@rangojs/router 0.0.0-experimental.15 → 0.0.0-experimental.150

package/src/router/loader-resolution.ts

@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@
  */
 
 import type { ReactNode } from "react";
-import { track } from "../server/context";
 import type { EntryData } from "../server/context";
+import { observePhase, PHASES } from "./instrument.js";
+import { contextGet } from "../context-var.js";
 import type {
   ResolvedSegment,
   HandlerContext,
@@ -18,11 +19,17 @@ import type {
   ErrorBoundaryFallbackProps,
   ErrorInfo,
 } from "../types";
-import type { LoaderRevalidationResult, ActionContext } from "./types";
-import { isHandle, type Handle } from "../handle.js";
-import type { HandleStore } from "../server/handle-store.js";
+import { isHandle, collectHandleData, type Handle } from "../handle.js";
+import { withDefer } from "../defer.js";
+import { buildHandleSnapshot } from "../server/handle-store.js";
 import { getFetchableLoader } from "../server/fetchable-loader-store.js";
-import { getRequestContext } from "../server/request-context.js";
+import { _getRequestContext } from "../server/request-context.js";
+import {
+  isInsideLoaderScope,
+  runInsideLoaderBodyScope,
+  isInsidePushCallbackScope,
+  runInsidePushCallbackScope,
+} from "../server/context.js";
 import { debugLog } from "./logging.js";
 
 /**
@@ -36,7 +43,7 @@ export type LoaderErrorCallback = (
     segmentId: string;
     loaderName: string;
     handledByBoundary: boolean;
-  }
+  },
 ) => void;
 
 /**
@@ -55,16 +62,18 @@ export function wrapLoaderWithErrorHandling<T>(
   segmentId: string,
   pathname: string,
   findNearestErrorBoundary: (
-    entry: EntryData | null
+    entry: EntryData | null,
   ) => ReactNode | ErrorBoundaryHandler | null,
   createErrorInfo: (
     error: unknown,
     segmentId: string,
-    segmentType: ErrorInfo["segmentType"]
+    segmentType: ErrorInfo["segmentType"],
   ) => ErrorInfo,
-  onError?: LoaderErrorCallback
+  onError?: LoaderErrorCallback,
 ): Promise<LoaderDataResult<T>> {
-  // Extract loader name from segmentId (format: "M1L0D0.loaderName")
+  // Extract the trailing token from segmentId (format: "<shortCode>D<i>.<loaderId>").
+  // The token is the loader's $$id (hash#export in prod, pathfrag#export in dev),
+  // not a clean display name.
   const loaderName = segmentId.split(".").pop() || "unknown";
 
   return Promise.resolve(promise)
@@ -73,7 +82,7 @@ export function wrapLoaderWithErrorHandling<T>(
         __loaderResult: true,
         ok: true,
         data,
-      })
+      }),
     )
     .catch((error): LoaderDataResult<T> => {
       // Find nearest error boundary
@@ -100,16 +109,40 @@ export function wrapLoaderWithErrorHandling<T>(
         };
       }
 
-      // Render fallback on server
+      // Render fallback on server. The user ErrorBoundaryHandler may throw
+      // synchronously; if it does we must NOT let that rejection escape — the
+      // wrapped LoaderDataResult promise is contracted to never reject (see
+      // segment-resolution/fresh.ts `await Promise.all(...wrapped)`), and a
+      // rejection here would collapse the whole entry and discard healthy
+      // sibling loader data. On a fallback-render throw, fall back to the
+      // no-boundary result (fallback: null) so the client throws the ORIGINAL
+      // error, and the wrapped promise still resolves to a LoaderDataResult.
       let renderedFallback: ReactNode;
-      if (typeof fallback === "function") {
-        // ErrorBoundaryHandler - call with error info
-        const props: ErrorBoundaryFallbackProps = {
+      try {
+        if (typeof fallback === "function") {
+          // ErrorBoundaryHandler - call with error info
+          const props: ErrorBoundaryFallbackProps = {
+            error: errorInfo,
+          };
+          renderedFallback = fallback(props);
+        } else {
+          renderedFallback = fallback;
+        }
+      } catch (fallbackError) {
+        debugLog("loader", "error boundary fallback render threw", {
+          segmentId,
+          message: errorInfo.message,
+          fallbackError:
+            fallbackError instanceof Error
+              ? fallbackError.message
+              : String(fallbackError),
+        });
+        return {
+          __loaderResult: true,
+          ok: false,
           error: errorInfo,
+          fallback: null,
         };
-        renderedFallback = fallback(props);
-      } else {
-        renderedFallback = fallback;
       }
 
