@quereus/store 4.4.1 → 4.5.0

package/README.md

@@ -1,491 +1,512 @@
-# @quereus/store
-
-> **Stability: Beta** — complete and tested, but the surface is still being shaped; a
-> breaking change may land in a minor release. Its on-disk key encoding is not frozen, so
-> a format change can make an existing database unreadable without a migration step. See
-> [Stability Tiers](../../docs/stability.md#tiers).
-
-Abstract key-value storage module for [Quereus](https://github.com/gotchoices/quereus). Provides platform-agnostic interfaces and a generic `StoreModule` virtual table implementation.
-
-## Architecture
-
-This package provides the **abstract layer** that separates virtual table logic from platform-specific storage:
-
-```
-@quereus/store (this package)
-├── KVStore interface           - Abstract key-value store
-├── KVStoreProvider interface   - Store factory/management
-├── StoreModule                 - Generic VirtualTableModule
-├── StoreTable                  - Generic virtual table implementation
-├── StoreConnection             - Generic transaction support
-└── Common utilities            - Encoding, serialization, events
-
-@quereus/plugin-leveldb (Node.js)     @quereus/plugin-indexeddb (Browser)
-├── LevelDBStore                      ├── IndexedDBStore
-├── LevelDBProvider                   ├── IndexedDBProvider
-└── Plugin registration               ├── IndexedDBManager
-                                      └── CrossTabSync
-```
-
-This architecture enables:
-- **Platform portability** - Same SQL tables work across Node.js, browsers, and mobile
-- **Custom storage backends** - Implement `KVStore` for IndexedDB, LevelDB, LMDB, or other "NoSQL" stores
-- **Dependency injection** - Use `KVStoreProvider` for store management
-
-## Storage Architecture
-
-The store module uses separate logical stores for different data types:
-
-**Store Naming Convention:**
-- `{schema}.{table}` - Data store (row data)
-- `{schema}.{table}_idx_{indexName}` - Index stores (one per secondary index)
-- `{prefix}.__stats__` - Unified stats store (row counts for all tables)
-- `__catalog__` - Catalog store (DDL metadata)
-
-**Key Formats:**
-- **Data keys**: Encoded primary key (no prefix)
-- **Index keys**: Encoded index columns + encoded PK
-- **Index values**: The row's encoded **data key**. A secondary-index scan resolves each
-  matched entry back to its base row with one data-store read at this key, rather than
-  decoding the index key's PK suffix (that suffix is encoded lossily for a NOCASE/RTRIM
-  PK column, so it is not recoverable to SQL values). Entries are not covering — the row
-  itself always lives in the data store.
-- **Catalog keys**:
-  - Tables: `{schema}.{table}` as a string (the `CREATE TABLE` bundle, with its index DDL and any exposed-implicit-index tag DDL)
-  - Views: `\x00view\x00{schema}.{view}` (reserved-prefix; `generateViewDDL`)
-  - Materialized views: `\x00mview\x00{schema}.{mv}` (reserved-prefix; `generateMaterializedViewDDL`)
-
-This design eliminates redundant prefixes and groups related stores together by table name. The leading-`0x00` view/MV prefixes never collide with an unprefixed table key, so a view/MV may safely share a name with a table; a full catalog scan returns all three kinds intermixed and rehydrate classifies each by its key prefix.
-
-**Catalog DDL is re-persisted on catalog-only mutations.** `ALTER … SET TAGS` (and the programmatic `setTableTags` / `setColumnTags` / `setConstraintTags` / `setViewTags` / `setMaterializedViewTags`), plus `CREATE`/`DROP VIEW` and `CREATE`/`DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW`, never reach `module.alterTable`/`module.destroy`. The module subscribes to the engine's schema-change events (`table_modified`, the `view_*` events, and the `materialized_view_*` events) and writes the matching `__catalog__` entry when its `generate*DDL` output changes — table / column / constraint / **index** / **view** / **materialized-view** tags, and view/MV lifecycle, all survive close → reopen. A table's bundle is its `CREATE TABLE` DDL, one `CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX` line per secondary index, and one trailing `alter index … set tags (…)` line per *exposed implicit index* carrying user tags (an exposed implicit index is never materialized in the store's *engine-facing* schema — only in its internal enforcement schema, see the implicit-index note below — so its `UniqueConstraintSchema.exposedIndexTags` has no `CREATE INDEX` line to ride; the alter line re-applies silently on import). These async writes are serialized and drained by `closeAll()` (or the `whenCatalogPersisted()` barrier) before the provider closes. On reopen, `rehydrateCatalog` classifies entries by key prefix and imports them in phases — tables → views → materialized views, all through the engine's `importCatalog` (MVs re-materialize silently via the shared create core, dependency-ordered for MV-over-MV by fixpoint retry). See [`docs/schema.md`](../../docs/schema.md#view-and-materialized-view-persistence) for the full design.
-
-**How a UNIQUE constraint is enforced.** For each row written, the store looks for a conflicting row through the cheapest sound route available:
-
-1. **A linked row-time covering materialized view** — its backing table answers the uniqueness question.
-2. **A physical secondary index realizing the constraint** — one bounded seek into the index store. Available for **every** non-derived `UNIQUE` (see the implicit-index note below), for a constraint that came from a `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX` (it names its own index), and for any *full* (non-partial) index whose columns match the constraint's. The index need not itself be UNIQUE.
-3. **A full scan of the data store** — always correct, and O(rows) per row written.
-
-Route 2 turns a bulk insert from O(n²) into roughly O(n log n). It is skipped for a constraint the index cannot answer soundly:
-
-- A **partial** index cannot serve a constraint it does not derive from: it physically omits its out-of-scope rows, so a seek would miss a conflict among them.
-- Index-column bytes are encoded under the **table key collation** `K` (the `collation` module option, default `NOCASE`), not under the constraint's enforcement collation `C`. A seek returns exactly the rows `K`-equal to the new row, so it is a sound *superset* of the true conflict set only when `K` is coarser-than-or-equal-to `C` (a column that can never hold text; `C == K`; or `K = NOCASE` over `C = BINARY`). When `K` is finer — `K = BINARY` over `C = NOCASE`, or `K = NOCASE` over `C = RTRIM` — a seek would under-fetch and silently accept a real duplicate, so the constraint falls back to the full scan. "Can never hold text" is judged by physical representation, not by declared type name: an `ANY` or `JSON` column stores a string as a string, so neither is exempt.
-
-Whichever route runs, the conflicting row is re-validated identically: the row being written is excluded by primary key, each constrained column is compared under its enforcement collation (a `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX … (col COLLATE x)` enforces `x`, else the column's declared collation), and a partial constraint's predicate must hold on the candidate.
-
-Because route 2 trusts the index store to hold an entry for every live row, `CREATE INDEX` populates the new index from the table's **effective** rows — committed rows merged with the open transaction's pending writes. A row inserted earlier in that transaction is therefore indexed, and participates in `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX`'s duplicate check, rather than being invisible to every later seek. Index entries are written outside the transaction coordinator, so a later `ROLLBACK` leaves entries for rows that no longer exist; every reader resolves an index entry to its live row and drops it when the row is gone or no longer matches, so a stale entry can never manufacture a result.
