@quereus/quereus 0.6.2 → 0.6.4

package/src/util/ast-stringify.ts

@@ -1,864 +1,864 @@
-/**
- * Functions to convert DDL AST nodes back into SQL strings.
- *
- * Formatting Notes:
- * - Emits lowercase SQL keywords.
- * - Quotes identifiers (table/column names) using double quotes.
- * - String literals are escaped.
- * - Omits clauses that represent the default SQLite behavior:
- *   - `ON CONFLICT ABORT`
- *   - `ASC` direction for primary keys
- *   - `VIRTUAL` storage for generated columns
- *   - (TODO: `FOREIGN KEY` default actions and deferrability)
- */
-import type * as AST from '../parser/ast.js';
-import { ConflictResolution } from '../common/constants.js';
-import { KEYWORDS } from '../parser/lexer.js';
-
-// --- Identifier Quoting Logic ---
-
-// Basic check for valid SQL identifiers (adjust regex as needed)
-const isValidIdentifier = (name: string): boolean => {
-	return /^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(name);
-};
-
-/**
- * Quotes an identifier (table, column, etc.) with double quotes if necessary.
- * Quoting is needed if the identifier:
- * - Is a reserved keyword (case-insensitive).
- * - Does not match the valid identifier pattern (starts with letter/_, contains letters/numbers/_).
- */
-function quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(name: string): string {
-	if (Object.hasOwn(KEYWORDS, name.toLowerCase()) || !isValidIdentifier(name)) {
-		return `"${name.replace(/"/g, '""')}"`; // Escape internal quotes
-	}
-	return name;
-}
-
-// Main function to convert any AST node to SQL string
-export function astToString(node: AST.AstNode): string {
-	switch (node.type) {
-		// Expression types
-		case 'literal':
-		case 'identifier':
-		case 'column':
-		case 'binary':
-		case 'unary':
-		case 'function':
-		case 'cast':
-		case 'parameter':
-		case 'subquery':
-		case 'collate':
-		case 'case':
-		case 'windowFunction':
-			return expressionToString(node as AST.Expression);
-
-		// Statement types
-		case 'select':
-			return selectToString(node as AST.SelectStmt);
-		case 'insert':
-			return insertToString(node as AST.InsertStmt);
-		case 'update':
-			return updateToString(node as AST.UpdateStmt);
-		case 'delete':
-			return deleteToString(node as AST.DeleteStmt);
-		case 'values':
-			return valuesToString(node as AST.ValuesStmt);
-		case 'createTable':
-			return createTableToString(node as AST.CreateTableStmt);
-		case 'createIndex':
-			return createIndexToString(node as AST.CreateIndexStmt);
-		case 'createView':
-			return createViewToString(node as AST.CreateViewStmt);
-		case 'drop':
-			return dropToString(node as AST.DropStmt);
-		case 'begin':
-			return beginToString(node as AST.BeginStmt);
-		case 'commit':
-			return 'commit';
-		case 'rollback':
-			return rollbackToString(node as AST.RollbackStmt);
-		case 'savepoint':
-			return savepointToString(node as AST.SavepointStmt);
-		case 'release':
-			return releaseToString(node as AST.ReleaseStmt);
-		case 'pragma':
-			return pragmaToString(node as AST.PragmaStmt);
-		case 'declareSchema':
-			return declareSchemaToString(node as unknown as AST.DeclareSchemaStmt);
-		case 'diffSchema':
-			return `diff schema ${(node as unknown as AST.DiffSchemaStmt).schemaName || 'main'}`;
-		case 'applySchema': {
-			const n = node as unknown as AST.ApplySchemaStmt;
-			let s = `apply schema ${n.schemaName || 'main'}`;
-			if (n.toVersion) s += ` to version '${n.toVersion}'`;
-			if (n.withSeed) s += ' with seed';
-			if (n.options) {
-				s += ' options (';
-				const parts: string[] = [];
-				if (n.options.dryRun !== undefined) parts.push(`dry_run = ${n.options.dryRun ? 'true' : 'false'}`);
-				if (n.options.validateOnly !== undefined) parts.push(`validate_only = ${n.options.validateOnly ? 'true' : 'false'}`);
-				if (n.options.allowDestructive !== undefined) parts.push(`allow_destructive = ${n.options.allowDestructive ? 'true' : 'false'}`);
-				if (n.options.renamePolicy) parts.push(`rename_policy = '${n.options.renamePolicy}'`);
-				s += parts.join(', ') + ')';
-			}
-			return s;
-		}
-		case 'explainSchema':
-			return `explain schema ${(node as unknown as AST.ExplainSchemaStmt).schemaName || 'main'}`;
-
-		default:
-			return `[${node.type}]`; // Fallback for unknown node types
-	}
-}
-
-// Helper to stringify expressions (extended from original)
-export function expressionToString(expr: AST.Expression): string {
-	switch (expr.type) {
-		case 'literal': {
-			// Prefer original lexeme for numbers if available and different
-			if ((typeof expr.value === 'number' || typeof expr.value === 'bigint') && expr.lexeme && expr.lexeme !== String(expr.value)) {
-				return expr.lexeme;
-			}
-			// Prefer original lexeme for NULL if available
-			if (expr.value === null) return expr.lexeme?.toLowerCase() || 'null';
-			if (typeof expr.value === 'string') return `'${expr.value.replace(/'/g, "''")}'`; // Escape single quotes
-			if (typeof expr.value === 'number') return expr.value.toString();
-			if (expr.value instanceof Uint8Array) {
-				const hex = Buffer.from(expr.value).toString('hex');
-				return `x'${hex}'`;
-			}
-			return String(expr.value);
-		}
-
-		case 'identifier': {
-			let identStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.name);
-			if (expr.schema) {
-				identStr = `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.schema)}.${identStr}`;
-			}
-			return identStr;
-		}
-
-		case 'column': {
-			let colStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.name);
-			if (expr.table) {
-				colStr = `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.table)}.${colStr}`;
-				if (expr.schema) {
-					colStr = `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.schema)}.${colStr}`;
-				}
-			}
-			return colStr;
-		}
-
-		case 'binary': {
-			const leftStr = needsParens(expr.left, expr.operator, 'left')
-				? `(${expressionToString(expr.left)})`
-				: expressionToString(expr.left);
-			const rightStr = needsParens(expr.right, expr.operator, 'right')
-				? `(${expressionToString(expr.right)})`
-				: expressionToString(expr.right);
-			return `${leftStr} ${expr.operator.toLowerCase()} ${rightStr}`;
-		}
-
-		case 'unary': {
-			const exprStr = expr.expr.type === 'binary'
-				? `(${expressionToString(expr.expr)})`
-				: expressionToString(expr.expr);
-			// Handle postfix operators like IS NULL, IS NOT NULL
-			if (expr.operator === 'IS NULL' || expr.operator === 'IS NOT NULL') {
-				return `${exprStr} ${expr.operator.toLowerCase()}`;
-			} else if (expr.operator.toUpperCase() === 'NOT') {
-				return `${expr.operator.toLowerCase()} ${exprStr}`;
-			}
-			return `${expr.operator.toLowerCase()}${exprStr}`;
-		}
-
-		case 'function': {
-			if (expr.name.toLowerCase() === 'count' && expr.args.length === 0) {
-				return 'count(*)';
-			}
-			const argsStr = expr.args.map(arg => expressionToString(arg)).join(', ');
-			const distinctStr = expr.distinct ? 'distinct ' : '';
-			return `${expr.name.toLowerCase()}(${distinctStr}${argsStr})`;
-		}
-
-		case 'cast':
-			return `cast(${expressionToString(expr.expr)} as ${expr.targetType.toLowerCase()})`;
-
-		case 'parameter': {
-			if (expr.index !== undefined) {
-				return '?';
-			} else if (expr.name) {
-				return expr.name.startsWith(':') || expr.name.startsWith('$')
-					? expr.name
-					: `:${expr.name}`;
-			}
-			return '?';
-		}
-
-		case 'subquery':
-			return `(${selectToString(expr.query)})`;
