@pylonts/dsl 1.1.13 → 1.1.14

package/dist/dto.d.ts

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ export declare class DtoField implements SchemaBase {
     operator?: Operator;
     /** TypeBox default annotation (API contract level); falls back to field.default (DB default) */
     default?: unknown;
+    /** Optional reference to another DtoField — this field reuses the referenced field's type/constraints */
+    ref?: DtoField;
     constructor(field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef);
     setPattern(value: string): this;
     setDescription(value: string): this;
@@ -56,6 +58,8 @@ export declare class DtoField implements SchemaBase {
     setOptional(value: boolean): this;
     /** Set a default value — emitted as a TypeBox schema default annotation */
     setDefault(value: unknown): this;
+    /** Reference another DtoField — this field reuses the referenced field's type/constraints */
+    setRef(value: DtoField): this;
     /** 查询比较操作符（query 方向字段）。Rule B: 查询字段恒为可选 */
     setOperator(value: Operator): this;
     /** optional 优先于 field.optional */

package/dist/dto.js

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ export class DtoField {
     operator;
     /** TypeBox default annotation (API contract level); falls back to field.default (DB default) */
     default;
+    /** Optional reference to another DtoField — this field reuses the referenced field's type/constraints */
+    ref;
     constructor(field) {
         this.name = '';
         this.field = field;
@@ -42,6 +44,11 @@ export class DtoField {
         this.default = value;
         return this;
     }
+    /** Reference another DtoField — this field reuses the referenced field's type/constraints */
+    setRef(value) {
+        this.ref = value;
+        return this;
+    }
     /** 查询比较操作符（query 方向字段）。Rule B: 查询字段恒为可选 */
     setOperator(value) {
         this.operator = value;

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@pylonts/dsl",
-  "version": "1.1.13",
+  "version": "1.1.14",
   "description": "Schema definition DSL with drivers: MySQL DDL, TS enum, TypeBox schema codegen.",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "dist/index.js",

package/src/dto.ts

@@ -1,324 +1,332 @@
-import { BaseField, CollectionSchemaBase, Field, Operator, SchemaBase, walkContainer } from './dsl.js';
-import { TableSchema } from './db.js';
-import type { EntitySchema } from './entity.js';
-import type { ImportBase } from './import-base.js';
-import { toCamelCase } from '@pylonts/core';
-
-// Interface (DTO) field definitions.
-// Naming convention: all DTO types and builders use the Dto prefix.
-// A DtoField stores the database Field and the API-only extras separately.
-
-/** Re-export — Operator lives on the DSL level (see dsl.ts). */
-export type { Operator } from './dsl.js';
-
-/** Re-export — ImportBase lives on its own module (see import-base.ts). */
-export type { ImportBase } from './import-base.js';
-
-/** Re-export — MockDescriptor lives on its own module (see mock.ts). */
-export type { MockDescriptor } from './mock.js';
-
-/**
- * Reference to an existing TypeBox base schema by its import location.
- * Serializable metadata: the driver renders `import { name } from 'from'`
- * and `Type.Intersect([name, ...])` — the runtime schema is never loaded by the DSL.
- */
-export interface ImportRef extends ImportBase {
-  /**
-   * Generic type arguments for the base schema (e.g. PageResult(OrderRow)).