-
-**Implicit per-constraint index (`_uc_*`).** Every non-derived `UNIQUE` — declared inline at `CREATE TABLE` or added by `ALTER TABLE … ADD CONSTRAINT` — is backed by a hidden secondary index named `<constraint name>` or, when unnamed, `_uc_<columns>` (the same convention the memory backend and the engine's `implicitIndexName` use). This is what makes route 2 reach a plain `UNIQUE`, so a bulk load no longer degrades to O(n²). The index is:
-
-- **Kept out of the engine.** It lives only in the StoreTable's *enforcement* schema, never in the engine-registered schema, so the read-query planner does not see it (a plain `UNIQUE` gets no read-side plan from it — matching the memory backend) and it is never written to the catalog as a `CREATE INDEX`.
-- **Derived on open.** Reconstructing a StoreTable re-materializes the schema entry from `uniqueConstraints`; the physical index store persists on disk under its deterministic name and is reopened lazily. (A store written *before* this feature has no `_uc_*` store on disk — backwards compatibility is waived project-wide; reopening such a database would need the index rebuilt.)
-- **Reconciled across ALTER.** `ADD CONSTRAINT` builds the physical store from the existing rows (after the existing-row duplicate check passes); `DROP CONSTRAINT` tears it down (so a later re-`ADD` cannot reopen stale entries); `RENAME CONSTRAINT`, and a column rename that changes an unnamed constraint's implicit name, move the store; a PK / collation / data-type `ALTER` re-encodes it via the same rebuild that re-encodes explicit indexes.
-- **Relocated / reclaimed with the table.** `DROP TABLE` deletes the `_uc_*` store alongside the data + explicit-index stores; `RENAME TABLE` relocates it under the new name. Both resolve the physical store list from the *enforcement* schema (not the engine-facing `.indexes`, which omits `_uc_*`), so the implicit store is never stranded on drop nor left behind on rename (which would leave the renamed table seeking an empty store and accepting a duplicate).
-- **Always materialized, even alongside an explicit index.** When a user also declares a matching `CREATE INDEX`, both are maintained (their key bytes are byte-identical, so this is redundant, never wrong). Reusing the explicit index instead is a deferred optimization — see `tickets/backlog/debt-store-implicit-unique-index-reuse`.
-
-## Installation
-
-```bash
-npm install @quereus/store
-```
-
-For platform-specific implementations:
-```bash
-# Node.js
-npm install @quereus/plugin-leveldb
-
-# Browser
-npm install @quereus/plugin-indexeddb
-```
-
-## Usage
-
-### With a Provider
-
-```typescript
-import { Database } from '@quereus/quereus';
-import { StoreModule } from '@quereus/store';
-import { createLevelDBProvider } from '@quereus/plugin-leveldb';
-// OR: import { createIndexedDBProvider } from '@quereus/plugin-indexeddb';
-
-const db = new Database();
-
-// Create provider for your platform
-const provider = createLevelDBProvider({ basePath: './data' });
-
-// Create the generic store module with your provider
-const storeModule = new StoreModule(provider);
-db.registerModule('store', storeModule);
-
-// Use it in SQL
-await db.exec(`
-  create table users (id integer primary key, name text)
-  using store
-`);
-```
-
-### Custom Storage Backend
-
-Implement `KVStore` and `KVStoreProvider` to create custom storage backends:
-
-```typescript
-import type { KVStore, KVStoreProvider } from '@quereus/store';
-
-class MyCustomStore implements KVStore {
-  async get(key: Uint8Array) { /* ... */ }
-  async put(key: Uint8Array, value: Uint8Array) { /* ... */ }
-  async delete(key: Uint8Array) { /* ... */ }
-  async has(key: Uint8Array) { /* ... */ }
-  iterate(options?: IterateOptions) { /* ... */ }
-  batch() { /* ... */ }
-  async close() { /* ... */ }
-  async approximateCount(options?: IterateOptions) { /* ... */ }
-}
-
-class MyCustomProvider implements KVStoreProvider {
-  async getStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string) {
-    return new MyCustomStore(/* ... */);
-  }
-  async getIndexStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string) {
-    return new MyCustomStore(/* ... */);
-  }
-  async getStatsStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string) {
-    return new MyCustomStore(/* ... */);
-  }
-  async getCatalogStore() { /* ... */ }
-  async closeStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string) { /* ... */ }
-  async closeIndexStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string) { /* ... */ }
-  async closeAll() { /* ... */ }
-}
-
-// Use it with StoreModule
-const provider = new MyCustomProvider();
-const module = new StoreModule(provider);
-db.registerModule('store', module);
-```
-
-**Validate a new backend against the shared conformance suite.** `@quereus/store/testing`
-exports `runKVStoreConformance(name, makeBackend)` — one parameterized battery of
-behavioral tests written against the `KVStore` contract (point ops, ordering, range
-iteration, streaming across page boundaries, batch semantics, optional persistence, and
-cross-backend encoded-key ordering). Wire a tiny lifecycle adapter and run it under Mocha
-so any drift from the contract fails a test:
-
-```typescript
-import { runKVStoreConformance } from '@quereus/store/testing';
-
-runKVStoreConformance('MyCustomStore', () => ({
-  open: async () => new MyCustomStore(/* ... */),
-  // Omit `reopen` for a non-persistent backend; supply it (reopen the SAME keyspace
-  // without wiping) to also exercise the persistence tier.
-  teardown: async () => { /* close handles, remove backing storage */ },
-}));
-```
-
-See `test/kv-conformance.spec.ts` (in-memory), and the LevelDB / IndexedDB plugins'
-`test/conformance.spec.ts` for worked adapters.
-
-## KVStore Interface
-
-The `KVStore` interface is the foundation for all storage backends:
-
-```typescript
-interface KVStore {
-  get(key: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array | undefined>;
-  put(key: Uint8Array, value: Uint8Array): Promise<void>;
-  delete(key: Uint8Array): Promise<void>;
-  has(key: Uint8Array): Promise<boolean>;
-  iterate(options?: IterateOptions): AsyncIterable<KVEntry>;
-  batch(): WriteBatch;
-  close(): Promise<void>;
-  approximateCount(options?: IterateOptions): Promise<number>;
-}
-
-interface KVStoreProvider {
-  // Get data store for a table
-  getStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string): Promise<KVStore>;
-  
-  // Get index store for a secondary index
-  getIndexStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string): Promise<KVStore>;
-  
-  // Get stats store for table statistics
-  getStatsStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string): Promise<KVStore>;
-  
-  // Get catalog store for DDL metadata
-  getCatalogStore(): Promise<KVStore>;
-  
-  // Close specific stores
-  closeStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string): Promise<void>;
-  closeIndexStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string): Promise<void>;
-  closeAll(): Promise<void>;
-  
-  // Optional: Delete stores. `indexNames` is the table's exact secondary-index
-  // names (from the schema) — build index store names from it via
-  // buildIndexStoreName instead of prefix-scanning `{table}_idx_`, which would
-  // also match a sibling table literally named `{table}_idx_<x>`.