-
-		case 'exists':
-			return `exists (${selectToString((expr as AST.ExistsExpr).subquery)})`;
-
-		case 'in': {
-			const inExpr = expr as AST.InExpr;
-			let result = expressionToString(inExpr.expr) + ' in ';
-			if (inExpr.values) {
-				result += `(${inExpr.values.map(expressionToString).join(', ')})`;
-			} else if (inExpr.subquery) {
-				result += `(${selectToString(inExpr.subquery)})`;
-			}
-			return result;
-		}
-
-		case 'between': {
-			const betweenExpr = expr as AST.BetweenExpr;
-			const exprStr = expressionToString(betweenExpr.expr);
-			const lowerStr = expressionToString(betweenExpr.lower);
-			const upperStr = expressionToString(betweenExpr.upper);
-			const notStr = betweenExpr.not ? 'not ' : '';
-			return `${exprStr} ${notStr}between ${lowerStr} and ${upperStr}`;
-		}
-
-		case 'collate':
-			return `${expressionToString(expr.expr)} collate ${expr.collation.toLowerCase()}`;
-
-		case 'case': {
-			// TODO: preserve and emit with original case
-			let caseStr = 'case';
-			if (expr.baseExpr) {
-				caseStr += ` ${expressionToString(expr.baseExpr)}`;
-			}
-			for (const clause of expr.whenThenClauses) {
-				caseStr += ` when ${expressionToString(clause.when)} then ${expressionToString(clause.then)}`;
-			}
-			if (expr.elseExpr) {
-				caseStr += ` else ${expressionToString(expr.elseExpr)}`;
-			}
-			caseStr += ' end';
-			return caseStr;
-		}
-
-		case 'windowFunction': {
-			let winStr = expressionToString(expr.function);
-			if (expr.window) {
-				winStr += ` over (${windowDefinitionToString(expr.window)})`;
-			}
-			return winStr;
-		}
-
-		default:
-			return '[unknown_expr]';
-	}
-}
-
-// Helper to determine if parentheses are needed for binary operations
-function needsParens(expr: AST.Expression, parentOp: string, side: 'left' | 'right'): boolean {
-	if (expr.type !== 'binary') return false;
-
-	const precedence: Record<string, number> = {
-		'OR': 1, 'AND': 2, 'NOT': 3, '=': 4, '!=': 4, '<': 4, '<=': 4, '>': 4, '>=': 4,
-		'LIKE': 4, 'IN': 4, 'IS': 4, '+': 5, '-': 5, '*': 6, '/': 6, '%': 6
-	};
-
-	const parentPrec = precedence[parentOp.toUpperCase()] || 0;
-	const childPrec = precedence[expr.operator.toUpperCase()] || 0;
-
-	if (childPrec < parentPrec) return true;
-	if (childPrec === parentPrec && side === 'right' && !isAssociative(parentOp)) return true;
-
-	return false;
-}
-
-function isAssociative(op: string): boolean {
-	const associativeOps = ['AND', 'OR', '+', '*'];
-	return associativeOps.includes(op.toUpperCase());
-}
-
-// Helper for window definitions
-function windowDefinitionToString(win: AST.WindowDefinition): string {
-	const parts: string[] = [];
-
-	if (win.partitionBy && win.partitionBy.length > 0) {
-		parts.push(`partition by ${win.partitionBy.map(expressionToString).join(', ')}`);
-	}
-
-	if (win.orderBy && win.orderBy.length > 0) {
-		const orderParts = win.orderBy.map(clause => {
-			let orderStr = expressionToString(clause.expr);
-			if (clause.direction === 'desc') orderStr += ' desc';
-			if (clause.nulls) orderStr += ` nulls ${clause.nulls.toLowerCase()}`;
-			return orderStr;
-		});
-		parts.push(`order by ${orderParts.join(', ')}`);
-	}
-
-	if (win.frame) {
-		parts.push(windowFrameToString(win.frame));
-	}
-
-	return parts.join(' ');
-}
-
-function windowFrameToString(frame: AST.WindowFrame): string {
-	let frameStr = frame.type.toLowerCase(); // 'rows' or 'range'
-
-	if (frame.end) {
-		frameStr += ` between ${windowFrameBoundToString(frame.start)} and ${windowFrameBoundToString(frame.end)}`;
-	} else {
-		frameStr += ` ${windowFrameBoundToString(frame.start)}`;
-	}
-
-	if (frame.exclusion) {
-		frameStr += ` exclude ${frame.exclusion.toLowerCase()}`;
-	}
-
-	return frameStr;
-}
-
-function windowFrameBoundToString(bound: AST.WindowFrameBound): string {
-	switch (bound.type) {
-		case 'currentRow': return 'current row';
-		case 'unboundedPreceding': return 'unbounded preceding';
-		case 'unboundedFollowing': return 'unbounded following';
-		case 'preceding': return `${expressionToString(bound.value)} preceding`;
-		case 'following': return `${expressionToString(bound.value)} following`;
-		default: return '[unknown_bound]';
-	}
-}
-
-// Statement stringify functions
-export function selectToString(stmt: AST.SelectStmt): string {
-	const parts: string[] = [];
-
-	if (stmt.withClause) {
-		parts.push(withClauseToString(stmt.withClause));
-	}
-
-	parts.push('select');
-
-	if (stmt.distinct) parts.push('distinct');
-	if (stmt.all) parts.push('all');
-
-	const columns = stmt.columns.map(col => {
-		if (col.type === 'all') {
-			return col.table ? `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.table)}.*` : '*';
-		} else {
-			let colStr = expressionToString(col.expr);
-			if (col.alias) colStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.alias)}`;
-			return colStr;
-		}
-	});
-	parts.push(columns.join(', '));
-
-	if (stmt.from && stmt.from.length > 0) {
-		parts.push('from', stmt.from.map(fromClauseToString).join(', '));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.where) {
-		parts.push('where', expressionToString(stmt.where));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.groupBy && stmt.groupBy.length > 0) {
-		parts.push('group by', stmt.groupBy.map(expressionToString).join(', '));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.having) {
-		parts.push('having', expressionToString(stmt.having));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.orderBy && stmt.orderBy.length > 0) {
-		const orderParts = stmt.orderBy.map(clause => {
-			let orderStr = expressionToString(clause.expr);
-			if (clause.direction === 'desc') orderStr += ' desc';
-			if (clause.nulls) orderStr += ` nulls ${clause.nulls.toLowerCase()}`;
-			return orderStr;
-		});
-		parts.push('order by', orderParts.join(', '));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.limit) {
-		parts.push('limit', expressionToString(stmt.limit));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.offset) {
-		parts.push('offset', expressionToString(stmt.offset));
-	}
-
-	let result = parts.join(' ');
-
-	if (stmt.union) {
-		result += stmt.unionAll ? ' union all ' : ' union ';
-		result += selectToString(stmt.union);
-	}
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-function withClauseToString(withClause: AST.WithClause): string {
-	let result = 'with';
-	if (withClause.recursive) result += ' recursive';
-
-	const ctes = withClause.ctes.map(cte => {
-		let cteStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(cte.name);
-		if (cte.columns && cte.columns.length > 0) {
-			cteStr += ` (${cte.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
-		}
-		cteStr += ` as (${astToString(cte.query)})`;
-		return cteStr;
-	});
-
-	result += ` ${ctes.join(', ')}`;
-
-	// Add OPTION clause if present
-	if (withClause.options?.maxRecursion !== undefined) {
-		result += ` option (maxrecursion ${withClause.options.maxRecursion})`;
-	}
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-function fromClauseToString(from: AST.FromClause): string {
-	switch (from.type) {
-		case 'table': {
-			let tableStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.table.name);
-			if (from.table.schema) {
-				tableStr = `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.table.schema)}.${tableStr}`;
-			}
-			if (from.alias) tableStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.alias)}`;
-			return tableStr;
-		}
-
-		case 'subquerySource': {