-   * Two forms, both local DTOs:
-   *   string     — the DTO export name
-   *   DtoMessage — the DTO instance itself; the driver resolves it to its name
-   */
-  args?: (string | DtoMessage)[];
-}
-
-export type DtoArrayFieldDef = BaseField & {
-  type: 'array';
-  jsType: 'array';
-  /** Element type: inline DtoField, or a reference to an existing DTO (rendered by name) */
-  items: DtoField | DtoMessage;
-};
-
-export type DtoObjectFieldDef = BaseField & {
-  type: 'object';
-  jsType: 'object';
-  properties: Record<string, DtoField>;
-};
-
-export class DtoField implements SchemaBase {
-  /** DTO 语义字段名（接口字段名），与 field.name（数据库列名）含义不同。
-   *  构造时未知，由 buildMessage 从 map key 反写。 */
-  name: string;
-  /** 字段描述 */
-  description?: string;
-  /** 所属容器（buildMessage / defineRouteData / definePageData 反写） */
-  schema?: CollectionSchemaBase;
-  field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef;
-  pattern?: string;
-  optional?: boolean;
-  operator?: Operator;
-  /** TypeBox default annotation (API contract level); falls back to field.default (DB default) */
-  default?: unknown;
-
-  constructor(field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef) {
-    this.name = '';
-    this.field = field;
-  }
-
-  setPattern(value: string): this {
-    this.pattern = value;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  setDescription(value: string): this {
-    this.description = value;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  getDescription(): string | undefined {
-    return this.description;
-  }
-
-  /** True when this field wraps a DB column (picked via from()); false for inline fields. */
-  isColumn(): boolean {
-    return this.field.schema?.type === 'table';
-  }
-
-  setOptional(value: boolean): this {
-    this.optional = value;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /** Set a default value — emitted as a TypeBox schema default annotation */
-  setDefault(value: unknown): this {
-    this.default = value;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /** 查询比较操作符（query 方向字段）。Rule B: 查询字段恒为可选 */
-  setOperator(value: Operator): this {
-    this.operator = value;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /** optional 优先于 field.optional */
-  isOptional(): boolean {
-    if (this.optional !== undefined) return this.optional;
-    return this.field.optional ?? false;
-  }
-}
-
-export class DtoArrayField extends DtoField {
-  declare field: DtoArrayFieldDef;
-
-  /** Element type: inline DtoField or a referenced DtoMessage (rendered by name). */
-  items(): DtoField | DtoMessage {
-    return this.field.items;
-  }
-}
-
-export class DtoObjectField extends DtoField {
-  declare field: DtoObjectFieldDef;
-
-  properties(): Record<string, DtoField> {
-    return this.field.properties;
-  }
-}
-
-export enum DtoDirection {
-  Input = 'input',
-  Output = 'output',
-  Query = 'query',
-  Pk = 'pk',
-}
-
-export class DtoMessage implements CollectionSchemaBase {
-  type = 'dto';
-  name: string;
-  description?: string;
-  /** 方向：输入或输出 */
-  direction: DtoDirection;
-  fields: Record<string, DtoField>;
-  /** TypeBox base schemas to intersect with at generation time (e.g. PageRequest) */
-  bases: ImportRef[] = [];
-
-  constructor(name: string, direction: DtoDirection, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string) {
-    this.name = name;
-    this.direction = direction;
-    this.fields = fields;
-    this.description = description;
-  }
-
-  /** 引用已存在的 TypeBox base schema，例如 include({ from: '@pylonts/core', name: 'PageRequest' }) */
-  include(...refs: ImportRef[]): this {
-    this.bases.push(...refs);
-    return this;
-  }
-}
-
-export function dtoField(field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef): DtoField {
-  return new DtoField(field);
-}
-
-/** Structural check — DtoMessage instances may come from a different module copy, so instanceof is unreliable. */
-export function isDtoMessage(v: unknown): v is DtoMessage {
-  if (typeof v !== 'object' || v === null) return false;
-  return (v as Record<string, unknown>).type === 'dto';
-}
-
-/** Structural check — a DtoField wraps a Field in a .field property and has no .type of its own. */
-export function isDtoField(v: unknown): v is DtoField {
-  if (typeof v !== 'object' || v === null) return false;
-  return 'field' in v && !('type' in v);
-}
-
-export function dtoArrayField(def: { items: DtoField | DtoMessage } & Omit<BaseField, 'name'>): DtoArrayField {
-  // Items stay as-is: an inline DtoField is rendered inline, a DtoMessage is
-  // referenced by name (the driver renders Type.Array(<DtoName>)).
-  return new DtoArrayField({ name: '', type: 'array', jsType: 'array', ...def });
-}
-
-export function dtoObjectField(def: { properties: Record<string, DtoField> } & Omit<BaseField, 'name'>): DtoObjectField {
-  return new DtoObjectField({ name: '', type: 'object', jsType: 'object', ...def });
-}
-
-function buildMessage(name: string, direction: DtoDirection, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
-  const message = new DtoMessage(name, direction, fields, description);
-  // Write back the DTO field name from the map key (safe: DtoField instances
-  // are created per DTO, never shared).