-  deleteIndexStore?(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string): Promise<void>;
-  deleteTableStores?(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexNames: readonly string[]): Promise<void>;
-
-  // Optional: Relocate a table's data + index stores for ALTER TABLE ... RENAME TO
-  // (`indexNames` carries the same authoritative, exact index list).
-  renameTableStores?(schemaName: string, oldName: string, newName: string, indexNames: readonly string[]): Promise<void>;
-}
-```
-
-## Module Capabilities
-
-The `StoreModule` reports its capabilities via `getCapabilities()`:
-
-```typescript
-const storeModule = new StoreModule(provider);
-const caps = storeModule.getCapabilities();
-
-// {
-//   isolation: false,      // Store module does NOT provide transaction isolation
-//   savepoints: true,      // Coordinator-buffered ops support savepoints within a transaction
-//   persistent: true,      // Data persists across restarts
-//   secondaryIndexes: true,// Supports secondary indexes
-//   rangeScans: true       // Supports range scans
-// }
-```
-
-**Important:** The base `StoreModule` does not provide transaction isolation:
-- No snapshot isolation: between connections, reads see only committed data, and concurrent readers may observe partial writes
-- Within a transaction, reads through the table's shared coordinator DO see that transaction's own pending writes (read-your-own-writes). This extends to DML's own internal reads: the insert PK-conflict probe, the update/delete old-image reads, and the update PK-change conflict probe all read through the pending merge, so an INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE against a row written earlier in the same transaction sees that pending row — it raises a UNIQUE conflict (or evicts under `OR REPLACE`), cleans up secondary-index entries, tracks the correct row-count delta, and emits events carrying the pending `oldRow`
-- Row-validating DDL reads the same effective stream: `create index` / `create unique index` populate from it (see above), and `alter table … add constraint … unique` plus the `set collate` re-validation of a covering non-PK UNIQUE scan it too — so a duplicate inserted earlier in the still-open transaction is rejected rather than surviving to commit
-- Savepoints (create / release / rollback-to) work within a transaction via the coordinator's buffered op log
-  - Caveat: a DDL-commit operation (`replaceContents` / `renameTable`, e.g. `refresh materialized view` or `alter table … rename`) commits the coordinator mid-transaction, clearing the savepoint stack. A later `rollback to` / `release` targeting a now-vanished savepoint degrades to a no-op (warn-and-return) rather than throwing; the committed DDL and everything before it stays committed
-
-## Atomic multi-store commit (module-wide, cross-table)
-
-A single `TransactionCoordinator` is shared by **every table of one storage
-module** — it is the unit of cross-table atomicity. Every buffered op is
-addressed by its explicit target `KVStore` handle (data ops, secondary-index
-ops, and backing-host writes alike), so a transaction touching tables A and B
-accumulates all of their stores' ops in one coordinator. Because the engine
-commits virtual-table connections **sequentially** and the coordinator's
-`commit()`/`rollback()` are **idempotent**, the first connection to commit
-flushes **every** touched store of **every** table the transaction wrote; the
-remaining connections no-op.
-
-`TransactionCoordinator.commit()` thus writes each table's data store and each of
-its secondary-index stores. By default it writes **one `KVStore.batch()` per
-store, sequentially** — a crash between those batches can leave tables/indexes
-divergent on disk, with no automatic healing (no worse than the prior per-table
-commits, which were already non-atomic across tables).
-
-A provider whose stores share a single durable commit domain can close that
-window by implementing the optional `KVStoreProvider.beginAtomicBatch()`:
-
-```typescript
-interface AtomicBatch {
-  put(store: KVStore, key: Uint8Array, value: Uint8Array): void;
-  delete(store: KVStore, key: Uint8Array): void;
-  write(): Promise<void>;   // one durable, all-or-nothing physical commit
-  clear(): void;
-}
-
-interface KVStoreProvider {
-  // ...
-  // Open a batch spanning this provider's stores, or undefined when the provider
-  // has no shared commit domain (the coordinator then falls back to per-store batch()).
-  beginAtomicBatch?(): AtomicBatch | undefined;
-}
-```
-
-The batch addresses stores by **`KVStore` handle**, so it composes with the
-coordinator's existing per-store bucketing without a name lookup. When present,
-`commit()` queues every pending op — every store of **every table** in the
-transaction — into one `AtomicBatch` and issues a single `write()`; all of those
-tables commit or roll back together. When absent — or when the factory returns
-`undefined` — behavior is byte-identical to the per-store loop, so providers
-without a shared domain are unaffected.
-
-The capability surface spans **multiple stores of one provider** (every store of
-every table the module owns), giving full module-wide cross-table atomicity with
-no interface change. The
-[`@quereus/plugin-indexeddb`](../quereus-plugin-indexeddb) provider implements it
-over its single IndexedDB database (multiple object stores, one
-`db.transaction(...,'readwrite')`), invalidating each touched store's read cache
-after a successful write so read-your-own-writes survives the cache.
-
-## Materialized-View Backing Host
-
-The store module implements the engine's backing-host capability
-(`StoreBackingHost`), so `create materialized view mv using store as <body>`
-places the MV's backing table in persistent storage. Maintenance writes ride
-the module's shared `TransactionCoordinator`'s pending state (committing/rolling
-back in lockstep with the source write — and, since the coordinator is
-module-wide, in the same all-or-nothing batch as a write to a same-module
-source), mid-transaction reads of the MV see pending
-maintenance through the read-your-own-writes merge, and the backing's text
-primary-key columns are keyed under the store's `collation` arg (default
-`NOCASE` — pass `using store(collation = 'BINARY')` for byte-exact keys). The
-isolation wrapper forwards the capability automatically. See
-[`docs/mv-backing-host.md` § The store host](../../docs/mv-backing-host.md#the-store-host-using-store).
-
-## External Row-Write Entry Point
-
-`StoreTable.applyExternalRowChanges(ops)` applies trusted, externally-originated
-row writes (e.g. inbound replication) directly to a **source** table's committed
-storage — table-owned data-key put/delete, **secondary-index maintenance**, and
-stats tracking — and returns the effective `BackingRowChange[]` (the shape
-`Database.ingestExternalRowChanges` consumes). It is the index-maintaining
-sibling of the backing host (whose MV backing tables carry no indexes): a caller
-writing the data `KVStore` directly would silently skip index and stats upkeep.
-
-Resolve the table with `StoreModule.getTableForExternalWrite(db, schema, table)`
-(same ownership/wrapper resolution as `getBackingHost`), read a row's current
-image with `StoreTable.readRowByPk(pk)`, then apply one `ExternalRowOp` per row:
-
-```typescript
-const table = storeModule.getTableForExternalWrite(db, 'main', 'users');
-if (table) {
-  const changes = await table.applyExternalRowChanges([
-    { op: 'upsert', row: [1, 'alice'] },   // full row, schema column order
-    { op: 'delete', pk: [2] },             // PK values, PK-definition order
-  ]);
-}
-```
-
-Deliberately emits **no** module data events (the caller owns emission and the
-`remote` flag), opens **no** coordinator transaction (writes commit at once,
-last-writer-wins against any pending local transaction), and runs **no**
-constraint validation (the origin is trusted). No-ops are suppressed: a delete
-of an absent key and a value-identical upsert (byte-faithful) write nothing and
-report nothing.