       debugLog("loader", "loader error wrapped with boundary fallback", {
@@ -127,61 +160,103 @@ export function wrapLoaderWithErrorHandling<T>(
 }
 
 /**
- * Set up the use() method on handler context to access loaders and handles.
- *
- * For loaders: Lazily runs loaders, memoizes results per request.
- * For handles: Returns a push function bound to the current segment.
+ * Detect cycles in the loader dependency graph using DFS from a given node.
+ * Returns the cycle path (array of loader IDs forming the cycle) if one exists,
+ * or null if no cycle is found.
  */
-export function setupLoaderAccess<TEnv>(
-  ctx: HandlerContext<any, TEnv>,
-  loaderPromises: Map<string, Promise<any>>
-): void {
-  // Get HandleStore from request context
-  const getHandleStore = (): HandleStore | undefined => {
-    return getRequestContext()?._handleStore;
-  };
+function detectLoaderCycle(
+  from: string,
+  to: string,
+  dependsOn: Map<string, Set<string>>,
+): string[] | null {
+  // If `to` can reach `from` via the dependency graph, adding the edge
+  // from -> to creates a cycle. We search from `to` looking for `from`.
+  const visited = new Set<string>();
+  const path: string[] = [from, to];
+
+  function dfs(current: string): string[] | null {
+    if (current === from) {
+      // Found a cycle: return the path leading back to `from`
+      return path;
+    }
+    if (visited.has(current)) return null;
+    visited.add(current);
 
-  // The use() function handles both loaders and handles
-  ctx.use = ((item: LoaderDefinition<any, any> | Handle<any, any>) => {
-    // Handle case: return a push function
-    if (isHandle(item)) {
-      const handle = item;
-      const store = getHandleStore();
-      const segmentId = (ctx as InternalHandlerContext)._currentSegmentId;
+    const deps = dependsOn.get(current);
+    if (!deps) return null;
 
-      if (!segmentId) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `Handle "${handle.$$id}" used outside of handler context. ` +
-            `Handles must be used within route/layout handlers.`
-        );
-      }
+    for (const dep of deps) {
+      path.push(dep);
+      const cycle = dfs(dep);
+      if (cycle) return cycle;
+      path.pop();
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
 
-      // Return a push function bound to this handle and segment
-      // Accepts: value, Promise, or async callback (executed immediately)
-      // Promises are pushed directly - RSC will serialize and stream them
-      return (dataOrFn: unknown | Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>)) => {
-        if (!store) return;
+  return dfs(to);
+}
 
