@prisma-next/sql-relational-core 0.3.0-pr.99.5 → 0.3.0

package/src/ast/types.ts

@@ -1,144 +1,1734 @@
-import type { ReturnSpec } from '@prisma-next/operations';
+import type { PlanRefs } from '@prisma-next/contract/types';
+import type { ParamSpec } from '@prisma-next/operations';
 import type { SqlLoweringSpec } from '@prisma-next/sql-operations';
 
-// SQL-specific AST types and supporting types
-// These types are needed by adapters and runtime for SQL query execution
-
 export type Direction = 'asc' | 'desc';
 
+export type BinaryOp =
+  | 'eq'
+  | 'neq'
+  | 'gt'
+  | 'lt'
+  | 'gte'
+  | 'lte'
+  | 'like'
+  | 'ilike'
+  | 'in'
+  | 'notIn';
+
+export type AggregateCountFn = 'count';
+export type AggregateOpFn = 'sum' | 'avg' | 'min' | 'max';
+export type AggregateFn = AggregateCountFn | AggregateOpFn;
+
+export interface ExpressionSource {
+  toExpr(): AnyExpression;
+}
+
+export interface ExpressionRewriter {
+  columnRef?(expr: ColumnRef): AnyExpression;
+  identifierRef?(expr: IdentifierRef): AnyExpression;
+  paramRef?(expr: ParamRef): ParamRef | LiteralExpr;
+  literal?(expr: LiteralExpr): LiteralExpr;
+  list?(expr: ListExpression): ListExpression | LiteralExpr;
+  select?(ast: SelectAst): SelectAst;
+}
+
+export interface AstRewriter extends ExpressionRewriter {
+  tableSource?(source: TableSource): TableSource;
+  eqColJoinOn?(on: EqColJoinOn): EqColJoinOn | AnyExpression;
+}
+
+export interface ExprVisitor<R> {
+  columnRef(expr: ColumnRef): R;
+  identifierRef(expr: IdentifierRef): R;
+  subquery(expr: SubqueryExpr): R;
+  operation(expr: OperationExpr): R;
+  aggregate(expr: AggregateExpr): R;
+  jsonObject(expr: JsonObjectExpr): R;
+  jsonArrayAgg(expr: JsonArrayAggExpr): R;
+  binary(expr: BinaryExpr): R;
+  and(expr: AndExpr): R;
+  or(expr: OrExpr): R;
+  exists(expr: ExistsExpr): R;
+  nullCheck(expr: NullCheckExpr): R;
+  not(expr: NotExpr): R;
+  literal(expr: LiteralExpr): R;
+  param(expr: ParamRef): R;
+  list(expr: ListExpression): R;
+}
+
+export interface ExpressionFolder<T> {
+  empty: T;
+  combine(a: T, b: T): T;
+  isAbsorbing?(value: T): boolean;
+  columnRef?(expr: ColumnRef): T;
+  identifierRef?(expr: IdentifierRef): T;
+  paramRef?(expr: ParamRef): T;
+  literal?(expr: LiteralExpr): T;
+  list?(expr: ListExpression): T;
+  select?(ast: SelectAst): T;
+}
+
+export type ProjectionExpr = AnyExpression;
+export type InsertValue = ColumnRef | ParamRef | DefaultValueExpr;
+export type JoinOnExpr = EqColJoinOn | AnyExpression;
+export type WhereArg = AnyExpression | ToWhereExpr;
+export type JsonObjectEntry = {
+  readonly key: string;
+  readonly value: ProjectionExpr;
+};
+
+function frozenArrayCopy<T>(values: readonly T[]): ReadonlyArray<T> {
+  return Object.freeze([...values]);
+}
+
+function frozenOptionalRecordCopy<T extends Record<string, unknown>>(
+  value: T | undefined,
+): Readonly<T> | undefined {
+  return value === undefined ? undefined : Object.freeze({ ...value });
+}
+
+function frozenRecordCopy<T>(record: Readonly<Record<string, T>>): Readonly<Record<string, T>> {
+  return Object.freeze({ ...record });
+}
+
+function freezeRows(
+  rows: ReadonlyArray<Record<string, InsertValue>>,
+): ReadonlyArray<Readonly<Record<string, InsertValue>>> {
+  return Object.freeze(rows.map((row) => Object.freeze({ ...row })));
+}
+
+function combineAll<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>, thunks: Array<() => T>): T {
+  let result = folder.empty;
+  for (const thunk of thunks) {
+    if (folder.isAbsorbing?.(result)) {
+      return result;
+    }
+    result = folder.combine(result, thunk());
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function rewriteComparable(value: AnyExpression, rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+  switch (value.kind) {
+    case 'param-ref':
+      return rewriter.paramRef ? rewriter.paramRef(value) : value;
+    case 'literal':
+      return rewriter.literal ? rewriter.literal(value) : value;
+    case 'list':
+      if (rewriter.list) {
+        return rewriter.list(value);
+      }
+      return value.rewrite(rewriter);
+    default:
+      return value.rewrite(rewriter);
+  }
+}
+
+function foldComparable<T>(value: AnyExpression, folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+  switch (value.kind) {
+    case 'param-ref':
+      return folder.paramRef ? folder.paramRef(value) : folder.empty;
+    case 'literal':
+      return folder.literal ? folder.literal(value) : folder.empty;
+    case 'list':
+      return value.fold(folder);
+    default:
+      return value.fold(folder);
+  }
+}
+
+function collectColumnRefsWith<TNode extends Expression>(node: TNode): ColumnRef[] {
+  return node.fold<ColumnRef[]>({
+    empty: [],
+    combine: (a, b) => [...a, ...b],
+    columnRef: (columnRef) => [columnRef],
+    select: (ast) => ast.collectColumnRefs(),
+  });
+}
+
+function collectParamRefsWith<TNode extends Expression>(node: TNode): ParamRef[] {
+  return node.fold<ParamRef[]>({
+    empty: [],
+    combine: (a, b) => [...a, ...b],
+    paramRef: (paramRef) => [paramRef],
+    select: (ast) => ast.collectParamRefs(),
+  });
+}
+
+function sortRefs(
+  tables: ReadonlySet<string>,
+  columns: ReadonlyMap<string, { table: string; column: string }>,
+): PlanRefs {
+  const sortedTables = [...tables].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+  const sortedColumns = [...columns.values()].sort((a, b) => {
+    const tableCompare = a.table.localeCompare(b.table);
+    if (tableCompare !== 0) {
+      return tableCompare;
+    }
+    return a.column.localeCompare(b.column);
+  });
+
+  return {
+    tables: sortedTables,
+    columns: sortedColumns,
+  };
+}
+
+function addColumnRefToRefSets(
+  columnRef: ColumnRef,
+  tables: Set<string>,
+  columns: Map<string, { table: string; column: string }>,
+): void {
+  if (columnRef.table === 'excluded') {
+    return;
+  }
+  tables.add(columnRef.table);
+  const key = `${columnRef.table}.${columnRef.column}`;
+  if (!columns.has(key)) {
+    columns.set(key, {
+      table: columnRef.table,
+      column: columnRef.column,
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+function mergeRefsInto(
+  refs: PlanRefs,
+  tables: Set<string>,
+  columns: Map<string, { table: string; column: string }>,
+): void {
+  for (const table of refs.tables ?? []) {
+    tables.add(table);
+  }
+  for (const column of refs.columns ?? []) {
+    addColumnRefToRefSets(new ColumnRef(column.table, column.column), tables, columns);
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class AstNode {
+  abstract readonly kind: string;
+
+  protected freeze(): void {
+    Object.freeze(this);
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class QueryAst extends AstNode {
+  abstract collectRefs(): PlanRefs;
+  abstract collectParamRefs(): ParamRef[];
+  abstract toQueryAst(): AnyQueryAst;
+
+  collectColumnRefs(): ColumnRef[] {
+    const refs = this.collectRefs().columns ?? [];
+    return refs.map((ref) => new ColumnRef(ref.table, ref.column));
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class FromSource extends AstNode {
+  abstract collectRefs(): PlanRefs;
+  abstract rewrite(rewriter: AstRewriter): AnyFromSource;
+  abstract toFromSource(): AnyFromSource;
+}
+
+abstract class Expression extends AstNode implements ExpressionSource {
+  abstract accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R;
+  abstract rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression;
+  abstract fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T;
+
+  collectColumnRefs(): ColumnRef[] {
+    return collectColumnRefsWith(this);
+  }
+
+  collectParamRefs(): ParamRef[] {
+    return collectParamRefsWith(this);
+  }
+
+  baseColumnRef(): ColumnRef {
+    throw new Error(`${this.constructor.name} does not expose a base column reference`);
+  }
+
+  toExpr(): AnyExpression {
+    return this as unknown as AnyExpression;
+  }
+
+  not(): NotExpr {
+    return new NotExpr(this as unknown as AnyExpression);
+  }
+}
+
+export class TableSource extends FromSource {
+  readonly kind = 'table-source' as const;
+  readonly name: string;
+  readonly alias: string | undefined;
+
+  constructor(name: string, alias?: string) {
+    super();
+    this.name = name;
+    this.alias = alias;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static named(name: string, alias?: string): TableSource {
+    return new TableSource(name, alias);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: AstRewriter): AnyFromSource {
+    return rewriter.tableSource ? rewriter.tableSource(this) : this;
+  }
+
+  override toFromSource(): AnyFromSource {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  override collectRefs(): PlanRefs {
+    return {
+      tables: [this.name],
+      columns: [],
+    };
+  }
+}
+
 export interface TableRef {
-  readonly kind: 'table';
   readonly name: string;
+  readonly alias?: string;
 }
 