-
-## Transaction Isolation
-
-To add full ACID transaction semantics with snapshot isolation, wrap the store module with the `IsolationModule`:
-
-```typescript
-import { Database, MemoryTableModule } from '@quereus/quereus';
-import { IsolationModule } from '@quereus/isolation';
-import { StoreModule, createIsolatedStoreModule } from '@quereus/store';
-import { createLevelDBProvider } from '@quereus/plugin-leveldb';
-
-const db = new Database();
-const provider = createLevelDBProvider({ basePath: './data' });
-
-// Option 1: Use the convenience function
-const isolatedModule = createIsolatedStoreModule({ provider });
-db.registerModule('store', isolatedModule);
-
-// Option 2: Manual wrapping for more control
-const storeModule = new StoreModule(provider);
-const isolatedModule = new IsolationModule({
-	underlying: storeModule,
-	overlay: new MemoryTableModule(),
-});
-db.registerModule('store', isolatedModule);
-
-// Now transactions have full isolation
-await db.exec('BEGIN');
-await db.exec(`INSERT INTO users VALUES (1, 'Alice')`);
-
-// Read-your-own-writes: sees uncommitted insert
-const user = await db.get('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1');
-console.log(user.name); // 'Alice'
-
-await db.exec('COMMIT'); // Or ROLLBACK to discard
-```
-
-The isolation layer provides:
-- **Read-your-own-writes** within transactions
-- **Snapshot isolation** for consistent reads
-- **Savepoint support** via the overlay module
-
-### Checking for Isolation Support
-
-```typescript
-import { hasIsolation } from '@quereus/store';
-
-const storeModule = new StoreModule(provider);
-console.log(hasIsolation(storeModule)); // false
-
-const isolatedModule = createIsolatedStoreModule({ provider });
-console.log(hasIsolation(isolatedModule)); // true
-```
-
-## API
-
-### Core Exports
-
-| Export | Description |
-|--------|-------------|
-| `KVStore` | Key-value store interface (type) |
-| `KVStoreProvider` | Store factory interface (type) |
-| `WriteBatch` | Batch write interface (type) |
-| `AtomicBatch` | Cross-store all-or-nothing batch from `KVStoreProvider.beginAtomicBatch` (type) |
-| `IterateOptions` | Iteration options (type) |
-| `StoreModule` | Generic VirtualTableModule |
-| `StoreTable` | Virtual table implementation (incl. `applyExternalRowChanges` / `readRowByPk` for externally-applied source writes) |
-| `ExternalRowOp` | One externally-applied row op (`upsert`/`delete`) for `StoreTable.applyExternalRowChanges` (type) |
-| `resolvePkKeyCollations` | Per-PK-column key collations (pass to `buildDataKey`/`buildIndexKey` to match `StoreTable`'s key bytes) |
-| `StoreConnection` | Transaction connection |
-| `TransactionCoordinator` | Transaction management |
-| `StoreEventEmitter` | Event system for data/schema changes |
-
-### Isolation Layer Utilities
-
-| Export | Description |
-|--------|-------------|
-| `createIsolatedStoreModule` | Create store module with isolation layer |
-| `hasIsolation` | Check if a module has isolation capability |
-| `IsolatedStoreModuleConfig` | Configuration for isolated store module |
-
-### Caching
-
-| Export | Description |
-|--------|-------------|
-| `CachedKVStore` | Read-through LRU cache wrapper for any `KVStore` |
-| `CacheOptions` | Configuration for cache (maxEntries, maxBytes, enabled) |
-
-### Encoding Utilities
-
-| Export | Description |
-|--------|-------------|
-| `encodeValue` | Encode a SQL value to sortable bytes |
-| `decodeValue` | Decode bytes back to SQL value |
-| `encodeCompositeKey` | Encode multiple values as composite key |
-| `decodeCompositeKey` | Decode composite key to values |
-| `BUILTIN_KEY_NORMALIZER_RESOLVER` | Built-ins-only key-normalizer resolver (`EncodeOptions.normalizers` default) |
-
-### Serialization Utilities
-
-| Export | Description |
-|--------|-------------|
-| `serializeRow` | Serialize a row to bytes |
-| `deserializeRow` | Deserialize bytes to row |
-| `serializeValue` | Serialize a single value |
-| `deserializeValue` | Deserialize a single value |
-
-### Key Building
-
-| Export | Description |
-|--------|-------------|
-| `buildDataStoreName` | Build store name for table data |
-| `buildIndexStoreName` | Build store name for an index |
-| `buildStatsStoreName` | Build store name for table stats |
-| `buildDataKey` | Build key for row data (encoded PK) |
-| `buildIndexKey` | Build key for index entry |
-| `buildCatalogKey` | Build key for a table's catalog entry (`{schema}.{table}`) |
-| `buildViewCatalogKey` | Build key for a view's catalog entry (reserved `\x00view\x00` prefix) |
-| `buildMaterializedViewCatalogKey` | Build key for an MV's catalog entry (reserved `\x00mview\x00` prefix) |
-| `classifyCatalogKey` | Classify a loaded catalog key as `'table'` / `'view'` / `'materializedView'` |
-| `buildFullScanBounds` | Build bounds for full table scan |
-| `buildIndexPrefixBounds` | Build bounds for index prefix scan |
-| `buildPkPrefixBounds` | Build bounds for a data-store PK prefix range (per-column DESC + key collations) |
-| `buildCatalogScanBounds` | Build bounds for catalog scan |
-| `CATALOG_STORE_NAME` | Reserved catalog store name constant |
-| `STORE_SUFFIX` | Store name suffixes (INDEX, STATS) |
-
-## Related Packages
-
-- [`@quereus/plugin-leveldb`](../quereus-plugin-leveldb/) - LevelDB implementation for Node.js
-- [`@quereus/plugin-indexeddb`](../quereus-plugin-indexeddb/) - IndexedDB implementation for browsers
-- [`@quereus/sync`](../quereus-sync/) - CRDT sync layer
-
-## License
-
-MIT
+# @quereus/store
+
+> **Stability: Beta** — complete and tested, but the surface is still being shaped; a
+> breaking change may land in a minor release. Its on-disk key encoding is not frozen, so
+> a format change can make an existing database unreadable without a migration step. See
+> [Stability Tiers](../../docs/stability.md#tiers).
+
+Abstract key-value storage module for [Quereus](https://github.com/gotchoices/quereus). Provides platform-agnostic interfaces and a generic `StoreModule` virtual table implementation.