-  for (const key of Object.keys(message.fields)) {
-    const df = message.fields[key];
-    if (!(df instanceof DtoField)) {
-      const got = df === null || df === undefined ? String(df) : `${(df as object).constructor.name ?? typeof df}`;
-      throw new Error(
-        `[dto] DTO "${name}" field "${key}" must be a DtoField (created with dtoField()/dtoArrayField()/dtoObjectField()), got ${got}. ` +
-        `Did you pass enumField(...) directly? Use dtoField(enumField({...})) instead.`
-      );
-    }
-    df.name = key;
-    df.schema = message;
-    // Custom (inline) fields are owned by this DTO: write back name + schema.
-    // Fields picked via from() share the database Field instance whose
-    // name/schema already point to the table — leave them untouched.
-    if (df.field.schema === undefined) {
-      df.field.name = key;
-      df.field.schema = message;
-    }
-    writeBackNested(df, message);
-  }
-  return message;
-}
-
-/** Write back name/schema on nested DTO fields (array items, object
- *  properties) — both plain-Field containers (objectField/arrayField) and
- *  DtoField containers (dtoObjectField/dtoArrayField). DtoMessage item
- *  references are skipped — they carry their own identity. */
-function writeBackNested(df: DtoField, message: DtoMessage): void {
-  const f = df.field;
-  if (f.type === 'array') {
-    const items = f.items;
-    if (isDtoMessage(items)) return;
-    if (isDtoField(items)) {
-      writeBackNested(items, message);
-      return;
-    }
-    walkContainer(items, writeBackLeaf(message));
-    return;
-  }
-  if (f.type === 'object') {
-    for (const [key, child] of Object.entries(f.properties)) {
-      if (isDtoField(child)) {
-        child.name = key;
-        child.schema = message;
-        if (child.field.schema === undefined) {
-          child.field.name = key;
-          child.field.schema = message;
-        }
-        writeBackNested(child, message);
-      } else {
-        writeBackLeaf(message)(child, key);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/** Name/schema write-back for a plain Field (own fields only — shared
- *  instances keep their original identity). */
-function writeBackLeaf(message: DtoMessage): (f: Field, key?: string) => void {
-  return (f, key) => {
-    if (key !== undefined && f.schema === undefined) {
-      f.name = key;
-      f.schema = message;
-    }
-  };
-}
-
-export function buildInput(name: string, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
-  const message = buildMessage(name, DtoDirection.Input, fields, description);
-  // Rule A — set optionality from the DB column rule (skips fields the author
-  // already set): nullable / default → optional, else required.
-  // PK columns are always required.
-  for (const field of Object.values(message.fields)) {
-    if (field.optional !== undefined) continue;
-    const f = field.field as Field;
-    if (f.schema?.type !== 'table') continue;
-    const table = f.schema as TableSchema;
-    field.optional = table.isPk(f) ? false : f.optional !== false || f.default !== undefined;
-  }
-  return message;
-}
-
-export function buildOutput(name: string, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
-  return buildMessage(name, DtoDirection.Output, fields, description);
-}
-
-export function buildQuery(name: string, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
-  const message = buildMessage(name, DtoDirection.Query, fields, description);
-  // Rule B: query/search fields are always optional.
-  for (const field of Object.values(message.fields)) field.optional = true;
-  return message;
-}
-
-export function buildPk(name: string, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
-  const message = buildMessage(name, DtoDirection.Pk, fields, description);
-  // Rule P: PK locator fields are required, other fields are optional.
-  for (const field of Object.values(message.fields)) {
-    if (field.optional !== undefined) continue;
-    const f = field.field as Field;
-    const table = f.schema?.type === 'table' ? (f.schema as TableSchema) : undefined;
-    field.optional = table !== undefined && table.isPk(f) ? false : true;
-  }
-  return message;
-}
-
-/** Field-collection source a DTO can project from: a DB table, another DTO
- *  message (protocol fields keep their names), or an entity (which may carry
- *  aggregate fields). */
-export type DtoFieldSource = TableSchema | DtoMessage | EntitySchema;
-
-function ownsField(source: DtoFieldSource, field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef): boolean {
-  if (isDtoMessage(source)) {
-    return Object.values(source.fields).some((df) => df.field === field);
-  }
-  return Object.values(source.columns).some((c) => c === field);
-}
-
-/** Project fields from a field-collection source (table, DTO message or
- *  entity) and wrap them as DTO fields (aligned with dto.from). Shared Field
- *  instances keep their original identity — the projection references them. */
-export function from(
-  source: DtoFieldSource,
-  fields: (Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef)[],
-): Record<string, DtoField> {
-  const out: Record<string, DtoField> = {};
-  for (const field of fields) {
-    if (!ownsField(source, field)) {
-      throw new Error(`dto.from(${source.name}): field ${field.name} does not belong to this ${isDtoMessage(source) ? 'dto' : source.type}`);
-    }
-    // DB columns map to camelCase interface names (mer_id → merId); aggregate
-    // field names are already camel and pass through; DTO message fields are
-    // protocol names themselves and stay untouched.
