@procedures/store 0.18.0 → 0.18.1

package/src/storage/tab-coordinator.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@
  *   acknowledged.
  * - Without the Web Locks API or `BroadcastChannel`, the coordinator is in the single mode: the tab
  *   is the leader at once, and it opens no channel.
+ * - A tab becomes the leader only after its `HybridStorage` loaded the queue. When the setup fails
+ *   (the function `remote` throws, or the load of the queue fails), the tab reports the error and
+ *   releases the lock. It stays a follower, and it asks for the lock again after a backoff (roadmap
+ *   CLI-67). Thus a failure that goes away does not leave the browser without a sync.
+ * - The leader sends the status of its sync to the followers: at each change, and in answer to a
+ *   hello. `getStatus()` and `onStatus()` give the status in each tab (roadmap CLI-65).
  *
  * The limits:
  * - When the leader stops during a push, the next leader sends the operation again: the delivery to
@@ -39,7 +45,10 @@ import type {
   StorageWriteOptions,
 } from "@procedures/collections";
 import { StorageListeners, reportListenerError, type ListenerErrorHandler } from "@procedures/collections";
+import { optionalMs, realClock, type Cancel, type Clock, type Duration } from "@procedures/client/browser";
+import { backoffDelay, type Backoff } from "@mark1russell7/service/backoff";
 import { HybridStorage, type HybridStorageOptions, type LocalCopyStorage } from "./hybrid.js";
+import type { SyncError, SyncStatus } from "./types.js";
 
 /** The signal that stops a lock request that waits. The `AbortSignal` of a browser fits it. */
 export interface TabAbortSignalLike {
@@ -74,7 +83,7 @@ export type TabChannelFactory = (name: string) => TabChannelLike;
  * The role of a tab.
  *
  * - `follower`: the tab waits for the lock. It copies the changes of the other tabs, and it sends
- *   its own changes to the leader.
+ *   its own changes to the leader. A tab whose setup failed is a follower until its next try.
  * - `leader`: the tab holds the lock, and its `HybridStorage` runs the sync.
  * - `single`: the browser has no Web Locks API or no `BroadcastChannel`. The tab runs the sync
  *   alone, and it opens no channel.
@@ -103,7 +112,10 @@ export interface TabCoordinatorOptions<T> {
    */
   copy: "shared" | "tab";
 
-  /** The function that makes the remote of the `HybridStorage`. Only the leader calls it. */
+  /**
+   * The function that makes the remote of the `HybridStorage`. Only a tab that got the lock calls
+   * it. When it throws, the tab releases the lock and tries again after the backoff of `retry`.
+   */
   remote: () => CollectionStorage<T>;
 
   /**
@@ -125,20 +137,92 @@ export interface TabCoordinatorOptions<T> {
    */
   channel?: TabChannelFactory | null;
 
+  /**
+   * The wait before a new try after a failed setup of the sync (roadmap CLI-67). A setup fails when
+   * the function `remote` throws, when the `HybridStorage` cannot start, or when it cannot load its
+   * queue. The tab releases the lock, stays a follower, and asks for the lock again after the wait.
+   * In the single mode, the tab tries the setup again after the wait.
+   *
+   * After `n` failed setups in a row, the wait is `delay × factor^(n − 1)`, at most `maxDelay`. The
+   * random part `jitter` makes the wait shorter by up to this fraction. A setup that succeeds sets
+   * the wait back to `delay`.
+   */
+  retry?: TabRetryOptions;
+
+  /**
+   * The clock of the wait of `retry`. A test gives `fakeClock` of `@mark1russell7/service/testing`.
+   * @default the `clock` of `hybrid`, or else the clock of the platform (`realClock` of `@procedures/client`)
+   */
+  clock?: Clock;
+
+  /**
+   * The random numbers of the jitter of `retry`, from 0 up to 1. A test gives a fixed generator.
+   * @default the `random` of `hybrid`, or else `Math.random`
+   */
+  random?: () => number;
+
   /**
    * The function that gets the errors: of the lock, of the channel, of a write to the local copy,
-   * of the `HybridStorage` and of the observers. The default throws the error again in a microtask.