-        // If it's a function, call it immediately to get the promise
-        const valueOrPromise = typeof dataOrFn === "function"
-          ? (dataOrFn as () => Promise<unknown>)()
-          : dataOrFn;
+/**
+ * Creates a memoizing loader executor with cycle detection.
+ * Shared by setupLoaderAccess and setupLoaderAccessSilent; only the handle
+ * branch differs between the two, so only the loader logic is extracted here.
+ *
+ * Returns a useLoader(loader, callerLoaderId) function that:
+ * - Tracks dependency edges between loaders for cycle detection
+ * - Throws immediately (synchronously inside an async fn) on circular deps
+ * - Memoizes each loader's promise so it runs at most once per request
+ */
+function createLoaderExecutor<TEnv>(
+  ctx: HandlerContext<any, TEnv>,
+  loaderPromises: Map<string, Promise<any>>,
+): (
+  loader: LoaderDefinition<any, any>,
+  callerLoaderId: string | null,
+) => Promise<any> {
+  // Capture RequestContext eagerly for cookie access (ALS protection on Cloudflare)
+  const reqCtxRef = _getRequestContext();
+
+  // Dependency graph: loaderId -> set of loader IDs it directly depends on.
+  const dependsOn = new Map<string, Set<string>>();
+
+  // Loaders whose promises have not yet settled.
+  // A dependency on a pending loader that closes a cycle means deadlock.
+  const pendingLoaders = new Set<string>();
+
+  function useLoader(
+    loader: LoaderDefinition<any, any>,
+    callerLoaderId: string | null,
+  ): Promise<any> {
+    // Record the dependency edge and check for cycles before running
+    if (callerLoaderId !== null) {
+      let deps = dependsOn.get(callerLoaderId);
+      if (!deps) {
+        deps = new Set();
+        dependsOn.set(callerLoaderId, deps);
+      }
 
-        // Push directly - promises will be serialized by RSC and streamed
-        store.push(handle.$$id, segmentId, valueOrPromise);
-      };
-    }
+      // Only relevant when the target is still pending (would deadlock)
+      if (pendingLoaders.has(loader.$$id)) {
+        const cycle = detectLoaderCycle(callerLoaderId, loader.$$id, dependsOn);
+        if (cycle) {
+          throw new Error(
+            `Circular loader dependency detected: ${cycle.join(" -> ")}. ` +
+              `Loaders cannot depend on each other in a cycle. ` +
+              `Refactor to break the circular dependency.`,
+          );
+        }
+      }
 
-    // Loader case: existing behavior
-    const loader = item as LoaderDefinition<any, any>;
+      deps.add(loader.$$id);
+    }
 
     // Return cached promise if already started
     if (loaderPromises.has(loader.$$id)) {
-      return loaderPromises.get(loader.$$id);
+      return loaderPromises.get(loader.$$id)!;
     }
 
     // Get loader function - either from loader object or fetchable registry
-    // Fetchable loaders store fn in registry (not on object) to avoid client bundling issues
     let loaderFn = loader.fn;
     if (!loaderFn) {
       const fetchable = getFetchableLoader(loader.$$id);
@@ -190,46 +265,309 @@ export function setupLoaderAccess<TEnv>(
       }
     }
 
-    // Ensure loader has a function
     if (!loaderFn) {
       throw new Error(
-        `Loader "${loader.$$id}" has no function. This usually means the loader was defined without "use server" and the function was not included in the build.`
+        `Loader "${loader.$$id}" has no function. This usually means the loader was defined without "use server" and the function was not included in the build.`,
       );
     }
 
