@prismer/runtime 2.2.55 → 2.2.64

package/built-in-skills/prismer-manim-video/references/equations.md

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+# Equations and LaTeX Reference
+
+## Basic LaTeX
+
+```python
+eq = MathTex(r"E = mc^2")
+eq = MathTex(r"f(x) &= x^2 + 2x + 1 \\ &= (x + 1)^2")  # multi-line aligned
+```
+
+**Always use raw strings (`r""`).**
+
+## Step-by-Step Derivations
+
+```python
+step1 = MathTex(r"a^2 + b^2 = c^2")
+step2 = MathTex(r"a^2 = c^2 - b^2")
+self.play(Write(step1), run_time=1.5)
+self.wait(1.5)
+self.play(TransformMatchingTex(step1, step2), run_time=1.5)
+```
+
+## Selective Color
+
+```python
+eq = MathTex(r"a^2", r"+", r"b^2", r"=", r"c^2")
+eq[0].set_color(RED)
+eq[4].set_color(GREEN)
+```
+
+## Building Incrementally
+
+```python
+parts = MathTex(r"f(x)", r"=", r"\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}", r"\frac{f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}", r"(x-a)^n")
+self.play(Write(parts[0:2]))
+self.wait(0.5)
+self.play(Write(parts[2]))
+self.wait(0.5)
+self.play(Write(parts[3:]))
+```
+
+## Highlighting
+
+```python
+highlight = SurroundingRectangle(eq[2], color=YELLOW, buff=0.1)
+self.play(Create(highlight))
+self.play(Indicate(eq[4], color=YELLOW))
+```
+
+## Annotation
+
+```python
+brace = Brace(eq, DOWN, color=YELLOW)
+label = brace.get_text("Fundamental Theorem", font_size=24)
+self.play(GrowFromCenter(brace), Write(label))
+```
+
+## Common LaTeX
+
+```python
+MathTex(r"\frac{a}{b}")                  # fraction
+MathTex(r"\alpha, \beta, \gamma")         # Greek
+MathTex(r"\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i")           # summation
+MathTex(r"\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x} dx")  # integral
+MathTex(r"\vec{v}")                       # vector
+MathTex(r"\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x)")    # limit
+```
+
+## Matrices
+
+`MathTex` supports standard LaTeX matrix environments via `amsmath` (loaded by default):
+
+```python
+# Bracketed matrix
+MathTex(r"\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}")
+
+# Parenthesized matrix
+MathTex(r"\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}")
+
+# Determinant (vertical bars)
+MathTex(r"\begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix}")
+
+# Plain (no delimiters)
+MathTex(r"\begin{matrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{matrix}")
+```
+
+For matrices you need to animate element-by-element or color individual entries, use the `IntegerMatrix`, `DecimalMatrix`, or `MobjectMatrix` mobjects instead — see `mobjects.md`.
+
+## Cases and Piecewise Functions
+
+```python
+MathTex(r"""
+    f(x) = \begin{cases}
+        x^2    & \text{if } x \geq 0 \\
+        -x^2   & \text{if } x < 0
+    \end{cases}
+""")
+```
+
+## Aligned Environments
+
+For multi-line derivations with alignment, use `aligned` inside `MathTex`:
+
+```python
+MathTex(r"""
+    \begin{aligned}
+        \nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} &= \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0} \\
+        \nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} &= 0 \\
+        \nabla \times \mathbf{E} &= -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t} \\
+        \nabla \times \mathbf{B} &= \mu_0 \mathbf{J} + \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t}
+    \end{aligned}
+""")
+```
+
+Note: `MathTex` wraps content in `align*` by default. Override with `tex_environment` if needed:
+```python
+MathTex(r"...", tex_environment="gather*")
+```
+
+## Derivation Pattern
+
+```python
+class DerivationScene(Scene):
+    def construct(self):
+        self.camera.background_color = BG
+        s1 = MathTex(r"ax^2 + bx + c = 0")
+        self.play(Write(s1))
+        self.wait(1.5)
+        s2 = MathTex(r"x^2 + \frac{b}{a}x + \frac{c}{a} = 0")
+        s2.next_to(s1, DOWN, buff=0.8)
+        self.play(s1.animate.set_opacity(0.4), TransformMatchingTex(s1.copy(), s2))
+```
+
+## substrings_to_isolate for Complex Equations
+
+For dense equations where manually splitting into parts is impractical, use `substrings_to_isolate` to tell Manim which substrings to track as individual elements:
+
+```python
+# Without isolation — the whole expression is one blob
+lagrangian = MathTex(
+    r"\mathcal{L} = \bar{\psi}(i \gamma^\mu D_\mu - m)\psi - \tfrac{1}{4}F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}"
+)
+
+# With isolation — each named substring is a separate submobject
+lagrangian = MathTex(
+    r"\mathcal{L} = \bar{\psi}(i \gamma^\mu D_\mu - m)\psi - \tfrac{1}{4}F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}",
+    substrings_to_isolate=[r"\psi", r"D_\mu", r"\gamma^\mu", r"F_{\mu\nu}"]
+)
+# Now you can color individual terms
+lagrangian.set_color_by_tex(r"\psi", BLUE)
+lagrangian.set_color_by_tex(r"F_{\mu\nu}", YELLOW)
+```
+
+Essential for `TransformMatchingTex` on complex equations — without isolation, matching fails on dense expressions.