+   * of the `HybridStorage`, of a failed setup and of the observers. The default throws the error
+   * again in a microtask.
    */
   onError?: ListenerErrorHandler;
 }
 
+/** The backoff of a new try after a failed setup of the sync (roadmap CLI-67). */
+export interface TabRetryOptions {
+  /** The wait after the first failure, for example `seconds(1)`. It must be more than zero. @default 1 second */
+  delay?: Duration;
+  /** The number that multiplies the wait after each failure, 1 or more. @default 2 */
+  factor?: number;
+  /** The longest wait, for example `minutes(1)`. A `delay` that is longer is the longest wait. @default 1 minute */
+  maxDelay?: Duration;
+  /** The random part of each wait, from 0 to 1. The wait is from `(1 − jitter) ×` the backoff up to the backoff. @default 0.5 */
+  jitter?: number;
+}
+
+/** The storage of a tab that got the lock, before the tab becomes the leader. */
+interface Candidate<T> {
+  readonly hybrid: HybridStorage<T>;
+  /** False until the tab leads: the capture of the storage ignores the local copy */
+  readonly gate: { open: boolean };
+  /** The stop of the observer of the storage */
+  readonly stop: () => void;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The status of the sync in a message: only values that a structured clone keeps. The error of the
+ * leader becomes its name, its message and its code. The follower makes an `Error` of them again.
+ */
+interface PortableStatus {
+  readonly connected: boolean;
+  readonly pendingChanges: number;
+  readonly syncing: boolean;
+  readonly endpoint?: string;
+  readonly lastSync?: number;
+  readonly mode?: NonNullable<SyncStatus["mode"]>;
+  readonly error?: PortableSyncError;
+}
+
+interface PortableSyncError {
+  readonly operation: SyncError["operation"];
+  readonly name: string;
+  readonly message: string;
+  readonly code?: string | number;
+}
+
 /** A change batch of a tab, with its number. */
 interface SentBatch<T> {
   readonly seq: number;
   readonly changes: StorageChangeBatch<T>;
 }
 
-/** The version of the messages. A tab ignores a message of another version. */
+/**
+ * The version of the messages. A tab ignores a message of another version, and a message of a type
+ * that it does not know. Thus a new type of message (`status`, roadmap CLI-65) keeps the version 1:
+ * a tab of an older release ignores it, and it still copies and sends the batches. A new version
+ * stops the batches between the tabs of two releases, so only a change of a known message needs it.
+ */
 const PROTOCOL = 1;
 
 /**
@@ -150,12 +234,16 @@ const PROTOCOL = 1;
  *   acknowledged. A tab sends it when it starts, and when a new leader starts.
  * - `leader`: the tab `from` is the new leader.
  * - `ack`: the queue store of the leader holds the batches of the tab `to`, up to `seq`.
+ * - `status`: the status of the sync of the leader `from` (roadmap CLI-65). The leader sends it at
+ *   each change, and in answer to a hello. The numbers of the statuses of a leader increase by one,
+ *   and the answer to a hello sends the last number again: a tab ignores a number that it has.
  */
 type TabMessage<T> =
   | { readonly v: typeof PROTOCOL; readonly type: "changes"; readonly from: string; readonly seq: number; readonly changes: StorageChangeBatch<T> }
   | { readonly v: typeof PROTOCOL; readonly type: "hello"; readonly from: string; readonly seq: number; readonly pending: ReadonlyArray<SentBatch<T>> }
   | { readonly v: typeof PROTOCOL; readonly type: "leader"; readonly from: string }
-  | { readonly v: typeof PROTOCOL; readonly type: "ack"; readonly from: string; readonly to: string; readonly seq: number };
+  | { readonly v: typeof PROTOCOL; readonly type: "ack"; readonly from: string; readonly to: string; readonly seq: number }
+  | { readonly v: typeof PROTOCOL; readonly type: "status"; readonly from: string; readonly seq: number; readonly status: PortableStatus };
 
 /**
  * One leader tab runs the sync of a `HybridStorage`, and the other tabs copy its changes.