-export interface ColumnRef {
-  readonly kind: 'col';
+export class DerivedTableSource extends FromSource {
+  readonly kind = 'derived-table-source' as const;
+  readonly alias: string;
+  readonly query: SelectAst;
+
+  constructor(alias: string, query: SelectAst) {
+    super();
+    this.alias = alias;
+    this.query = query;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static as(alias: string, query: SelectAst): DerivedTableSource {
+    return new DerivedTableSource(alias, query);
+  }
+
+  // Intentionally does not call rewriter.tableSource — derived tables are rewritten
+  // via their inner query, not intercepted at the FromSource level. A future
+  // fromSource?(source: AnyFromSource) callback would be needed for that.
+  override rewrite(rewriter: AstRewriter): AnyFromSource {
+    return new DerivedTableSource(this.alias, this.query.rewrite(rewriter));
+  }
+
+  override toFromSource(): AnyFromSource {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  override collectRefs(): PlanRefs {
+    return this.query.collectRefs();
+  }
+}
+
+export class ColumnRef extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'column-ref' as const;
   readonly table: string;
   readonly column: string;
+
+  constructor(table: string, column: string) {
+    super();
+    this.table = table;
+    this.column = column;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(table: string, column: string): ColumnRef {
+    return new ColumnRef(table, column);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.columnRef(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return rewriter.columnRef ? rewriter.columnRef(this) : this;
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return folder.columnRef ? folder.columnRef(this) : folder.empty;
+  }
+
+  override baseColumnRef(): ColumnRef {
+    return this;
+  }
 }
 
-export interface ParamRef {
-  readonly kind: 'param';
-  readonly index: number;
-  readonly name?: string;
+export class IdentifierRef extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'identifier-ref' as const;
+  readonly name: string;
+
+  constructor(name: string) {
+    super();
+    this.name = name;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(name: string): IdentifierRef {
+    return new IdentifierRef(name);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.identifierRef(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return rewriter.identifierRef ? rewriter.identifierRef(this) : this;
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return folder.identifierRef ? folder.identifierRef(this) : folder.empty;
+  }
 }
 
-export interface LiteralExpr {
-  readonly kind: 'literal';
+export class ParamRef extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'param-ref' as const;
   readonly value: unknown;
+  readonly name: string | undefined;
+  readonly codecId: string | undefined;
+
+  constructor(
+    value: unknown,
+    options?: {
+      name?: string;
+      codecId?: string;
+    },
+  ) {
+    super();
+    this.value = value;
+    this.name = options?.name;
+    this.codecId = options?.codecId;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(
+    value: unknown,
+    options?: {
+      name?: string;
+      codecId?: string;
+    },
+  ): ParamRef {
+    return new ParamRef(value, options);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.param(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return rewriter.paramRef ? rewriter.paramRef(this) : this;
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return folder.paramRef ? folder.paramRef(this) : folder.empty;
+  }
+}
+
+export class DefaultValueExpr extends AstNode {
+  readonly kind = 'default-value' as const;
+
+  constructor() {
+    super();
+    this.freeze();
+  }
 }
 