+
+## Multi-Line Complex Equations
+
+For equations with multiple related lines, pass each line as a separate argument:
+
+```python
+maxwell = MathTex(
+    r"\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0}",
+    r"\nabla \times \mathbf{B} = \mu_0\mathbf{J} + \mu_0\epsilon_0\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t}"
+).arrange(DOWN)
+
+# Each line is a separate submobject — animate independently
+self.play(Write(maxwell[0]))
+self.wait(1)
+self.play(Write(maxwell[1]))
+```
+
+## TransformMatchingTex with key_map
+
+Map specific substrings between source and target equations during transformation:
+
+```python
+eq1 = MathTex(r"A^2 + B^2 = C^2")
+eq2 = MathTex(r"A^2 = C^2 - B^2")
+
+self.play(TransformMatchingTex(
+    eq1, eq2,
+    key_map={"+": "-"},   # map "+" in source to "-" in target
+    path_arc=PI / 2,      # arc the pieces into position
+))
+```
+
+## set_color_by_tex — Color by Substring
+
+```python
+eq = MathTex(r"E = mc^2")
+eq.set_color_by_tex("E", BLUE)
+eq.set_color_by_tex("m", RED)
+eq.set_color_by_tex("c", GREEN)
+```
+
+## TransformMatchingTex with matched_keys
+
+When matching substrings are ambiguous, specify which to align explicitly:
+
+```python
+kw = dict(font_size=72, t2c={"A": BLUE, "B": TEAL, "C": GREEN})
+lines = [
+    MathTex(r"A^2 + B^2 = C^2", **kw),
+    MathTex(r"A^2 = C^2 - B^2", **kw),
+    MathTex(r"A^2 = (C + B)(C - B)", **kw),
+    MathTex(r"A = \sqrt{(C + B)(C - B)}", **kw),
+]
+
+self.play(TransformMatchingTex(
+    lines[0].copy(), lines[1],
+    matched_keys=["A^2", "B^2", "C^2"],  # explicitly match these
+    key_map={"+": "-"},                    # map + to -
+    path_arc=PI / 2,                       # arc pieces into position
+))
+```
+
+Without `matched_keys`, the animation matches the longest common substrings, which can produce unexpected results on complex equations (e.g., "^2 = C^2" matching across terms).

