-// Composed loader
-export const UserWithOrdersLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  const user = await ctx.use(UserLoader);
-  const orders = await db.orders.findMany({
-    where: { userId: user.id },
-  });
+export const SearchLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
+  "use server";
 
-  return { user, orders };
-});
+  const query = ctx.params.query ?? "";
+  const results = await ctx.env.DB.prepare(
+    "SELECT * FROM products WHERE name LIKE ?",
+  )
+    .bind(`%${query}%`)
+    .all();
+
+  return { results: results.results ?? [] };
+}, true); // true = fetchable
 ```
 
-## Loader Type Safety
+### Fetchable Loader with Middleware
+
+Pass an options object instead of `true` to attach per-loader middleware.
+This middleware runs only on `_rsc_loader` fetch requests (client-side
+`load()` / `useFetchLoader()` calls), not during SSR `ctx.use()` execution:
 
 ```typescript
-// Loader type is inferred
-export const ProductLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  return { id: "1", name: "Widget", price: 99 };
-});
+import { createLoader } from "@rangojs/router";
+import { authMiddleware } from "../middleware/auth";
+import { rateLimitMiddleware } from "../middleware/rate-limit";
 
-// In handler - type is { id: string; name: string; price: number }
-const product = await ctx.use(ProductLoader);
+export const ProtectedLoader = createLoader(
+  async (ctx) => {
+    "use server";
 
-// In client - same type
-const { data } = useLoader(ProductLoader);
-// data: { id: string; name: string; price: number }
+    const user = ctx.get("user");
+    return { orders: await db.orders.list(user.id) };
+  },
+  { middleware: [authMiddleware, rateLimitMiddleware] },
+);
 ```
 
-## Common Patterns
+The middleware uses the same `MiddlewareFn` signature as route/app middleware,
+so you can reuse existing middleware functions directly.
+
+Fetchable loaders support both GET and POST (PUT, PATCH, DELETE) from the client.
+The `load()` function auto-detects the body type:
+
+- **JSON body** (`body: { ... }`) — sent as `application/json`, available as `ctx.body`
+- **FormData body** (`body: formData`) — sent as `multipart/form-data`, available as `ctx.formData`
+
+### Mutation Context
 
-### List with pagination
+When a fetchable loader receives a POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE request, the context
+includes additional fields depending on the body type:
 
 ```typescript
-export const ProductListLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  const page = parseInt(ctx.query.page ?? "1");
-  const limit = 20;
-
-  const [products, total] = await Promise.all([
-    db.products.findMany({
-      skip: (page - 1) * limit,
-      take: limit,
-    }),
-    db.products.count(),
-  ]);
+export const MutationLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
+  "use server";
 
-  return {
-    products,
-    pagination: {
-      page,
-      totalPages: Math.ceil(total / limit),
-      total,
-    },
-  };
-});
+  // JSON body — available as ctx.body (parsed object)
+  const data = ctx.body as { name: string; email: string };
+
+  // FormData body — available as ctx.formData
+  const file = ctx.formData?.get("file") as File | null;
+  const name = ctx.formData?.get("name") as string | null;
+
+  // Route params are always available
+  const { slug } = ctx.params;
+
+  return { success: true };
+}, true);
 ```
 
-### Conditional loading
+### File Upload Example
 
 ```typescript
-export const AdminDataLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
-  const user = ctx.get("user");
+// loaders/upload.ts
+import { createLoader } from "@rangojs/router";
+
+export const FileUploadLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
+  "use server";
 
-  if (!user || user.role !== "admin") {
-    return null;
+  const file = ctx.formData?.get("file") as File | null;
+  if (file && file.size > 0) {
+    // Save to R2, D1, etc.
+    await ctx.env.BUCKET.put(file.name, file.stream());
+    return { uploaded: { name: file.name, size: file.size, type: file.type } };
   }
+  return { uploaded: null };
+}, true);
+```
 
-  return db.adminStats.get();
+Client usage — see `/hooks useFetchLoader` for the full client-side pattern.
+
+## Complete Example
+
+```typescript
+// loaders/shop.ts
+import { createLoader } from "@rangojs/router";
+
+export const ProductLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
+  "use server";
+
+  const product = await ctx.env.DB
+    .prepare("SELECT * FROM products WHERE slug = ?")
+    .bind(ctx.params.slug)
+    .first();
+
+  if (!product) {
+    notFound("Product not found");
+  }
+
+  return { product };
+});
+
+export const CartLoader = createLoader(async (ctx) => {
+  "use server";
+
+  const user = ctx.get("user");
+  if (!user) return { cart: null };
+
+  const cart = await ctx.env.KV.get(`cart:${user.id}`, "json");
+  return { cart };
 });
+
+// urls.tsx — register loaders in the DSL
+export const urlpatterns = urls(({ path, layout, loader, loading, cache, revalidate }) => [
+  layout(<ShopLayout />, () => [
+    loader(CartLoader, () => [
+      revalidate(({ actionId }) => actionId?.includes("Cart") ?? false),
+    ]),
+
+    path("/shop/product/:slug", ProductPage, { name: "product" }, () => [
+      loader(ProductLoader, () => [cache({ ttl: 60 })]),
+      loading(<ProductSkeleton />),
+    ]),
+  ]),
+]);
+
+// components/ProductDetails.tsx — consume in client component
+"use client";
+import { useLoader } from "@rangojs/router/client";
+import { ProductLoader, CartLoader } from "./loaders/shop";
+
+function ProductDetails() {
+  const { data: { product } } = useLoader(ProductLoader);
+  const { data: { cart } } = useLoader(CartLoader);
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <h1>{product.name}</h1>
+      <AddToCartButton
+        productId={product.id}
+        inCart={cart?.items.includes(product.id)}
+      />
+    </div>
+  );
+}
 ```