-export interface OperationExpr {
-  readonly kind: 'operation';
+export class LiteralExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'literal' as const;
+  readonly value: unknown;
+
+  constructor(value: unknown) {
+    super();
+    this.value = value;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(value: unknown): LiteralExpr {
+    return new LiteralExpr(value);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.literal(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return rewriter.literal ? rewriter.literal(this) : this;
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return folder.literal ? folder.literal(this) : folder.empty;
+  }
+}
+
+export class SubqueryExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'subquery' as const;
+  readonly query: SelectAst;
+
+  constructor(query: SelectAst) {
+    super();
+    this.query = query;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(query: SelectAst): SubqueryExpr {
+    return new SubqueryExpr(query);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.subquery(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    const query = this.query.rewrite(rewriter);
+    return new SubqueryExpr(query);
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return folder.select ? folder.select(this.query) : folder.empty;
+  }
+}
+
+export class OperationExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'operation' as const;
   readonly method: string;
-  readonly forTypeId: string;
-  readonly self: Expression;
-  readonly args: ReadonlyArray<Expression | ParamRef | LiteralExpr>;
-  readonly returns: ReturnSpec;
+  readonly self: AnyExpression;
+  readonly args: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression | ParamRef | LiteralExpr>;
+  readonly returns: ParamSpec;
   readonly lowering: SqlLoweringSpec;
+
+  constructor(options: {
+    readonly method: string;
+    readonly self: AnyExpression;
+    readonly args: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression | ParamRef | LiteralExpr> | undefined;
+    readonly returns: ParamSpec;
+    readonly lowering: SqlLoweringSpec;
+  }) {
+    super();
+    this.method = options.method;
+    this.self = options.self;
+    this.args = frozenArrayCopy(options.args ?? []);
+    this.returns = options.returns;
+    this.lowering = options.lowering;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.operation(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new OperationExpr({
+      method: this.method,
+      self: this.self.rewrite(rewriter),
+      args: this.args.map((arg) => rewriteComparable(arg, rewriter)) as ReadonlyArray<
+        AnyExpression | ParamRef | LiteralExpr
+      >,
+      returns: this.returns,
+      lowering: this.lowering,
+    });
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return combineAll(folder, [
+      () => this.self.fold(folder),
+      ...this.args.map((arg) => () => foldComparable(arg, folder)),
+    ]);
+  }
+
+  override baseColumnRef(): ColumnRef {
+    return this.self.baseColumnRef();
+  }
 }
 
-/**
- * Unified expression type - the canonical AST representation for column references
- * and operation expressions. This is what all builders convert to via toExpr().
- */
-export type Expression = ColumnRef | OperationExpr;
+export class AggregateExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'aggregate' as const;
+  readonly fn: AggregateFn;
+  readonly expr: AnyExpression | undefined;
 
-/**
- * Interface for any builder that can produce an Expression.
- * Implemented by ColumnBuilder and ExpressionBuilder.
- */
-export interface ExpressionSource {
-  toExpr(): Expression;
+  constructor(fn: AggregateFn, expr?: AnyExpression) {
+    super();
+    if (fn !== 'count' && expr === undefined) {
+      throw new Error(`Aggregate function "${fn}" requires an expression`);
+    }
+    this.fn = fn;
+    this.expr = expr;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static count(expr?: AnyExpression): AggregateExpr {
+    return new AggregateExpr('count', expr);
+  }
+
+  static sum(expr: AnyExpression): AggregateExpr {
+    return new AggregateExpr('sum', expr);
+  }
+
+  static avg(expr: AnyExpression): AggregateExpr {
+    return new AggregateExpr('avg', expr);
+  }
+
+  static min(expr: AnyExpression): AggregateExpr {
+    return new AggregateExpr('min', expr);
+  }
+
+  static max(expr: AnyExpression): AggregateExpr {
+    return new AggregateExpr('max', expr);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.aggregate(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return this.expr === undefined ? this : new AggregateExpr(this.fn, this.expr.rewrite(rewriter));
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return this.expr ? this.expr.fold(folder) : folder.empty;
+  }
+}
+
+export class JsonObjectExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'json-object' as const;
+  readonly entries: ReadonlyArray<JsonObjectEntry>;
+
+  constructor(entries: ReadonlyArray<JsonObjectEntry>) {
+    super();
+    this.entries = frozenArrayCopy(entries.map((entry) => Object.freeze({ ...entry })));
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static entry(key: string, value: ProjectionExpr): JsonObjectEntry {
+    return {
+      key,
+      value,
+    };
+  }
+
+  static fromEntries(entries: ReadonlyArray<JsonObjectEntry>): JsonObjectExpr {
+    return new JsonObjectExpr(entries);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.jsonObject(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new JsonObjectExpr(
+      this.entries.map((entry) => ({
+        key: entry.key,
+        value:
+          entry.value.kind === 'literal'
+            ? rewriter.literal
+              ? rewriter.literal(entry.value)
+              : entry.value
+            : entry.value.rewrite(rewriter),
+      })),
+    );
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return combineAll(
+      folder,
+      this.entries.map(
+        (entry) => () =>
+          entry.value.kind === 'literal'
+            ? folder.literal
+              ? folder.literal(entry.value)
+              : folder.empty
+            : entry.value.fold(folder),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export class OrderByItem extends AstNode {
+  readonly kind = 'order-by-item' as const;
+  readonly expr: AnyExpression;
+  readonly dir: Direction;
+
+  constructor(expr: AnyExpression, dir: Direction) {
+    super();
+    this.expr = expr;
+    this.dir = dir;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static asc(expr: AnyExpression): OrderByItem {
+    return new OrderByItem(expr, 'asc');
+  }
+
+  static desc(expr: AnyExpression): OrderByItem {
+    return new OrderByItem(expr, 'desc');
+  }
+
+  rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): OrderByItem {
+    return new OrderByItem(this.expr.rewrite(rewriter), this.dir);
+  }
 }
 