package/built-in-skills/prismer-manim-video/references/graphs-and-data.md

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+# Graphs, Plots, and Data Visualization
+
+## Axes
+
+```python
+axes = Axes(
+    x_range=[-3, 3, 1], y_range=[-2, 2, 1],
+    x_length=8, y_length=5,
+    axis_config={"include_numbers": True, "font_size": 24}
+)
+axes.set_opacity(0.15)  # structural element
+x_label = axes.get_x_axis_label(r"x")
+```
+
+## Plotting
+
+```python
+graph = axes.plot(lambda x: x**2, color=BLUE)
+graph_label = axes.get_graph_label(graph, label=r"x^2", x_val=2)
+area = axes.get_area(graph, x_range=[0, 2], color=BLUE, opacity=0.3)
+```
+
+## Animated Plotting
+
+```python
+self.play(Create(graph), run_time=3)  # trace the graph
+
+# Moving dot along curve
+dot = Dot(color=YELLOW).move_to(axes.c2p(0, 0))
+self.play(MoveAlongPath(dot, graph), run_time=3)
+
+# Dynamic parameter
+tracker = ValueTracker(1)
+dynamic = always_redraw(lambda: axes.plot(lambda x: tracker.get_value() * x**2, color=BLUE))
+self.add(dynamic)
+self.play(tracker.animate.set_value(3), run_time=2)
+```
+
+## Bar Charts
+
+```python
+chart = BarChart(
+    values=[4, 6, 2, 8, 5], bar_names=["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"],
+    y_range=[0, 10, 2], bar_colors=[RED, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, PURPLE]
+)
+self.play(Create(chart), run_time=2)
+self.play(chart.animate.change_bar_values([6, 3, 7, 4, 9]))
+```
+
+## Number Lines
+
+```python
+nl = NumberLine(x_range=[0, 10, 1], length=10, include_numbers=True)
+pointer = Arrow(nl.n2p(3) + UP * 0.5, nl.n2p(3), color=RED, buff=0)
+tracker = ValueTracker(3)
+pointer.add_updater(lambda m: m.put_start_and_end_on(
+    nl.n2p(tracker.get_value()) + UP * 0.5, nl.n2p(tracker.get_value())))
+self.play(tracker.animate.set_value(8), run_time=2)
+```
+
+## Animated Counters
+
+```python
+counter = DecimalNumber(0, font_size=72, num_decimal_places=0)
+self.play(counter.animate.set_value(1000), run_time=3, rate_func=rush_from)
+```
+
+## Algorithm Visualization Pattern
+
+```python
+values = [5, 2, 8, 1, 9, 3]
+bars = VGroup(*[
+    Rectangle(width=0.6, height=v * 0.4, color=BLUE, fill_opacity=0.7)
+    for v in values
+]).arrange(RIGHT, buff=0.2, aligned_edge=DOWN).move_to(ORIGIN)
+self.play(LaggedStart(*[GrowFromEdge(b, DOWN) for b in bars], lag_ratio=0.1))
+# Highlight, swap, etc.
+```
+
+## Data Story Pattern
+
+```python
+# Before/After comparison
+before = BarChart(values=[3, 5, 2], bar_colors=[RED]*3).shift(LEFT * 3)
+after = BarChart(values=[8, 9, 7], bar_colors=[GREEN]*3).shift(RIGHT * 3)
+self.play(Create(before)); self.wait(1)
+self.play(Create(after)); self.wait(1)
+arrow = Arrow(before.get_right(), after.get_left(), color=YELLOW)
+label = Text("+167% (first bar only)", font_size=36, color=YELLOW).next_to(arrow, UP)
+self.play(GrowArrow(arrow), Write(label))
+```
+
+## Graph / DiGraph — Graph Theory Visualization
+
+Built-in graph mobjects with automatic layout:
+
+```python
+# Undirected graph
+g = Graph(
+    vertices=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    edges=[(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 1), (1, 3)],
+    layout="spring",  # or "circular", "kamada_kawai", "planar", "tree"
+    labels=True,
+    vertex_config={"fill_color": PRIMARY},
+    edge_config={"stroke_color": SUBTLE},
+)
+self.play(Create(g))
+
+# Directed graph
+dg = DiGraph(
+    vertices=["A", "B", "C"],
+    edges=[("A", "B"), ("B", "C"), ("C", "A")],
+    layout="circular",
+    labels=True,
+    edge_config={("A", "B"): {"stroke_color": RED}},
+)
+
+# Add/remove vertices and edges dynamically
+self.play(g.animate.add_vertices(6, positions={6: RIGHT * 2}))
+self.play(g.animate.add_edges((1, 6)))
+self.play(g.animate.remove_vertices(3))
+```
+
+Layout algorithms: `"spring"`, `"circular"`, `"kamada_kawai"`, `"planar"`, `"spectral"`, `"tree"` (for rooted trees, specify `root=`).
+
+## ArrowVectorField / StreamLines — Vector Fields
+
+```python
+# Arrow field: arrows showing direction at each point
+field = ArrowVectorField(
+    lambda pos: np.array([-pos[1], pos[0], 0]),  # rotation field
+    x_range=[-3, 3], y_range=[-3, 3],
+    colors=[BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW, RED]
+)
+self.play(Create(field))
+
+# StreamLines: flowing particle traces through the field
+stream = StreamLines(
+    lambda pos: np.array([-pos[1], pos[0], 0]),
+    stroke_width=2, max_anchors_per_line=30
+)
+self.add(stream)
+stream.start_animation(warm_up=True, flow_speed=1.5)
+self.wait(3)
+stream.end_animation()
+```
+
+Use cases: electromagnetic fields, fluid flow, gradient fields, ODE phase portraits.