-			let subqueryStr: string;
-			if (from.subquery.type === 'select') {
-				subqueryStr = selectToString(from.subquery);
-			} else if (from.subquery.type === 'values') {
-				subqueryStr = valuesToString(from.subquery);
-			} else {
-				// Handle the case where subquery type is not recognized
-				const exhaustiveCheck: never = from.subquery;
-				subqueryStr = astToString(exhaustiveCheck);
-			}
-
-			let aliasStr = `as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.alias)}`;
-			if (from.columns && from.columns.length > 0) {
-				aliasStr += ` (${from.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
-			}
-
-			return `(${subqueryStr}) ${aliasStr}`;
-		}
-
-		case 'functionSource': {
-			const args = from.args.map(expressionToString).join(', ');
-			// Check if from.name is a function expression or identifier expression
-			let funcName: string;
-			if (from.name.type === 'identifier') {
-				funcName = from.name.name.toLowerCase();
-			} else if (from.name.type === 'function') {
-				funcName = expressionToString(from.name);
-			} else {
-				funcName = expressionToString(from.name);
-			}
-			let funcStr = `${funcName}(${args})`;
-			if (from.alias) funcStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.alias)}`;
-			return funcStr;
-		}
-
-		case 'join': {
-			const leftStr = fromClauseToString(from.left);
-			const rightStr = fromClauseToString(from.right);
-			let joinStr = `${leftStr} ${from.joinType.toLowerCase()} join ${rightStr}`;
-			if (from.condition) {
-				joinStr += ` on ${expressionToString(from.condition)}`;
-			} else if (from.columns) {
-				joinStr += ` using (${from.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
-			}
-			return joinStr;
-		}
-
-		default:
-			return '[unknown_from]';
-	}
-}
-
-export function insertToString(stmt: AST.InsertStmt): string {
-	const parts: string[] = [];
-
-	if (stmt.withClause) {
-		parts.push(withClauseToString(stmt.withClause));
-	}
-
-	parts.push('insert into', expressionToString(stmt.table));
-
-	if (stmt.columns && stmt.columns.length > 0) {
-		parts.push(`(${stmt.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`);
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.values) {
-		const valueRows = stmt.values.map(row =>
-			`(${row.map(expressionToString).join(', ')})`
-		);
-		parts.push('values', valueRows.join(', '));
-	} else if (stmt.select) {
-		parts.push(selectToString(stmt.select));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.onConflict && stmt.onConflict !== ConflictResolution.ABORT) {
-		parts.push(`on conflict ${ConflictResolution[stmt.onConflict].toLowerCase()}`);
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.returning && stmt.returning.length > 0) {
-		const returning = stmt.returning.map(col => {
-			if (col.type === 'all') {
-				return col.table ? `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.table)}.*` : '*';
-			} else {
-				let colStr = expressionToString(col.expr);
-				if (col.alias) colStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.alias)}`;
-				return colStr;
-			}
-		});
-		parts.push('returning', returning.join(', '));
-	}
-
-	return parts.join(' ');
-}
-
-export function updateToString(stmt: AST.UpdateStmt): string {
-	const parts: string[] = [];
-
-	if (stmt.withClause) {
-		parts.push(withClauseToString(stmt.withClause));
-	}
-
-	parts.push('update', expressionToString(stmt.table), 'set');
-
-	const assignments = stmt.assignments.map(assign =>
-		`${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(assign.column)} = ${expressionToString(assign.value)}`
-	);
-	parts.push(assignments.join(', '));
-
-	if (stmt.where) {
-		parts.push('where', expressionToString(stmt.where));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.onConflict && stmt.onConflict !== ConflictResolution.ABORT) {
-		parts.push(`on conflict ${ConflictResolution[stmt.onConflict].toLowerCase()}`);
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.returning && stmt.returning.length > 0) {
-		const returning = stmt.returning.map(col => {
-			if (col.type === 'all') {
-				return col.table ? `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.table)}.*` : '*';
-			} else {
-				let colStr = expressionToString(col.expr);
-				if (col.alias) colStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.alias)}`;
-				return colStr;
-			}
-		});
-		parts.push('returning', returning.join(', '));
-	}
-
-	return parts.join(' ');
-}
-
-export function deleteToString(stmt: AST.DeleteStmt): string {
-	const parts: string[] = [];
-
-	if (stmt.withClause) {
-		parts.push(withClauseToString(stmt.withClause));
-	}
-
-	parts.push('delete from', expressionToString(stmt.table));
-
-	if (stmt.where) {
-		parts.push('where', expressionToString(stmt.where));
-	}
-
-	if (stmt.returning && stmt.returning.length > 0) {
-		const returning = stmt.returning.map(col => {
-			if (col.type === 'all') {
-				return col.table ? `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.table)}.*` : '*';
-			} else {
-				let colStr = expressionToString(col.expr);
-				if (col.alias) colStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.alias)}`;
-				return colStr;
-			}
-		});
-		parts.push('returning', returning.join(', '));
-	}
-
-	return parts.join(' ');
-}
-
-export function valuesToString(stmt: AST.ValuesStmt): string {
-	const valueRows = stmt.values.map(row =>
-		`(${row.map(expressionToString).join(', ')})`
-	);
-	return `values ${valueRows.join(', ')}`;
-}
-
-export function createIndexToString(stmt: AST.CreateIndexStmt): string {
-	const parts: string[] = ['create'];
-	if (stmt.isUnique) parts.push('unique');
-	parts.push('index');
-	if (stmt.ifNotExists) parts.push('if not exists');
-
-	parts.push(expressionToString(stmt.index), 'on', expressionToString(stmt.table));
-
-	const columns = stmt.columns.map(col => {
-		if (col.name) {
-			let colStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name);
-			if (col.collation) colStr += ` collate ${col.collation.toLowerCase()}`;
-			if (col.direction === 'desc') colStr += ' desc';
-			return colStr;
-		} else if (col.expr) {
-			return expressionToString(col.expr);
-		}
-		return '';
-	}).filter(s => s);
-
-	parts.push(`(${columns.join(', ')})`);
-
-	if (stmt.where) {
-		parts.push('where', expressionToString(stmt.where));
-	}
-
-	return parts.join(' ');
-}
-
-export function createViewToString(stmt: AST.CreateViewStmt): string {
-	const parts: string[] = ['create'];
-	if (stmt.isTemporary) parts.push('temp');
-	parts.push('view');
-	if (stmt.ifNotExists) parts.push('if not exists');
-
-	parts.push(expressionToString(stmt.view));
-
-	if (stmt.columns && stmt.columns.length > 0) {
-		parts.push(`(${stmt.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`);
-	}
-
-	parts.push('as', selectToString(stmt.select));
-
-	return parts.join(' ');
-}
-
-function dropToString(stmt: AST.DropStmt): string {
-	const parts: string[] = ['drop', stmt.objectType.toLowerCase()];
-	if (stmt.ifExists) parts.push('if exists');
-	parts.push(expressionToString(stmt.name));
-	return parts.join(' ');
-}
-
-function beginToString(stmt: AST.BeginStmt): string {
-	return 'begin transaction';
-}
-
-function rollbackToString(stmt: AST.RollbackStmt): string {
-	let result = 'rollback';
-	if (stmt.savepoint) {
-		result += ` to ${stmt.savepoint}`;
-	}
-	return result;
-}
-
-function savepointToString(stmt: AST.SavepointStmt): string {
-	return `savepoint ${stmt.name}`;