-    // Create loader context with recursive use() support
+    pendingLoaders.add(loader.$$id);
+
+    const currentLoaderId = loader.$$id;
+    const variables = (ctx as InternalHandlerContext<any, TEnv>)._variables;
+
+    // Capture whether this loader is being started from a DSL loader scope
+    // (runInsideLoaderScope in fresh.ts). Handler-invoked loaders are NOT
+    // inside loader scope. This determines whether rendered() is allowed.
+    const isDslLoader = isInsideLoaderScope();
+
+    let renderedResolved = false;
+    let renderedPromise: Promise<void> | null = null;
+
+    // Loader functions are always fresh (never cached), so they get an
+    // unguarded get that bypasses non-cacheable read guards. This applies
+    // to ALL loaders — DSL and handler-called — because the loader
+    // function itself always re-executes. Also handles nested deps
+    // (loaderA → use(loaderB)) since all share this unguarded get.
     const loaderCtx: LoaderContext<Record<string, string | undefined>, TEnv> = {
       params: ctx.params,
+      routeParams: (ctx.params ?? {}) as Record<string, string>,
       request: ctx.request,
       searchParams: ctx.searchParams,
+      search: (ctx as any).search,
       pathname: ctx.pathname,
       url: ctx.url,
+      originalUrl: ctx.originalUrl,
       env: ctx.env,
-      var: ctx.var,
-      get: ctx.get,
-      use: <TDep, TDepParams = any>(
-        dep: LoaderDefinition<TDep, TDepParams>
-      ): Promise<TDep> => {
-        // Recursive call - will start dep loader if not already started
-        return ctx.use(dep);
-      },
-      // Default to GET for loaders called through route handlers
+      waitUntil: ctx.waitUntil.bind(ctx),
+      executionContext: ctx.executionContext,
+      get: ((keyOrVar: any) =>
+        contextGet(variables, keyOrVar)) as typeof ctx.get,
+      use: ((item: LoaderDefinition<any, any> | Handle<any, any>) => {
+        if (isHandle(item)) {
+          if (!renderedResolved) {
+            throw new Error(
+              `ctx.use(handle) in a loader requires "await ctx.rendered()" first. ` +
+                `Handle "${item.$$id}" cannot be read until the render tree has settled.`,
+            );
+          }
+          const reqCtx = reqCtxRef ?? _getRequestContext();
+          if (!reqCtx) {
+            throw new Error(
+              `ctx.use(handle) failed: request context not available.`,
+            );
+          }
+          const segmentOrder = reqCtx._renderBarrierSegmentOrder ?? [];
+          // The complete snapshot is cached at barrier resolution for
+          // non-streaming trees, and by rendered() after handleStore.settled for
+          // streaming trees (where the eager snapshot would have been incomplete
+          // because loading() handlers were still in flight). Either way it is
+          // present by the time a loader reads a handle; the fresh build is only
+          // a defensive fallback.
+          const snapshot =
+            reqCtx._renderBarrierHandleSnapshot ??
+            buildHandleSnapshot(reqCtx._handleStore, segmentOrder);
+          return collectHandleData(item, snapshot, segmentOrder);
+        }
+
+        // Loader case
+        return useLoader(item as LoaderDefinition<any, any>, currentLoaderId);
+      }) as LoaderContext["use"],
       method: "GET",
       body: undefined,
+      reverse: ctx.reverse as LoaderContext["reverse"],
+      rendered: (): Promise<void> => {
+        // Guard: only DSL loaders may use rendered()
+        if (!isDslLoader) {
+          throw new Error(
+            `ctx.rendered() is only available in DSL loaders (registered via loader() in urls()). ` +
+              `Handler-invoked loaders (ctx.use(Loader) inside a handler) cannot use rendered().`,
+          );
+        }
+
+        const reqCtx = reqCtxRef ?? _getRequestContext();
+
+        if (renderedPromise) return renderedPromise;
+
+        if (!reqCtx) {
+          throw new Error(
+            `ctx.rendered() failed: request context not available.`,
+          );
+        }
+
+        // Bidirectional deadlock check: if a handler already started
+        // awaiting this loader, calling rendered() would deadlock. This is the
+        // real cycle guard (it holds for both streaming and non-streaming): the
+        // handler blocks segment resolution, which blocks the barrier, which
+        // blocks this loader.
+        if (reqCtx._handlerLoaderDeps?.has(currentLoaderId)) {
+          throw new Error(
+            `Deadlock: loader "${currentLoaderId}" called ctx.rendered() but a handler ` +
+              `is already awaiting this loader via ctx.use(). The handler blocks ` +
+              `segment resolution, which blocks the barrier, which blocks this loader. ` +
+              `Move the data dependency to a loader-to-loader pattern instead.`,
+          );
+        }
+
+        // Register this loader as waiting for the barrier so that
+        // setupLoaderAccess can detect deadlocks when a handler
+        // tries to await the same loader via ctx.use().
+        if (!reqCtx._renderBarrierWaiters) {
+          reqCtx._renderBarrierWaiters = new Set();
+        }
+        reqCtx._renderBarrierWaiters.add(currentLoaderId);
+
+        // Streaming trees (loading()): the barrier resolves once the segment
+        // tree is resolved, but loading() handlers stream behind Suspense and
+        // their handle pushes are still in flight then. Their async execution
+        // IS tracked in the handle store (trackHandler -> store.track), so after
+        // the barrier we seal (no further handlers register once the tree is
+        // resolved) and wait for settled — every tracked handler, streaming
+        // included, has finished pushing. The loader's own segment streams in
+        // after, so this does not block the shell; the deadlock guard above
+        // keeps a handler from depending on this loader.
+        const streaming = reqCtx._treeHasStreaming === true;
+        renderedPromise = reqCtx._renderBarrier.then(async () => {
+          if (streaming) {
+            reqCtx._handleStore.seal();
+            await reqCtx._handleStore.settled;
+            // The eager snapshot was intentionally left unbuilt for streaming
+            // (it would have been incomplete). Build the complete one once, now
+            // that the store has settled, so every ctx.use(handle) reads the
+            // cached snapshot instead of rebuilding it per call.
+            reqCtx._renderBarrierHandleSnapshot ??= buildHandleSnapshot(
+              reqCtx._handleStore,
+              reqCtx._renderBarrierSegmentOrder ?? [],
+            );
+          }
+          renderedResolved = true;
+        });
+        return renderedPromise;
+      },
     };
 