+
+## Architecture
+
+This package provides the **abstract layer** that separates virtual table logic from platform-specific storage:
+
+```
+@quereus/store (this package)
+├── KVStore interface           - Abstract key-value store
+├── KVStoreProvider interface   - Store factory/management
+├── StoreModule                 - Generic VirtualTableModule
+├── StoreTable                  - Generic virtual table implementation
+├── StoreConnection             - Generic transaction support
+└── Common utilities            - Encoding, serialization, events
+
+@quereus/plugin-leveldb (Node.js)     @quereus/plugin-indexeddb (Browser)
+├── LevelDBStore                      ├── IndexedDBStore
+├── LevelDBProvider                   ├── IndexedDBProvider
+└── Plugin registration               ├── IndexedDBManager
+                                      └── CrossTabSync
+```
+
+This architecture enables:
+- **Platform portability** - Same SQL tables work across Node.js, browsers, and mobile
+- **Custom storage backends** - Implement `KVStore` for IndexedDB, LevelDB, LMDB, or other "NoSQL" stores
+- **Dependency injection** - Use `KVStoreProvider` for store management
+
+## Storage Architecture
+
+The store module uses separate logical stores for different data types:
+
+**Store Naming Convention:**
+- `{schema}.{table}` - Data store (row data)
+- `{schema}.{table}_idx_{indexName}` - Index stores (one per secondary index)
+- `{prefix}.__stats__` - Unified stats store (row counts for all tables)
+- `__catalog__` - Catalog store (DDL metadata)
+
+**Key Formats:**
+- **Data keys**: Encoded primary key (no prefix)
+- **Index keys**: Encoded index columns + encoded PK
+- **Index values**: The row's encoded **data key**. A secondary-index scan resolves each
+  matched entry back to its base row with one data-store read at this key, rather than
+  decoding the index key's PK suffix (that suffix is encoded lossily for a NOCASE/RTRIM
+  PK column, so it is not recoverable to SQL values). Entries are not covering — the row
+  itself always lives in the data store.
+- **Catalog keys**:
+  - Tables: `{schema}.{table}` as a string (the `CREATE TABLE` bundle, with its index DDL and any exposed-implicit-index tag DDL)
+  - Views: `\x00view\x00{schema}.{view}` (reserved-prefix; `generateViewDDL`)
+  - Materialized views: `\x00mview\x00{schema}.{mv}` (reserved-prefix; `generateMaterializedViewDDL`)
+
+This design eliminates redundant prefixes and groups related stores together by table name. The leading-`0x00` view/MV prefixes never collide with an unprefixed table key, so a view/MV may safely share a name with a table; a full catalog scan returns all three kinds intermixed and rehydrate classifies each by its key prefix.
+
+**`IN`-list index seeks ("multi-seek").** An `IN`-list on an indexed column
+(`where v in (1, 2, 3)`, including parameter-bound lists) is served from the index as one
+deduplicated, key-ordered point seek per distinct list value, instead of a full scan with
+a residual filter. `NULL` list values match nothing and are skipped, duplicate values
+yield their rows once, and a composite index serves the cross-product of per-column lists
+(`a in (1,2) and b in (10,20)` is four seeks). Very large lists (over 1000 seek keys) and
+lists on semantically-ordered column types (TIMESPAN, JSON) fall back to the scan path —
+still correct, just not accelerated. `IN` on the primary key currently scans (see backlog
+`feat-store-pk-in-list-multiseek`). Index choice among several usable indexes is
+first-match, not cheapest — see backlog `bug-store-index-choice-ignores-cost`.
+
+The same multi-seek path also serves an `IN` whose values only exist once the query runs
+— `where v in (select … )`, which the engine may materialize into a set and hand down as
+a seek (its `KeySetSemiJoin`). **Nothing in this module distinguishes the two.** The
+engine stamps a `FilterInfo` byte-identical in shape to a literal list's, so every gate
+above applies unchanged: the 1000-key cap, the semantic-ordering decline, the key-collation
+guard, the partial-index exclusion, and the primary-key arm's refusal of any `IN`. At plan
+time such a set describes itself only by a ceiling (`PredicateConstraint.runtimeSet.maxCount`),
+which is what the cost and cap arithmetic judges. The engine also re-checks every row the
+seek returns, so an over-fetching window costs only time.
+
+**Catalog DDL is re-persisted on catalog-only mutations.** `ALTER … SET TAGS` (and the programmatic `setTableTags` / `setColumnTags` / `setConstraintTags` / `setViewTags` / `setMaterializedViewTags`), plus `CREATE`/`DROP VIEW` and `CREATE`/`DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW`, never reach `module.alterTable`/`module.destroy`. The module subscribes to the engine's schema-change events (`table_modified`, the `view_*` events, and the `materialized_view_*` events) and writes the matching `__catalog__` entry when its `generate*DDL` output changes — table / column / constraint / **index** / **view** / **materialized-view** tags, and view/MV lifecycle, all survive close → reopen. A table's bundle is its `CREATE TABLE` DDL, one `CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX` line per secondary index, and one trailing `alter index … set tags (…)` line per *exposed implicit index* carrying user tags (an exposed implicit index is never materialized in the store's *engine-facing* schema — only in its internal enforcement schema, see the implicit-index note below — so its `UniqueConstraintSchema.exposedIndexTags` has no `CREATE INDEX` line to ride; the alter line re-applies silently on import). These async writes are serialized and drained by `closeAll()` (or the `whenCatalogPersisted()` barrier) before the provider closes. On reopen, `rehydrateCatalog` classifies entries by key prefix and imports them in phases — tables → views → materialized views, all through the engine's `importCatalog` (MVs re-materialize silently via the shared create core, dependency-ordered for MV-over-MV by fixpoint retry). See [`docs/schema.md`](../../docs/schema.md#view-and-materialized-view-persistence) for the full design.
+
+**How a UNIQUE constraint is enforced.** For each row written, the store looks for a conflicting row through the cheapest sound route available:
+
+1. **A linked row-time covering materialized view** — its backing table answers the uniqueness question.
+2. **A physical secondary index realizing the constraint** — one bounded seek into the index store. Available for **every** non-derived `UNIQUE` (see the implicit-index note below), for a constraint that came from a `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX` (it names its own index), and for any *full* (non-partial) index whose columns match the constraint's. The index need not itself be UNIQUE.
+3. **A full scan of the data store** — always correct, and O(rows) per row written.
+
+Route 2 turns a bulk insert from O(n²) into roughly O(n log n). It is skipped for a constraint the index cannot answer soundly:
+
+- A **partial** index cannot serve a constraint it does not derive from: it physically omits its out-of-scope rows, so a seek would miss a conflict among them.
+- Index-column bytes are encoded under the **table key collation** `K` (the `collation` module option, default `NOCASE`), not under the constraint's enforcement collation `C`. A seek returns exactly the rows `K`-equal to the new row, so it is a sound *superset* of the true conflict set only when `K` is coarser-than-or-equal-to `C` (a column that can never hold text; `C == K`; or `K = NOCASE` over `C = BINARY`). When `K` is finer — `K = BINARY` over `C = NOCASE`, or `K = NOCASE` over `C = RTRIM` — a seek would under-fetch and silently accept a real duplicate, so the constraint falls back to the full scan. "Can never hold text" is judged by physical representation, not by declared type name: an `ANY` or `JSON` column stores a string as a string, so neither is exempt.