-}
-
-function releaseToString(stmt: AST.ReleaseStmt): string {
-	let result = 'release';
-	if (stmt.savepoint) {
-		result += ` ${stmt.savepoint}`;
-	}
-	return result;
-}
-
-function pragmaToString(stmt: AST.PragmaStmt): string {
-	let result = `pragma ${stmt.name.toLowerCase()}`;
-	if (stmt.value) {
-		result += ` = ${expressionToString(stmt.value)}`;
-	}
-	return result;
-}
-
-function declareSchemaToString(stmt: AST.DeclareSchemaStmt): string {
-	let s = `declare schema ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(stmt.schemaName || 'main')}`;
-	if (stmt.version) s += ` version '${stmt.version}'`;
-	if (stmt.using && (stmt.using.defaultVtabModule || stmt.using.defaultVtabArgs)) {
-		const opts: string[] = [];
-		if (stmt.using.defaultVtabModule) opts.push(`default_vtab_module = '${stmt.using.defaultVtabModule}'`);
-		if (stmt.using.defaultVtabArgs) opts.push(`default_vtab_args = '${stmt.using.defaultVtabArgs}'`);
-		s += ` using (${opts.join(', ')})`;
-	}
-	s += ' {';
-	for (const it of stmt.items) {
-		s += ' ' + declareItemToString(it) + ';';
-	}
-	s += ' }';
-	return s;
-}
-
-function declareItemToString(it: AST.DeclareItem): string {
-	if (it.type === 'declaredTable') {
-		return `table ${it.tableStmt.table.name} { ... }`;
-	}
-	if (it.type === 'declaredIndex') {
-		return `index ${it.indexStmt.index.name} on ${it.indexStmt.table.name} (...)`;
-	}
-	if (it.type === 'declaredView') {
-		return `view ${it.viewStmt.view.name} as ...`;
-	}
-	if (it.type === 'declaredSeed') {
-		const rowsStr = it.seedData?.map(r => `(${r.map(v => JSON.stringify(v)).join(', ')})`).join(', ') || '';
-		return `seed ${it.tableName} (${rowsStr})`;
-	}
-	return (it as unknown as AST.DeclareIgnoredItem).text || '-- ignored';
-}
-
-// Helper to stringify conflict clauses
-function conflictToString(res: ConflictResolution | undefined): string {
-	// ABORT is the default, so don't emit it
-	if (!res || res === ConflictResolution.ABORT) return '';
-	// Assuming ConflictResolution enum values are uppercase, convert them to lowercase
-	return ` on conflict ${ConflictResolution[res].toLowerCase()}`;
-}
-
-// Helper to stringify column constraints
-function columnConstraintsToString(constraints: AST.ColumnConstraint[]): string {
-	return constraints.map(c => {
-		let s = '';
-		if (c.name) s += `constraint ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(c.name)} `;
-		switch (c.type) {
-			case 'primaryKey':
-				s += 'primary key';
-				// ASC is default, only specify DESC
-				if (c.direction === 'desc') s += ` desc`;
-				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
-				if (c.autoincrement) s += ' autoincrement';
-				break;
-			case 'notNull':
-				s += 'not null';
-				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
-				break;
-			case 'null':
-				s += 'null';
-				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
-				break;
-			case 'unique':
-				s += 'unique';
-				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
-				break;
-			case 'check':
-				s += `check (${expressionToString(c.expr!)})`;
-				break;
-			case 'default':
-				s += `default ${expressionToString(c.expr!)}`;
-				break;
-			case 'collate':
-				s += `collate ${c.collation!.toLowerCase()}`;
-				break;
-			case 'foreignKey':
-				if (c.foreignKey) {
-					const fk = c.foreignKey;
-					s += `references ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(fk.table)}`;
-					if (fk.columns && fk.columns.length > 0) {
-						s += `(${fk.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
-					}
-					if (fk.onDelete) s += ` on delete ${foreignKeyActionToString(fk.onDelete)}`;
-					if (fk.onUpdate) s += ` on update ${foreignKeyActionToString(fk.onUpdate)}`;
-				}
-				break;
-			case 'generated':
-				s += `generated always as (${expressionToString(c.generated!.expr)})`;
-				// VIRTUAL is default, only specify STORED
-				if (c.generated!.stored) s += ' stored';
-				break;
-		}
-		return s;
-	}).filter(s => s.length > 0).join(' ');
-}
-
-// Helper to stringify table constraints
-function tableConstraintsToString(constraints: AST.TableConstraint[]): string {
-	return constraints.map(c => {
-		let s = '';
-		if (c.name) s += `constraint ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(c.name)} `;
-		switch (c.type) {
-			case 'primaryKey':
-				// ASC is default, only specify DESC
-				s += `primary key (${c.columns!.map(col => `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name)}${col.direction === 'desc' ? ' desc' : ''}`).join(', ')})`;
-				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
-				break;
-			case 'unique':
-				s += `unique (${c.columns!.map(col => quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name)).join(', ')})`;
-				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
-				break;
-			case 'check':
-				s += `check (${expressionToString(c.expr!)})`;
-				break;
-			case 'foreignKey':
-				if (c.foreignKey) {
-					const fk = c.foreignKey;
-					s += `foreign key (${c.columns!.map(col => quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name)).join(', ')}) references ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(fk.table)}`;
-					if (fk.columns && fk.columns.length > 0) {
-						s += `(${fk.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
-					}
-					if (fk.onDelete) s += ` on delete ${foreignKeyActionToString(fk.onDelete)}`;
-					if (fk.onUpdate) s += ` on update ${foreignKeyActionToString(fk.onUpdate)}`;
-				}
-				break;
-		}
-		return s;
-	}).filter(s => s.length > 0).join(', ');
-}
-
-function foreignKeyActionToString(action: AST.ForeignKeyAction): string {
-	switch (action) {
-		case 'setNull': return 'set null';
-		case 'setDefault': return 'set default';
-		case 'cascade': return 'cascade';
-		case 'restrict': return 'restrict';
-		case 'noAction': return 'no action';
-	}
-}
-
-export function createTableToString(stmt: AST.CreateTableStmt): string {
-	const parts: string[] = ['create'];
-	if (stmt.isTemporary) parts.push('temp');
-	parts.push('table');
-	if (stmt.ifNotExists) parts.push('if not exists');
-	// Handle schema.table quoting
-	const tableName = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(stmt.table.name);
-	const schemaName = stmt.table.schema ? quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(stmt.table.schema) : undefined;
-	parts.push(schemaName ? `${schemaName}.${tableName}` : tableName);
-
-	const definitions: string[] = [];
-	stmt.columns.forEach(col => {
-		let colDef = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name);
-		if (col.dataType) colDef += ` ${col.dataType}`; // Keep data type casing as is
-		const constraints = columnConstraintsToString(col.constraints);
-		if (constraints) colDef += ` ${constraints}`;
-		definitions.push(colDef);
-	});
-
-	const tableConstraints = tableConstraintsToString(stmt.constraints);
-	if (tableConstraints) definitions.push(tableConstraints);
-
-	parts.push(`(${definitions.join(', ')})`);
-
-	if (stmt.moduleName) {
-		parts.push('using', stmt.moduleName);
-		if (stmt.moduleArgs && Object.keys(stmt.moduleArgs).length > 0) {
-			const args = Object.entries(stmt.moduleArgs).map(([key, value]) =>
-				`${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(key)} = ${JSON.stringify(value)}`
-			).join(', ');
-			parts.push(`(${args})`);
-		}
-	}
-
-	return parts.join(' ');
-}
+/**
+ * Functions to convert DDL AST nodes back into SQL strings.
