@qevm/providers 1.0.1

package/src.ts/base-provider.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2216 @@
+"use strict";
+
+import {
+    Block, BlockTag, BlockWithTransactions, EventType, Filter, FilterByBlockHash, ForkEvent,
+    Listener, Log, Provider, TransactionReceipt, TransactionRequest, TransactionResponse
+} from "@qevm/abstract-provider";
+import { encode as base64Encode } from "@ethersproject/base64";
+import { Base58 } from "@ethersproject/basex";
+import { BigNumber, BigNumberish } from "@ethersproject/bignumber";
+import { arrayify, BytesLike, concat, hexConcat, hexDataLength, hexDataSlice, hexlify, hexValue, hexZeroPad, isHexString } from "@qevm/bytes";
+import { HashZero } from "@ethersproject/constants";
+import { dnsEncode, namehash } from "@qevm/hash";
+import { getNetwork, Network, Networkish } from "@ethersproject/networks";
+import { Deferrable, defineReadOnly, getStatic, resolveProperties } from "@ethersproject/properties";
+import { Transaction } from "@qevm/transactions";
+import { sha256 } from "@ethersproject/sha2";
+import { toUtf8Bytes, toUtf8String } from "@ethersproject/strings";
+import { fetchJson, poll } from "@ethersproject/web";
+
+import bech32 from "bech32";
+
+import { Logger } from "@ethersproject/logger";
+import { version } from "./_version";
+const logger = new Logger(version);
+
+import { Formatter } from "./formatter";
+
+const MAX_CCIP_REDIRECTS = 10;
+
+//////////////////////////////
+// Event Serializeing
+
+function checkTopic(topic: string): string {
+     if (topic == null) { return "null"; }
+     if (hexDataLength(topic) !== 32) {
+         logger.throwArgumentError("invalid topic", "topic", topic);
+     }
+     return topic.toLowerCase();
+}
+
+function serializeTopics(topics: Array<string | Array<string>>): string {
+    // Remove trailing null AND-topics; they are redundant
+    topics = topics.slice();
+    while (topics.length > 0 && topics[topics.length - 1] == null) { topics.pop(); }
+
+    return topics.map((topic) => {
+        if (Array.isArray(topic)) {
+
+            // Only track unique OR-topics
+            const unique: { [ topic: string ]: boolean } = { }
+            topic.forEach((topic) => {
+                unique[checkTopic(topic)] = true;
+            });
+
+            // The order of OR-topics does not matter
+            const sorted = Object.keys(unique);
+            sorted.sort();
+
+            return sorted.join("|");
+
+        } else {
+            return checkTopic(topic);
+        }
+    }).join("&");
+}
+
+function deserializeTopics(data: string): Array<string | Array<string>> {
+    if (data === "") { return [ ]; }
+
+    return data.split(/&/g).map((topic) => {
+        if (topic === "") { return [ ]; }
+
+        const comps = topic.split("|").map((topic) => {
+            return ((topic === "null") ? null: topic);
+        });
+
+        return ((comps.length === 1) ? comps[0]: comps);
+    });
+}
+
+function getEventTag(eventName: EventType): string {
+    if (typeof(eventName) === "string") {
+        eventName = eventName.toLowerCase();
+
+        if (hexDataLength(eventName) === 32) {
+            return "tx:" + eventName;
+        }
+
+        if (eventName.indexOf(":") === -1) {
+            return eventName;
+        }
+
+    } else if (Array.isArray(eventName)) {
+        return "filter:*:" + serializeTopics(eventName);
+
+    } else if (ForkEvent.isForkEvent(eventName)) {
+        logger.warn("not implemented");
+        throw new Error("not implemented");
+
+    } else if (eventName && typeof(eventName) === "object") {
+        return "filter:" + (eventName.address || "*") + ":" + serializeTopics(eventName.topics || []);
+    }
+
+    throw new Error("invalid event - " + eventName);
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////
+// Helper Object
+
+function getTime() {
+    return (new Date()).getTime();
+}
+
+function stall(duration: number): Promise<void> {
+    return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        setTimeout(resolve, duration);
+    });
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////
+// Provider Object
+
+
+/**
+ *  EventType
+ *   - "block"
+ *   - "poll"
+ *   - "didPoll"
+ *   - "pending"
+ *   - "error"
+ *   - "network"
+ *   - filter
+ *   - topics array
+ *   - transaction hash
+ */
+
+const PollableEvents = [ "block", "network", "pending", "poll" ];
+
+export class Event {
+    readonly listener: Listener;
+    readonly once: boolean;
+    readonly tag: string;
+
+    _lastBlockNumber: number
+    _inflight: boolean;
+
+    constructor(tag: string, listener: Listener, once: boolean) {
+        defineReadOnly(this, "tag", tag);
+        defineReadOnly(this, "listener", listener);
+        defineReadOnly(this, "once", once);
+
+        this._lastBlockNumber = -2;
+        this._inflight = false;
+    }
+
+    get event(): EventType {
+        switch (this.type) {
+            case "tx":
+               return this.hash;
+            case "filter":
+               return this.filter;
+        }
+        return this.tag;
+    }
+
+    get type(): string {
+        return this.tag.split(":")[0]
+    }
+
+    get hash(): string {
+        const comps = this.tag.split(":");
+        if (comps[0] !== "tx") { return null; }
+        return comps[1];
+    }
+
+    get filter(): Filter {
+        const comps = this.tag.split(":");
+        if (comps[0] !== "filter") { return null; }
+        const address = comps[1];
+
+        const topics = deserializeTopics(comps[2]);
+        const filter: Filter = { };
+
+        if (topics.length > 0) { filter.topics = topics; }
+        if (address && address !== "*") { filter.address = address; }
+
+        return filter;
+    }
+
+    pollable(): boolean {
+        return (this.tag.indexOf(":") >= 0 || PollableEvents.indexOf(this.tag) >= 0);
+    }
+}
+
+export interface EnsResolver {
+
+    // Name this Resolver is associated with
+    readonly name: string;
+
+    // The address of the resolver
+    readonly address: string;
+
+    // Multichain address resolution (also normal address resolution)
+    // See: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2304
+    getAddress(coinType?: 60): Promise<null | string>
+
+    // Contenthash field
+    // See: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1577
+    getContentHash(): Promise<null | string>;
+
+    // Storage of text records
+    // See: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-634
+    getText(key: string): Promise<null | string>;
+};
+
+export interface EnsProvider {
+    resolveName(name: string): Promise<null | string>;
+    lookupAddress(address: string): Promise<null | string>;
+    getResolver(name: string): Promise<null | EnsResolver>;
+}
+
+type CoinInfo = {
+    symbol: string,
+    ilk?: string,     // General family
+    prefix?: string,  // Bech32 prefix
+    p2pkh?: number,   // Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash Version
+    p2sh?: number,    // Pay-to-Script-Hash Version
+};
+
+// https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0044.md
+const coinInfos: { [ coinType: string ]: CoinInfo } = {
+    "0":   { symbol: "btc",  p2pkh: 0x00, p2sh: 0x05, prefix: "bc" },
+    "2":   { symbol: "ltc",  p2pkh: 0x30, p2sh: 0x32, prefix: "ltc" },
+    "3":   { symbol: "doge", p2pkh: 0x1e, p2sh: 0x16 },
+    "60":  { symbol: "eth",  ilk: "eth" },
+    "61":  { symbol: "etc",  ilk: "eth" },
+    "700": { symbol: "xdai", ilk: "eth" },
+};
+
+function bytes32ify(value: number): string {
+    return hexZeroPad(BigNumber.from(value).toHexString(), 32);
+}
+
+// Compute the Base58Check encoded data (checksum is first 4 bytes of sha256d)
+function base58Encode(data: Uint8Array): string {
+    return Base58.encode(concat([ data, hexDataSlice(sha256(sha256(data)), 0, 4) ]));
+}
+
+export interface Avatar {
+    url: string;
+    linkage: Array<{ type: string, content: string }>;
+}
+
+const matcherIpfs = new RegExp("^(ipfs):/\/(.*)$", "i");
+const matchers = [
+    new RegExp("^(https):/\/(.*)$", "i"),
+    new RegExp("^(data):(.*)$", "i"),
+    matcherIpfs,
+    new RegExp("^eip155:[0-9]+/(erc[0-9]+):(.*)$", "i"),
+];
+
+function _parseString(result: string, start: number): null | string {
+    try {
+        return toUtf8String(_parseBytes(result, start));
+    } catch(error) { }
+    return null;
+}
+
+function _parseBytes(result: string, start: number): null | string {
+    if (result === "0x") { return null; }
+
+    const offset = BigNumber.from(hexDataSlice(result, start, start + 32)).toNumber();
+    const length = BigNumber.from(hexDataSlice(result, offset, offset + 32)).toNumber();
+
+    return hexDataSlice(result, offset + 32, offset + 32 + length);
+}
+
+// Trim off the ipfs:// prefix and return the default gateway URL
+function getIpfsLink(link: string): string {
+    if (link.match(/^ipfs:\/\/ipfs\//i)) {
+        link = link.substring(12);
+    } else if (link.match(/^ipfs:\/\//i)) {
+        link = link.substring(7);
+    } else {
+        logger.throwArgumentError("unsupported IPFS format", "link", link);
+    }
+
+    return `https:/\/gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/${ link }`;
+}
+
+function numPad(value: number): Uint8Array {
+    const result = arrayify(value);
+    if (result.length > 32) { throw new Error("internal; should not happen"); }
+
+    const padded = new Uint8Array(32);
+    padded.set(result, 32 - result.length);
+    return padded;
+}
+
+function bytesPad(value: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+    if ((value.length % 32) === 0) { return value; }
+
+    const result = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(value.length / 32) * 32);
+    result.set(value);
+    return result;
+}
+
+// ABI Encodes a series of (bytes, bytes, ...)