+
+Whichever route runs, the conflicting row is re-validated identically: the row being written is excluded by primary key, each constrained column is compared under its enforcement collation (a `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX … (col COLLATE x)` enforces `x`, else the column's declared collation), and a partial constraint's predicate must hold on the candidate.
+
+Because route 2 trusts the index store to hold an entry for every live row, `CREATE INDEX` populates the new index from the table's **effective** rows — committed rows merged with the open transaction's pending writes. A row inserted earlier in that transaction is therefore indexed, and participates in `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX`'s duplicate check, rather than being invisible to every later seek. Index entries are written outside the transaction coordinator, so a later `ROLLBACK` leaves entries for rows that no longer exist; every reader resolves an index entry to its live row and drops it when the row is gone or no longer matches, so a stale entry can never manufacture a result.
+
+**Implicit per-constraint index (`_uc_*`).** Every non-derived `UNIQUE` — declared inline at `CREATE TABLE` or added by `ALTER TABLE … ADD CONSTRAINT` — is backed by a hidden secondary index named `<constraint name>` or, when unnamed, `_uc_<columns>` (the same convention the memory backend and the engine's `implicitIndexName` use). This is what makes route 2 reach a plain `UNIQUE`, so a bulk load no longer degrades to O(n²). The index is:
+
+- **Kept out of the engine.** It lives only in the StoreTable's *enforcement* schema, never in the engine-registered schema, so the read-query planner does not see it (a plain `UNIQUE` gets no read-side plan from it — matching the memory backend) and it is never written to the catalog as a `CREATE INDEX`.
+- **Derived on open.** Reconstructing a StoreTable re-materializes the schema entry from `uniqueConstraints`; the physical index store persists on disk under its deterministic name and is reopened lazily. (A store written *before* this feature has no `_uc_*` store on disk — backwards compatibility is waived project-wide; reopening such a database would need the index rebuilt.)
+- **Reconciled across ALTER.** `ADD CONSTRAINT` builds the physical store from the existing rows (after the existing-row duplicate check passes); `DROP CONSTRAINT` tears it down (so a later re-`ADD` cannot reopen stale entries); `RENAME CONSTRAINT`, and a column rename that changes an unnamed constraint's implicit name, move the store; a PK / collation / data-type `ALTER` re-encodes it via the same rebuild that re-encodes explicit indexes.
+- **Relocated / reclaimed with the table.** `DROP TABLE` deletes the `_uc_*` store alongside the data + explicit-index stores; `RENAME TABLE` relocates it under the new name. Both resolve the physical store list from the *enforcement* schema (not the engine-facing `.indexes`, which omits `_uc_*`), so the implicit store is never stranded on drop nor left behind on rename (which would leave the renamed table seeking an empty store and accepting a duplicate).
+- **Always materialized, even alongside an explicit index.** When a user also declares a matching `CREATE INDEX`, both are maintained (their key bytes are byte-identical, so this is redundant, never wrong). Reusing the explicit index instead is a deferred optimization — see `tickets/backlog/debt-store-implicit-unique-index-reuse`.
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+npm install @quereus/store
+```
+
+For platform-specific implementations:
+```bash
+# Node.js
+npm install @quereus/plugin-leveldb
+
+# Browser
+npm install @quereus/plugin-indexeddb
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+### With a Provider
+
+```typescript
+import { Database } from '@quereus/quereus';
+import { StoreModule } from '@quereus/store';
+import { createLevelDBProvider } from '@quereus/plugin-leveldb';
+// OR: import { createIndexedDBProvider } from '@quereus/plugin-indexeddb';
+
+const db = new Database();
+
+// Create provider for your platform
+const provider = createLevelDBProvider({ basePath: './data' });
+
+// Create the generic store module with your provider
+const storeModule = new StoreModule(provider);
+db.registerModule('store', storeModule);
+
+// Use it in SQL
+await db.exec(`
+  create table users (id integer primary key, name text)
+  using store
+`);
+```
+
+### Custom Storage Backend
+
+Implement `KVStore` and `KVStoreProvider` to create custom storage backends:
+
+```typescript
+import type { KVStore, KVStoreProvider } from '@quereus/store';
+
+class MyCustomStore implements KVStore {
+  async get(key: Uint8Array) { /* ... */ }
+  async put(key: Uint8Array, value: Uint8Array) { /* ... */ }
+  async delete(key: Uint8Array) { /* ... */ }
+  async has(key: Uint8Array) { /* ... */ }
+  iterate(options?: IterateOptions) { /* ... */ }
+  batch() { /* ... */ }
+  async close() { /* ... */ }
+  async approximateCount(options?: IterateOptions) { /* ... */ }
+}
+
+class MyCustomProvider implements KVStoreProvider {
+  async getStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string) {
+    return new MyCustomStore(/* ... */);
+  }
+  async getIndexStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string) {
+    return new MyCustomStore(/* ... */);
+  }
+  async getStatsStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string) {
+    return new MyCustomStore(/* ... */);
+  }
+  async getCatalogStore() { /* ... */ }
+  async closeStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string) { /* ... */ }
+  async closeIndexStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string) { /* ... */ }
+  async closeAll() { /* ... */ }
+}
+
+// Use it with StoreModule
+const provider = new MyCustomProvider();
+const module = new StoreModule(provider);
+db.registerModule('store', module);
+```
+
+**Validate a new backend against the shared conformance suite.** `@quereus/store/testing`
+exports `runKVStoreConformance(name, makeBackend)` — one parameterized battery of
+behavioral tests written against the `KVStore` contract (point ops, ordering, range
+iteration, streaming across page boundaries, batch semantics, optional persistence, and
+cross-backend encoded-key ordering). Wire a tiny lifecycle adapter and run it under Mocha
+so any drift from the contract fails a test:
+
+```typescript
+import { runKVStoreConformance } from '@quereus/store/testing';
+
+runKVStoreConformance('MyCustomStore', () => ({
+  open: async () => new MyCustomStore(/* ... */),
+  // Omit `reopen` for a non-persistent backend; supply it (reopen the SAME keyspace
+  // without wiping) to also exercise the persistence tier.
+  teardown: async () => { /* close handles, remove backing storage */ },
+}));
+```
+
+See `test/kv-conformance.spec.ts` (in-memory), and the LevelDB / IndexedDB plugins'
+`test/conformance.spec.ts` for worked adapters.
