@pooder/kit 5.3.0 → 5.4.0

package/src/extensions/tracer.ts

@@ -1,980 +1,1019 @@
-/**
- * Image Tracer Utility
- * Converts raster images (URL/Base64) to SVG Path Data using Marching Squares algorithm.
- */
-
-import paper from "paper";
-import {
-  circularMorphology,
-  createMask,
-  fillHoles,
-  polygonSignedArea,
-  type MaskMode,
-} from "./maskOps";
-
-interface Point {
-  x: number;
-  y: number;
-}
-
-interface Bounds {
-  x: number;
-  y: number;
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-}
-
-type ComponentMode = "largest" | "all";
-
-interface ForceConnectResult {
-  mask: Uint8Array;
-  appliedDilateRadius: number;
-  appliedErodeRadius: number;
-  reachedSingleComponent: boolean;
-  rawContourCount: number;
-  selectedContourCount: number;
-}
-
-export interface ImageTraceOptions {
-  threshold?: number;
-  simplifyTolerance?: number;
-  expand?: number;
-  smoothing?: boolean;
-  scaleToWidth?: number;
-  scaleToHeight?: number;
-  debug?: boolean;
-}
-
-export class ImageTracer {
-  /**
-   * Main entry point: Traces an image URL to an SVG path string.
-   * @param imageUrl The URL or Base64 string of the image.
-   * @param options Configuration options.
-   */
-  public static async trace(
-    imageUrl: string,
-    options: ImageTraceOptions = {},
-  ): Promise<string> {
-    const { pathData } = await this.traceWithBounds(imageUrl, options);
-    return pathData;
-  }
-
-  public static async traceWithBounds(
-    imageUrl: string,
-    options: ImageTraceOptions = {},
-  ): Promise<{ pathData: string; baseBounds: Bounds; bounds: Bounds }> {
-    const img = await this.loadImage(imageUrl);
-    const width = img.width;
-    const height = img.height;
-    if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
-      const w = options.scaleToWidth ?? 0;
-      const h = options.scaleToHeight ?? 0;
-      return {
-        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${w} 0 L ${w} ${h} L 0 ${h} Z`,
-        baseBounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
-        bounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
-      };
-    }
-    const debug = options.debug === true;
-    const debugLog = (message: string, payload?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
-      if (!debug) return;
-      if (payload) {
-        console.info(`[ImageTracer] ${message}`, payload);
-        return;
-      }
-      console.info(`[ImageTracer] ${message}`);
-    };
-
-    // Draw to canvas and get pixel data
-    const canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
-    canvas.width = width;
-    canvas.height = height;
-    const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
-    if (!ctx) throw new Error("Could not get 2D context");
-
-    ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
-    const imageData = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, width, height);
-
-    // Strategy: fixed internal morphology + single-component target.
-    const threshold = options.threshold ?? 10;
-    const expand = Math.max(0, Math.floor(options.expand ?? 0));
-    const simplifyTolerance = options.simplifyTolerance ?? 2.5;
-    const useSmoothing = options.smoothing !== false;
-    const componentMode: ComponentMode = "all";
-    const minComponentArea = 0;
-    const maxDim = Math.max(width, height);
-    const maskMode: MaskMode = "auto";
-    const whiteThreshold = 240;
-    const alphaOpaqueCutoff = 250;
-    const preprocessDilateRadius = Math.max(
-      2,
-      Math.floor(Math.max(maxDim * 0.012, expand * 0.35)),
-    );
-    const preprocessErodeRadius = Math.max(
-      1,
-      Math.floor(preprocessDilateRadius * 0.65),
-    );
-    const smoothDilateRadius = Math.max(
-      1,
-      Math.floor(preprocessDilateRadius * 0.25),
-    );
-    const smoothErodeRadius = Math.max(1, Math.floor(smoothDilateRadius * 0.8));
-    const connectStartDilateRadius = Math.max(
-      1,
-      Math.floor(Math.max(maxDim * 0.006, expand * 0.2)),
-    );
-    const connectMaxDilateRadius = Math.max(
-      connectStartDilateRadius,
-      Math.floor(Math.max(maxDim * 0.2, expand * 2.5)),
-    );
-    const connectErodeRatio = 0.65;
-
-    debugLog("traceWithBounds:start", {
-      width,
-      height,
-      threshold,
-      expand,
-      simplifyTolerance,
-      smoothing: useSmoothing,
-      strategy: {
-        maskMode,
-        whiteThreshold,
-        alphaOpaqueCutoff,
-        fillHoles: true,
-        preprocessDilateRadius,
-        preprocessErodeRadius,
-        smoothDilateRadius,
-        smoothErodeRadius,
-        connectEnabled: true,
-        connectStartDilateRadius,
-        connectMaxDilateRadius,
-        connectErodeRatio,
-      },
-    });
-
-    // Padding must cover morphology and expansion margins.