+function encodeBytes(datas: Array<BytesLike>) {
+    const result: Array<Uint8Array> = [ ];
+
+    let byteCount = 0;
+
+    // Add place-holders for pointers as we add items
+    for (let i = 0; i < datas.length; i++) {
+        result.push(null);
+        byteCount += 32;
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < datas.length; i++) {
+        const data = arrayify(datas[i]);
+
+        // Update the bytes offset
+        result[i] = numPad(byteCount);
+
+        // The length and padded value of data
+        result.push(numPad(data.length));
+        result.push(bytesPad(data));
+        byteCount += 32 + Math.ceil(data.length / 32) * 32;
+    }
+
+    return hexConcat(result);
+}
+
+export class Resolver implements EnsResolver {
+    readonly provider: BaseProvider;
+
+    readonly name: string;
+    readonly address: string;
+
+    readonly _resolvedAddress: null | string;
+
+    // For EIP-2544 names, the ancestor that provided the resolver
+    _supportsEip2544: null | Promise<boolean>;
+
+    // The resolvedAddress is only for creating a ReverseLookup resolver
+    constructor(provider: BaseProvider, address: string, name: string, resolvedAddress?: string) {
+        defineReadOnly(this, "provider", provider);
+        defineReadOnly(this, "name", name);
+        defineReadOnly(this, "address", provider.formatter.address(address));
+        defineReadOnly(this, "_resolvedAddress", resolvedAddress);
+    }
+
+    supportsWildcard(): Promise<boolean> {
+        if (!this._supportsEip2544) {
+            // supportsInterface(bytes4 = selector("resolve(bytes,bytes)"))
+            this._supportsEip2544 = this.provider.call({
+                to: this.address,
+                data: "0x01ffc9a79061b92300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+            }).then((result) => {
+                return BigNumber.from(result).eq(1);
+            }).catch((error) => {
+                if (error.code === Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION) { return false; }
+                // Rethrow the error: link is down, etc. Let future attempts retry.
+                this._supportsEip2544 = null;
+                throw error;
+            });
+        }
+
+        return this._supportsEip2544;
+    }
+
+    async _fetch(selector: string, parameters?: string): Promise<null | string> {
+
+        // e.g. keccak256("addr(bytes32,uint256)")
+        const tx = {
+            to: this.address,
+            ccipReadEnabled: true,
+            data: hexConcat([ selector, namehash(this.name), (parameters || "0x") ])
+        };
+
+        // Wildcard support; use EIP-2544 to resolve the request
+        let parseBytes = false;
+        if (await this.supportsWildcard()) {
+            parseBytes = true;
+
+            // selector("resolve(bytes,bytes)")
+            tx.data = hexConcat([ "0x9061b923", encodeBytes([ dnsEncode(this.name), tx.data ]) ]);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            let result = await this.provider.call(tx);
+            if ((arrayify(result).length % 32) === 4) {
+                logger.throwError("resolver threw error", Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION, {
+                    transaction: tx, data: result
+                });
+            }
+            if (parseBytes) { result = _parseBytes(result, 0); }
+            return result;
+        } catch (error) {
+            if (error.code === Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION) { return null; }
+            throw error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async _fetchBytes(selector: string, parameters?: string): Promise<null | string> {
+        const result = await this._fetch(selector, parameters);
+        if (result != null) { return _parseBytes(result, 0); }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    _getAddress(coinType: number, hexBytes: string): string {
+        const coinInfo = coinInfos[String(coinType)];
+
+        if (coinInfo == null) {
+            logger.throwError(`unsupported coin type: ${ coinType }`, Logger.errors.UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION, {
+                operation: `getAddress(${ coinType })`
+            });
+        }
+
+        if (coinInfo.ilk === "eth") {
+            return this.provider.formatter.address(hexBytes);
+        }
+
+        const bytes = arrayify(hexBytes);
+
+        // P2PKH: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
+        if (coinInfo.p2pkh != null) {
+            const p2pkh = hexBytes.match(/^0x76a9([0-9a-f][0-9a-f])([0-9a-f]*)88ac$/);
+            if (p2pkh) {
+                const length = parseInt(p2pkh[1], 16);
+                if (p2pkh[2].length === length * 2 && length >= 1 && length <= 75) {
+                    return base58Encode(concat([ [ coinInfo.p2pkh ], ("0x" + p2pkh[2]) ]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // P2SH: OP_HASH160 <scriptHash> OP_EQUAL
+        if (coinInfo.p2sh != null) {
+            const p2sh = hexBytes.match(/^0xa9([0-9a-f][0-9a-f])([0-9a-f]*)87$/);
+            if (p2sh) {
+                const length = parseInt(p2sh[1], 16);
+                if (p2sh[2].length === length * 2 && length >= 1 && length <= 75) {
+                    return base58Encode(concat([ [ coinInfo.p2sh ], ("0x" + p2sh[2]) ]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Bech32
+        if (coinInfo.prefix != null) {
+            const length = bytes[1];
+
+            // https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki#witness-program
+            let version = bytes[0];
+            if (version === 0x00) {
+                if (length !== 20 && length !== 32) {
+                    version = -1;
+                }
+            } else {
+                version = -1;
+            }
+
+            if (version >= 0 && bytes.length === 2 + length && length >= 1 && length <= 75) {
+                const words = bech32.toWords(bytes.slice(2));
+                words.unshift(version);
+                return bech32.encode(coinInfo.prefix, words);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    async getAddress(coinType?: number): Promise<string> {
+        if (coinType == null) { coinType = 60; }
+
+        // If Ethereum, use the standard `addr(bytes32)`
+        if (coinType === 60) {
+            try {
+                // keccak256("addr(bytes32)")
+                const result = await this._fetch("0x3b3b57de");
+
+                // No address
+                if (result === "0x" || result === HashZero) { return null; }
+
+                return this.provider.formatter.callAddress(result);
+            } catch (error) {
+                if (error.code === Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION) { return null; }
+                throw error;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // keccak256("addr(bytes32,uint256")
+        const hexBytes = await this._fetchBytes("0xf1cb7e06", bytes32ify(coinType));
+
+        // No address
+        if (hexBytes == null || hexBytes === "0x") { return null; }
+
+        // Compute the address
+        const address = this._getAddress(coinType, hexBytes);
+
+        if (address == null) {
+            logger.throwError(`invalid or unsupported coin data`, Logger.errors.UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION, {
+                operation: `getAddress(${ coinType })`,
+                coinType: coinType,
+                data: hexBytes
+            });
+        }
+
+        return address;
+    }
+
+    async getAvatar(): Promise<null | Avatar> {
+        const linkage: Array<{ type: string, content: string }> = [ { type: "name", content: this.name } ];
+        try {
+            // test data for ricmoo.eth
+            //const avatar = "eip155:1/erc721:0x265385c7f4132228A0d54EB1A9e7460b91c0cC68/29233";
+            const avatar = await this.getText("avatar");
+            if (avatar == null) { return null; }
+
+            for (let i = 0; i < matchers.length; i++) {
+                const match = avatar.match(matchers[i]);
+                if (match == null) { continue; }
+
+                const scheme = match[1].toLowerCase();
+
+                switch (scheme) {
+                    case "https":
+                        linkage.push({ type: "url", content: avatar });
+                        return { linkage, url: avatar };
+
+                    case "data":
+                        linkage.push({ type: "data", content: avatar });
+                        return { linkage, url: avatar };
+
+                    case "ipfs":
+                        linkage.push({ type: "ipfs", content: avatar });
+                        return { linkage, url: getIpfsLink(avatar) };
+
+                    case "erc721":
+                    case "erc1155": {
+                        // Depending on the ERC type, use tokenURI(uint256) or url(uint256)
+                        const selector = (scheme === "erc721") ? "0xc87b56dd": "0x0e89341c";
+                        linkage.push({ type: scheme, content: avatar });
+
+                        // The owner of this name
+                        const owner = (this._resolvedAddress || await this.getAddress());
+
+                        const comps = (match[2] || "").split("/");
+                        if (comps.length !== 2) { return null; }
+
+                        const addr = await this.provider.formatter.address(comps[0]);
+                        const tokenId = hexZeroPad(BigNumber.from(comps[1]).toHexString(), 32);
+
+                        // Check that this account owns the token
+                        if (scheme === "erc721") {
+                            // ownerOf(uint256 tokenId)
+                            const tokenOwner = this.provider.formatter.callAddress(await this.provider.call({
+                                to: addr, data: hexConcat([ "0x6352211e", tokenId ])