+
+## ComplexPlane / PolarPlane
+
+```python
+# Complex plane with Re/Im labels
+cplane = ComplexPlane().add_coordinates()
+dot = Dot(cplane.n2p(2 + 1j), color=YELLOW)
+label = Text("2+i", font_size=20).next_to(dot, UR, buff=0.1)
+
+# Apply complex function to the plane
+self.play(cplane.animate.apply_complex_function(lambda z: z**2), run_time=3)
+
+# Polar plane
+polar = PolarPlane(radius_max=3).add_coordinates()
+```

package/built-in-skills/prismer-manim-video/references/mobjects.md

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+# Mobjects Reference
+
+Everything visible on screen is a Mobject. They have position, color, opacity, and can be animated.
+
+## Text
+
+```python
+title = Text("Hello World", font_size=48, color=BLUE)
+eq = MathTex(r"E = mc^2", font_size=40)
+
+# Multi-part (for selective coloring)
+eq = MathTex(r"a^2", r"+", r"b^2", r"=", r"c^2")
+eq[0].set_color(RED)
+eq[4].set_color(BLUE)
+
+# Mixed text and math
+t = Tex(r"The area is $\pi r^2$", font_size=36)
+
+# Styled markup
+t = MarkupText('<span foreground="#58C4DD">Blue</span> text', font_size=30)
+```
+
+**Always use raw strings (`r""`) for any string with backslashes.**
+
+## Shapes
+
+```python
+circle = Circle(radius=1, color=BLUE, fill_opacity=0.5)
+square = Square(side_length=2, color=RED)
+rect = Rectangle(width=4, height=2, color=GREEN)
+dot = Dot(point=ORIGIN, radius=0.08, color=YELLOW)
+line = Line(LEFT * 2, RIGHT * 2, color=WHITE)
+arrow = Arrow(LEFT, RIGHT, color=ORANGE)
+rrect = RoundedRectangle(corner_radius=0.3, width=4, height=2)
+brace = Brace(rect, DOWN, color=YELLOW)
+```
+
+## Polygons and Arcs
+
+```python
+# Arbitrary polygon from vertices
+poly = Polygon(LEFT, UP * 2, RIGHT, color=GREEN, fill_opacity=0.3)
+
+# Regular n-sided polygon
+hexagon = RegularPolygon(n=6, color=TEAL, fill_opacity=0.4)
+
+# Triangle (shorthand for RegularPolygon(n=3))
+tri = Triangle(color=YELLOW, fill_opacity=0.5)
+
+# Arc (portion of a circle)
+arc = Arc(radius=2, start_angle=0, angle=PI / 2, color=BLUE)
+
+# Arc between two points
+arc_between = ArcBetweenPoints(LEFT * 2, RIGHT * 2, angle=TAU / 4, color=RED)
+
+# Curved arrow (arc with tip)
+curved_arrow = CurvedArrow(LEFT * 2, RIGHT * 2, color=ORANGE)
+```
+
+## Sectors and Annuli
+
+```python
+# Sector (pie slice)
+sector = Sector(outer_radius=2, start_angle=0, angle=PI / 3, fill_opacity=0.7, color=BLUE)
+
+# Annulus (ring)
+ring = Annulus(inner_radius=1, outer_radius=2, fill_opacity=0.5, color=GREEN)
+
+# Annular sector (partial ring)
+partial_ring = AnnularSector(
+    inner_radius=1, outer_radius=2,
+    angle=PI / 2, start_angle=0,
+    fill_opacity=0.7, color=TEAL
+)
+
+# Cutout (punch holes in a shape)
+background = Square(side_length=4, fill_opacity=1, color=BLUE)
+hole = Circle(radius=0.5)
+cutout = Cutout(background, hole, fill_opacity=1, color=BLUE)
+```
+
+Use cases: pie charts, ring progress indicators, Venn diagrams with arcs, geometric proofs.
+
+## Positioning
+
+```python
+mob.move_to(ORIGIN)                        # center
+mob.move_to(UP * 2 + RIGHT)               # relative
+label.next_to(circle, DOWN, buff=0.3)     # next to another
+title.to_edge(UP, buff=0.5)               # screen edge (buff >= 0.5!)