-    // Start loader execution with tracking
-    const doneLoader = track(`loader:${loader.$$id}`);
-    const promise = Promise.resolve(
-      loaderFn(loaderCtx as LoaderContext<any, TEnv>)
-    ).finally(() => {
-      doneLoader();
-    });
+    // Meter this loader once via observePhase (loader:<id> perf metric +
+    // rango.loader span); loaderFn runs inside the span callback so its KV/D1/
+    // fetch spans nest under it. This is one of the observePhase loader funnels —
+    // see instrument.ts for the single-metering contract.
+    //
+    // Run the loader body inside loader scope so request-scoped reads
+    // (cookies()/headers() and non-cacheable ctx.get) are exempt from the
+    // cache-purity guards: loaders always run fresh, so their reads never leak
+    // into a cached segment. DSL loaders are already wrapped by fresh.ts; this
+    // also covers handler-invoked loaders (ctx.use(Loader) from a handler),
+    // which otherwise execute in the caller's cache scope and would wrongly
+    // throw. rendered() gating uses the captured isDslLoader (above), so this
+    // does not grant rendered() to handler-invoked loaders. Uses a body-only
+    // scope, so isInsideLoaderScope() / barrier / deadlock gating is unchanged.
+    //
+    // `handlerInvoked` (!isDslLoader) rides on the scope for the CONSUMPTION-
+    // LANE RULE: a handler-consumed loader's value is a BAKED copy in every
+    // shared artifact (cache(), "use cache", the PPR shell), so its identity
+    // reads are exempt from the shell-capture guard — same allowance the
+    // cache-purity guards give it. DSL segment loaders keep their lane
+    // machinery (live = masked at capture, bake = guarded). A DSL loader's
+    // nested deps inherit isDslLoader=false only when the CHAIN started in a
+    // handler; a chain started by the segment funnel stays DSL (the loader
+    // scope ALS survives the body's awaits).
+    // Shell fast path eligibility: a HANDLER-invoked loader executing during a
+    // capture is handler-layer dynamism — on a handler-free (replayed) HIT it
+    // would never re-run, freezing its consumption-lane value (#672's "fresh
+    // per serve" slot shape). Mark the capture; the entry declines the fast
+    // path and keeps the full tail. DSL loaders re-run on every HIT and never
+    // set this.
+    if (!isDslLoader) {
+      const captureCtx = _getRequestContext();
+      if (
+        captureCtx?._shellCaptureRun &&
+        captureCtx._shellCaptureHandleLiveness
+      ) {
+        captureCtx._shellCaptureHandleLiveness.handlerInvokedLoader = true;
+      }
+    }
 