+                            }));
+                            if (owner !== tokenOwner) { return null; }
+                            linkage.push({ type: "owner", content: tokenOwner });
+
+                        } else if (scheme === "erc1155") {
+                            // balanceOf(address owner, uint256 tokenId)
+                            const balance = BigNumber.from(await this.provider.call({
+                                to: addr, data: hexConcat([ "0x00fdd58e", hexZeroPad(owner, 32), tokenId ])
+                            }));
+                            if (balance.isZero()) { return null; }
+                            linkage.push({ type: "balance", content: balance.toString() });
+                        }
+
+                        // Call the token contract for the metadata URL
+                        const tx = {
+                            to: this.provider.formatter.address(comps[0]),
+                            data: hexConcat([ selector, tokenId ])
+                        };
+
+                        let metadataUrl = _parseString(await this.provider.call(tx), 0);
+                        if (metadataUrl == null) { return null; }
+                        linkage.push({ type: "metadata-url-base", content: metadataUrl });
+
+                        // ERC-1155 allows a generic {id} in the URL
+                        if (scheme === "erc1155") {
+                            metadataUrl = metadataUrl.replace("{id}", tokenId.substring(2));
+                            linkage.push({ type: "metadata-url-expanded", content: metadataUrl });
+                        }
+
+                        // Transform IPFS metadata links
+                        if (metadataUrl.match(/^ipfs:/i)) {
+                            metadataUrl = getIpfsLink(metadataUrl);
+                        }
+
+                        linkage.push({ type: "metadata-url", content: metadataUrl });
+
+                        // Get the token metadata
+                        const metadata = await fetchJson(metadataUrl);
+                        if (!metadata) { return null; }
+                        linkage.push({ type: "metadata", content: JSON.stringify(metadata) });
+
+                        // Pull the image URL out
+                        let imageUrl = metadata.image;
+                        if (typeof(imageUrl) !== "string") { return null; }
+
+                        if (imageUrl.match(/^(https:\/\/|data:)/i)) {
+                            // Allow
+                        } else {
+                            // Transform IPFS link to gateway
+                            const ipfs = imageUrl.match(matcherIpfs);
+                            if (ipfs == null) { return null; }
+
+                            linkage.push({ type: "url-ipfs", content: imageUrl });
+                            imageUrl = getIpfsLink(imageUrl);
+                        }
+
+                        linkage.push({ type: "url", content: imageUrl });
+
+                        return { linkage, url: imageUrl };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (error) { }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    async getContentHash(): Promise<string> {
+
+        // keccak256("contenthash()")
+        const hexBytes = await this._fetchBytes("0xbc1c58d1");
+
+        // No contenthash
+        if (hexBytes == null || hexBytes === "0x") { return null; }
+
+        // IPFS (CID: 1, Type: DAG-PB)
+        const ipfs = hexBytes.match(/^0xe3010170(([0-9a-f][0-9a-f])([0-9a-f][0-9a-f])([0-9a-f]*))$/);
+        if (ipfs) {
+            const length = parseInt(ipfs[3], 16);
+            if (ipfs[4].length === length * 2) {
+                return "ipfs:/\/" + Base58.encode("0x" + ipfs[1]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // IPNS (CID: 1, Type: libp2p-key)
+        const ipns = hexBytes.match(/^0xe5010172(([0-9a-f][0-9a-f])([0-9a-f][0-9a-f])([0-9a-f]*))$/);
+        if (ipns) {
+            const length = parseInt(ipns[3], 16);
+            if (ipns[4].length === length * 2) {
+                return "ipns:/\/" + Base58.encode("0x" + ipns[1]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Swarm (CID: 1, Type: swarm-manifest; hash/length hard-coded to keccak256/32)
+        const swarm = hexBytes.match(/^0xe40101fa011b20([0-9a-f]*)$/)
+        if (swarm) {
+            if (swarm[1].length === (32 * 2)) {
+                return "bzz:/\/" + swarm[1]
+            }
+        }
+
+        const skynet = hexBytes.match(/^0x90b2c605([0-9a-f]*)$/);
+        if (skynet) {
+            if (skynet[1].length === (34 * 2)) {
+                // URL Safe base64; https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648#section-5
+                const urlSafe: Record<string, string> = { "=": "", "+": "-", "/": "_" };
+                const hash = base64Encode("0x" + skynet[1]).replace(/[=+\/]/g, (a) => (urlSafe[a]));
+                return "sia:/\/" + hash;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return logger.throwError(`invalid or unsupported content hash data`, Logger.errors.UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION, {
+            operation: "getContentHash()",
+            data: hexBytes
+        });
+    }
+
+    async getText(key: string): Promise<string> {
+
+        // The key encoded as parameter to fetchBytes
+        let keyBytes = toUtf8Bytes(key);
+
+        // The nodehash consumes the first slot, so the string pointer targets
+        // offset 64, with the length at offset 64 and data starting at offset 96
+        keyBytes = concat([ bytes32ify(64), bytes32ify(keyBytes.length), keyBytes ]);
+
+        // Pad to word-size (32 bytes)
+        if ((keyBytes.length % 32) !== 0) {
+            keyBytes = concat([ keyBytes, hexZeroPad("0x", 32 - (key.length % 32)) ])
+        }
+
+        const hexBytes = await this._fetchBytes("0x59d1d43c", hexlify(keyBytes));
+        if (hexBytes == null || hexBytes === "0x") { return null; }
+
+        return toUtf8String(hexBytes);
+    }
+}
+
+let defaultFormatter: Formatter = null;
+
+let nextPollId = 1;
+
+export class BaseProvider extends Provider implements EnsProvider {
+    _networkPromise: Promise<Network>;
+    _network: Network;
+
+    _events: Array<Event>;
+
+    formatter: Formatter;
+
+    // To help mitigate the eventually consistent nature of the blockchain
+    // we keep a mapping of events we emit. If we emit an event X, we expect
+    // that a user should be able to query for that event in the callback,
+    // if the node returns null, we stall the response until we get back a
+    // meaningful value, since we may be hitting a re-org, or a node that
+    // has not indexed the event yet.
+    // Events:
+    //   - t:{hash}    - Transaction hash
+    //   - b:{hash}    - BlockHash
+    //   - block       - The most recent emitted block
+    _emitted: { [ eventName: string ]: number | "pending" };
+
+    _pollingInterval: number;
+    _poller: NodeJS.Timer;
+    _bootstrapPoll: NodeJS.Timer;
+
+    _lastBlockNumber: number;
+    _maxFilterBlockRange: number;
+
+    _fastBlockNumber: number;
+    _fastBlockNumberPromise: Promise<number>;
+    _fastQueryDate: number;
+
+    _maxInternalBlockNumber: number;
+    _internalBlockNumber: Promise<{ blockNumber: number, reqTime: number, respTime: number }>;
+
+    readonly anyNetwork: boolean;
+
+    disableCcipRead: boolean;
+
+
+    /**
+     *  ready
+     *
+     *  A Promise<Network> that resolves only once the provider is ready.
+     *
+     *  Sub-classes that call the super with a network without a chainId
+     *  MUST set this. Standard named networks have a known chainId.
+     *
+     */
+
+    constructor(network: Networkish | Promise<Network>) {
+        super();
+
+        // Events being listened to
+        this._events = [];
+
+        this._emitted = { block: -2 };
+
+        this.disableCcipRead = false;
+
+        this.formatter = new.target.getFormatter();
+
+        // If network is any, this Provider allows the underlying
+        // network to change dynamically, and we auto-detect the
+        // current network
+        defineReadOnly(this, "anyNetwork", (network === "any"));
+        if (this.anyNetwork) { network = this.detectNetwork(); }
+
+        if (network instanceof Promise) {
+            this._networkPromise = network;
+
+            // Squash any "unhandled promise" errors; that do not need to be handled
+            network.catch((error) => { });
+
+            // Trigger initial network setting (async)
+            this._ready().catch((error) => { });
+
+        } else {
+            const knownNetwork = getStatic<(network: Networkish) => Network>(new.target, "getNetwork")(network);
+            if (knownNetwork) {
+                defineReadOnly(this, "_network", knownNetwork);
+                this.emit("network", knownNetwork, null);
+
+            } else {
+                logger.throwArgumentError("invalid network", "network", network);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this._maxInternalBlockNumber = -1024;
+
+        this._lastBlockNumber = -2;
+        this._maxFilterBlockRange = 10;
+
+        this._pollingInterval = 4000;
+
+        this._fastQueryDate = 0;
+    }
+
+    async _ready(): Promise<Network> {
+        if (this._network == null) {
+            let network: Network = null;
+            if (this._networkPromise) {
+                try {
+                    network = await this._networkPromise;
+                } catch (error) { }
+            }
+
+            // Try the Provider's network detection (this MUST throw if it cannot)
+            if (network == null) {
+                network = await this.detectNetwork();
+            }
+
+            // This should never happen; every Provider sub-class should have
+            // suggested a network by here (or have thrown).