+
+## KVStore Interface
+
+The `KVStore` interface is the foundation for all storage backends:
+
+```typescript
+interface KVStore {
+  get(key: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array | undefined>;
+  put(key: Uint8Array, value: Uint8Array): Promise<void>;
+  delete(key: Uint8Array): Promise<void>;
+  has(key: Uint8Array): Promise<boolean>;
+  iterate(options?: IterateOptions): AsyncIterable<KVEntry>;
+  batch(): WriteBatch;
+  close(): Promise<void>;
+  approximateCount(options?: IterateOptions): Promise<number>;
+}
+
+interface KVStoreProvider {
+  // Get data store for a table
+  getStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string): Promise<KVStore>;
+  
+  // Get index store for a secondary index
+  getIndexStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string): Promise<KVStore>;
+  
+  // Get stats store for table statistics
+  getStatsStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string): Promise<KVStore>;
+  
+  // Get catalog store for DDL metadata
+  getCatalogStore(): Promise<KVStore>;
+  
+  // Close specific stores
+  closeStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string): Promise<void>;
+  closeIndexStore(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string): Promise<void>;
+  closeAll(): Promise<void>;
+  
+  // Optional: Delete stores. `indexNames` is the table's exact secondary-index
+  // names (from the schema) — build index store names from it via
+  // buildIndexStoreName instead of prefix-scanning `{table}_idx_`, which would
+  // also match a sibling table literally named `{table}_idx_<x>`.
+  deleteIndexStore?(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexName: string): Promise<void>;
+  deleteTableStores?(schemaName: string, tableName: string, indexNames: readonly string[]): Promise<void>;
+
+  // Optional: Relocate a table's data + index stores for ALTER TABLE ... RENAME TO
+  // (`indexNames` carries the same authoritative, exact index list).
+  renameTableStores?(schemaName: string, oldName: string, newName: string, indexNames: readonly string[]): Promise<void>;
+}
+```
+
+## Module Capabilities
+
+The `StoreModule` reports its capabilities via `getCapabilities()`:
+
+```typescript
+const storeModule = new StoreModule(provider);
+const caps = storeModule.getCapabilities();
+
+// {
+//   isolation: false,      // Store module does NOT provide transaction isolation
+//   savepoints: true,      // Coordinator-buffered ops support savepoints within a transaction
+//   persistent: true,      // Data persists across restarts
+//   secondaryIndexes: true,// Supports secondary indexes
+//   rangeScans: true       // Supports range scans
+// }
+```
+
+**Important:** The base `StoreModule` does not provide transaction isolation:
+- No snapshot isolation: between connections, reads see only committed data, and concurrent readers may observe partial writes
+- Within a transaction, reads through the table's shared coordinator DO see that transaction's own pending writes (read-your-own-writes). This extends to DML's own internal reads: the insert PK-conflict probe, the update/delete old-image reads, and the update PK-change conflict probe all read through the pending merge, so an INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE against a row written earlier in the same transaction sees that pending row — it raises a UNIQUE conflict (or evicts under `OR REPLACE`), cleans up secondary-index entries, tracks the correct row-count delta, and emits events carrying the pending `oldRow`
+- Row-validating DDL reads the same effective stream: `create index` / `create unique index` populate from it (see above), and `alter table … add constraint … unique` plus the `set collate` re-validation of a covering non-PK UNIQUE scan it too — so a duplicate inserted earlier in the still-open transaction is rejected rather than surviving to commit
+- Savepoints (create / release / rollback-to) work within a transaction via the coordinator's buffered op log
+  - Caveat: a DDL-commit operation (`replaceContents` / `renameTable`, e.g. `refresh materialized view` or `alter table … rename`) commits the coordinator mid-transaction, clearing the savepoint stack. A later `rollback to` / `release` targeting a now-vanished savepoint degrades to a no-op (warn-and-return) rather than throwing; the committed DDL and everything before it stays committed
+
+## Atomic multi-store commit (module-wide, cross-table)
+
+A single `TransactionCoordinator` is shared by **every table of one storage
+module** — it is the unit of cross-table atomicity. Every buffered op is
+addressed by its explicit target `KVStore` handle (data ops, secondary-index
+ops, and backing-host writes alike), so a transaction touching tables A and B
+accumulates all of their stores' ops in one coordinator. Because the engine
+commits virtual-table connections **sequentially** and the coordinator's
+`commit()`/`rollback()` are **idempotent**, the first connection to commit
+flushes **every** touched store of **every** table the transaction wrote; the
+remaining connections no-op.
+
+`TransactionCoordinator.commit()` thus writes each table's data store and each of
+its secondary-index stores. By default it writes **one `KVStore.batch()` per
+store, sequentially** — a crash between those batches can leave tables/indexes
+divergent on disk, with no automatic healing (no worse than the prior per-table
+commits, which were already non-atomic across tables).
+
+A provider whose stores share a single durable commit domain can close that
+window by implementing the optional `KVStoreProvider.beginAtomicBatch()`:
+
+```typescript
+interface AtomicBatch {
+  put(store: KVStore, key: Uint8Array, value: Uint8Array): void;
+  delete(store: KVStore, key: Uint8Array): void;
+  write(): Promise<void>;   // one durable, all-or-nothing physical commit
+  clear(): void;
+}
+
+interface KVStoreProvider {
+  // ...
+  // Open a batch spanning this provider's stores, or undefined when the provider
+  // has no shared commit domain (the coordinator then falls back to per-store batch()).
+  beginAtomicBatch?(): AtomicBatch | undefined;
+}
+```
+
+The batch addresses stores by **`KVStore` handle**, so it composes with the
+coordinator's existing per-store bucketing without a name lookup. When present,
+`commit()` queues every pending op — every store of **every table** in the
+transaction — into one `AtomicBatch` and issues a single `write()`; all of those
+tables commit or roll back together. When absent — or when the factory returns
+`undefined` — behavior is byte-identical to the per-store loop, so providers
+without a shared domain are unaffected.
+
+The capability surface spans **multiple stores of one provider** (every store of
+every table the module owns), giving full module-wide cross-table atomicity with
+no interface change. The
+[`@quereus/plugin-indexeddb`](../quereus-plugin-indexeddb) provider implements it
+over its single IndexedDB database (multiple object stores, one
+`db.transaction(...,'readwrite')`), invalidating each touched store's read cache
+after a successful write so read-your-own-writes survives the cache.
+
+## Materialized-View Backing Host
+
+The store module implements the engine's backing-host capability
+(`StoreBackingHost`), so `create materialized view mv using store as <body>`
+places the MV's backing table in persistent storage. Maintenance writes ride
+the module's shared `TransactionCoordinator`'s pending state (committing/rolling
+back in lockstep with the source write — and, since the coordinator is
+module-wide, in the same all-or-nothing batch as a write to a same-module
+source), mid-transaction reads of the MV see pending
+maintenance through the read-your-own-writes merge, and the backing's text
+primary-key columns are keyed under the store's `collation` arg (default
+`NOCASE` — pass `using store(collation = 'BINARY')` for byte-exact keys). The
+isolation wrapper forwards the capability automatically. See
+[`docs/mv-backing-host.md` § The store host](../../docs/mv-backing-host.md#the-store-host-using-store).