@@ -178,6 +266,7 @@ type TabMessage<T> =
  * });
  *
  * users.observe((batch) => render(batch)); // The changes of this tab and of the other tabs
+ * users.onStatus((status) => showSync(status)); // The status of the sync of the leader, in each tab
  * await local.set("1", { name: "Ada" }); // The leader pushes the write
  * ```
  */
@@ -197,11 +286,31 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
   private readonly onError: ListenerErrorHandler;
   private readonly observers: StorageListeners<StorageChangeBatch<T>>;
   private readonly roleListeners: StorageListeners<TabRole>;
+  private readonly statusListeners: StorageListeners<SyncStatus>;
   /** The observers that the `HybridStorage` of the leader adds to its local copy: the capture */
   private readonly captures: StorageListeners<StorageChangeBatch<T>>;
+  /** The backoff of a new try after a failed setup, its clock and its random numbers */
+  private readonly backoff: Backoff;
+  private readonly clock: Clock;
+  private readonly random: () => number;
   private currentRole: TabRole = "follower";
+  /** The lock manager, or undefined in the single mode */
+  private locks: TabLockManagerLike | undefined;
   private channel: TabChannelLike | undefined;
   private hybrid: HybridStorage<T> | undefined;
+  /** The storage of this tab while it loads its queue, before the tab leads */
+  private candidate: Candidate<T> | undefined;
+  /** The number of the failed setups in a row */
+  private failures = 0;
+  /** The stop of the wait before the next try */
+  private cancelRetry: Cancel | undefined;
+  /** The status of the sync: of the `HybridStorage` of this tab, or of the leader */
+  private status: SyncStatus | undefined;
+  /** In the leader: the number of its last status. In a follower: the tab and the number of the last status that it got. */
+  private statusSeq = 0;
+  private statusFrom: string | undefined;
+  /** The stop of the status of the `HybridStorage` of this tab */
+  private stopStatus: (() => void) | undefined;
   /** The stop of the observer of the changes of this tab: on the local copy, or on the `HybridStorage` of the leader */
   private stopTap: (() => void) | undefined;
   /** True while the leader gives a batch of another tab to the capture of its `HybridStorage` */
@@ -230,6 +339,7 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
       throw new TypeError(`Unknown copy ${JSON.stringify(options.copy)}: use shared or tab`);
     }
     if (typeof options.remote !== "function") throw new TypeError("TabCoordinator needs the function remote");
+    this.backoff = retryBackoff(options.retry);
     this.id = randomId();
     this.lockName = `@procedures/store/tab:${options.name}`;
     this.local = options.local;
@@ -241,23 +351,28 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
     this.onError = options.onError ?? reportListenerError;
     this.observers = new StorageListeners<StorageChangeBatch<T>>(this.onError);
     this.roleListeners = new StorageListeners<TabRole>(this.onError);
+    this.statusListeners = new StorageListeners<SyncStatus>(this.onError);
     this.captures = new StorageListeners<StorageChangeBatch<T>>(this.onError);
+    this.clock = options.clock ?? this.hybridOptions.clock ?? realClock;
+    this.random = options.random ?? this.hybridOptions.random ?? Math.random;
 
+    // The observer of a follower. A tab that leads stops it. A single tab whose setup failed keeps its batches with it.
+    this.stopTap = this.local.observe!((batch) => this.onFollowerBatch(batch));
     const locks = options.locks === undefined ? globalLocks() : (options.locks ?? undefined);
     const openChannel = options.channel === undefined ? globalChannelFactory() : (options.channel ?? undefined);
     if (!locks || !openChannel) {
-      this.lead("single");
+      this.startSingle();
       return;
     }
     try {
       this.channel = openChannel(this.lockName);
     } catch (error) {
       this.onError(error);
-      this.lead("single");
+      this.startSingle();
       return;
     }
+    this.locks = locks;
     this.channel.onmessage = (event: { data?: unknown } | undefined) => this.receive(event?.data);
-    this.stopTap = this.local.observe!((batch) => this.onFollowerBatch(batch));
     this.hello();
     this.elect(locks);
   }
@@ -273,9 +388,9 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
   }
 
   /**
-   * The `HybridStorage` of the sync while this tab runs it, or else undefined. Its `getStatus()`
-   * gives the state of the sync. Write to the local copy, not to this storage: each tab then writes
-   * in the same way.