-    // Memoize for subsequent calls
-    loaderPromises.set(loader.$$id, promise);
+    const promise = observePhase(PHASES.loader(loader.$$id), () =>
+      Promise.resolve(
+        runInsideLoaderBodyScope(
+          () => loaderFn(loaderCtx as LoaderContext<any, TEnv>),
+          loader.$$id,
+          !isDslLoader,
+        ),
+      ).finally(() => {
+        pendingLoaders.delete(loader.$$id);
+      }),
+    );
 
+    loaderPromises.set(loader.$$id, promise);
     return promise;
+  }
+
+  return useLoader;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set up the use() method on handler context to access loaders and handles.
+ *
+ * For loaders: Lazily runs loaders, memoizes results per request.
+ * For handles: Returns a push function bound to the current segment.
+ *
+ * Includes cycle detection: tracks dependency edges between loaders and
+ * throws on circular dependencies to prevent deadlocks.
+ */
+export function setupLoaderAccess<TEnv>(
+  ctx: HandlerContext<any, TEnv>,
+  loaderPromises: Map<string, Promise<any>>,
+): void {
+  // Eagerly capture the request context and HandleStore at setup time
+  // (before pipeline async ops). In workerd/Cloudflare, dynamic imports and
+  // fetch() in the match pipeline can disrupt AsyncLocalStorage, causing
+  // getRequestContext() to return undefined when handlers later call
+  // ctx.use(handle). Capturing early ensures references survive ALS disruption.
+  const reqCtxRef = _getRequestContext();
+  const handleStoreRef = reqCtxRef?._handleStore;
+
+  const useLoader = createLoaderExecutor(ctx, loaderPromises);
+
+  ctx.use = ((item: LoaderDefinition<any, any> | Handle<any, any>) => {
+    if (isHandle(item)) {
+      const handle = item;
+      const store = handleStoreRef;
+      const segmentId = (ctx as InternalHandlerContext<any, TEnv>)
+        ._currentSegmentId;
+
+      if (!segmentId) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Handle "${handle.$$id}" used outside of handler context. ` +
+            `Handles must be used within route/layout handlers.`,
+        );
+      }
+
+      return withDefer(
+        (dataOrFn: unknown | Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>)) => {
+          if (!store) return;
+
+          if (typeof dataOrFn === "function") {
+            // Run the callback inside the push-callback scope so ctx.use(loader)
+            // calls it makes — including after its own awaits, for an async
+            // callback — are not registered as handler-to-loader deps and do not
+            // trip the deadlock guard. A pushed promise value is not tracked by
+            // handleStore.settled and does not block segment resolution, so it
+            // cannot form a rendered() deadlock. The ALS scope (not a plain
+            // boolean) is what survives the callback's awaits.
+            const result = runInsidePushCallbackScope(() =>
+              (dataOrFn as () => Promise<unknown>)(),
+            );
+            store.push(handle.$$id, segmentId, result);
+            return;
+          }
+
+          store.push(handle.$$id, segmentId, dataOrFn);
+        },
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Deadlock guard and handler-to-loader dependency tracking.
+    // Skip when inside a DSL loader scope (resolveLoaderData also calls
+    // ctx.use() but that's DSL-to-DSL, not handler-to-loader) or when
+    // inside a handle push callback (push callbacks don't block segment
+    // resolution so they can't cause rendered() deadlocks). The push-callback
+    // check is an ALS scope so it also exempts an ASYNC callback's continuation
+    // after its first await — relevant on streaming trees, where the guard
+    // state now stays live until handleStore.settled.
+    const loader = item as LoaderDefinition<any, any>;
+    if (!isInsideLoaderScope() && !isInsidePushCallbackScope()) {
+      const reqCtx = reqCtxRef ?? _getRequestContext();
+      if (reqCtx) {
+        // Direction 1: handler awaits loader that already called rendered()
+        if (
+          loaderPromises.has(loader.$$id) &&
+          reqCtx._renderBarrierWaiters?.has(loader.$$id)
+        ) {
+          throw new Error(
+            `Deadlock: handler is awaiting loader "${loader.$$id}" which called ctx.rendered(). ` +
+              `The loader is waiting for segment resolution, but the handler blocks resolution. ` +
+              `Move the data dependency to a loader-to-loader pattern instead.`,
+          );
+        }
+        // Direction 2: track dep so rendered() can detect the deadlock if the
+        // loader calls it later. Skip once the guard window is CLOSED — for a
+        // non-streaming tree that is when the barrier resolves (rendered()
+        // resolves immediately), and for a streaming tree it is when
+        // handleStore.settled completes (rendered() keeps waiting until then, so
+        // a loading() handler resuming after the barrier can still form a
+        // cycle). Using the explicit guard-closed flag rather than
+        // _renderBarrierSegmentOrder keeps tracking live across the streaming
+        // settle wait. (Handle push callbacks are already excluded above via
+        // isInsidePushCallbackScope(), so they cannot produce false positives
+        // here.)
+        if (!reqCtx._renderBarrierGuardClosed) {
+          if (!reqCtx._handlerLoaderDeps) reqCtx._handlerLoaderDeps = new Set();
+          reqCtx._handlerLoaderDeps.add(loader.$$id);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return useLoader(loader, null);
   }) as typeof ctx.use;
 }
 