-export function isOperationExpr(expr: Expression): expr is OperationExpr {
-  return expr.kind === 'operation';
+export class JsonArrayAggExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'json-array-agg' as const;
+  readonly expr: AnyExpression;
+  readonly onEmpty: 'null' | 'emptyArray';
+  readonly orderBy: ReadonlyArray<OrderByItem> | undefined;
+
+  constructor(
+    expr: AnyExpression,
+    onEmpty: 'null' | 'emptyArray' = 'null',
+    orderBy?: ReadonlyArray<OrderByItem>,
+  ) {
+    super();
+    this.expr = expr;
+    this.onEmpty = onEmpty;
+    this.orderBy = orderBy && orderBy.length > 0 ? frozenArrayCopy(orderBy) : undefined;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(
+    expr: AnyExpression,
+    onEmpty: 'null' | 'emptyArray' = 'null',
+    orderBy?: ReadonlyArray<OrderByItem>,
+  ): JsonArrayAggExpr {
+    return new JsonArrayAggExpr(expr, onEmpty, orderBy);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.jsonArrayAgg(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new JsonArrayAggExpr(
+      this.expr.rewrite(rewriter),
+      this.onEmpty,
+      this.orderBy?.map((orderItem) => orderItem.rewrite(rewriter)),
+    );
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return combineAll(folder, [
+      () => this.expr.fold(folder),
+      ...(this.orderBy ?? []).map((orderItem) => () => orderItem.expr.fold(folder)),
+    ]);
+  }
 }
 
-export type BinaryOp = 'eq' | 'neq' | 'gt' | 'lt' | 'gte' | 'lte';
+export class ListExpression extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'list' as const;
+  readonly values: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>;
+
+  constructor(values: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>) {
+    super();
+    this.values = frozenArrayCopy(values);
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(values: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>): ListExpression {
+    return new ListExpression(values);
+  }
+
+  static fromValues(values: ReadonlyArray<unknown>): ListExpression {
+    return new ListExpression(values.map((value) => new LiteralExpr(value)));
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.list(this);
+  }
 
-export interface BinaryExpr {
-  readonly kind: 'bin';
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    if (rewriter.list) {
+      return rewriter.list(this);
+    }
+
+    return new ListExpression(this.values.map((value) => value.rewrite(rewriter)));
+  }
+
+  fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    if (folder.list) {
+      return folder.list(this);
+    }
+    return combineAll(
+      folder,
+      this.values.map((value) => () => value.fold(folder)),
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export class BinaryExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'binary' as const;
   readonly op: BinaryOp;
-  readonly left: Expression;
-  readonly right: Expression | ParamRef;
+  readonly left: AnyExpression;
+  readonly right: AnyExpression;
+
+  constructor(op: BinaryOp, left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression) {
+    super();
+    this.op = op;
+    this.left = left;
+    this.right = right;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static eq(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('eq', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static neq(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('neq', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static gt(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('gt', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static lt(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('lt', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static gte(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('gte', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static lte(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('lte', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static like(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('like', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static ilike(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('ilike', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static in(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('in', left, right);
+  }
+
+  static notIn(left: AnyExpression, right: AnyExpression): BinaryExpr {
+    return new BinaryExpr('notIn', left, right);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.binary(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new BinaryExpr(
+      this.op,
+      rewriteComparable(this.left, rewriter),
+      rewriteComparable(this.right, rewriter),
+    );
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return combineAll(folder, [
+      () => foldComparable(this.left, folder),
+      () => foldComparable(this.right, folder),
+    ]);
+  }
+}
+
+export class AndExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'and' as const;
+  readonly exprs: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>;
+
+  constructor(exprs: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>) {
+    super();
+    this.exprs = frozenArrayCopy(exprs);
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(exprs: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>): AndExpr {
+    return new AndExpr(exprs);
+  }
+
+  static true(): AndExpr {
+    return new AndExpr([]);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.and(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new AndExpr(this.exprs.map((expr) => expr.rewrite(rewriter)));
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return combineAll(
+      folder,
+      this.exprs.map((expr) => () => expr.fold(folder)),
+    );
+  }
 }
 
-export interface ExistsExpr {
-  readonly kind: 'exists';
-  readonly not: boolean;
+export class OrExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'or' as const;
+  readonly exprs: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>;
+
+  constructor(exprs: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>) {
+    super();
+    this.exprs = frozenArrayCopy(exprs);
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(exprs: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>): OrExpr {
+    return new OrExpr(exprs);
+  }
+
+  static false(): OrExpr {
+    return new OrExpr([]);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.or(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new OrExpr(this.exprs.map((expr) => expr.rewrite(rewriter)));
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return combineAll(
+      folder,
+      this.exprs.map((expr) => () => expr.fold(folder)),
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export class ExistsExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'exists' as const;
+  readonly notExists: boolean;
   readonly subquery: SelectAst;
+
+  constructor(subquery: SelectAst, notExists = false) {
+    super();
+    this.notExists = notExists;
+    this.subquery = subquery;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static exists(subquery: SelectAst): ExistsExpr {
+    return new ExistsExpr(subquery, false);
+  }
+
+  static notExists(subquery: SelectAst): ExistsExpr {
+    return new ExistsExpr(subquery, true);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.exists(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new ExistsExpr(this.subquery.rewrite(rewriter), this.notExists);
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return folder.select ? folder.select(this.subquery) : folder.empty;
+  }
+}
+
+export class NullCheckExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'null-check' as const;
+  readonly expr: AnyExpression;
+  readonly isNull: boolean;
+
+  constructor(expr: AnyExpression, isNull: boolean) {
+    super();
+    this.expr = expr;
+    this.isNull = isNull;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static isNull(expr: AnyExpression): NullCheckExpr {
+    return new NullCheckExpr(expr, true);
+  }
+
+  static isNotNull(expr: AnyExpression): NullCheckExpr {
+    return new NullCheckExpr(expr, false);
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.nullCheck(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new NullCheckExpr(this.expr.rewrite(rewriter), this.isNull);
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return this.expr.fold(folder);
+  }
 }
 