+            if (!network) {
+                logger.throwError("no network detected", Logger.errors.UNKNOWN_ERROR, { });
+            }
+
+            // Possible this call stacked so do not call defineReadOnly again
+            if (this._network == null) {
+                if (this.anyNetwork) {
+                    this._network = network;
+                } else {
+                    defineReadOnly(this, "_network", network);
+                }
+                this.emit("network", network, null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return this._network;
+    }
+
+    // This will always return the most recently established network.
+    // For "any", this can change (a "network" event is emitted before
+    // any change is reflected); otherwise this cannot change
+    get ready(): Promise<Network> {
+        return poll(() => {
+            return this._ready().then((network) => {
+                return network;
+            }, (error): any => {
+                // If the network isn't running yet, we will wait
+                if (error.code === Logger.errors.NETWORK_ERROR && error.event === "noNetwork") {
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                throw error;
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    // @TODO: Remove this and just create a singleton formatter
+    static getFormatter(): Formatter {
+        if (defaultFormatter == null) {
+            defaultFormatter = new Formatter();
+        }
+        return defaultFormatter;
+    }
+
+    // @TODO: Remove this and just use getNetwork
+    static getNetwork(network: Networkish): Network {
+        return getNetwork((network == null) ? "homestead": network);
+    }
+
+    async ccipReadFetch(tx: Transaction, calldata: string, urls: Array<string>): Promise<null | string> {
+        if (this.disableCcipRead || urls.length === 0) { return null; }
+
+        const sender = tx.to.toLowerCase();
+        const data = calldata.toLowerCase();
+
+        const errorMessages: Array<string> = [ ];
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
+            const url = urls[i];
+
+            // URL expansion
+            const href = url.replace("{sender}", sender).replace("{data}", data);
+
+            // If no {data} is present, use POST; otherwise GET
+            const json: string | null = (url.indexOf("{data}") >= 0) ? null: JSON.stringify({ data, sender });
+
+            const result = await fetchJson({ url: href, errorPassThrough: true }, json, (value, response) => {
+                value.status = response.statusCode;
+                return value;
+            });
+
+            if (result.data) { return result.data; }
+
+            const errorMessage = (result.message || "unknown error");
+
+            // 4xx indicates the result is not present; stop
+            if (result.status >= 400 && result.status < 500) {
+                return logger.throwError(`response not found during CCIP fetch: ${ errorMessage }`, Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, { url, errorMessage });
+            }
+
+            // 5xx indicates server issue; try the next url
+            errorMessages.push(errorMessage);
+        }
+
+        return logger.throwError(`error encountered during CCIP fetch: ${ errorMessages.map((m) => JSON.stringify(m)).join(", ") }`, Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+            urls, errorMessages
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Fetches the blockNumber, but will reuse any result that is less
+    // than maxAge old or has been requested since the last request
+    async _getInternalBlockNumber(maxAge: number): Promise<number> {
+        await this._ready();
+
+        // Allowing stale data up to maxAge old
+        if (maxAge > 0) {
+
+            // While there are pending internal block requests...
+            while (this._internalBlockNumber) {
+
+                // ..."remember" which fetch we started with
+                const internalBlockNumber = this._internalBlockNumber;
+
+                try {
+                    // Check the result is not too stale
+                    const result = await internalBlockNumber;
+                    if ((getTime() - result.respTime) <= maxAge) {
+                        return result.blockNumber;
+                    }
+
+                    // Too old; fetch a new value
+                    break;
+
+                } catch(error) {
+
+                    // The fetch rejected; if we are the first to get the
+                    // rejection, drop through so we replace it with a new
+                    // fetch; all others blocked will then get that fetch
+                    // which won't match the one they "remembered" and loop
+                    if (this._internalBlockNumber === internalBlockNumber) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        const reqTime = getTime();
+
+        const checkInternalBlockNumber = resolveProperties({
+            blockNumber: this.perform("getBlockNumber", { }),
+            networkError: this.getNetwork().then((network): any => (null), (error) => (error))
+        }).then(({ blockNumber, networkError }) => {
+            if (networkError) {
+                // Unremember this bad internal block number
+                if (this._internalBlockNumber === checkInternalBlockNumber) {
+                    this._internalBlockNumber = null;
+                }
+                throw networkError;
+            }
+
+            const respTime = getTime();
+
+            blockNumber = BigNumber.from(blockNumber).toNumber();
+            if (blockNumber < this._maxInternalBlockNumber) { blockNumber = this._maxInternalBlockNumber; }
+
+            this._maxInternalBlockNumber = blockNumber;
+            this._setFastBlockNumber(blockNumber); // @TODO: Still need this?
+            return { blockNumber, reqTime, respTime };
+        });
+
+        this._internalBlockNumber = checkInternalBlockNumber;
+
+        // Swallow unhandled exceptions; if needed they are handled else where
+        checkInternalBlockNumber.catch((error) => {
+            // Don't null the dead (rejected) fetch, if it has already been updated
+            if (this._internalBlockNumber === checkInternalBlockNumber) {
+                this._internalBlockNumber = null;
+            }
+        });
+
+        return (await checkInternalBlockNumber).blockNumber;
+    }
+
+    async poll(): Promise<void> {
+        const pollId = nextPollId++;
+
+        // Track all running promises, so we can trigger a post-poll once they are complete
+        const runners: Array<Promise<void>> = [];
+
+        let blockNumber: number = null;
+        try {
+            blockNumber = await this._getInternalBlockNumber(100 + this.pollingInterval / 2);
+        } catch (error) {
+            this.emit("error", error);
+            return;
+        }
+        this._setFastBlockNumber(blockNumber);
+
+        // Emit a poll event after we have the latest (fast) block number
+        this.emit("poll", pollId, blockNumber);
+
+        // If the block has not changed, meh.
+        if (blockNumber === this._lastBlockNumber) {
+            this.emit("didPoll", pollId);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // First polling cycle, trigger a "block" events
+        if (this._emitted.block === -2) {
+            this._emitted.block = blockNumber - 1;
+        }
+
+        if (Math.abs((<number>(this._emitted.block)) - blockNumber) > 1000) {
+            logger.warn(`network block skew detected; skipping block events (emitted=${ this._emitted.block } blockNumber${ blockNumber })`);
+            this.emit("error", logger.makeError("network block skew detected", Logger.errors.NETWORK_ERROR, {
+                blockNumber: blockNumber,
+                event: "blockSkew",
+                previousBlockNumber: this._emitted.block
+            }));
+            this.emit("block", blockNumber);
+
+        } else {
+            // Notify all listener for each block that has passed
+            for (let i = (<number>this._emitted.block) + 1; i <= blockNumber; i++) {
+                this.emit("block", i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The emitted block was updated, check for obsolete events
+        if ((<number>this._emitted.block) !== blockNumber) {
+            this._emitted.block = blockNumber;
+
+            Object.keys(this._emitted).forEach((key) => {
+                // The block event does not expire
+                if (key === "block") { return; }
+
+                // The block we were at when we emitted this event
+                const eventBlockNumber = this._emitted[key];
+
+                // We cannot garbage collect pending transactions or blocks here
+                // They should be garbage collected by the Provider when setting
+                // "pending" events
+                if (eventBlockNumber === "pending") { return; }
+
+                // Evict any transaction hashes or block hashes over 12 blocks
+                // old, since they should not return null anyways
+                if (blockNumber - eventBlockNumber > 12) {
+                    delete this._emitted[key];
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        // First polling cycle
+        if (this._lastBlockNumber === -2) {
+            this._lastBlockNumber = blockNumber - 1;
+        }
+        // Find all transaction hashes we are waiting on
+        this._events.forEach((event) => {
+            switch (event.type) {
+                case "tx": {
+                    const hash = event.hash;
+                    let runner = this.getTransactionReceipt(hash).then((receipt): any => {
+                        if (!receipt || receipt.blockNumber == null) { return null; }
+                        this._emitted["t:" + hash] = receipt.blockNumber;
+                        this.emit(hash, receipt);
+                        return null;
+                    }).catch((error: Error) => { this.emit("error", error); });
+
+                    runners.push(runner);
+
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case "filter": {
+                    // We only allow a single getLogs to be in-flight at a time
+                    if (!event._inflight) {
+                        event._inflight = true;
+
+                        // This is the first filter for this event, so we want to
+                        // restrict events to events that happened no earlier than now
+                        if (event._lastBlockNumber === -2) {
+                            event._lastBlockNumber = blockNumber - 1;
+                        }
+
+                        // Filter from the last *known* event; due to load-balancing
+                        // and some nodes returning updated block numbers before
+                        // indexing events, a logs result with 0 entries cannot be
+                        // trusted and we must retry a range which includes it again
+                        const filter = event.filter;
+                        filter.fromBlock = event._lastBlockNumber + 1;
+                        filter.toBlock = blockNumber;
+
+                        // Prevent fitler ranges from growing too wild, since it is quite
+                        // likely there just haven't been any events to move the lastBlockNumber.