+ *
+ * Formatting Notes:
+ * - Emits lowercase SQL keywords.
+ * - Quotes identifiers (table/column names) using double quotes.
+ * - String literals are escaped.
+ * - Omits clauses that represent the default SQLite behavior:
+ *   - `ON CONFLICT ABORT`
+ *   - `ASC` direction for primary keys
+ *   - `VIRTUAL` storage for generated columns
+ *   - (TODO: `FOREIGN KEY` default actions and deferrability)
+ */
+import type * as AST from '../parser/ast.js';
+import { ConflictResolution } from '../common/constants.js';
+import { KEYWORDS } from '../parser/lexer.js';
+
+// --- Identifier Quoting Logic ---
+
+// Basic check for valid SQL identifiers (adjust regex as needed)
+const isValidIdentifier = (name: string): boolean => {
+	return /^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(name);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Quotes an identifier (table, column, etc.) with double quotes if necessary.
+ * Quoting is needed if the identifier:
+ * - Is a reserved keyword (case-insensitive).
+ * - Does not match the valid identifier pattern (starts with letter/_, contains letters/numbers/_).
+ */
+function quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(name: string): string {
+	if (Object.hasOwn(KEYWORDS, name.toLowerCase()) || !isValidIdentifier(name)) {
+		return `"${name.replace(/"/g, '""')}"`; // Escape internal quotes
+	}
+	return name;
+}
+
+// Main function to convert any AST node to SQL string
+export function astToString(node: AST.AstNode): string {
+	switch (node.type) {
+		// Expression types
+		case 'literal':
+		case 'identifier':
+		case 'column':
+		case 'binary':
+		case 'unary':
+		case 'function':
+		case 'cast':
+		case 'parameter':
+		case 'subquery':
+		case 'collate':
+		case 'case':
+		case 'windowFunction':
+			return expressionToString(node as AST.Expression);
+
+		// Statement types
+		case 'select':
+			return selectToString(node as AST.SelectStmt);
+		case 'insert':
+			return insertToString(node as AST.InsertStmt);
+		case 'update':
+			return updateToString(node as AST.UpdateStmt);
+		case 'delete':
+			return deleteToString(node as AST.DeleteStmt);
+		case 'values':
+			return valuesToString(node as AST.ValuesStmt);
+		case 'createTable':
+			return createTableToString(node as AST.CreateTableStmt);
+		case 'createIndex':
+			return createIndexToString(node as AST.CreateIndexStmt);
+		case 'createView':
+			return createViewToString(node as AST.CreateViewStmt);
+		case 'drop':
+			return dropToString(node as AST.DropStmt);
+		case 'begin':
+			return beginToString(node as AST.BeginStmt);
+		case 'commit':
+			return 'commit';
+		case 'rollback':
+			return rollbackToString(node as AST.RollbackStmt);
+		case 'savepoint':
+			return savepointToString(node as AST.SavepointStmt);
+		case 'release':
+			return releaseToString(node as AST.ReleaseStmt);
+		case 'pragma':
+			return pragmaToString(node as AST.PragmaStmt);
+		case 'declareSchema':
+			return declareSchemaToString(node as unknown as AST.DeclareSchemaStmt);
+		case 'diffSchema':
+			return `diff schema ${(node as unknown as AST.DiffSchemaStmt).schemaName || 'main'}`;
+		case 'applySchema': {
+			const n = node as unknown as AST.ApplySchemaStmt;
+			let s = `apply schema ${n.schemaName || 'main'}`;
+			if (n.toVersion) s += ` to version '${n.toVersion}'`;
+			if (n.withSeed) s += ' with seed';
+			if (n.options) {
+				s += ' options (';
+				const parts: string[] = [];
+				if (n.options.dryRun !== undefined) parts.push(`dry_run = ${n.options.dryRun ? 'true' : 'false'}`);
+				if (n.options.validateOnly !== undefined) parts.push(`validate_only = ${n.options.validateOnly ? 'true' : 'false'}`);
+				if (n.options.allowDestructive !== undefined) parts.push(`allow_destructive = ${n.options.allowDestructive ? 'true' : 'false'}`);
+				if (n.options.renamePolicy) parts.push(`rename_policy = '${n.options.renamePolicy}'`);
+				s += parts.join(', ') + ')';
+			}
+			return s;
+		}
+		case 'explainSchema':
+			return `explain schema ${(node as unknown as AST.ExplainSchemaStmt).schemaName || 'main'}`;
+
+		default:
+			return `[${node.type}]`; // Fallback for unknown node types
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper to stringify expressions (extended from original)
+export function expressionToString(expr: AST.Expression): string {
+	switch (expr.type) {
+		case 'literal': {
+			// Prefer original lexeme for numbers if available and different
+			if ((typeof expr.value === 'number' || typeof expr.value === 'bigint') && expr.lexeme && expr.lexeme !== String(expr.value)) {
+				return expr.lexeme;
+			}
+			// Prefer original lexeme for NULL if available
+			if (expr.value === null) return expr.lexeme?.toLowerCase() || 'null';
+			if (typeof expr.value === 'string') return `'${expr.value.replace(/'/g, "''")}'`; // Escape single quotes
+			if (typeof expr.value === 'number') return expr.value.toString();
+			if (expr.value instanceof Uint8Array) {
+				const hex = Buffer.from(expr.value).toString('hex');
+				return `x'${hex}'`;
+			}
+			return String(expr.value);
+		}
+
+		case 'identifier': {
+			let identStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.name);
+			if (expr.schema) {
+				identStr = `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.schema)}.${identStr}`;
+			}
+			return identStr;
+		}
+
+		case 'column': {
+			let colStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.name);
+			if (expr.table) {
+				colStr = `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.table)}.${colStr}`;
+				if (expr.schema) {
+					colStr = `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(expr.schema)}.${colStr}`;
+				}
+			}
+			return colStr;
+		}
+
+		case 'binary': {
+			const leftStr = needsParens(expr.left, expr.operator, 'left')
+				? `(${expressionToString(expr.left)})`
+				: expressionToString(expr.left);
+			const rightStr = needsParens(expr.right, expr.operator, 'right')
+				? `(${expressionToString(expr.right)})`
+				: expressionToString(expr.right);
+			return `${leftStr} ${expr.operator.toLowerCase()} ${rightStr}`;
+		}
+
+		case 'unary': {
+			const exprStr = expr.expr.type === 'binary'
+				? `(${expressionToString(expr.expr)})`
+				: expressionToString(expr.expr);
+			// Handle postfix operators like IS NULL, IS NOT NULL
+			if (expr.operator === 'IS NULL' || expr.operator === 'IS NOT NULL') {
+				return `${exprStr} ${expr.operator.toLowerCase()}`;
+			} else if (expr.operator.toUpperCase() === 'NOT') {
+				return `${expr.operator.toLowerCase()} ${exprStr}`;
+			}
+			return `${expr.operator.toLowerCase()}${exprStr}`;
+		}
+
+		case 'function': {
+			if (expr.name.toLowerCase() === 'count' && expr.args.length === 0) {
+				return 'count(*)';
+			}
+			const argsStr = expr.args.map(arg => expressionToString(arg)).join(', ');
+			const distinctStr = expr.distinct ? 'distinct ' : '';
+			return `${expr.name.toLowerCase()}(${distinctStr}${argsStr})`;
+		}
+
+		case 'cast':
+			return `cast(${expressionToString(expr.expr)} as ${expr.targetType.toLowerCase()})`;
+
+		case 'parameter': {
+			if (expr.index !== undefined) {
+				return '?';
+			} else if (expr.name) {
+				return expr.name.startsWith(':') || expr.name.startsWith('$')
+					? expr.name
+					: `:${expr.name}`;
+			}
+			return '?';
+		}
+
+		case 'subquery':
+			return `(${selectToString(expr.query)})`;
+
+		case 'exists':
+			return `exists (${selectToString((expr as AST.ExistsExpr).subquery)})`;