-export type JoinOnExpr = {
-  readonly kind: 'eqCol';
+export class NotExpr extends Expression {
+  readonly kind = 'not' as const;
+  readonly expr: AnyExpression;
+
+  constructor(expr: AnyExpression) {
+    super();
+    this.expr = expr;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  toWhereExpr(): AnyExpression {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  override accept<R>(visitor: ExprVisitor<R>): R {
+    return visitor.not(this);
+  }
+
+  override rewrite(rewriter: ExpressionRewriter): AnyExpression {
+    return new NotExpr(this.expr.rewrite(rewriter));
+  }
+
+  override fold<T>(folder: ExpressionFolder<T>): T {
+    return this.expr.fold(folder);
+  }
+}
+
+export class EqColJoinOn extends AstNode {
+  readonly kind = 'eq-col-join-on' as const;
   readonly left: ColumnRef;
   readonly right: ColumnRef;
-};
 
-export interface JoinAst {
-  readonly kind: 'join';
+  constructor(left: ColumnRef, right: ColumnRef) {
+    super();
+    this.left = left;
+    this.right = right;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(left: ColumnRef, right: ColumnRef): EqColJoinOn {
+    return new EqColJoinOn(left, right);
+  }
+
+  rewrite(rewriter: AstRewriter): EqColJoinOn | AnyExpression {
+    return rewriter.eqColJoinOn ? rewriter.eqColJoinOn(this) : this;
+  }
+}
+
+export class JoinAst extends AstNode {
+  readonly kind = 'join' as const;
   readonly joinType: 'inner' | 'left' | 'right' | 'full';
-  readonly table: TableRef;
+  readonly source: AnyFromSource;
+  readonly lateral: boolean;
   readonly on: JoinOnExpr;
+
+  constructor(
+    joinType: 'inner' | 'left' | 'right' | 'full',
+    source: AnyFromSource,
+    on: JoinOnExpr,
+    lateral = false,
+  ) {
+    super();
+    this.joinType = joinType;
+    this.source = source;
+    this.lateral = lateral;
+    this.on = on;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static inner(source: AnyFromSource, on: JoinOnExpr, lateral = false): JoinAst {
+    return new JoinAst('inner', source, on, lateral);
+  }
+
+  static left(source: AnyFromSource, on: JoinOnExpr, lateral = false): JoinAst {
+    return new JoinAst('left', source, on, lateral);
+  }
+
+  static right(source: AnyFromSource, on: JoinOnExpr, lateral = false): JoinAst {
+    return new JoinAst('right', source, on, lateral);
+  }
+
+  static full(source: AnyFromSource, on: JoinOnExpr, lateral = false): JoinAst {
+    return new JoinAst('full', source, on, lateral);
+  }
+
+  rewrite(rewriter: AstRewriter): JoinAst {
+    return new JoinAst(
+      this.joinType,
+      this.source.rewrite(rewriter),
+      this.on.kind === 'eq-col-join-on' ? this.on.rewrite(rewriter) : this.on.rewrite(rewriter),
+      this.lateral,
+    );
+  }
 }
 
-export interface IncludeRef {
-  readonly kind: 'includeRef';
+export class ProjectionItem extends AstNode {
+  readonly kind = 'projection-item' as const;
   readonly alias: string;
+  readonly expr: ProjectionExpr;
+
+  constructor(alias: string, expr: ProjectionExpr) {
+    super();
+    this.alias = alias;
+    this.expr = expr;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static of(alias: string, expr: ProjectionExpr): ProjectionItem {
+    return new ProjectionItem(alias, expr);
+  }
 }
 