-    out[isDtoMessage(source) ? field.name : toCamelCase(field.name)] = dtoField(field);
-  }
-  return out;
+import { BaseField, CollectionSchemaBase, Field, Operator, SchemaBase, walkContainer } from './dsl.js';
+import { TableSchema } from './db.js';
+import type { EntitySchema } from './entity.js';
+import type { ImportBase } from './import-base.js';
+import { toCamelCase } from '@pylonts/core';
+
+// Interface (DTO) field definitions.
+// Naming convention: all DTO types and builders use the Dto prefix.
+// A DtoField stores the database Field and the API-only extras separately.
+
+/** Re-export — Operator lives on the DSL level (see dsl.ts). */
+export type { Operator } from './dsl.js';
+
+/** Re-export — ImportBase lives on its own module (see import-base.ts). */
+export type { ImportBase } from './import-base.js';
+
+/** Re-export — MockDescriptor lives on its own module (see mock.ts). */
+export type { MockDescriptor } from './mock.js';
+
+/**
+ * Reference to an existing TypeBox base schema by its import location.
+ * Serializable metadata: the driver renders `import { name } from 'from'`
+ * and `Type.Intersect([name, ...])` — the runtime schema is never loaded by the DSL.
+ */
+export interface ImportRef extends ImportBase {
+  /**
+   * Generic type arguments for the base schema (e.g. PageResult(OrderRow)).
+   * Two forms, both local DTOs:
+   *   string     — the DTO export name
+   *   DtoMessage — the DTO instance itself; the driver resolves it to its name
+   */
+  args?: (string | DtoMessage)[];
+}
+
+export type DtoArrayFieldDef = BaseField & {
+  type: 'array';
+  jsType: 'array';
+  /** Element type: inline DtoField, or a reference to an existing DTO (rendered by name) */
+  items: DtoField | DtoMessage;
+};
+
+export type DtoObjectFieldDef = BaseField & {
+  type: 'object';
+  jsType: 'object';
+  properties: Record<string, DtoField>;
+};
+
+export class DtoField implements SchemaBase {
+  /** DTO 语义字段名（接口字段名），与 field.name（数据库列名）含义不同。
+   *  构造时未知，由 buildMessage 从 map key 反写。 */
+  name: string;
+  /** 字段描述 */
+  description?: string;
+  /** 所属容器（buildMessage / defineRouteData / definePageData 反写） */
+  schema?: CollectionSchemaBase;
+  field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef;
+  pattern?: string;
+  optional?: boolean;
+  operator?: Operator;
+  /** TypeBox default annotation (API contract level); falls back to field.default (DB default) */
+  default?: unknown;
+  /** Optional reference to another DtoField — this field reuses the referenced field's type/constraints */
+  ref?: DtoField;
+
+  constructor(field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef) {
+    this.name = '';
+    this.field = field;
+  }
+
+  setPattern(value: string): this {
+    this.pattern = value;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  setDescription(value: string): this {
+    this.description = value;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  getDescription(): string | undefined {
+    return this.description;
+  }
+
+  /** True when this field wraps a DB column (picked via from()); false for inline fields. */
+  isColumn(): boolean {
+    return this.field.schema?.type === 'table';
+  }
+
+  setOptional(value: boolean): this {
+    this.optional = value;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /** Set a default value — emitted as a TypeBox schema default annotation */
+  setDefault(value: unknown): this {
+    this.default = value;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /** Reference another DtoField — this field reuses the referenced field's type/constraints */
+  setRef(value: DtoField): this {
+    this.ref = value;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /** 查询比较操作符（query 方向字段）。Rule B: 查询字段恒为可选 */
+  setOperator(value: Operator): this {