+   * The `HybridStorage` of the sync while this tab runs it, or else undefined. `getStatus()` of the
+   * coordinator gives the state of the sync in each tab. Write to the local copy, not to this
+   * storage: each tab then writes in the same way.
    */
   get syncStorage(): HybridStorage<T> | undefined {
     return this.hybrid;
@@ -306,10 +421,40 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
     return this.roleListeners.add(listener);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The status of the sync (roadmap CLI-65), or undefined before the first status and after
+   * `close()`.
+   *
+   * - In the leader and in the single mode, it is the status of the `HybridStorage` of this tab.
+   * - In a follower, it is the last status that the leader sent. A new tab gets it in the answer to
+   *   its hello. After a change of the leader, a follower keeps the last status until the new
+   *   leader sends its status.
+   * - In a follower, `error.error` is a copy of the error of the leader: an `Error` with its `name`,
+   *   its `message` and its `code`. The copy has no `cause`.
+   */
+  getStatus(): SyncStatus | undefined {
+    return this.status;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method starts to send the status of the sync to a listener at each change (roadmap
+   * CLI-65): in the leader, each status of its `HybridStorage`, and in a follower, each status that
+   * the leader sends. The listener gets each status one time. When the tab becomes the leader, the
+   * listener gets the status of its own `HybridStorage`.
+   *
+   * @returns The function that stops the statuses. A second use of it does nothing.
+   * @throws Error after `close()`
+   */
+  onStatus(listener: (status: SyncStatus) => void): () => void {
+    if (this.closed) throw new Error("The TabCoordinator is closed");
+    return this.statusListeners.add(listener);
+  }
+
   /**
    * This method closes the coordinator.
    *
-   * - A follower stops its lock request. It does not become the leader.
+   * - A follower stops its lock request, or its wait before a new try. It does not become the leader.
+   * - A tab that loads its queue to become the leader closes its `HybridStorage`, and releases the lock.
    * - The leader closes its `HybridStorage`: it sends the queue, and the queue store keeps the
    *   operations that the remote did not take. Then the leader releases the lock, and the next
    *   tab becomes the leader.
@@ -328,9 +473,17 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
     this.stopTap = undefined;
     this.abortRequest?.();
     this.abortRequest = undefined;
+    this.cancelRetry?.();
+    this.cancelRetry = undefined;
+    this.stopStatus?.();
+    this.stopStatus = undefined;
     this.setRole("closed");
-    const hybrid = this.hybrid;
+    const candidate = this.candidate;
+    this.candidate = undefined;
+    candidate?.stop();
+    const hybrid = this.hybrid ?? candidate?.hybrid;
     this.hybrid = undefined;
+    this.status = undefined;
     try {
       // The leader holds the lock until its queue reached the remote or its queue store
       if (hybrid) await hybrid.close();
@@ -348,6 +501,7 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
       this.channel = undefined;
       this.observers.clear();
       this.roleListeners.clear();
+      this.statusListeners.clear();
       this.captures.clear();
     }
   }
@@ -368,9 +522,12 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
         // A lock after close(): the tab releases it at once
         if (this.closed) return;
         this.abortRequest = undefined;
-        // A HybridStorage that cannot start releases the lock: another tab tries
-        if (!this.lead("leader")) return;
-        await held;
+        if (await this.takeLead()) {
+          await held;
+          return;
+        }
+        // A failed setup releases the lock: another tab tries, and this tab tries again after the backoff
+        this.retryLater();
       });
     } catch (error) {
       request = Promise.reject(error);
@@ -381,50 +538,143 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
       // The lock manager refused the request: this tab runs the sync alone
       this.onError(error);
       this.stopChannel();
-      this.lead("single");
+      this.locks = undefined;
+      this.startSingle();
     });
   }
 
   /**
-   * This method makes the `HybridStorage` of the sync: the tab becomes the leader, or the single
-   * tab. The capture of the storage gets the batches of this tab that no leader acknowledged.