-export interface IncludeAst {
-  readonly kind: 'includeMany';
-  readonly alias: string;
-  readonly child: {
-    readonly table: TableRef;
-    readonly on: JoinOnExpr;
-    readonly where?: BinaryExpr | ExistsExpr;
-    readonly orderBy?: ReadonlyArray<{ expr: Expression; dir: Direction }>;
-    readonly limit?: number;
-    readonly project: ReadonlyArray<{ alias: string; expr: Expression }>;
-  };
+export interface SelectAstOptions {
+  readonly from: AnyFromSource;
+  readonly joins: ReadonlyArray<JoinAst> | undefined;
+  readonly projection: ReadonlyArray<ProjectionItem>;
+  readonly where: AnyExpression | undefined;
+  readonly orderBy: ReadonlyArray<OrderByItem> | undefined;
+  readonly distinct: true | undefined;
+  readonly distinctOn: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression> | undefined;
+  readonly groupBy: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression> | undefined;
+  readonly having: AnyExpression | undefined;
+  readonly limit: number | undefined;
+  readonly offset: number | undefined;
+  readonly selectAllIntent: { readonly table?: string } | undefined;
+}
+
+export class SelectAst extends QueryAst {
+  readonly kind = 'select' as const;
+  readonly from: AnyFromSource;
+  readonly joins: ReadonlyArray<JoinAst> | undefined;
+  readonly projection: ReadonlyArray<ProjectionItem>;
+  readonly where: AnyExpression | undefined;
+  readonly orderBy: ReadonlyArray<OrderByItem> | undefined;
+  readonly distinct: true | undefined;
+  readonly distinctOn: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression> | undefined;
+  readonly groupBy: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression> | undefined;
+  readonly having: AnyExpression | undefined;
+  readonly limit: number | undefined;
+  readonly offset: number | undefined;
+  readonly selectAllIntent: { readonly table?: string } | undefined;
+
+  constructor(options: SelectAstOptions) {
+    super();
+    this.from = options.from;
+    this.joins =
+      options.joins && options.joins.length > 0 ? frozenArrayCopy(options.joins) : undefined;
+    this.projection = frozenArrayCopy(options.projection);
+    this.where = options.where;
+    this.orderBy =
+      options.orderBy && options.orderBy.length > 0 ? frozenArrayCopy(options.orderBy) : undefined;
+    this.distinct = options.distinct;
+    this.distinctOn =
+      options.distinctOn && options.distinctOn.length > 0
+        ? frozenArrayCopy(options.distinctOn)
+        : undefined;
+    this.groupBy =
+      options.groupBy && options.groupBy.length > 0 ? frozenArrayCopy(options.groupBy) : undefined;
+    this.having = options.having;
+    this.limit = options.limit;
+    this.offset = options.offset;
+    this.selectAllIntent = frozenOptionalRecordCopy(options.selectAllIntent);
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static from(from: AnyFromSource): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({
+      from,
+      joins: undefined,
+      projection: [],
+      where: undefined,
+      orderBy: undefined,
+      distinct: undefined,
+      distinctOn: undefined,
+      groupBy: undefined,
+      having: undefined,
+      limit: undefined,
+      offset: undefined,
+      selectAllIntent: undefined,
+    });
+  }
+
+  withFrom(from: AnyFromSource): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({ ...this, from });
+  }
+
+  withJoins(joins: ReadonlyArray<JoinAst>): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({
+      ...this,
+      joins: joins.length > 0 ? joins : undefined,
+    });
+  }
+
+  withProjection(projection: ReadonlyArray<ProjectionItem>): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({ ...this, projection });
+  }
+
+  addProjection(alias: string, expr: ProjectionExpr): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({
+      ...this,
+      projection: [...this.projection, new ProjectionItem(alias, expr)],
+    });
+  }
+
+  withWhere(where: AnyExpression | undefined): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({ ...this, where });
+  }
+
+  withOrderBy(orderBy: ReadonlyArray<OrderByItem>): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({
+      ...this,
+      orderBy: orderBy.length > 0 ? orderBy : undefined,
+    });
+  }
+
+  withDistinct(enabled = true): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({
+      ...this,
+      distinct: enabled ? true : undefined,
+    });
+  }
+
+  withDistinctOn(distinctOn: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({
+      ...this,
+      distinctOn: distinctOn.length > 0 ? distinctOn : undefined,
+    });
+  }
+
+  withGroupBy(groupBy: ReadonlyArray<AnyExpression>): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({
+      ...this,
+      groupBy: groupBy.length > 0 ? groupBy : undefined,
+    });
+  }
+
+  withHaving(having: AnyExpression | undefined): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({ ...this, having });
+  }
+
+  withLimit(limit: number | undefined): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({ ...this, limit });
+  }
+
+  withOffset(offset: number | undefined): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({ ...this, offset });
+  }
+
+  withSelectAllIntent(selectAllIntent: { readonly table?: string } | undefined): SelectAst {
+    return new SelectAst({ ...this, selectAllIntent });
+  }
+
+  rewrite(rewriter: AstRewriter): SelectAst {
+    const rewritten = new SelectAst({
+      from: this.from.rewrite(rewriter),
+      joins: this.joins?.map((join) => join.rewrite(rewriter)),
+      projection: this.projection.map(
+        (projection) =>
+          new ProjectionItem(
+            projection.alias,
+            projection.expr.kind === 'literal'
+              ? rewriter.literal
+                ? rewriter.literal(projection.expr)
+                : projection.expr
+              : projection.expr.rewrite(rewriter),
+          ),
+      ),
+      where: this.where?.rewrite(rewriter),
+      orderBy: this.orderBy?.map((orderItem) => orderItem.rewrite(rewriter)),
+      distinct: this.distinct,
+      distinctOn: this.distinctOn?.map((expr) => expr.rewrite(rewriter)),
+      groupBy: this.groupBy?.map((expr) => expr.rewrite(rewriter)),
+      having: this.having?.rewrite(rewriter),
+      limit: this.limit,
+      offset: this.offset,
+      selectAllIntent: this.selectAllIntent,
+    });
+
+    return rewriter.select ? rewriter.select(rewritten) : rewritten;
+  }
+
+  override collectColumnRefs(): ColumnRef[] {
+    const refs: ColumnRef[] = [];
+    const pushRefs = (columns: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>) => {
+      refs.push(...columns);
+    };
+
+    if (this.from.kind === 'derived-table-source') {
+      pushRefs(this.from.query.collectColumnRefs());
+    }
+
+    for (const projection of this.projection) {
+      if (!(projection.expr.kind === 'literal')) {
+        pushRefs(projection.expr.collectColumnRefs());
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.where) {
+      pushRefs(this.where.collectColumnRefs());
+    }
+    if (this.having) {
+      pushRefs(this.having.collectColumnRefs());
+    }
+    for (const orderItem of this.orderBy ?? []) {
+      pushRefs(orderItem.expr.collectColumnRefs());
+    }
+    for (const expr of this.distinctOn ?? []) {
+      pushRefs(expr.collectColumnRefs());
+    }
+    for (const expr of this.groupBy ?? []) {
+      pushRefs(expr.collectColumnRefs());
+    }
+    for (const join of this.joins ?? []) {
+      if (join.source.kind === 'derived-table-source') {
+        pushRefs(join.source.query.collectColumnRefs());
+      }
+      if (join.on.kind === 'eq-col-join-on') {
+        refs.push(join.on.left, join.on.right);
+      } else {
+        pushRefs(join.on.collectColumnRefs());
+      }
+    }
+
+    return refs;
+  }
+
+  collectParamRefs(): ParamRef[] {
+    const refs: ParamRef[] = [];
+    const pushRefs = (params: ReadonlyArray<ParamRef>) => {
+      refs.push(...params);
+    };
+
+    if (this.from.kind === 'derived-table-source') {
+      pushRefs(this.from.query.collectParamRefs());
+    }
+
+    for (const projection of this.projection) {
+      if (!(projection.expr.kind === 'literal')) {
+        pushRefs(projection.expr.collectParamRefs());
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.where) {
+      pushRefs(this.where.collectParamRefs());
+    }
+    if (this.having) {
+      pushRefs(this.having.collectParamRefs());
+    }
+    for (const orderItem of this.orderBy ?? []) {
+      pushRefs(orderItem.expr.collectParamRefs());
+    }
+    for (const expr of this.distinctOn ?? []) {
+      pushRefs(expr.collectParamRefs());
+    }
+    for (const expr of this.groupBy ?? []) {
+      pushRefs(expr.collectParamRefs());
+    }
+    for (const join of this.joins ?? []) {
+      if (join.source.kind === 'derived-table-source') {
+        pushRefs(join.source.query.collectParamRefs());
+      }
+      if (!(join.on.kind === 'eq-col-join-on')) {
+        pushRefs(join.on.collectParamRefs());
+      }
+    }
+
+    return refs;
+  }
+
+  override collectRefs(): PlanRefs {
+    const tables = new Set<string>();
+    const columns = new Map<string, { table: string; column: string }>();
+
+    const addSource = (source: AnyFromSource) => {
+      mergeRefsInto(source.collectRefs(), tables, columns);
+    };
+
+    addSource(this.from);
+
+    for (const join of this.joins ?? []) {
+      addSource(join.source);
+      if (join.on.kind === 'eq-col-join-on') {
+        addColumnRefToRefSets(join.on.left, tables, columns);
+        addColumnRefToRefSets(join.on.right, tables, columns);
+      } else {
+        for (const columnRef of join.on.collectColumnRefs()) {
+          addColumnRefToRefSets(columnRef, tables, columns);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const columnRef of this.collectColumnRefs()) {
+      addColumnRefToRefSets(columnRef, tables, columns);
+    }
+
+    return sortRefs(tables, columns);
+  }
+
+  override toQueryAst(): AnyQueryAst {
+    return this;
+  }
 }
 