+    this.operator = value;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /** optional 优先于 field.optional */
+  isOptional(): boolean {
+    if (this.optional !== undefined) return this.optional;
+    return this.field.optional ?? false;
+  }
+}
+
+export class DtoArrayField extends DtoField {
+  declare field: DtoArrayFieldDef;
+
+  /** Element type: inline DtoField or a referenced DtoMessage (rendered by name). */
+  items(): DtoField | DtoMessage {
+    return this.field.items;
+  }
+}
+
+export class DtoObjectField extends DtoField {
+  declare field: DtoObjectFieldDef;
+
+  properties(): Record<string, DtoField> {
+    return this.field.properties;
+  }
+}
+
+export enum DtoDirection {
+  Input = 'input',
+  Output = 'output',
+  Query = 'query',
+  Pk = 'pk',
+}
+
+export class DtoMessage implements CollectionSchemaBase {
+  type = 'dto';
+  name: string;
+  description?: string;
+  /** 方向：输入或输出 */
+  direction: DtoDirection;
+  fields: Record<string, DtoField>;
+  /** TypeBox base schemas to intersect with at generation time (e.g. PageRequest) */
+  bases: ImportRef[] = [];
+
+  constructor(name: string, direction: DtoDirection, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string) {
+    this.name = name;
+    this.direction = direction;
+    this.fields = fields;
+    this.description = description;
+  }
+
+  /** 引用已存在的 TypeBox base schema，例如 include({ from: '@pylonts/core', name: 'PageRequest' }) */
+  include(...refs: ImportRef[]): this {
+    this.bases.push(...refs);
+    return this;
+  }
+}
+
+export function dtoField(field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef): DtoField {
+  return new DtoField(field);
+}
+
+/** Structural check — DtoMessage instances may come from a different module copy, so instanceof is unreliable. */
+export function isDtoMessage(v: unknown): v is DtoMessage {
+  if (typeof v !== 'object' || v === null) return false;
+  return (v as Record<string, unknown>).type === 'dto';
+}
+
+/** Structural check — a DtoField wraps a Field in a .field property and has no .type of its own. */
+export function isDtoField(v: unknown): v is DtoField {
+  if (typeof v !== 'object' || v === null) return false;
+  return 'field' in v && !('type' in v);
+}
+
+export function dtoArrayField(def: { items: DtoField | DtoMessage } & Omit<BaseField, 'name'>): DtoArrayField {
+  // Items stay as-is: an inline DtoField is rendered inline, a DtoMessage is
+  // referenced by name (the driver renders Type.Array(<DtoName>)).
+  return new DtoArrayField({ name: '', type: 'array', jsType: 'array', ...def });
+}
+
+export function dtoObjectField(def: { properties: Record<string, DtoField> } & Omit<BaseField, 'name'>): DtoObjectField {
+  return new DtoObjectField({ name: '', type: 'object', jsType: 'object', ...def });
+}
+
+function buildMessage(name: string, direction: DtoDirection, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
+  const message = new DtoMessage(name, direction, fields, description);
+  // Write back the DTO field name from the map key (safe: DtoField instances
+  // are created per DTO, never shared).
+  for (const key of Object.keys(message.fields)) {
+    const df = message.fields[key];
+    if (!(df instanceof DtoField)) {
+      const got = df === null || df === undefined ? String(df) : `${(df as object).constructor.name ?? typeof df}`;
+      throw new Error(
+        `[dto] DTO "${name}" field "${key}" must be a DtoField (created with dtoField()/dtoArrayField()/dtoObjectField()), got ${got}. ` +
+        `Did you pass enumField(...) directly? Use dtoField(enumField({...})) instead.`
+      );
+    }
+    df.name = key;
+    df.schema = message;
+    // Custom (inline) fields are owned by this DTO: write back name + schema.
+    // Fields picked via from() share the database Field instance whose
+    // name/schema already point to the table — leave them untouched.