+   * This method makes the `HybridStorage` of a tab that got the lock, and waits for the load of its
+   * queue. Then the tab becomes the leader. Until then, the tab is a follower: its own batches go to
+   * the other tabs and to its outbox, and the capture of the storage ignores the local copy.
+   *
+   * @returns False when the setup failed (the error went to `onError`), or after `close()`
+   */
+  private async takeLead(): Promise<boolean> {
+    const candidate = this.makeCandidate();
+    if (!candidate) return false;
+    this.candidate = candidate;
+    let failed = false;
+    let failure: unknown;
+    try {
+      // A storage whose load failed refuses each operation: it cannot lead
+      await candidate.hybrid.whenQueued();
+    } catch (error) {
+      failed = true;
+      failure = error;
+    }
+    // close() took the storage
+    if (this.candidate !== candidate) return false;
+    this.candidate = undefined;
+    if (!failed) {
+      this.promote(candidate, "leader");
+      return true;
+    }
+    this.onError(failure);
+    candidate.stop();
+    try {
+      await candidate.hybrid.close();
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.onError(error);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /** This method makes the `HybridStorage` of the single mode. The tab tries again after the backoff when it fails. */
+  private startSingle(): void {
+    const candidate = this.makeCandidate();
+    if (candidate) this.promote(candidate, "single");
+    else this.retryLater();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method makes the `HybridStorage` of the sync, with its observer. Its capture ignores the
+   * local copy until the tab leads.
    *
-   * @returns False when the storage could not start
+   * @returns Undefined when the remote or the storage could not start (the error went to `onError`), or after `close()`
    */
-  private lead(role: "leader" | "single"): boolean {
-    if (this.closed) return false;
+  private makeCandidate(): Candidate<T> | undefined {
+    if (this.closed) return undefined;
+    let remote: CollectionStorage<T>;
+    try {
+      remote = this.makeRemote();
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.onError(error);
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    const gate = { open: false };
     let hybrid: HybridStorage<T>;
     try {
-      hybrid = new HybridStorage<T>(this.makeRemote(), {
+      hybrid = new HybridStorage<T>(remote, {
         ...this.hybridOptions,
-        local: this.captureCopy(),
+        local: this.captureCopy(gate),
         capture: "observe",
         origin: this.tag,
       });
     } catch (error) {
       this.onError(error);
-      return false;
+      // The remote of a storage that did not start stays open otherwise
+      Promise.resolve()
+        .then(() => remote.close())
+        .catch((closeError: unknown) => this.onError(closeError));
+      return undefined;
     }
+    // The observer starts at once: the other tabs get the changes of the load and of the first sync
+    const stop = hybrid.observe((batch) => this.onLeaderBatch(batch));
+    return { hybrid, gate, stop };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method makes this tab the leader, or the single tab, with the storage of a candidate. The
+   * capture of the storage gets the batches of this tab that no leader acknowledged.
+   */
+  private promote(candidate: Candidate<T>, role: "leader" | "single"): void {
+    const { hybrid, gate, stop } = candidate;
     this.hybrid = hybrid;
-    // The new observer starts before the old one stops: no change of the local copy goes between them
+    this.failures = 0;
+    // The capture starts and the observer of the follower stops in one step: no change of the local copy goes between them
+    gate.open = true;
     const stopFollower = this.stopTap;
-    this.stopTap = hybrid.observe((batch) => this.onLeaderBatch(batch));
+    this.stopTap = stop;
     stopFollower?.();
     for (const batch of this.outbox.splice(0)) this.capture(batch.changes);
     this.setRole(role);
     if (role === "leader") this.post({ v: PROTOCOL, type: "leader", from: this.id });
-    return true;
+    // The status of this tab is now the status of its storage, also when it has the values of the last status of the old leader. The followers get it.