+
+## External Row-Write Entry Point
+
+`StoreTable.applyExternalRowChanges(ops)` applies trusted, externally-originated
+row writes (e.g. inbound replication) directly to a **source** table's committed
+storage — table-owned data-key put/delete, **secondary-index maintenance**, and
+stats tracking — and returns the effective `BackingRowChange[]` (the shape
+`Database.ingestExternalRowChanges` consumes). It is the index-maintaining
+sibling of the backing host (whose MV backing tables carry no indexes): a caller
+writing the data `KVStore` directly would silently skip index and stats upkeep.
+
+Resolve the table with `StoreModule.getTableForExternalWrite(db, schema, table)`
+(same ownership/wrapper resolution as `getBackingHost`), read a row's current
+image with `StoreTable.readRowByPk(pk)`, then apply one `ExternalRowOp` per row:
+
+```typescript
+const table = storeModule.getTableForExternalWrite(db, 'main', 'users');
+if (table) {
+  const changes = await table.applyExternalRowChanges([
+    { op: 'upsert', row: [1, 'alice'] },   // full row, schema column order
+    { op: 'delete', pk: [2] },             // PK values, PK-definition order
+  ]);
+}
+```
+
+Deliberately emits **no** module data events (the caller owns emission and the
+`remote` flag), opens **no** coordinator transaction (writes commit at once,
+last-writer-wins against any pending local transaction), and runs **no**
+constraint validation (the origin is trusted). No-ops are suppressed: a delete
+of an absent key and a value-identical upsert (byte-faithful) write nothing and
+report nothing.
+
+## Transaction Isolation
+
+To add full ACID transaction semantics with snapshot isolation, wrap the store module with the `IsolationModule`:
+
+```typescript
+import { Database, MemoryTableModule } from '@quereus/quereus';
+import { IsolationModule } from '@quereus/isolation';
+import { StoreModule, createIsolatedStoreModule } from '@quereus/store';
+import { createLevelDBProvider } from '@quereus/plugin-leveldb';
+
+const db = new Database();
+const provider = createLevelDBProvider({ basePath: './data' });
+
+// Option 1: Use the convenience function
+const isolatedModule = createIsolatedStoreModule({ provider });
+db.registerModule('store', isolatedModule);
+
+// Option 2: Manual wrapping for more control
+const storeModule = new StoreModule(provider);
+const isolatedModule = new IsolationModule({
+	underlying: storeModule,
+	overlay: new MemoryTableModule(),
+});
+db.registerModule('store', isolatedModule);
+
+// Now transactions have full isolation
+await db.exec('BEGIN');
+await db.exec(`INSERT INTO users VALUES (1, 'Alice')`);
+
+// Read-your-own-writes: sees uncommitted insert
+const user = await db.get('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1');
+console.log(user.name); // 'Alice'
+
+await db.exec('COMMIT'); // Or ROLLBACK to discard
+```
+
+The isolation layer provides:
+- **Read-your-own-writes** within transactions
+- **Snapshot isolation** for consistent reads
+- **Savepoint support** via the overlay module
+
+### Checking for Isolation Support
+
+```typescript
+import { hasIsolation } from '@quereus/store';
+
+const storeModule = new StoreModule(provider);
+console.log(hasIsolation(storeModule)); // false
+
+const isolatedModule = createIsolatedStoreModule({ provider });
+console.log(hasIsolation(isolatedModule)); // true
+```
+
+## API
+
+### Core Exports
+
+| Export | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `KVStore` | Key-value store interface (type) |
+| `KVStoreProvider` | Store factory interface (type) |
+| `WriteBatch` | Batch write interface (type) |
+| `AtomicBatch` | Cross-store all-or-nothing batch from `KVStoreProvider.beginAtomicBatch` (type) |
+| `IterateOptions` | Iteration options (type) |
+| `StoreModule` | Generic VirtualTableModule |
+| `StoreTable` | Virtual table implementation (incl. `applyExternalRowChanges` / `readRowByPk` for externally-applied source writes) |
+| `ExternalRowOp` | One externally-applied row op (`upsert`/`delete`) for `StoreTable.applyExternalRowChanges` (type) |
+| `resolvePkKeyCollations` | Per-PK-column key collations (pass to `buildDataKey`/`buildIndexKey` to match `StoreTable`'s key bytes) |
+| `StoreConnection` | Transaction connection |
+| `TransactionCoordinator` | Transaction management |
+| `StoreEventEmitter` | Event system for data/schema changes |
+
+### Isolation Layer Utilities
+
+| Export | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `createIsolatedStoreModule` | Create store module with isolation layer |
+| `hasIsolation` | Check if a module has isolation capability |
+| `IsolatedStoreModuleConfig` | Configuration for isolated store module |
+
+### Caching
+
+| Export | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `CachedKVStore` | Read-through LRU cache wrapper for any `KVStore` |
+| `CacheOptions` | Configuration for cache (maxEntries, maxBytes, enabled) |
+
+### Encoding Utilities
+
+| Export | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `encodeValue` | Encode a SQL value to sortable bytes |
+| `decodeValue` | Decode bytes back to SQL value |
+| `encodeCompositeKey` | Encode multiple values as composite key |
+| `decodeCompositeKey` | Decode composite key to values |
+| `BUILTIN_KEY_NORMALIZER_RESOLVER` | Built-ins-only key-normalizer resolver (`EncodeOptions.normalizers` default) |
+
+### Serialization Utilities
+
+| Export | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `serializeRow` | Serialize a row to bytes |
+| `deserializeRow` | Deserialize bytes to row |
+| `serializeValue` | Serialize a single value |
+| `deserializeValue` | Deserialize a single value |
+
+### Key Building
+
+| Export | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `buildDataStoreName` | Build store name for table data |
+| `buildIndexStoreName` | Build store name for an index |
+| `buildStatsStoreName` | Build store name for table stats |
+| `buildDataKey` | Build key for row data (encoded PK) |
+| `buildIndexKey` | Build key for index entry |
+| `buildCatalogKey` | Build key for a table's catalog entry (`{schema}.{table}`) |
+| `buildViewCatalogKey` | Build key for a view's catalog entry (reserved `\x00view\x00` prefix) |
+| `buildMaterializedViewCatalogKey` | Build key for an MV's catalog entry (reserved `\x00mview\x00` prefix) |
+| `classifyCatalogKey` | Classify a loaded catalog key as `'table'` / `'view'` / `'materializedView'` |
+| `buildFullScanBounds` | Build bounds for full table scan |
+| `buildIndexPrefixBounds` | Build bounds for index prefix scan |
+| `buildPkPrefixBounds` | Build bounds for a data-store PK prefix range (per-column DESC + key collations) |
+| `buildCatalogScanBounds` | Build bounds for catalog scan |
+| `CATALOG_STORE_NAME` | Reserved catalog store name constant |
+| `STORE_SUFFIX` | Store name suffixes (INDEX, STATS) |
+
+## Related Packages
+
+- [`@quereus/plugin-leveldb`](../quereus-plugin-leveldb/) - LevelDB implementation for Node.js
+- [`@quereus/plugin-indexeddb`](../quereus-plugin-indexeddb/) - IndexedDB implementation for browsers
+- [`@quereus/sync`](../quereus-sync/) - CRDT sync layer
+
+## License
+
+MIT