@@ -237,20 +575,17 @@ export function setupLoaderAccess<TEnv>(
  * Set up ctx.use() for pre-rendering (build-time).
  * Handles push to HandleStore; loaders throw with a clear error.
  */
-export function setupBuildUse<TEnv>(
-  ctx: HandlerContext<any, TEnv>,
-): void {
-  // Get HandleStore from request context
-  const getHandleStore = (): HandleStore | undefined => {
-    return getRequestContext()?._handleStore;
-  };
+export function setupBuildUse<TEnv>(ctx: HandlerContext<any, TEnv>): void {
+  // Eagerly capture the HandleStore (same ALS protection as setupLoaderAccess).
+  const handleStoreRef = _getRequestContext()?._handleStore;
 
   ctx.use = ((item: LoaderDefinition<any, any> | Handle<any, any>) => {
     // Handle case: return a push function bound to the current segment
     if (isHandle(item)) {
       const handle = item;
-      const store = getHandleStore();
-      const segmentId = (ctx as InternalHandlerContext)._currentSegmentId;
+      const store = handleStoreRef;
+      const segmentId = (ctx as InternalHandlerContext<any, TEnv>)
+        ._currentSegmentId;
 
       if (!segmentId) {
         throw new Error(
@@ -259,15 +594,21 @@ export function setupBuildUse<TEnv>(
         );
       }
 
-      return (dataOrFn: unknown | Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>)) => {
-        if (!store) return;
+      // Wrap with withDefer so ctx.use(Handle).defer(...) works on the build /
+      // prerender path, matching production setupLoaderAccess. Without it a
+      // prerender handler calling .defer() throws "defer is not a function".
+      return withDefer(
+        (dataOrFn: unknown | Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>)) => {
+          if (!store) return;
 
-        const valueOrPromise = typeof dataOrFn === "function"
-          ? (dataOrFn as () => Promise<unknown>)()
-          : dataOrFn;
+          const valueOrPromise =
+            typeof dataOrFn === "function"
+              ? (dataOrFn as () => Promise<unknown>)()
+              : dataOrFn;
 