+mob.to_corner(UL, buff=0.5)               # corner
+```
+
+## VGroup vs Group
+
+**VGroup** is for collections of shapes (VMobjects only — Circle, Square, Arrow, Line, MathTex):
+```python
+shapes = VGroup(circle, square, arrow)
+shapes.arrange(DOWN, buff=0.5)
+shapes.set_color(BLUE)
+```
+
+**Group** is for mixed collections (Text + shapes, or any Mobject types):
+```python
+# Text objects are Mobjects, not VMobjects — use Group when mixing
+labeled_shape = Group(circle, Text("Label").next_to(circle, DOWN))
+labeled_shape.move_to(ORIGIN)
+
+# FadeOut everything on screen (may contain mixed types)
+self.play(FadeOut(Group(*self.mobjects)))
+```
+
+**Rule: if your group contains any `Text()` objects, use `Group`, not `VGroup`.** VGroup will raise a TypeError on Manim CE v0.20+. MathTex and Tex are VMobjects and work with VGroup.
+
+Both support `arrange()`, `arrange_in_grid()`, `set_opacity()`, `shift()`, `scale()`, `move_to()`.
+
+## Styling
+
+```python
+mob.set_color(BLUE)
+mob.set_fill(RED, opacity=0.5)
+mob.set_stroke(WHITE, width=2)
+mob.set_opacity(0.4)
+mob.set_z_index(1)                         # layering
+```
+
+## Specialized Mobjects
+
+```python
+nl = NumberLine(x_range=[-3, 3, 1], length=8, include_numbers=True)
+table = Table([["A", "B"], ["C", "D"]], row_labels=[Text("R1"), Text("R2")])
+code = Code("example.py", tab_width=4, font_size=20, language="python")
+highlight = SurroundingRectangle(target, color=YELLOW, buff=0.2)
+bg = BackgroundRectangle(equation, fill_opacity=0.7, buff=0.2)
+```
+
+## Custom Mobjects
+
+```python
+class NetworkNode(Group):
+    def __init__(self, label_text, color=BLUE, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.circle = Circle(radius=0.4, color=color, fill_opacity=0.3)
+        self.label = Text(label_text, font_size=20).move_to(self.circle)
+        self.add(self.circle, self.label)
+```
+
+## Matrix Mobjects
+
+Display matrices as grids of numbers or mobjects:
+
+```python
+# Integer matrix
+m = IntegerMatrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+
+# Decimal matrix (control decimal places)
+m = DecimalMatrix([[1.5, 2.7], [3.1, 4.9]], element_to_mobject_config={"num_decimal_places": 2})
+
+# Mobject matrix (any mobject in each cell)
+m = MobjectMatrix([
+    [MathTex(r"\pi"), MathTex(r"e")],
+    [MathTex(r"\phi"), MathTex(r"\tau")]
+])
+
+# Bracket types: "(" "[" "|" or "\\{"
+m = IntegerMatrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]], left_bracket="[", right_bracket="]")
+```
+
+Use cases: linear algebra, transformation matrices, system-of-equations coefficient display.
+
+## Constants
+
+Directions: `UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT, ORIGIN, UL, UR, DL, DR`
+Colors: `RED, BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW, WHITE, GRAY, ORANGE, PINK, PURPLE, TEAL, GOLD`
+Frame: `config.frame_width = 14.222, config.frame_height = 8.0`
+
+## SVGMobject — Import SVG Files
+
+```python
+logo = SVGMobject("path/to/logo.svg")
+logo.set_color(WHITE).scale(0.5).to_corner(UR)
+self.play(FadeIn(logo))
+
+# SVG submobjects are individually animatable
+for part in logo.submobjects:
+    self.play(part.animate.set_color(random_color()))
+```
+
+## ImageMobject — Display Images
+
+```python
+img = ImageMobject("screenshot.png")
+img.set_height(3).to_edge(RIGHT)
+self.play(FadeIn(img))
+```
+
+Note: images cannot be animated with `.animate` (they're raster, not vector). Use `FadeIn`/`FadeOut` and `shift`/`scale` only.
+
+## Variable — Auto-Updating Display
+
+```python
+var = Variable(0, Text("x"), num_decimal_places=2)
+var.move_to(ORIGIN)
+self.add(var)
+
+# Animate the value
+self.play(var.tracker.animate.set_value(5), run_time=2)
+# Display auto-updates: "x = 5.00"
+```
+
+Cleaner than manual `DecimalNumber` + `add_updater` for simple labeled-value displays.