+
+		case 'in': {
+			const inExpr = expr as AST.InExpr;
+			let result = expressionToString(inExpr.expr) + ' in ';
+			if (inExpr.values) {
+				result += `(${inExpr.values.map(expressionToString).join(', ')})`;
+			} else if (inExpr.subquery) {
+				result += `(${selectToString(inExpr.subquery)})`;
+			}
+			return result;
+		}
+
+		case 'between': {
+			const betweenExpr = expr as AST.BetweenExpr;
+			const exprStr = expressionToString(betweenExpr.expr);
+			const lowerStr = expressionToString(betweenExpr.lower);
+			const upperStr = expressionToString(betweenExpr.upper);
+			const notStr = betweenExpr.not ? 'not ' : '';
+			return `${exprStr} ${notStr}between ${lowerStr} and ${upperStr}`;
+		}
+
+		case 'collate':
+			return `${expressionToString(expr.expr)} collate ${expr.collation.toLowerCase()}`;
+
+		case 'case': {
+			// TODO: preserve and emit with original case
+			let caseStr = 'case';
+			if (expr.baseExpr) {
+				caseStr += ` ${expressionToString(expr.baseExpr)}`;
+			}
+			for (const clause of expr.whenThenClauses) {
+				caseStr += ` when ${expressionToString(clause.when)} then ${expressionToString(clause.then)}`;
+			}
+			if (expr.elseExpr) {
+				caseStr += ` else ${expressionToString(expr.elseExpr)}`;
+			}
+			caseStr += ' end';
+			return caseStr;
+		}
+
+		case 'windowFunction': {
+			let winStr = expressionToString(expr.function);
+			if (expr.window) {
+				winStr += ` over (${windowDefinitionToString(expr.window)})`;
+			}
+			return winStr;
+		}
+
+		default:
+			return '[unknown_expr]';
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper to determine if parentheses are needed for binary operations
+function needsParens(expr: AST.Expression, parentOp: string, side: 'left' | 'right'): boolean {
+	if (expr.type !== 'binary') return false;
+
+	const precedence: Record<string, number> = {
+		'OR': 1, 'AND': 2, 'NOT': 3, '=': 4, '!=': 4, '<': 4, '<=': 4, '>': 4, '>=': 4,
+		'LIKE': 4, 'IN': 4, 'IS': 4, '+': 5, '-': 5, '*': 6, '/': 6, '%': 6
+	};
+
+	const parentPrec = precedence[parentOp.toUpperCase()] || 0;
+	const childPrec = precedence[expr.operator.toUpperCase()] || 0;
+
+	if (childPrec < parentPrec) return true;
+	if (childPrec === parentPrec && side === 'right' && !isAssociative(parentOp)) return true;
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+function isAssociative(op: string): boolean {
+	const associativeOps = ['AND', 'OR', '+', '*'];
+	return associativeOps.includes(op.toUpperCase());
+}
+
+// Helper for window definitions
+function windowDefinitionToString(win: AST.WindowDefinition): string {
+	const parts: string[] = [];
+
+	if (win.partitionBy && win.partitionBy.length > 0) {
+		parts.push(`partition by ${win.partitionBy.map(expressionToString).join(', ')}`);
+	}
+
+	if (win.orderBy && win.orderBy.length > 0) {
+		const orderParts = win.orderBy.map(clause => {
+			let orderStr = expressionToString(clause.expr);
+			if (clause.direction === 'desc') orderStr += ' desc';
+			if (clause.nulls) orderStr += ` nulls ${clause.nulls.toLowerCase()}`;
+			return orderStr;
+		});
+		parts.push(`order by ${orderParts.join(', ')}`);
+	}
+
+	if (win.frame) {
+		parts.push(windowFrameToString(win.frame));
+	}
+
+	return parts.join(' ');
+}
+
+function windowFrameToString(frame: AST.WindowFrame): string {
+	let frameStr = frame.type.toLowerCase(); // 'rows' or 'range'
+
+	if (frame.end) {
+		frameStr += ` between ${windowFrameBoundToString(frame.start)} and ${windowFrameBoundToString(frame.end)}`;
+	} else {
+		frameStr += ` ${windowFrameBoundToString(frame.start)}`;
+	}
+
+	if (frame.exclusion) {
+		frameStr += ` exclude ${frame.exclusion.toLowerCase()}`;
+	}
+
+	return frameStr;
+}
+
+function windowFrameBoundToString(bound: AST.WindowFrameBound): string {
+	switch (bound.type) {
+		case 'currentRow': return 'current row';
+		case 'unboundedPreceding': return 'unbounded preceding';
+		case 'unboundedFollowing': return 'unbounded following';
+		case 'preceding': return `${expressionToString(bound.value)} preceding`;
+		case 'following': return `${expressionToString(bound.value)} following`;
+		default: return '[unknown_bound]';
+	}
+}
+
+// Statement stringify functions
+export function selectToString(stmt: AST.SelectStmt): string {
+	const parts: string[] = [];
+
+	if (stmt.withClause) {
+		parts.push(withClauseToString(stmt.withClause));
+	}
+
+	parts.push('select');
+
+	if (stmt.distinct) parts.push('distinct');
+	if (stmt.all) parts.push('all');
+
+	const columns = stmt.columns.map(col => {
+		if (col.type === 'all') {
+			return col.table ? `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.table)}.*` : '*';
+		} else {
+			let colStr = expressionToString(col.expr);
+			if (col.alias) colStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.alias)}`;
+			return colStr;
+		}
+	});
+	parts.push(columns.join(', '));
+
+	if (stmt.from && stmt.from.length > 0) {
+		parts.push('from', stmt.from.map(fromClauseToString).join(', '));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.where) {
+		parts.push('where', expressionToString(stmt.where));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.groupBy && stmt.groupBy.length > 0) {
+		parts.push('group by', stmt.groupBy.map(expressionToString).join(', '));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.having) {
+		parts.push('having', expressionToString(stmt.having));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.orderBy && stmt.orderBy.length > 0) {
+		const orderParts = stmt.orderBy.map(clause => {
+			let orderStr = expressionToString(clause.expr);
+			if (clause.direction === 'desc') orderStr += ' desc';
+			if (clause.nulls) orderStr += ` nulls ${clause.nulls.toLowerCase()}`;
+			return orderStr;
+		});
+		parts.push('order by', orderParts.join(', '));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.limit) {
+		parts.push('limit', expressionToString(stmt.limit));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.offset) {
+		parts.push('offset', expressionToString(stmt.offset));
+	}
+
+	let result = parts.join(' ');
+
+	if (stmt.union) {
+		result += stmt.unionAll ? ' union all ' : ' union ';
+		result += selectToString(stmt.union);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+function withClauseToString(withClause: AST.WithClause): string {
+	let result = 'with';
+	if (withClause.recursive) result += ' recursive';
+
+	const ctes = withClause.ctes.map(cte => {
+		let cteStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(cte.name);
+		if (cte.columns && cte.columns.length > 0) {
+			cteStr += ` (${cte.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
+		}
+		cteStr += ` as (${astToString(cte.query)})`;
+		return cteStr;
+	});
+
+	result += ` ${ctes.join(', ')}`;
+
+	// Add OPTION clause if present
+	if (withClause.options?.maxRecursion !== undefined) {
+		result += ` option (maxrecursion ${withClause.options.maxRecursion})`;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+function fromClauseToString(from: AST.FromClause): string {
+	switch (from.type) {
+		case 'table': {
+			let tableStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.table.name);
+			if (from.table.schema) {
+				tableStr = `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.table.schema)}.${tableStr}`;
+			}
+			if (from.alias) tableStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.alias)}`;
+			return tableStr;
+		}
+
+		case 'subquerySource': {
+			let subqueryStr: string;