+                        const minFromBlock = filter.toBlock - this._maxFilterBlockRange;
+                        if (minFromBlock > filter.fromBlock) { filter.fromBlock = minFromBlock; }
+
+                        if (filter.fromBlock < 0) { filter.fromBlock = 0; }
+
+                        const runner = this.getLogs(filter).then((logs) => {
+                            // Allow the next getLogs
+                            event._inflight = false;
+
+                            if (logs.length === 0) { return; }
+
+                            logs.forEach((log: Log) => {
+                                // Only when we get an event for a given block number
+                                // can we trust the events are indexed
+                                if (log.blockNumber > event._lastBlockNumber) {
+                                    event._lastBlockNumber = log.blockNumber;
+                                }
+
+                                // Make sure we stall requests to fetch blocks and txs
+                                this._emitted["b:" + log.blockHash] = log.blockNumber;
+                                this._emitted["t:" + log.transactionHash] = log.blockNumber;
+
+                                this.emit(filter, log);
+                            });
+                        }).catch((error: Error) => {
+                            this.emit("error", error);
+
+                            // Allow another getLogs (the range was not updated)
+                            event._inflight = false;
+                        });
+                        runners.push(runner);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        this._lastBlockNumber = blockNumber;
+
+        // Once all events for this loop have been processed, emit "didPoll"
+        Promise.all(runners).then(() => {
+            this.emit("didPoll", pollId);
+        }).catch((error) => { this.emit("error", error); });
+
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Deprecated; do not use this
+    resetEventsBlock(blockNumber: number): void {
+        this._lastBlockNumber = blockNumber - 1;
+        if (this.polling) { this.poll(); }
+    }
+
+    get network(): Network {
+        return this._network;
+    }
+
+    // This method should query the network if the underlying network
+    // can change, such as when connected to a JSON-RPC backend
+    async detectNetwork(): Promise<Network> {
+        return logger.throwError("provider does not support network detection", Logger.errors.UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION, {
+            operation: "provider.detectNetwork"
+        });
+    }
+
+    async getNetwork(): Promise<Network> {
+        const network = await this._ready();
+
+        // Make sure we are still connected to the same network; this is
+        // only an external call for backends which can have the underlying
+        // network change spontaneously
+        const currentNetwork = await this.detectNetwork();
+        if (network.chainId !== currentNetwork.chainId) {
+
+            // We are allowing network changes, things can get complex fast;
+            // make sure you know what you are doing if you use "any"
+            if (this.anyNetwork) {
+                this._network = currentNetwork;
+
+                // Reset all internal block number guards and caches
+                this._lastBlockNumber = -2;
+                this._fastBlockNumber = null;
+                this._fastBlockNumberPromise = null;
+                this._fastQueryDate = 0;
+                this._emitted.block = -2;
+                this._maxInternalBlockNumber = -1024;
+                this._internalBlockNumber = null;
+
+                // The "network" event MUST happen before this method resolves
+                // so any events have a chance to unregister, so we stall an
+                // additional event loop before returning from /this/ call
+                this.emit("network", currentNetwork, network);
+                await stall(0);
+
+                return this._network;
+            }
+
+            const error = logger.makeError("underlying network changed", Logger.errors.NETWORK_ERROR, {
+                event: "changed",
+                network: network,
+                detectedNetwork: currentNetwork
+            });
+
+            this.emit("error", error);
+            throw error;
+        }
+
+        return network;
+    }
+
+    get blockNumber(): number {
+        this._getInternalBlockNumber(100 + this.pollingInterval / 2).then((blockNumber) => {
+            this._setFastBlockNumber(blockNumber);
+        }, (error) => { });
+
+        return (this._fastBlockNumber != null) ? this._fastBlockNumber: -1;
+    }
+
+    get polling(): boolean {
+        return (this._poller != null);
+    }
+
+    set polling(value: boolean) {
+        if (value && !this._poller) {
+            this._poller = setInterval(() => { this.poll(); }, this.pollingInterval);
+
+            if (!this._bootstrapPoll) {
+                this._bootstrapPoll = setTimeout(() => {
+                    this.poll();
+
+                    // We block additional polls until the polling interval
+                    // is done, to prevent overwhelming the poll function
+                    this._bootstrapPoll = setTimeout(() => {
+                        // If polling was disabled, something may require a poke
+                        // since starting the bootstrap poll and it was disabled
+                        if (!this._poller) { this.poll(); }
+
+                        // Clear out the bootstrap so we can do another
+                        this._bootstrapPoll = null;
+                    }, this.pollingInterval);
+                }, 0);
+            }
+
+        } else if (!value && this._poller) {
+            clearInterval(this._poller);
+            this._poller = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    get pollingInterval(): number {
+        return this._pollingInterval;
+    }
+
+    set pollingInterval(value: number) {
+        if (typeof(value) !== "number" || value <= 0 || parseInt(String(value)) != value) {
+            throw new Error("invalid polling interval");
+        }
+
+        this._pollingInterval = value;
+
+        if (this._poller) {
+            clearInterval(this._poller);
+            this._poller = setInterval(() => { this.poll(); }, this._pollingInterval);
+        }
+    }
+
+    _getFastBlockNumber(): Promise<number> {
+        const now = getTime();
+
+        // Stale block number, request a newer value
+        if ((now - this._fastQueryDate) > 2 * this._pollingInterval) {
+            this._fastQueryDate = now;
+            this._fastBlockNumberPromise = this.getBlockNumber().then((blockNumber) => {
+                if (this._fastBlockNumber == null || blockNumber > this._fastBlockNumber) {
+                    this._fastBlockNumber = blockNumber;
+                }
+                return this._fastBlockNumber;
+            });
+        }
+
+        return this._fastBlockNumberPromise;
+    }
+
+    _setFastBlockNumber(blockNumber: number): void {
+        // Older block, maybe a stale request
+        if (this._fastBlockNumber != null && blockNumber < this._fastBlockNumber) { return; }
+
+        // Update the time we updated the blocknumber
+        this._fastQueryDate = getTime();
+
+        // Newer block number, use  it
+        if (this._fastBlockNumber == null || blockNumber > this._fastBlockNumber) {
+            this._fastBlockNumber = blockNumber;
+            this._fastBlockNumberPromise = Promise.resolve(blockNumber);
+        }
+    }
+
+    async waitForTransaction(transactionHash: string, confirmations?: number, timeout?: number): Promise<TransactionReceipt> {
+        return this._waitForTransaction(transactionHash, (confirmations == null) ? 1: confirmations, timeout || 0, null);
+    }
+
+    async _waitForTransaction(transactionHash: string, confirmations: number, timeout: number, replaceable: { data: string, from: string, nonce: number, to: string, value: BigNumber, startBlock: number }): Promise<TransactionReceipt> {
+        const receipt = await this.getTransactionReceipt(transactionHash);
+
+        // Receipt is already good
+        if ((receipt ? receipt.confirmations: 0) >= confirmations) { return receipt; }
+
+        // Poll until the receipt is good...
+        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+            const cancelFuncs: Array<() => void> = [];
+
+            let done = false;
+            const alreadyDone = function() {
+                if (done) { return true; }
+                done = true;
+                cancelFuncs.forEach((func) => { func(); });
+                return false;
+            };
+
+            const minedHandler = (receipt: TransactionReceipt) => {
+                if (receipt.confirmations < confirmations) { return; }
+                if (alreadyDone()) { return; }
+                resolve(receipt);
+            }
+            this.on(transactionHash, minedHandler);
+            cancelFuncs.push(() => { this.removeListener(transactionHash, minedHandler); });
+
+            if (replaceable) {
+                let lastBlockNumber = replaceable.startBlock;
+                let scannedBlock: number = null;
+                const replaceHandler = async (blockNumber: number) => {
+                    if (done) { return; }
+
+                    // Wait 1 second; this is only used in the case of a fault, so
+                    // we will trade off a little bit of latency for more consistent
+                    // results and fewer JSON-RPC calls
+                    await stall(1000);
+
+                    this.getTransactionCount(replaceable.from).then(async (nonce) => {
+                        if (done) { return; }
+
+                        if (nonce <= replaceable.nonce) {
+                            lastBlockNumber = blockNumber;
+
+                        } else {
+                            // First check if the transaction was mined
+                            {
+                                const mined = await this.getTransaction(transactionHash);
+                                if (mined && mined.blockNumber != null) { return; }
+                            }
+
+                            // First time scanning. We start a little earlier for some
+                            // wiggle room here to handle the eventually consistent nature
+                            // of blockchain (e.g. the getTransactionCount was for a
+                            // different block)
+                            if (scannedBlock == null) {
+                                scannedBlock = lastBlockNumber - 3;
+                                if (scannedBlock < replaceable.startBlock) {
+                                    scannedBlock = replaceable.startBlock;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            while (scannedBlock <= blockNumber) {
+                                if (done) { return; }
+
+                                const block = await this.getBlockWithTransactions(scannedBlock);
+                                for (let ti = 0; ti < block.transactions.length; ti++) {
+                                    const tx = block.transactions[ti];
+
+                                    // Successfully mined!