-export interface SelectAst {
-  readonly kind: 'select';
-  readonly from: TableRef;
-  readonly joins?: ReadonlyArray<JoinAst>;
-  readonly includes?: ReadonlyArray<IncludeAst>;
-  readonly project: ReadonlyArray<{
-    alias: string;
-    expr: Expression | IncludeRef | LiteralExpr;
-  }>;
-  readonly where?: BinaryExpr | ExistsExpr;
-  readonly orderBy?: ReadonlyArray<{ expr: Expression; dir: Direction }>;
-  readonly limit?: number;
+abstract class InsertOnConflictAction extends AstNode {
+  abstract toInsertOnConflictAction(): AnyInsertOnConflictAction;
 }
 
-export interface InsertAst {
-  readonly kind: 'insert';
-  readonly table: TableRef;
-  readonly values: Record<string, ColumnRef | ParamRef>;
-  readonly returning?: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>;
+export class DoNothingConflictAction extends InsertOnConflictAction {
+  readonly kind = 'do-nothing' as const;
+
+  constructor() {
+    super();
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  override toInsertOnConflictAction(): AnyInsertOnConflictAction {
+    return this;
+  }
 }
 
-export interface UpdateAst {
-  readonly kind: 'update';
-  readonly table: TableRef;
-  readonly set: Record<string, ColumnRef | ParamRef>;
-  readonly where: BinaryExpr;
-  readonly returning?: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>;
+export class DoUpdateSetConflictAction extends InsertOnConflictAction {
+  readonly kind = 'do-update-set' as const;
+  readonly set: Readonly<Record<string, ColumnRef | ParamRef>>;
+
+  constructor(set: Readonly<Record<string, ColumnRef | ParamRef>>) {
+    super();
+    this.set = frozenRecordCopy(set);
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  override toInsertOnConflictAction(): AnyInsertOnConflictAction {
+    return this;
+  }
 }
 
-export interface DeleteAst {
-  readonly kind: 'delete';
-  readonly table: TableRef;
-  readonly where: BinaryExpr;
-  readonly returning?: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>;
+export class InsertOnConflict extends AstNode {
+  readonly kind = 'insert-on-conflict' as const;
+  readonly columns: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>;
+  readonly action: AnyInsertOnConflictAction;
+
+  constructor(columns: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>, action: AnyInsertOnConflictAction) {
+    super();
+    this.columns = frozenArrayCopy(columns);
+    this.action = action;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static on(columns: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>): InsertOnConflict {
+    return new InsertOnConflict(columns, new DoNothingConflictAction());
+  }
+
+  doNothing(): InsertOnConflict {
+    return new InsertOnConflict(this.columns, new DoNothingConflictAction());
+  }
+
+  doUpdateSet(set: Readonly<Record<string, ColumnRef | ParamRef>>): InsertOnConflict {
+    return new InsertOnConflict(this.columns, new DoUpdateSetConflictAction(set));
+  }
 }
 