+    if (df.field.schema === undefined) {
+      df.field.name = key;
+      df.field.schema = message;
+    }
+    writeBackNested(df, message);
+  }
+  return message;
+}
+
+/** Write back name/schema on nested DTO fields (array items, object
+ *  properties) — both plain-Field containers (objectField/arrayField) and
+ *  DtoField containers (dtoObjectField/dtoArrayField). DtoMessage item
+ *  references are skipped — they carry their own identity. */
+function writeBackNested(df: DtoField, message: DtoMessage): void {
+  const f = df.field;
+  if (f.type === 'array') {
+    const items = f.items;
+    if (isDtoMessage(items)) return;
+    if (isDtoField(items)) {
+      writeBackNested(items, message);
+      return;
+    }
+    walkContainer(items, writeBackLeaf(message));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (f.type === 'object') {
+    for (const [key, child] of Object.entries(f.properties)) {
+      if (isDtoField(child)) {
+        child.name = key;
+        child.schema = message;
+        if (child.field.schema === undefined) {
+          child.field.name = key;
+          child.field.schema = message;
+        }
+        writeBackNested(child, message);
+      } else {
+        writeBackLeaf(message)(child, key);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Name/schema write-back for a plain Field (own fields only — shared
+ *  instances keep their original identity). */
+function writeBackLeaf(message: DtoMessage): (f: Field, key?: string) => void {
+  return (f, key) => {
+    if (key !== undefined && f.schema === undefined) {
+      f.name = key;
+      f.schema = message;
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+export function buildInput(name: string, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
+  const message = buildMessage(name, DtoDirection.Input, fields, description);
+  // Rule A — set optionality from the DB column rule (skips fields the author
+  // already set): nullable / default → optional, else required.
+  // PK columns are always required.
+  for (const field of Object.values(message.fields)) {
+    if (field.optional !== undefined) continue;
+    const f = field.field as Field;
+    if (f.schema?.type !== 'table') continue;
+    const table = f.schema as TableSchema;
+    field.optional = table.isPk(f) ? false : f.optional !== false || f.default !== undefined;
+  }
+  return message;
+}
+
+export function buildOutput(name: string, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
+  return buildMessage(name, DtoDirection.Output, fields, description);
+}
+
+export function buildQuery(name: string, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
+  const message = buildMessage(name, DtoDirection.Query, fields, description);
+  // Rule B: query/search fields are always optional.
+  for (const field of Object.values(message.fields)) field.optional = true;
+  return message;
+}
+
+export function buildPk(name: string, fields: Record<string, DtoField>, description?: string): DtoMessage {
+  const message = buildMessage(name, DtoDirection.Pk, fields, description);
+  // Rule P: PK locator fields are required, other fields are optional.
+  for (const field of Object.values(message.fields)) {
+    if (field.optional !== undefined) continue;
+    const f = field.field as Field;
+    const table = f.schema?.type === 'table' ? (f.schema as TableSchema) : undefined;
+    field.optional = table !== undefined && table.isPk(f) ? false : true;
+  }
+  return message;
+}
+
+/** Field-collection source a DTO can project from: a DB table, another DTO
+ *  message (protocol fields keep their names), or an entity (which may carry
+ *  aggregate fields). */
+export type DtoFieldSource = TableSchema | DtoMessage | EntitySchema;
+
+function ownsField(source: DtoFieldSource, field: Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef): boolean {
+  if (isDtoMessage(source)) {
+    return Object.values(source.fields).some((df) => df.field === field);
+  }
+  return Object.values(source.columns).some((c) => c === field);
+}
+
+/** Project fields from a field-collection source (table, DTO message or
+ *  entity) and wrap them as DTO fields (aligned with dto.from). Shared Field
+ *  instances keep their original identity — the projection references them. */
+export function from(
+  source: DtoFieldSource,
+  fields: (Field | DtoArrayFieldDef | DtoObjectFieldDef)[],
+): Record<string, DtoField> {
+  const out: Record<string, DtoField> = {};
+  for (const field of fields) {
+    if (!ownsField(source, field)) {
+      throw new Error(`dto.from(${source.name}): field ${field.name} does not belong to this ${isDtoMessage(source) ? 'dto' : source.type}`);
+    }
+    // DB columns map to camelCase interface names (mer_id → merId); aggregate
+    // field names are already camel and pass through; DTO message fields are
+    // protocol names themselves and stay untouched.
+    out[isDtoMessage(source) ? field.name : toCamelCase(field.name)] = dtoField(field);
+  }
+  return out;
 }