+                                    if (tx.hash === transactionHash) { return; }
+
+                                    // Matches our transaction from and nonce; its a replacement
+                                    if (tx.from === replaceable.from && tx.nonce === replaceable.nonce) {
+                                        if (done) { return; }
+
+                                        // Get the receipt of the replacement
+                                        const receipt = await this.waitForTransaction(tx.hash, confirmations);
+
+                                        // Already resolved or rejected (prolly a timeout)
+                                        if (alreadyDone()) { return; }
+
+                                        // The reason we were replaced
+                                        let reason = "replaced";
+                                        if (tx.data === replaceable.data && tx.to === replaceable.to && tx.value.eq(replaceable.value)) {
+                                            reason = "repriced";
+                                        } else  if (tx.data === "0x" && tx.from === tx.to && tx.value.isZero()) {
+                                            reason = "cancelled"
+                                        }
+
+                                        // Explain why we were replaced
+                                        reject(logger.makeError("transaction was replaced", Logger.errors.TRANSACTION_REPLACED, {
+                                            cancelled: (reason === "replaced" || reason === "cancelled"),
+                                            reason,
+                                            replacement: this._wrapTransaction(tx),
+                                            hash: transactionHash,
+                                            receipt
+                                        }));
+
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                scannedBlock++;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (done) { return; }
+                        this.once("block", replaceHandler);
+
+                    }, (error) => {
+                        if (done) { return; }
+                        this.once("block", replaceHandler);
+                    });
+                };
+
+                if (done) { return; }
+                this.once("block", replaceHandler);
+
+                cancelFuncs.push(() => {
+                    this.removeListener("block", replaceHandler);
+                });
+            }
+
+            if (typeof(timeout) === "number" && timeout > 0) {
+                const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+                    if (alreadyDone()) { return; }
+                    reject(logger.makeError("timeout exceeded", Logger.errors.TIMEOUT, { timeout: timeout }));
+                }, timeout);
+                if (timer.unref) { timer.unref(); }
+
+                cancelFuncs.push(() => { clearTimeout(timer); });
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    async getBlockNumber(): Promise<number> {
+        return this._getInternalBlockNumber(0);
+    }
+
+    async getGasPrice(): Promise<BigNumber> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+
+        const result = await this.perform("getGasPrice", { });
+        try {
+            return BigNumber.from(result);
+        } catch (error) {
+            return logger.throwError("bad result from backend", Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+                method: "getGasPrice",
+                result, error
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    async getBalance(addressOrName: string | Promise<string>, blockTag?: BlockTag | Promise<BlockTag>): Promise<BigNumber> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        const params = await resolveProperties({
+            address: this._getAddress(addressOrName),
+            blockTag: this._getBlockTag(blockTag)
+        });
+
+        const result = await this.perform("getBalance", params);
+        try {
+            return BigNumber.from(result);
+        } catch (error) {
+            return logger.throwError("bad result from backend", Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+                method: "getBalance",
+                params, result, error
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    async getTransactionCount(addressOrName: string | Promise<string>, blockTag?: BlockTag | Promise<BlockTag>): Promise<number> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        const params = await resolveProperties({
+            address: this._getAddress(addressOrName),
+            blockTag: this._getBlockTag(blockTag)
+        });
+
+        const result = await this.perform("getTransactionCount", params);
+        try {
+            return BigNumber.from(result).toNumber();
+        } catch (error) {
+            return logger.throwError("bad result from backend", Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+                method: "getTransactionCount",
+                params, result, error
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    async getCode(addressOrName: string | Promise<string>, blockTag?: BlockTag | Promise<BlockTag>): Promise<string> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        const params = await resolveProperties({
+            address: this._getAddress(addressOrName),
+            blockTag: this._getBlockTag(blockTag)
+        });
+
+        const result = await this.perform("getCode", params);
+        try {
+            return hexlify(result);
+        } catch (error) {
+            return logger.throwError("bad result from backend", Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+                method: "getCode",
+                params, result, error
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    async getStorageAt(addressOrName: string | Promise<string>, position: BigNumberish | Promise<BigNumberish>, blockTag?: BlockTag | Promise<BlockTag>): Promise<string> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        const params = await resolveProperties({
+            address: this._getAddress(addressOrName),
+            blockTag: this._getBlockTag(blockTag),
+            position: Promise.resolve(position).then((p) => hexValue(p))
+        });
+        const result = await this.perform("getStorageAt", params);
+        try {
+            return hexlify(result);
+        } catch (error) {
+            return logger.throwError("bad result from backend", Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+                method: "getStorageAt",
+                params, result, error
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This should be called by any subclass wrapping a TransactionResponse
+    _wrapTransaction(tx: Transaction, hash?: string, startBlock?: number): TransactionResponse {
+        if (hash != null && hexDataLength(hash) !== 32) { throw new Error("invalid response - sendTransaction"); }
+
+        const result = <TransactionResponse>tx;
+
+        // Check the hash we expect is the same as the hash the server reported
+        if (hash != null && tx.hash !== hash) {
+            logger.throwError("Transaction hash mismatch from Provider.sendTransaction.", Logger.errors.UNKNOWN_ERROR, { expectedHash: tx.hash, returnedHash: hash });
+        }
+
+        result.wait = async (confirms?: number, timeout?: number) => {
+            if (confirms == null) { confirms = 1; }
+            if (timeout == null) { timeout = 0; }
+
+            // Get the details to detect replacement
+            let replacement = undefined;
+            if (confirms !== 0 && startBlock != null) {
+                replacement = {
+                    data: tx.data,
+                    from: tx.from,
+                    nonce: tx.nonce,
+                    to: tx.to,
+                    value: tx.value,
+                    startBlock
+                };
+            }
+
+            const receipt = await this._waitForTransaction(tx.hash, confirms, timeout, replacement);
+            if (receipt == null && confirms === 0) { return null; }
+
+            // No longer pending, allow the polling loop to garbage collect this
+            this._emitted["t:" + tx.hash] = receipt.blockNumber;
+
+            if (receipt.status === 0) {
+                logger.throwError("transaction failed", Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION, {
+                    transactionHash: tx.hash,
+                    transaction: tx,
+                    receipt: receipt
+                });
+            }
+            return receipt;
+        };
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    async sendTransaction(signedTransaction: string | Promise<string>): Promise<TransactionResponse> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        const hexTx = await Promise.resolve(signedTransaction).then(t => hexlify(t));
+        const tx = this.formatter.transaction(signedTransaction);
+        if (tx.confirmations == null) { tx.confirmations = 0; }
+        const blockNumber = await this._getInternalBlockNumber(100 + 2 * this.pollingInterval);
+        try {
+            const hash = await this.perform("sendTransaction", { signedTransaction: hexTx });
+            return this._wrapTransaction(tx, hash, blockNumber);
+        } catch (error) {
+            (<any>error).transaction = tx;
+            (<any>error).transactionHash = tx.hash;
+            throw error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async _getTransactionRequest(transaction: Deferrable<TransactionRequest>): Promise<Transaction> {
+        const values: any = await transaction;
+
+        const tx: any = { };
+
+        ["from", "to"].forEach((key) => {
+            if (values[key] == null) { return; }
+            tx[key] = Promise.resolve(values[key]).then((v) => (v ? this._getAddress(v): null))
+        });
+
+        ["gasLimit", "gasPrice", "maxFeePerGas", "maxPriorityFeePerGas", "value"].forEach((key) => {
+            if (values[key] == null) { return; }
+            tx[key] = Promise.resolve(values[key]).then((v) => (v ? BigNumber.from(v): null));
+        });
+
+        ["type"].forEach((key) => {
+            if (values[key] == null) { return; }
+            tx[key] = Promise.resolve(values[key]).then((v) => ((v != null) ? v: null));
+        });
+
+        if (values.accessList) {
+            tx.accessList = this.formatter.accessList(values.accessList);
+        }
+
+        ["data"].forEach((key) => {
+            if (values[key] == null) { return; }
+            tx[key] = Promise.resolve(values[key]).then((v) => (v ? hexlify(v): null));
+        });
+
+        return this.formatter.transactionRequest(await resolveProperties(tx));
+    }
+
+    async _getFilter(filter: Filter | FilterByBlockHash | Promise<Filter | FilterByBlockHash>): Promise<Filter | FilterByBlockHash> {
+        filter = await filter;
+
+        const result: any = { };
+
+        if (filter.address != null) {
+            result.address = this._getAddress(filter.address);
+        }
+
+        ["blockHash", "topics"].forEach((key) => {
+            if ((<any>filter)[key] == null) { return; }
+            result[key] = (<any>filter)[key];
+        });
+
+        ["fromBlock", "toBlock"].forEach((key) => {
+            if ((<any>filter)[key] == null) { return; }
+            result[key] = this._getBlockTag((<any>filter)[key]);
+        });
+
+        return this.formatter.filter(await resolveProperties(result));
+    }
+
+    async _call(transaction: TransactionRequest, blockTag: BlockTag, attempt: number): Promise<string> {
+        if (attempt >= MAX_CCIP_REDIRECTS) {
+            logger.throwError("CCIP read exceeded maximum redirections", Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+                redirects: attempt, transaction
+            });
+        }
+
+        const txSender = transaction.to;
+
+        const result = await this.perform("call", { transaction, blockTag });
+
+        // CCIP Read request via OffchainLookup(address,string[],bytes,bytes4,bytes)
+        if (attempt >= 0 && blockTag === "latest" && txSender != null && result.substring(0, 10) === "0x556f1830" && (hexDataLength(result) % 32 === 4)) {
+            try {
+                const data = hexDataSlice(result, 4);
+
+                // Check the sender of the OffchainLookup matches the transaction
+                const sender = hexDataSlice(data, 0, 32);
+                if (!BigNumber.from(sender).eq(txSender)) {
+                    logger.throwError("CCIP Read sender did not match", Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION, {
+                        name: "OffchainLookup",
+                        signature: "OffchainLookup(address,string[],bytes,bytes4,bytes)",
+                        transaction, data: result
+                    });
+                }
+
+                // Read the URLs from the response
+                const urls: Array<string> = [];
+                const urlsOffset = BigNumber.from(hexDataSlice(data, 32, 64)).toNumber();