-export type QueryAst = SelectAst | InsertAst | UpdateAst | DeleteAst;
+export class InsertAst extends QueryAst {
+  readonly kind = 'insert' as const;
+  readonly table: TableSource;
+  readonly rows: ReadonlyArray<Readonly<Record<string, InsertValue>>>;
+  readonly onConflict: InsertOnConflict | undefined;
+  readonly returning: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef> | undefined;
+
+  constructor(
+    table: TableSource,
+    rows: ReadonlyArray<Record<string, InsertValue>> = [{}],
+    onConflict?: InsertOnConflict,
+    returning?: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>,
+  ) {
+    super();
+    this.table = table;
+    this.rows = freezeRows(rows);
+    this.onConflict = onConflict;
+    this.returning = returning && returning.length > 0 ? frozenArrayCopy(returning) : undefined;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static into(table: TableSource): InsertAst {
+    return new InsertAst(table);
+  }
+
+  withValues(values: Record<string, InsertValue>): InsertAst {
+    return new InsertAst(this.table, [{ ...values }], this.onConflict, this.returning);
+  }
+
+  withRows(rows: ReadonlyArray<Record<string, InsertValue>>): InsertAst {
+    return new InsertAst(
+      this.table,
+      rows.map((row) => ({ ...row })),
+      this.onConflict,
+      this.returning,
+    );
+  }
+
+  withReturning(returning: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef> | undefined): InsertAst {
+    return new InsertAst(
+      this.table,
+      this.rows.map((row) => ({ ...row })),
+      this.onConflict,
+      returning,
+    );
+  }
+
+  withOnConflict(onConflict: InsertOnConflict | undefined): InsertAst {
+    return new InsertAst(
+      this.table,
+      this.rows.map((row) => ({ ...row })),
+      onConflict,
+      this.returning,
+    );
+  }
+
+  override collectParamRefs(): ParamRef[] {
+    const refs: ParamRef[] = [];
+    for (const row of this.rows) {
+      for (const value of Object.values(row)) {
+        if (value.kind === 'param-ref') {
+          refs.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.onConflict?.action.kind === 'do-update-set') {
+      for (const value of Object.values(this.onConflict.action.set)) {
+        if (value.kind === 'param-ref') {
+          refs.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return refs;
+  }
+
+  override collectRefs(): PlanRefs {
+    const tables = new Set<string>([this.table.name]);
+    const columns = new Map<string, { table: string; column: string }>();
+
+    const addColumn = (columnRef: ColumnRef) => addColumnRefToRefSets(columnRef, tables, columns);
+    const addValue = (value: InsertValue) => {
+      if (value.kind === 'column-ref') {
+        addColumn(value);
+      }
+    };
+
+    for (const row of this.rows) {
+      for (const value of Object.values(row)) {
+        addValue(value);
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const columnRef of this.returning ?? []) {
+      addColumn(columnRef);
+    }
+
+    if (this.onConflict) {
+      for (const columnRef of this.onConflict.columns) {
+        addColumn(columnRef);
+      }
+      if (this.onConflict.action.kind === 'do-update-set') {
+        for (const value of Object.values(this.onConflict.action.set)) {
+          if (value.kind === 'column-ref') {
+            addColumn(value);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return sortRefs(tables, columns);
+  }
+
+  override toQueryAst(): AnyQueryAst {
+    return this;
+  }
+}
+
+export class UpdateAst extends QueryAst {
+  readonly kind = 'update' as const;
+  readonly table: TableSource;
+  readonly set: Readonly<Record<string, ColumnRef | ParamRef>>;
+  readonly where: AnyExpression | undefined;
+  readonly returning: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef> | undefined;
+
+  constructor(
+    table: TableSource,
+    set: Readonly<Record<string, ColumnRef | ParamRef>> = {},
+    where?: AnyExpression,
+    returning?: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>,
+  ) {
+    super();
+    this.table = table;
+    this.set = frozenRecordCopy(set);
+    this.where = where;
+    this.returning = returning && returning.length > 0 ? frozenArrayCopy(returning) : undefined;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static table(table: TableSource): UpdateAst {
+    return new UpdateAst(table);
+  }
+
+  withSet(set: Readonly<Record<string, ColumnRef | ParamRef>>): UpdateAst {
+    return new UpdateAst(this.table, set, this.where, this.returning);
+  }
+
+  withWhere(where: AnyExpression | undefined): UpdateAst {
+    return new UpdateAst(this.table, this.set, where, this.returning);
+  }
+
+  withReturning(returning: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef> | undefined): UpdateAst {
+    return new UpdateAst(this.table, this.set, this.where, returning);
+  }
+
+  override collectParamRefs(): ParamRef[] {
+    const refs: ParamRef[] = [];
+    for (const value of Object.values(this.set)) {
+      if (value.kind === 'param-ref') {
+        refs.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.where) {
+      refs.push(...this.where.collectParamRefs());
+    }
+    return refs;
+  }
+
+  override collectRefs(): PlanRefs {
+    const tables = new Set<string>([this.table.name]);
+    const columns = new Map<string, { table: string; column: string }>();
+
+    for (const value of Object.values(this.set)) {
+      if (value.kind === 'column-ref') {
+        addColumnRefToRefSets(value, tables, columns);
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const columnRef of this.where?.collectColumnRefs() ?? []) {
+      addColumnRefToRefSets(columnRef, tables, columns);
+    }
+
+    for (const columnRef of this.returning ?? []) {
+      addColumnRefToRefSets(columnRef, tables, columns);
+    }
+
+    return sortRefs(tables, columns);
+  }
+
+  override toQueryAst(): AnyQueryAst {
+    return this;
+  }
+}
+
+export class DeleteAst extends QueryAst {
+  readonly kind = 'delete' as const;
+  readonly table: TableSource;
+  readonly where: AnyExpression | undefined;
+  readonly returning: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef> | undefined;
+
+  constructor(table: TableSource, where?: AnyExpression, returning?: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef>) {
+    super();
+    this.table = table;
+    this.where = where;
+    this.returning = returning && returning.length > 0 ? frozenArrayCopy(returning) : undefined;
+    this.freeze();
+  }
+
+  static from(table: TableSource): DeleteAst {
+    return new DeleteAst(table);
+  }
+
+  withWhere(where: AnyExpression | undefined): DeleteAst {
+    return new DeleteAst(this.table, where, this.returning);
+  }
+
+  withReturning(returning: ReadonlyArray<ColumnRef> | undefined): DeleteAst {
+    return new DeleteAst(this.table, this.where, returning);
+  }
+
+  override collectParamRefs(): ParamRef[] {
+    return this.where?.collectParamRefs() ?? [];
+  }
+
+  override collectRefs(): PlanRefs {
+    const tables = new Set<string>([this.table.name]);
+    const columns = new Map<string, { table: string; column: string }>();
+
+    for (const columnRef of this.where?.collectColumnRefs() ?? []) {
+      addColumnRefToRefSets(columnRef, tables, columns);
+    }
+
+    for (const columnRef of this.returning ?? []) {
+      addColumnRefToRefSets(columnRef, tables, columns);
+    }
+
+    return sortRefs(tables, columns);
+  }
+
+  override toQueryAst(): AnyQueryAst {
+    return this;
+  }
+}
+
+export type AnyQueryAst = SelectAst | InsertAst | UpdateAst | DeleteAst;
+export type AnyFromSource = TableSource | DerivedTableSource;
+export type AnyExpression =
+  | ColumnRef
+  | IdentifierRef
+  | ParamRef
+  | LiteralExpr
+  | SubqueryExpr
+  | OperationExpr
+  | AggregateExpr
+  | JsonObjectExpr
+  | JsonArrayAggExpr
+  | ListExpression
+  | BinaryExpr
+  | AndExpr
+  | OrExpr
+  | ExistsExpr
+  | NullCheckExpr
+  | NotExpr;
+export type AnyInsertOnConflictAction = DoNothingConflictAction | DoUpdateSetConflictAction;
+export type AnyInsertValue = ColumnRef | ParamRef | DefaultValueExpr;
+export type AnyOperationArg = AnyExpression | ParamRef | LiteralExpr;
+
+export const queryAstKinds: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set<AnyQueryAst['kind']>([
+  'select',
+  'insert',
+  'update',
+  'delete',
+]);
+export const whereExprKinds: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set<AnyExpression['kind']>([
+  'binary',
+  'and',
+  'or',
+  'exists',
+  'null-check',
+  'not',
+]);
+
+export function isQueryAst(value: unknown): value is AnyQueryAst {
+  return (
+    typeof value === 'object' &&
+    value !== null &&
+    'kind' in value &&
+    queryAstKinds.has((value as { kind: string }).kind)
+  );
+}
+
+export function isWhereExpr(value: unknown): value is AnyExpression {
+  return (
+    typeof value === 'object' &&
+    value !== null &&
+    'kind' in value &&
+    whereExprKinds.has((value as { kind: string }).kind)
+  );
+}
+
+export interface ToWhereExpr {
+  toWhereExpr(): AnyExpression;
+}
 
 export interface LoweredStatement {
   readonly sql: string;