+    this.status = undefined;
+    this.statusFrom = undefined;
+    this.stopStatus = hybrid.onStatus((status) => this.onOwnStatus(hybrid, status));
+    this.onOwnStatus(hybrid, hybrid.getStatus());
+  }
+
+  /** This method asks for the lock again, or tries the single mode again, after the backoff (roadmap CLI-67). */
+  private retryLater(): void {
+    if (this.closed) return;
+    this.failures++;
+    const wait = backoffDelay(this.backoff, this.failures, this.random);
+    const cancel = this.clock.after(wait, () => {
+      this.cancelRetry = undefined;
+      if (this.closed) return;
+      if (this.locks) this.elect(this.locks);
+      else this.startSingle();
+    });
+    // The wait must not keep a Node process alive
+    cancel.unref?.();
+    this.cancelRetry = cancel;
   }
 
   /**
    * The local copy for the `HybridStorage` of the leader. Its `observe()` gives the changes of the
-   * local copy and the batches of the other tabs, so the capture queues both. Its `close()` does
-   * nothing: the application owns the local copy.
+   * local copy and the batches of the other tabs, so the capture queues both. It gives the changes
+   * of the local copy only when `gate` is open. Its `close()` does nothing: the application owns
+   * the local copy.
    */
-  private captureCopy(): LocalCopyStorage<T> {
+  private captureCopy(gate: { readonly open: boolean }): LocalCopyStorage<T> {
     const captures = this.captures;
     const observe = (observer: StorageObserver<T>): (() => void) => {
-      const stopLocal = this.local.observe!(observer);
+      const stopLocal = this.local.observe!((batch) => {
+        if (gate.open) observer(batch);
+      });
       const stopCapture = captures.add(observer);
       return () => {
         stopLocal();
@@ -462,6 +712,37 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
     this.roleListeners.emit(role);
   }
 
+  //
+  // ═══ The status of the sync (roadmap CLI-65) ═══
+  //
+
+  /** A status of the `HybridStorage` of this tab. The leader sends each new status to the followers. */
+  private onOwnStatus(hybrid: HybridStorage<T>, status: SyncStatus): void {
+    if (this.closed || this.hybrid !== hybrid) return;
+    if (this.status !== undefined && sameStatus(this.status, status)) return;
+    this.status = status;
+    this.statusSeq++;
+    if (this.currentRole === "leader") this.postStatus();
+    this.statusListeners.emit(status);
+  }
+
+  /** This method sends the last status of the leader, with its number. */
+  private postStatus(): void {
+    if (this.status === undefined) return;
+    this.post({ v: PROTOCOL, type: "status", from: this.id, seq: this.statusSeq, status: portableStatus(this.status) });
+  }
+
+  /** A status of the leader. A tab that runs the sync keeps its own status. */
+  private onLeaderStatus(from: string, seq: number, status: PortableStatus): void {
+    if (this.hybrid) return;
+    // The answer to a hello sends the last status again
+    if (from === this.statusFrom && seq <= this.statusSeq) return;
+    this.statusFrom = from;
+    this.statusSeq = seq;
+    this.status = statusOf(status);
+    this.statusListeners.emit(this.status);
+  }
+
   //
   // ═══ The batches of this tab ═══
   //
@@ -485,12 +766,15 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
     this.share(batch, false);
   }
 
-  /** This method gives a batch of this tab to its observers and to the other tabs. A follower keeps it for the leader. */
+  /**
+   * This method gives a batch of this tab to its observers and to the other tabs. A follower keeps
+   * it for the leader. A single tab whose setup failed keeps it for its next try.