+                const urlsLength = BigNumber.from(hexDataSlice(data, urlsOffset, urlsOffset + 32)).toNumber();
+                const urlsData = hexDataSlice(data, urlsOffset + 32);
+                for (let u = 0; u < urlsLength; u++) {
+                    const url = _parseString(urlsData, u * 32);
+                    if (url == null) {
+                        logger.throwError("CCIP Read contained corrupt URL string", Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION, {
+                            name: "OffchainLookup",
+                            signature: "OffchainLookup(address,string[],bytes,bytes4,bytes)",
+                            transaction, data: result
+                        });
+                    }
+                    urls.push(url);
+                }
+
+                // Get the CCIP calldata to forward
+                const calldata = _parseBytes(data, 64);
+
+                // Get the callbackSelector (bytes4)
+                if (!BigNumber.from(hexDataSlice(data, 100, 128)).isZero()) {
+                    logger.throwError("CCIP Read callback selector included junk", Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION, {
+                        name: "OffchainLookup",
+                        signature: "OffchainLookup(address,string[],bytes,bytes4,bytes)",
+                        transaction, data: result
+                    });
+                }
+                const callbackSelector = hexDataSlice(data, 96, 100);
+
+                // Get the extra data to send back to the contract as context
+                const extraData = _parseBytes(data, 128);
+
+                const ccipResult = await this.ccipReadFetch(<Transaction>transaction, calldata, urls);
+                if (ccipResult == null) {
+                    logger.throwError("CCIP Read disabled or provided no URLs", Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION, {
+                        name: "OffchainLookup",
+                        signature: "OffchainLookup(address,string[],bytes,bytes4,bytes)",
+                        transaction, data: result
+                    });
+                }
+
+                const tx = {
+                    to: txSender,
+                    data: hexConcat([ callbackSelector, encodeBytes([ ccipResult, extraData ]) ])
+                };
+
+                return this._call(tx, blockTag, attempt + 1);
+
+            } catch (error) {
+                if (error.code === Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR) { throw error; }
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return hexlify(result);
+        } catch (error) {
+            return logger.throwError("bad result from backend", Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+                method: "call",
+                params: { transaction, blockTag }, result, error
+            });
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    async call(transaction: Deferrable<TransactionRequest>, blockTag?: BlockTag | Promise<BlockTag>): Promise<string> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        const resolved = await resolveProperties({
+            transaction: this._getTransactionRequest(transaction),
+            blockTag: this._getBlockTag(blockTag),
+            ccipReadEnabled: Promise.resolve(transaction.ccipReadEnabled)
+        });
+        return this._call(resolved.transaction, resolved.blockTag, resolved.ccipReadEnabled ? 0: -1);
+    }
+
+    async estimateGas(transaction: Deferrable<TransactionRequest>): Promise<BigNumber> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        const params = await resolveProperties({
+            transaction: this._getTransactionRequest(transaction)
+        });
+
+        const result = await this.perform("estimateGas", params);
+        try {
+            return BigNumber.from(result);
+        } catch (error) {
+            return logger.throwError("bad result from backend", Logger.errors.SERVER_ERROR, {
+                method: "estimateGas",
+                params, result, error
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    async _getAddress(addressOrName: string | Promise<string>): Promise<string> {
+        addressOrName = await addressOrName;
+        if (typeof(addressOrName) !== "string") {
+            logger.throwArgumentError("invalid address or ENS name", "name", addressOrName);
+        }
+
+        const address = await this.resolveName(addressOrName);
+        if (address == null) {
+            logger.throwError("ENS name not configured", Logger.errors.UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION, {
+                operation: `resolveName(${ JSON.stringify(addressOrName) })`
+            });
+        }
+        return address;
+    }
+
+    async _getBlock(blockHashOrBlockTag: BlockTag | string | Promise<BlockTag | string>, includeTransactions?: boolean): Promise<Block | BlockWithTransactions> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+
+        blockHashOrBlockTag = await blockHashOrBlockTag;
+
+        // If blockTag is a number (not "latest", etc), this is the block number
+        let blockNumber = -128;
+
+        const params: { [key: string]: any } = {
+            includeTransactions: !!includeTransactions
+        };
+
+        if (isHexString(blockHashOrBlockTag, 32)) {
+            params.blockHash = blockHashOrBlockTag;
+        } else {
+            try {
+                params.blockTag = await this._getBlockTag(blockHashOrBlockTag);
+                if (isHexString(params.blockTag)) {
+                    blockNumber = parseInt(params.blockTag.substring(2), 16);
+                }
+            } catch (error) {
+                logger.throwArgumentError("invalid block hash or block tag", "blockHashOrBlockTag", blockHashOrBlockTag);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return poll(async () => {
+            const block = await this.perform("getBlock", params);
+
+            // Block was not found
+            if (block == null) {
+
+                // For blockhashes, if we didn't say it existed, that blockhash may
+                // not exist. If we did see it though, perhaps from a log, we know
+                // it exists, and this node is just not caught up yet.
+                if (params.blockHash != null) {
+                    if (this._emitted["b:" + params.blockHash] == null) { return null; }
+                }
+
+                // For block tags, if we are asking for a future block, we return null
+                if (params.blockTag != null) {
+                    if (blockNumber > (this._emitted.block as number)) { return null; }
+                }
+
+                // Retry on the next block
+                return undefined;
+            }
+
+            // Add transactions
+            if (includeTransactions) {
+                let blockNumber: number = null;
+                for (let i = 0; i < block.transactions.length; i++) {
+                    const tx = block.transactions[i];
+                    if (tx.blockNumber == null) {
+                        tx.confirmations = 0;
+
+                    } else if (tx.confirmations == null) {
+                        if (blockNumber == null) {
+                            blockNumber = await this._getInternalBlockNumber(100 + 2 * this.pollingInterval);
+                        }
+
+                        // Add the confirmations using the fast block number (pessimistic)
+                        let confirmations = (blockNumber - tx.blockNumber) + 1;
+                        if (confirmations <= 0) { confirmations = 1; }
+                        tx.confirmations = confirmations;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                const blockWithTxs: any = this.formatter.blockWithTransactions(block);
+                blockWithTxs.transactions = blockWithTxs.transactions.map((tx: TransactionResponse) => this._wrapTransaction(tx));
+                return blockWithTxs;
+            }
+            return this.formatter.block(block);
+
+        }, { oncePoll: this });
+    }
+
+    getBlock(blockHashOrBlockTag: BlockTag | string | Promise<BlockTag | string>): Promise<Block> {
+        return <Promise<Block>>(this._getBlock(blockHashOrBlockTag, false));
+    }
+
+    getBlockWithTransactions(blockHashOrBlockTag: BlockTag | string | Promise<BlockTag | string>): Promise<BlockWithTransactions> {
+        return <Promise<BlockWithTransactions>>(this._getBlock(blockHashOrBlockTag, true));
+    }
+
+    async getTransaction(transactionHash: string | Promise<string>): Promise<TransactionResponse> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        transactionHash = await transactionHash;
+
+        const params = { transactionHash: this.formatter.hash(transactionHash, true) };
+
+        return poll(async () => {
+            const result = await this.perform("getTransaction", params);
+
+            if (result == null) {
+                if (this._emitted["t:" + transactionHash] == null) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            }
+
+            const tx = this.formatter.transactionResponse(result);
+
+            if (tx.blockNumber == null) {
+                tx.confirmations = 0;
+
+            } else if (tx.confirmations == null) {
+                const blockNumber = await this._getInternalBlockNumber(100 + 2 * this.pollingInterval);
+
+                // Add the confirmations using the fast block number (pessimistic)
+                let confirmations = (blockNumber - tx.blockNumber) + 1;
+                if (confirmations <= 0) { confirmations = 1; }
+                tx.confirmations = confirmations;
+            }
+
+            return this._wrapTransaction(tx);
+        }, { oncePoll: this });
+    }
+
+    async getTransactionReceipt(transactionHash: string | Promise<string>): Promise<TransactionReceipt> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+
+        transactionHash = await transactionHash;
+
+        const params = { transactionHash: this.formatter.hash(transactionHash, true) };
+
+        return poll(async () => {
+            const result = await this.perform("getTransactionReceipt", params);
+
+            if (result == null) {
+                if (this._emitted["t:" + transactionHash] == null) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            }
+
+            // "geth-etc" returns receipts before they are ready
+            if (result.blockHash == null) { return undefined; }
+
+            const receipt = this.formatter.receipt(result);
+
+            if (receipt.blockNumber == null) {
+                receipt.confirmations = 0;
+
+            } else if (receipt.confirmations == null) {
+                const blockNumber = await this._getInternalBlockNumber(100 + 2 * this.pollingInterval);
+
+                // Add the confirmations using the fast block number (pessimistic)
+                let confirmations = (blockNumber - receipt.blockNumber) + 1;
+                if (confirmations <= 0) { confirmations = 1; }
+                receipt.confirmations = confirmations;
+            }
+
+            return receipt;
+        }, { oncePoll: this });
+    }
+
+    async getLogs(filter: Filter | FilterByBlockHash | Promise<Filter | FilterByBlockHash>): Promise<Array<Log>> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        const params = await resolveProperties({ filter: this._getFilter(filter) });
+        const logs: Array<Log> = await this.perform("getLogs", params);
+        logs.forEach((log) => {
+            if (log.removed == null) { log.removed = false; }
+        });
+        return Formatter.arrayOf(this.formatter.filterLog.bind(this.formatter))(logs);
+    }
+
+    async getEtherPrice(): Promise<number> {
+        await this.getNetwork();
+        return this.perform("getEtherPrice", { });
+    }
+
+    async _getBlockTag(blockTag: BlockTag | Promise<BlockTag>): Promise<BlockTag> {
+        blockTag = await blockTag;
+
+        if (typeof(blockTag) === "number" && blockTag < 0) {
+            if (blockTag % 1) {
+                logger.throwArgumentError("invalid BlockTag", "blockTag", blockTag);
+            }
+
+            let blockNumber = await this._getInternalBlockNumber(100 + 2 * this.pollingInterval);
+            blockNumber += blockTag;
+            if (blockNumber < 0) { blockNumber = 0; }
+            return this.formatter.blockTag(blockNumber)
+        }
+
+        return this.formatter.blockTag(blockTag);
+    }
+
+
+    async getResolver(name: string): Promise<null | Resolver> {
+        let currentName = name;
+        while (true) {
+            if (currentName === "" || currentName === ".") { return null; }
+
+            // Optimization since the eth node cannot change and does
+            // not have a wildcard resolver
+            if (name !== "eth" && currentName === "eth") { return null; }
+
+            // Check the current node for a resolver
+            const addr = await this._getResolver(currentName, "getResolver");
+
+            // Found a resolver!