+			if (from.subquery.type === 'select') {
+				subqueryStr = selectToString(from.subquery);
+			} else if (from.subquery.type === 'values') {
+				subqueryStr = valuesToString(from.subquery);
+			} else {
+				// Handle the case where subquery type is not recognized
+				const exhaustiveCheck: never = from.subquery;
+				subqueryStr = astToString(exhaustiveCheck);
+			}
+
+			let aliasStr = `as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.alias)}`;
+			if (from.columns && from.columns.length > 0) {
+				aliasStr += ` (${from.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
+			}
+
+			return `(${subqueryStr}) ${aliasStr}`;
+		}
+
+		case 'functionSource': {
+			const args = from.args.map(expressionToString).join(', ');
+			// Check if from.name is a function expression or identifier expression
+			let funcName: string;
+			if (from.name.type === 'identifier') {
+				funcName = from.name.name.toLowerCase();
+			} else if (from.name.type === 'function') {
+				funcName = expressionToString(from.name);
+			} else {
+				funcName = expressionToString(from.name);
+			}
+			let funcStr = `${funcName}(${args})`;
+			if (from.alias) funcStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(from.alias)}`;
+			return funcStr;
+		}
+
+		case 'join': {
+			const leftStr = fromClauseToString(from.left);
+			const rightStr = fromClauseToString(from.right);
+			let joinStr = `${leftStr} ${from.joinType.toLowerCase()} join ${rightStr}`;
+			if (from.condition) {
+				joinStr += ` on ${expressionToString(from.condition)}`;
+			} else if (from.columns) {
+				joinStr += ` using (${from.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
+			}
+			return joinStr;
+		}
+
+		default:
+			return '[unknown_from]';
+	}
+}
+
+export function insertToString(stmt: AST.InsertStmt): string {
+	const parts: string[] = [];
+
+	if (stmt.withClause) {
+		parts.push(withClauseToString(stmt.withClause));
+	}
+
+	parts.push('insert into', expressionToString(stmt.table));
+
+	if (stmt.columns && stmt.columns.length > 0) {
+		parts.push(`(${stmt.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`);
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.values) {
+		const valueRows = stmt.values.map(row =>
+			`(${row.map(expressionToString).join(', ')})`
+		);
+		parts.push('values', valueRows.join(', '));
+	} else if (stmt.select) {
+		parts.push(selectToString(stmt.select));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.onConflict && stmt.onConflict !== ConflictResolution.ABORT) {
+		parts.push(`on conflict ${ConflictResolution[stmt.onConflict].toLowerCase()}`);
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.returning && stmt.returning.length > 0) {
+		const returning = stmt.returning.map(col => {
+			if (col.type === 'all') {
+				return col.table ? `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.table)}.*` : '*';
+			} else {
+				let colStr = expressionToString(col.expr);
+				if (col.alias) colStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.alias)}`;
+				return colStr;
+			}
+		});
+		parts.push('returning', returning.join(', '));
+	}
+
+	return parts.join(' ');
+}
+
+export function updateToString(stmt: AST.UpdateStmt): string {
+	const parts: string[] = [];
+
+	if (stmt.withClause) {
+		parts.push(withClauseToString(stmt.withClause));
+	}
+
+	parts.push('update', expressionToString(stmt.table), 'set');
+
+	const assignments = stmt.assignments.map(assign =>
+		`${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(assign.column)} = ${expressionToString(assign.value)}`
+	);
+	parts.push(assignments.join(', '));
+
+	if (stmt.where) {
+		parts.push('where', expressionToString(stmt.where));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.onConflict && stmt.onConflict !== ConflictResolution.ABORT) {
+		parts.push(`on conflict ${ConflictResolution[stmt.onConflict].toLowerCase()}`);
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.returning && stmt.returning.length > 0) {
+		const returning = stmt.returning.map(col => {
+			if (col.type === 'all') {
+				return col.table ? `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.table)}.*` : '*';
+			} else {
+				let colStr = expressionToString(col.expr);
+				if (col.alias) colStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.alias)}`;
+				return colStr;
+			}
+		});
+		parts.push('returning', returning.join(', '));
+	}
+
+	return parts.join(' ');
+}
+
+export function deleteToString(stmt: AST.DeleteStmt): string {
+	const parts: string[] = [];
+
+	if (stmt.withClause) {
+		parts.push(withClauseToString(stmt.withClause));
+	}
+
+	parts.push('delete from', expressionToString(stmt.table));
+
+	if (stmt.where) {
+		parts.push('where', expressionToString(stmt.where));
+	}
+
+	if (stmt.returning && stmt.returning.length > 0) {
+		const returning = stmt.returning.map(col => {
+			if (col.type === 'all') {
+				return col.table ? `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.table)}.*` : '*';
+			} else {
+				let colStr = expressionToString(col.expr);
+				if (col.alias) colStr += ` as ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.alias)}`;
+				return colStr;
+			}
+		});
+		parts.push('returning', returning.join(', '));
+	}
+
+	return parts.join(' ');
+}
+
+export function valuesToString(stmt: AST.ValuesStmt): string {
+	const valueRows = stmt.values.map(row =>
+		`(${row.map(expressionToString).join(', ')})`
+	);
+	return `values ${valueRows.join(', ')}`;
+}
+
+export function createIndexToString(stmt: AST.CreateIndexStmt): string {
+	const parts: string[] = ['create'];
+	if (stmt.isUnique) parts.push('unique');
+	parts.push('index');
+	if (stmt.ifNotExists) parts.push('if not exists');
+
+	parts.push(expressionToString(stmt.index), 'on', expressionToString(stmt.table));
+
+	const columns = stmt.columns.map(col => {
+		if (col.name) {
+			let colStr = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name);
+			if (col.collation) colStr += ` collate ${col.collation.toLowerCase()}`;
+			if (col.direction === 'desc') colStr += ' desc';
+			return colStr;
+		} else if (col.expr) {
+			return expressionToString(col.expr);
+		}
+		return '';
+	}).filter(s => s);
+
+	parts.push(`(${columns.join(', ')})`);
+
+	if (stmt.where) {
+		parts.push('where', expressionToString(stmt.where));
+	}
+
+	return parts.join(' ');
+}
+
+export function createViewToString(stmt: AST.CreateViewStmt): string {
+	const parts: string[] = ['create'];
+	if (stmt.isTemporary) parts.push('temp');
+	parts.push('view');
+	if (stmt.ifNotExists) parts.push('if not exists');
+
+	parts.push(expressionToString(stmt.view));
+
+	if (stmt.columns && stmt.columns.length > 0) {
+		parts.push(`(${stmt.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`);
+	}
+
+	parts.push('as', selectToString(stmt.select));
+
+	return parts.join(' ');
+}
+
+function dropToString(stmt: AST.DropStmt): string {
+	const parts: string[] = ['drop', stmt.objectType.toLowerCase()];
+	if (stmt.ifExists) parts.push('if exists');
+	parts.push(expressionToString(stmt.name));
+	return parts.join(' ');
+}
+
+function beginToString(stmt: AST.BeginStmt): string {
+	return 'begin transaction';
+}
+
+function rollbackToString(stmt: AST.RollbackStmt): string {
+	let result = 'rollback';
+	if (stmt.savepoint) {
+		result += ` to ${stmt.savepoint}`;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+function savepointToString(stmt: AST.SavepointStmt): string {
+	return `savepoint ${stmt.name}`;