+   */
   private share(changes: StorageChangeBatch<T>, keep: boolean): void {
     const seq = ++this.seq;
     this.observers.emit(changes);
     const sent = this.post({ v: PROTOCOL, type: "changes", from: this.id, seq, changes });
-    if (sent && keep) this.outbox.push({ seq, changes });
+    if (keep && (sent || !this.channel)) this.outbox.push({ seq, changes });
   }
 
   /** This method tells the leader the batches of this tab that no leader acknowledged. */
@@ -543,6 +827,9 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
       case "ack":
         if (data.to === this.id) this.outbox = this.outbox.filter((batch) => batch.seq > data.seq);
         break;
+      case "status":
+        this.onLeaderStatus(data.from, data.seq, data.status);
+        break;
     }
   }
 
@@ -562,7 +849,8 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
 
   /**
    * The hello of another tab. The leader captures the batches that it did not capture, and then each
-   * batch of the tab after `seq`. Each tab copies the batches that it did not see.
+   * batch of the tab after `seq`. It answers with its status. Each tab copies the batches that it
+   * did not see.
    */
   private onHello(from: string, seq: number, pending: ReadonlyArray<SentBatch<T>>): void {
     if (this.hybrid && this.currentRole === "leader") {
@@ -570,6 +858,8 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
       for (const batch of pending) if (known === undefined || batch.seq > known) this.capture(batch.changes);
       this.captured.set(from, Math.max(known ?? 0, seq));
       if (pending.length > 0) this.acknowledge(from, seq);
+      // A new tab gets the status now. The other tabs have its number already.
+      this.postStatus();
     }
     for (const batch of pending) this.copy(from, batch);
   }
@@ -625,6 +915,120 @@ export class TabCoordinator<T> {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * The backoff of the option `retry`.
+ *
+ * @throws RangeError for a `delay` of zero or less, a `factor` below 1, or a `jitter` outside 0 to 1
+ * @throws TypeError for a time that is not a `Duration`
+ */
+function retryBackoff(retry: TabRetryOptions | undefined): Backoff {
+  const delay = optionalMs(retry?.delay, "retry.delay") ?? 1000;
+  const maxDelay = optionalMs(retry?.maxDelay, "retry.maxDelay") ?? 60_000;
+  const factor = retry?.factor ?? 2;
+  const jitter = retry?.jitter ?? 0.5;
+  if (!(delay > 0)) throw new RangeError(`retry.delay must be a time of more than zero, not ${delay} ms`);
+  if (!(Number.isFinite(factor) && factor >= 1)) throw new RangeError(`retry.factor must be a number of 1 or more, not ${factor}`);
+  if (!(jitter >= 0 && jitter <= 1)) throw new RangeError(`retry.jitter must be from 0 to 1, not ${jitter}`);
+  return {
+    base: delay,
+    factor,
+    cap: Math.max(maxDelay, delay),
+    jitter: jitter > 0 ? { kind: "subtract", fraction: jitter } : { kind: "none" },
+  };
+}
+
+/** True when two statuses have the same values. The errors are the same object. */
+function sameStatus(a: SyncStatus, b: SyncStatus): boolean {
+  return (
+    a.connected === b.connected &&
+    a.endpoint === b.endpoint &&
+    a.lastSync === b.lastSync &&
+    a.pendingChanges === b.pendingChanges &&
+    a.syncing === b.syncing &&
+    a.mode === b.mode &&
+    a.error === b.error
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The status in a form that a structured clone keeps. The status has numbers, strings and booleans,
+ * and they clone. Its error can be any value, for example an error with a function in a property,
+ * so the message has only the name, the message and the code of the error.