+            if (addr != null) {
+                const resolver = new Resolver(this, addr, name);
+
+                // Legacy resolver found, using EIP-2544 so it isn't safe to use
+                if (currentName !== name && !(await resolver.supportsWildcard())) { return null; }
+
+                return resolver;
+            }
+
+            // Get the parent node
+            currentName = currentName.split(".").slice(1).join(".");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    async _getResolver(name: string, operation?: string): Promise<string> {
+        if (operation == null) { operation = "ENS"; }
+
+        const network = await this.getNetwork();
+
+        // No ENS...
+        if (!network.ensAddress) {
+            logger.throwError(
+                "network does not support ENS",
+                Logger.errors.UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION,
+                { operation, network: network.name }
+            );
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // keccak256("resolver(bytes32)")
+            const addrData = await this.call({
+                to: network.ensAddress,
+                data: ("0x0178b8bf" + namehash(name).substring(2))
+            });
+            return this.formatter.callAddress(addrData);
+        } catch (error) {
+            // ENS registry cannot throw errors on resolver(bytes32)
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    async resolveName(name: string | Promise<string>): Promise<null | string> {
+        name = await name;
+
+        // If it is already an address, nothing to resolve
+        try {
+            return Promise.resolve(this.formatter.address(name));
+        } catch (error) {
+            // If is is a hexstring, the address is bad (See #694)
+            if (isHexString(name)) { throw error; }
+        }
+
+        if (typeof(name) !== "string") {
+            logger.throwArgumentError("invalid ENS name", "name", name);
+        }
+
+        // Get the addr from the resolver
+        const resolver = await this.getResolver(name);
+        if (!resolver) { return null; }
+
+        return await resolver.getAddress();
+    }
+
+    async lookupAddress(address: string | Promise<string>): Promise<null | string> {
+        address = await address;
+        address = this.formatter.address(address);
+
+        const node = address.substring(2).toLowerCase() + ".addr.reverse";
+
+        const resolverAddr = await this._getResolver(node, "lookupAddress");
+        if (resolverAddr == null) { return null; }
+
+        // keccak("name(bytes32)")
+        const name = _parseString(await this.call({
+            to: resolverAddr,
+            data: ("0x691f3431" + namehash(node).substring(2))
+        }), 0);
+
+        const addr = await this.resolveName(name);
+        if (addr != address) { return null; }
+
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    async getAvatar(nameOrAddress: string): Promise<null | string> {
+        let resolver: Resolver = null;
+        if (isHexString(nameOrAddress)) {
+            // Address; reverse lookup
+            const address = this.formatter.address(nameOrAddress);
+
+            const node = address.substring(2).toLowerCase() + ".addr.reverse";
+
+            const resolverAddress = await this._getResolver(node, "getAvatar");
+            if (!resolverAddress) { return null; }
+
+            // Try resolving the avatar against the addr.reverse resolver
+            resolver = new Resolver(this, resolverAddress, node);
+            try {
+                const avatar = await resolver.getAvatar();
+                if (avatar) { return avatar.url; }
+            } catch (error) {
+                if (error.code !== Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION) { throw error; }
+            }
+
+            // Try getting the name and performing forward lookup; allowing wildcards
+            try {
+                // keccak("name(bytes32)")
+                const name = _parseString(await this.call({
+                    to: resolverAddress,
+                    data: ("0x691f3431" + namehash(node).substring(2))
+                }), 0);
+                resolver = await this.getResolver(name);
+            } catch (error) {
+                if (error.code !== Logger.errors.CALL_EXCEPTION) { throw error; }
+                return null;
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            // ENS name; forward lookup with wildcard
+            resolver = await this.getResolver(nameOrAddress);
+            if (!resolver) { return null; }
+        }
+
+        const avatar = await resolver.getAvatar();
+        if (avatar == null) { return null; }
+
+        return avatar.url;
+    }
+
+    perform(method: string, params: any): Promise<any> {
+        return logger.throwError(method + " not implemented", Logger.errors.NOT_IMPLEMENTED, { operation: method });
+    }
+
+    _startEvent(event: Event): void {
+        this.polling = (this._events.filter((e) => e.pollable()).length > 0);
+    }
+
+    _stopEvent(event: Event): void {
+        this.polling = (this._events.filter((e) => e.pollable()).length > 0);
+    }
+
+    _addEventListener(eventName: EventType, listener: Listener, once: boolean): this {
+        const event = new Event(getEventTag(eventName), listener, once)
+        this._events.push(event);
+        this._startEvent(event);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    on(eventName: EventType, listener: Listener): this {
+        return this._addEventListener(eventName, listener, false);
+    }
+
+    once(eventName: EventType, listener: Listener): this {
+        return this._addEventListener(eventName, listener, true);
+    }
+
+
+    emit(eventName: EventType, ...args: Array<any>): boolean {
+        let result = false;
+
+        let stopped: Array<Event> = [ ];
+
+        let eventTag = getEventTag(eventName);
+        this._events = this._events.filter((event) => {
+            if (event.tag !== eventTag) { return true; }
+
+            setTimeout(() => {
+                event.listener.apply(this, args);
+            }, 0);
+
+            result = true;
+
+            if (event.once) {
+                stopped.push(event);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        stopped.forEach((event) => { this._stopEvent(event); });
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    listenerCount(eventName?: EventType): number {
+        if (!eventName) { return this._events.length; }
+
+        let eventTag = getEventTag(eventName);
+        return this._events.filter((event) => {
+            return (event.tag === eventTag);
+        }).length;
+    }
+
+    listeners(eventName?: EventType): Array<Listener> {
+        if (eventName == null) {
+            return this._events.map((event) => event.listener);
+        }
+
+        let eventTag = getEventTag(eventName);
+        return this._events
+            .filter((event) => (event.tag === eventTag))
+            .map((event) => event.listener);
+    }
+
+    off(eventName: EventType, listener?: Listener): this {
+        if (listener == null) {
+            return this.removeAllListeners(eventName);
+        }
+
+        const stopped: Array<Event> = [ ];
+
+        let found = false;
+
+        let eventTag = getEventTag(eventName);
+        this._events = this._events.filter((event) => {
+            if (event.tag !== eventTag || event.listener != listener) { return true; }
+            if (found) { return true; }
+            found = true;
+            stopped.push(event);
+            return false;
+        });
+
+        stopped.forEach((event) => { this._stopEvent(event); });
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    removeAllListeners(eventName?: EventType): this {
+        let stopped: Array<Event> = [ ];
+        if (eventName == null) {
+            stopped = this._events;
+
+            this._events = [ ];
+        } else {
+            const eventTag = getEventTag(eventName);
+            this._events = this._events.filter((event) => {
+                if (event.tag !== eventTag) { return true; }
+                stopped.push(event);
+                return false;
+            });
+        }
+
+        stopped.forEach((event) => { this._stopEvent(event); });
+
+        return this;
+    }
+}