+}
+
+function releaseToString(stmt: AST.ReleaseStmt): string {
+	let result = 'release';
+	if (stmt.savepoint) {
+		result += ` ${stmt.savepoint}`;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+function pragmaToString(stmt: AST.PragmaStmt): string {
+	let result = `pragma ${stmt.name.toLowerCase()}`;
+	if (stmt.value) {
+		result += ` = ${expressionToString(stmt.value)}`;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+function declareSchemaToString(stmt: AST.DeclareSchemaStmt): string {
+	let s = `declare schema ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(stmt.schemaName || 'main')}`;
+	if (stmt.version) s += ` version '${stmt.version}'`;
+	if (stmt.using && (stmt.using.defaultVtabModule || stmt.using.defaultVtabArgs)) {
+		const opts: string[] = [];
+		if (stmt.using.defaultVtabModule) opts.push(`default_vtab_module = '${stmt.using.defaultVtabModule}'`);
+		if (stmt.using.defaultVtabArgs) opts.push(`default_vtab_args = '${stmt.using.defaultVtabArgs}'`);
+		s += ` using (${opts.join(', ')})`;
+	}
+	s += ' {';
+	for (const it of stmt.items) {
+		s += ' ' + declareItemToString(it) + ';';
+	}
+	s += ' }';
+	return s;
+}
+
+function declareItemToString(it: AST.DeclareItem): string {
+	if (it.type === 'declaredTable') {
+		return `table ${it.tableStmt.table.name} { ... }`;
+	}
+	if (it.type === 'declaredIndex') {
+		return `index ${it.indexStmt.index.name} on ${it.indexStmt.table.name} (...)`;
+	}
+	if (it.type === 'declaredView') {
+		return `view ${it.viewStmt.view.name} as ...`;
+	}
+	if (it.type === 'declaredSeed') {
+		const rowsStr = it.seedData?.map(r => `(${r.map(v => JSON.stringify(v)).join(', ')})`).join(', ') || '';
+		return `seed ${it.tableName} (${rowsStr})`;
+	}
+	return (it as unknown as AST.DeclareIgnoredItem).text || '-- ignored';
+}
+
+// Helper to stringify conflict clauses
+function conflictToString(res: ConflictResolution | undefined): string {
+	// ABORT is the default, so don't emit it
+	if (!res || res === ConflictResolution.ABORT) return '';
+	// Assuming ConflictResolution enum values are uppercase, convert them to lowercase
+	return ` on conflict ${ConflictResolution[res].toLowerCase()}`;
+}
+
+// Helper to stringify column constraints
+function columnConstraintsToString(constraints: AST.ColumnConstraint[]): string {
+	return constraints.map(c => {
+		let s = '';
+		if (c.name) s += `constraint ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(c.name)} `;
+		switch (c.type) {
+			case 'primaryKey':
+				s += 'primary key';
+				// ASC is default, only specify DESC
+				if (c.direction === 'desc') s += ` desc`;
+				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
+				if (c.autoincrement) s += ' autoincrement';
+				break;
+			case 'notNull':
+				s += 'not null';
+				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
+				break;
+			case 'null':
+				s += 'null';
+				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
+				break;
+			case 'unique':
+				s += 'unique';
+				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
+				break;
+			case 'check':
+				s += `check (${expressionToString(c.expr!)})`;
+				break;
+			case 'default':
+				s += `default ${expressionToString(c.expr!)}`;
+				break;
+			case 'collate':
+				s += `collate ${c.collation!.toLowerCase()}`;
+				break;
+			case 'foreignKey':
+				if (c.foreignKey) {
+					const fk = c.foreignKey;
+					s += `references ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(fk.table)}`;
+					if (fk.columns && fk.columns.length > 0) {
+						s += `(${fk.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
+					}
+					if (fk.onDelete) s += ` on delete ${foreignKeyActionToString(fk.onDelete)}`;
+					if (fk.onUpdate) s += ` on update ${foreignKeyActionToString(fk.onUpdate)}`;
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'generated':
+				s += `generated always as (${expressionToString(c.generated!.expr)})`;
+				// VIRTUAL is default, only specify STORED
+				if (c.generated!.stored) s += ' stored';
+				break;
+		}
+		return s;
+	}).filter(s => s.length > 0).join(' ');
+}
+
+// Helper to stringify table constraints
+function tableConstraintsToString(constraints: AST.TableConstraint[]): string {
+	return constraints.map(c => {
+		let s = '';
+		if (c.name) s += `constraint ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(c.name)} `;
+		switch (c.type) {
+			case 'primaryKey':
+				// ASC is default, only specify DESC
+				s += `primary key (${c.columns!.map(col => `${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name)}${col.direction === 'desc' ? ' desc' : ''}`).join(', ')})`;
+				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
+				break;
+			case 'unique':
+				s += `unique (${c.columns!.map(col => quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name)).join(', ')})`;
+				s += conflictToString(c.onConflict);
+				break;
+			case 'check':
+				s += `check (${expressionToString(c.expr!)})`;
+				break;
+			case 'foreignKey':
+				if (c.foreignKey) {
+					const fk = c.foreignKey;
+					s += `foreign key (${c.columns!.map(col => quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name)).join(', ')}) references ${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(fk.table)}`;
+					if (fk.columns && fk.columns.length > 0) {
+						s += `(${fk.columns.map(quoteIdentifierIfNeeded).join(', ')})`;
+					}
+					if (fk.onDelete) s += ` on delete ${foreignKeyActionToString(fk.onDelete)}`;
+					if (fk.onUpdate) s += ` on update ${foreignKeyActionToString(fk.onUpdate)}`;
+				}
+				break;
+		}
+		return s;
+	}).filter(s => s.length > 0).join(', ');
+}
+
+function foreignKeyActionToString(action: AST.ForeignKeyAction): string {
+	switch (action) {
+		case 'setNull': return 'set null';
+		case 'setDefault': return 'set default';
+		case 'cascade': return 'cascade';
+		case 'restrict': return 'restrict';
+		case 'noAction': return 'no action';
+	}
+}
+
+export function createTableToString(stmt: AST.CreateTableStmt): string {
+	const parts: string[] = ['create'];
+	if (stmt.isTemporary) parts.push('temp');
+	parts.push('table');
+	if (stmt.ifNotExists) parts.push('if not exists');
+	// Handle schema.table quoting
+	const tableName = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(stmt.table.name);
+	const schemaName = stmt.table.schema ? quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(stmt.table.schema) : undefined;
+	parts.push(schemaName ? `${schemaName}.${tableName}` : tableName);
+
+	const definitions: string[] = [];
+	stmt.columns.forEach(col => {
+		let colDef = quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(col.name);
+		if (col.dataType) colDef += ` ${col.dataType}`; // Keep data type casing as is
+		const constraints = columnConstraintsToString(col.constraints);
+		if (constraints) colDef += ` ${constraints}`;
+		definitions.push(colDef);
+	});
+
+	const tableConstraints = tableConstraintsToString(stmt.constraints);
+	if (tableConstraints) definitions.push(tableConstraints);
+
+	parts.push(`(${definitions.join(', ')})`);
+
+	if (stmt.moduleName) {
+		parts.push('using', stmt.moduleName);
+		if (stmt.moduleArgs && Object.keys(stmt.moduleArgs).length > 0) {
+			const args = Object.entries(stmt.moduleArgs).map(([key, value]) =>
+				`${quoteIdentifierIfNeeded(key)} = ${JSON.stringify(value)}`
+			).join(', ');
+			parts.push(`(${args})`);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return parts.join(' ');
+}