+ */
+function portableStatus(status: SyncStatus): PortableStatus {
+  return {
+    connected: status.connected,
+    pendingChanges: status.pendingChanges,
+    syncing: status.syncing,
+    ...(status.endpoint !== undefined && { endpoint: status.endpoint }),
+    ...(status.lastSync !== undefined && { lastSync: status.lastSync }),
+    ...(status.mode !== undefined && { mode: status.mode }),
+    ...(status.error !== undefined && { error: { operation: status.error.operation, ...portableError(status.error.error) } }),
+  };
+}
+
+/** The name, the message and the code of an error. A value that is not an error becomes its text. */
+function portableError(value: unknown): Omit<PortableSyncError, "operation"> {
+  try {
+    if (typeof value === "object" && value !== null) {
+      const { name, message, code } = value as { name?: unknown; message?: unknown; code?: unknown };
+      if (typeof message === "string") {
+        return {
+          name: typeof name === "string" ? name : "Error",
+          message,
+          ...((typeof code === "string" || typeof code === "number") && { code }),
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    return { name: "Error", message: String(value) };
+  } catch {
+    // A value without a text, for example an object without a prototype
+    return { name: "Error", message: "An error without a text" };
+  }
+}
+
+/** The status of a message of the leader. Its error becomes an `Error` again. */
+function statusOf(status: PortableStatus): SyncStatus {
+  const error = status.error;
+  return {
+    connected: status.connected,
+    pendingChanges: status.pendingChanges,
+    syncing: status.syncing,
+    ...(status.endpoint !== undefined && { endpoint: status.endpoint }),
+    ...(status.lastSync !== undefined && { lastSync: status.lastSync }),
+    ...(status.mode !== undefined && { mode: status.mode }),
+    ...(error !== undefined && {
+      error: {
+        operation: error.operation,
+        error: Object.assign(new Error(error.message), { name: error.name }, error.code !== undefined ? { code: error.code } : {}),
+      },
+    }),
+  };
+}
+
+const MODES: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set<NonNullable<SyncStatus["mode"]>>(["local-only", "write-through", "write-back", "remote-only"]);
+const OPERATIONS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set<SyncError["operation"]>(["load", "push", "pull", "sync", "store"]);
+
+/** True when a value is the status of a message. */
+function isPortableStatus(value: unknown): value is PortableStatus {
+  if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null) return false;
+  const status = value as { connected?: unknown; pendingChanges?: unknown; syncing?: unknown; endpoint?: unknown; lastSync?: unknown; mode?: unknown; error?: unknown };
+  if (typeof status.connected !== "boolean" || typeof status.syncing !== "boolean" || !isSeq(status.pendingChanges)) return false;
+  if (status.endpoint !== undefined && typeof status.endpoint !== "string") return false;
+  if (status.lastSync !== undefined && typeof status.lastSync !== "number") return false;
+  if (status.mode !== undefined && !(typeof status.mode === "string" && MODES.has(status.mode))) return false;
+  if (status.error === undefined) return true;
+  if (typeof status.error !== "object" || status.error === null) return false;
+  const { operation, name, message, code } = status.error as { operation?: unknown; name?: unknown; message?: unknown; code?: unknown };
+  return (
+    typeof operation === "string" &&
+    OPERATIONS.has(operation) &&
+    typeof name === "string" &&
+    typeof message === "string" &&
+    (code === undefined || typeof code === "string" || typeof code === "number")
+  );
+}
+
 /** A new random id. */
 function randomId(): string {
   return `${Date.now().toString(36)}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)}`;
@@ -664,10 +1068,22 @@ function isBatch(value: unknown): value is StorageChangeEvent<unknown>[] {
   });
 }
 
-/** True when a value is a message of the channel, of this version. */
+/**
+ * True when a value is a message of the channel, of this version. A message of a type that this
+ * release does not know is not a message: a tab of an older release ignores a new type.
+ */
 function isTabMessage<T>(value: unknown): value is TabMessage<T> {
   if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null) return false;
-  const message = value as { v?: unknown; type?: unknown; from?: unknown; to?: unknown; seq?: unknown; changes?: unknown; pending?: unknown };
+  const message = value as {
+    v?: unknown;
+    type?: unknown;
+    from?: unknown;
+    to?: unknown;
+    seq?: unknown;
+    changes?: unknown;
+    pending?: unknown;
+    status?: unknown;
+  };
   if (message.v !== PROTOCOL || typeof message.from !== "string") return false;
   switch (message.type) {
     case "changes":
@@ -686,6 +1102,8 @@ function isTabMessage<T>(value: unknown): value is TabMessage<T> {
       return true;
     case "ack":
       return typeof message.to === "string" && isSeq(message.seq);
+    case "status":
+      return isSeq(message.seq) && isPortableStatus(message.status);
     default:
       return false;
   }