-        store.push(handle.$$id, segmentId, valueOrPromise);
-      };
+          store.push(handle.$$id, segmentId, valueOrPromise);
+        },
+      );
     }
 
     // Loader case: not available during pre-rendering
@@ -282,76 +623,27 @@ export function setupBuildUse<TEnv>(
 /**
  * Set up ctx.use() for proactive caching (silent mode).
  * Handles are silently ignored (no push to HandleStore).
- * Loaders work normally but with fresh memoization.
+ * Loaders work normally but with fresh memoization and cycle detection.
  *
  * This prevents duplicate handle data (breadcrumbs, meta) from being
  * pushed to the response stream during background proactive caching.
  */
 export function setupLoaderAccessSilent<TEnv>(
   ctx: HandlerContext<any, TEnv>,
-  loaderPromises: Map<string, Promise<any>>
+  loaderPromises: Map<string, Promise<any>>,
 ): void {
+  const useLoader = createLoaderExecutor(ctx, loaderPromises);
+
   ctx.use = ((item: LoaderDefinition<any, any> | Handle<any, any>) => {
-    // Handle case: return a no-op push function
     if (isHandle(item)) {
-      // Silent mode - return a function that does nothing
-      return (_dataOrFn: unknown) => {
-        // Intentionally empty - don't push handle data during proactive caching
-      };
-    }
-
-    // Loader case: same as setupLoaderAccess
-    const loader = item as LoaderDefinition<any, any>;
-
-    // Return cached promise if already started
-    if (loaderPromises.has(loader.$$id)) {
-      return loaderPromises.get(loader.$$id);
+      // Silent mode - return a no-op so handle data is not pushed during caching.
+      // Wrap with withDefer so ctx.use(Handle).defer(...) still resolves to a
+      // callable resolver (also a no-op here), matching production's push shape
+      // instead of throwing "defer is not a function".
+      return withDefer((_dataOrFn: unknown) => {});
     }
 
-    // Get loader function
-    let loaderFn = loader.fn;
-    if (!loaderFn) {
-      const fetchable = getFetchableLoader(loader.$$id);
-      if (fetchable) {
-        loaderFn = fetchable.fn;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (!loaderFn) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Loader "${loader.$$id}" has no function. This usually means the loader was defined without "use server" and the function was not included in the build.`
-      );
-    }
-
-    // Create loader context with recursive use() support
-    const loaderCtx: LoaderContext<Record<string, string | undefined>, TEnv> = {
-      params: ctx.params,
-      request: ctx.request,
-      searchParams: ctx.searchParams,
-      pathname: ctx.pathname,
-      url: ctx.url,
-      env: ctx.env,
-      var: ctx.var,
-      get: ctx.get,
-      use: <TDep, TDepParams = any>(
-        dep: LoaderDefinition<TDep, TDepParams>
-      ): Promise<TDep> => {
-        return ctx.use(dep);
-      },
-      method: "GET",
-      body: undefined,
-    };
-
-    // Start loader execution with tracking
-    const doneLoader = track(`loader:${loader.$$id}`);
-    const promise = Promise.resolve(
-      loaderFn(loaderCtx as LoaderContext<any, TEnv>)
-    ).finally(() => {
-      doneLoader();
-    });
-
-    loaderPromises.set(loader.$$id, promise);
-    return promise;
+    return useLoader(item as LoaderDefinition<any, any>, null);
   }) as typeof ctx.use;
 }
 
@@ -367,7 +659,7 @@ export function setupLoaderAccessSilent<TEnv>(
 export async function revalidate<T>(
   shouldRevalidate: () => Promise<boolean>,
   onRevalidate: () => Promise<T>,
-  onSkip: () => T
+  onSkip: () => T,
 ): Promise<T> {
   const needsRevalidation = await shouldRevalidate();
   return needsRevalidation ? await onRevalidate() : onSkip();