+
+## BulletedList
+
+```python
+bullets = BulletedList(
+    "First key point",
+    "Second important fact",
+    "Third conclusion",
+    font_size=28
+)
+bullets.to_edge(LEFT, buff=1.0)
+self.play(Write(bullets))
+
+# Highlight individual items
+self.play(bullets[1].animate.set_color(YELLOW))
+```
+
+## DashedLine and Angle Markers
+
+```python
+# Dashed line (asymptotes, construction lines)
+dashed = DashedLine(LEFT * 3, RIGHT * 3, color=SUBTLE, dash_length=0.15)
+
+# Angle marker between two lines
+line1 = Line(ORIGIN, RIGHT * 2)
+line2 = Line(ORIGIN, UP * 2 + RIGHT)
+angle = Angle(line1, line2, radius=0.5, color=YELLOW)
+angle_label = angle.get_value()  # returns the angle in radians
+
+# Right angle marker
+right_angle = RightAngle(line1, Line(ORIGIN, UP * 2), length=0.3, color=WHITE)
+```
+
+## Boolean Operations (CSG)
+
+Combine, subtract, or intersect 2D shapes:
+
+```python
+circle = Circle(radius=1.5, color=BLUE, fill_opacity=0.5).shift(LEFT * 0.5)
+square = Square(side_length=2, color=RED, fill_opacity=0.5).shift(RIGHT * 0.5)
+
+# Union, Intersection, Difference, Exclusion
+union = Union(circle, square, color=GREEN, fill_opacity=0.5)
+intersect = Intersection(circle, square, color=YELLOW, fill_opacity=0.5)
+diff = Difference(circle, square, color=PURPLE, fill_opacity=0.5)
+exclude = Exclusion(circle, square, color=ORANGE, fill_opacity=0.5)
+```
+
+Use cases: Venn diagrams, set theory, geometric proofs, area calculations.
+
+## LabeledArrow / LabeledLine
+
+```python
+# Arrow with built-in label (auto-positioned)
+arr = LabeledArrow(Text("force", font_size=18), start=LEFT, end=RIGHT, color=RED)
+
+# Line with label
+line = LabeledLine(Text("d = 5m", font_size=18), start=LEFT * 2, end=RIGHT * 2)
+```
+
+Auto-handles label positioning — cleaner than manual `Arrow` + `Text().next_to()`.
+
+## Text Color/Font/Style Per-Substring (t2c, t2f, t2s, t2w)
+
+```python
+# Color specific words (t2c = text-to-color)
+text = Text(
+    "Gradient descent minimizes the loss function",
+    t2c={"Gradient descent": BLUE, "loss function": RED}
+)
+
+# Different fonts per word (t2f = text-to-font)
+text = Text(
+    "Use Menlo for code and Inter for prose",
+    t2f={"Menlo": "Menlo", "Inter": "Inter"}
+)
+
+# Italic/slant per word (t2s = text-to-slant)
+text = Text("Normal and italic text", t2s={"italic": ITALIC})
+
+# Bold per word (t2w = text-to-weight)
+text = Text("Normal and bold text", t2w={"bold": BOLD})
+```
+
+These are much cleaner than creating separate Text objects and grouping them.
+
+## Backstroke for Readability Over Backgrounds
+
+When text overlaps other content (graphs, diagrams, images), add a dark stroke behind it:
+
+```python
+# CE syntax:
+label.set_stroke(BLACK, width=5, background=True)
+
+# Apply to a group
+for mob in labels:
+    mob.set_stroke(BLACK, width=4, background=True)
+```
+
+This is how 3Blue1Brown keeps text readable over complex backgrounds without using BackgroundRectangle.
+
+## Complex Function Transforms
+
+Apply complex functions to entire mobjects — transforms the plane:
+
+```python
+c_grid = ComplexPlane()
+moving_grid = c_grid.copy()
+moving_grid.prepare_for_nonlinear_transform()  # adds more sample points for smooth deformation
+
+self.play(
+    moving_grid.animate.apply_complex_function(lambda z: z**2),
+    run_time=5,
+)
+
+# Also works with R3->R3 functions:
+self.play(grid.animate.apply_function(
+    lambda p: [p[0] + 0.5 * math.sin(p[1]), p[1] + 0.5 * math.sin(p[0]), p[2]]
+), run_time=5)
+```
+
+**Critical:** Call `prepare_for_nonlinear_transform()` before applying nonlinear functions — without it, the grid has too few sample points and the deformation looks jagged.