-    const padding =
-      Math.max(
-        preprocessDilateRadius,
-        smoothDilateRadius,
-        connectMaxDilateRadius,
-        expand,
-      ) + 2;
-    const paddedWidth = width + padding * 2;
-    const paddedHeight = height + padding * 2;
-    const summarizeMaskContours = (m: Uint8Array) => {
-      const summary = this.summarizeAllContours(
-        m,
-        paddedWidth,
-        paddedHeight,
-        minComponentArea,
-      );
-      return {
-        rawContourCount: summary.rawCount,
-        selectedContourCount: summary.selectedCount,
-      };
-    };
-
-    let mask = createMask(imageData, {
-      threshold,
-      padding,
-      paddedWidth,
-      paddedHeight,
-      maskMode,
-      whiteThreshold,
-      alphaOpaqueCutoff,
-    });
-    if (debug) {
-      debugLog(
-        "traceWithBounds:mask:after-create",
-        summarizeMaskContours(mask),
-      );
-    }
-
-    mask = circularMorphology(
-      mask,
-      paddedWidth,
-      paddedHeight,
-      preprocessDilateRadius,
-      "dilate",
-    );
-    mask = fillHoles(mask, paddedWidth, paddedHeight);
-    mask = circularMorphology(
-      mask,
-      paddedWidth,
-      paddedHeight,
-      preprocessErodeRadius,
-      "erode",
-    );
-    mask = fillHoles(mask, paddedWidth, paddedHeight);
-    if (debug) {
-      debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:after-preprocess", {
-        dilateRadius: preprocessDilateRadius,
-        erodeRadius: preprocessErodeRadius,
-        ...summarizeMaskContours(mask),
-      });
-    }
-
-    mask = circularMorphology(
-      mask,
-      paddedWidth,
-      paddedHeight,
-      smoothDilateRadius,
-      "dilate",
-    );
-    mask = fillHoles(mask, paddedWidth, paddedHeight);
-    mask = circularMorphology(
-      mask,
-      paddedWidth,
-      paddedHeight,
-      smoothErodeRadius,
-      "erode",
-    );
-    mask = fillHoles(mask, paddedWidth, paddedHeight);
-    if (debug) {
-      debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:after-smooth", {
-        dilateRadius: smoothDilateRadius,
-        erodeRadius: smoothErodeRadius,
-        ...summarizeMaskContours(mask),
-      });
-    }
-
-    const beforeConnectSummary = summarizeMaskContours(mask);
-    if (beforeConnectSummary.selectedContourCount <= 1) {
-      debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:connect-skipped", {
-        reason: "already-single-component",
-        before: beforeConnectSummary,
-      });
-    } else {
-      const connectResult = this.findForceConnectResult(
-        mask,
-        paddedWidth,
-        paddedHeight,
-        minComponentArea,
-        connectStartDilateRadius,
-        connectMaxDilateRadius,
-        connectErodeRatio,
-      );
-      if (debug) {
-        debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:after-connect", {
-          before: beforeConnectSummary,
-          appliedDilateRadius: connectResult.appliedDilateRadius,
-          appliedErodeRadius: connectResult.appliedErodeRadius,
-          reachedSingleComponent: connectResult.reachedSingleComponent,
-          after: {
-            rawContourCount: connectResult.rawContourCount,
-            selectedContourCount: connectResult.selectedContourCount,
-          },
-        });
-      }
-      mask = connectResult.mask;
-    }
-
-    if (debug) {
-      const afterConnectSummary = summarizeMaskContours(mask);
-      if (afterConnectSummary.selectedContourCount > 1) {
-        debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:connect-warning", {
-          reason: "still-multi-component-after-connect-search",
-          summary: afterConnectSummary,
-        });
-      }
-    }
-
-    const baseMask = mask;
-    const baseContoursRaw = this.traceAllContours(
-      baseMask,
-      paddedWidth,
-      paddedHeight,
-    );
-    const baseContours = this.selectContours(
-      baseContoursRaw,
-      componentMode,
-      minComponentArea,
-    );
-
-    if (!baseContours.length) {
-      // Fallback: Return a rectangular outline matching dimensions
-      const w = options.scaleToWidth ?? width;
-      const h = options.scaleToHeight ?? height;
-      debugLog("fallback:no-base-contour", { width: w, height: h });
-      return {
-        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${w} 0 L ${w} ${h} L 0 ${h} Z`,
-        baseBounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
-        bounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
-      };
-    }
-
-    const baseUnpaddedContours = baseContours
-      .map((contour) =>
-        this.clampPointsToImageBounds(
-          contour.map((p) => ({
-            x: p.x - padding,
-            y: p.y - padding,
-          })),
-          width,
-          height,
-        ),
-      )
-      .filter((contour) => contour.length > 2);
-
-    if (!baseUnpaddedContours.length) {
-      const w = options.scaleToWidth ?? width;
-      const h = options.scaleToHeight ?? height;
-      debugLog("fallback:empty-base-contours", { width: w, height: h });
-      return {
-        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${w} 0 L ${w} ${h} L 0 ${h} Z`,
-        baseBounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
-        bounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
-      };
-    }
-
-    let baseBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(
-      this.flattenContours(baseUnpaddedContours),
-    );
-
-    let maskExpanded = baseMask;
-    if (expand > 0) {
-      maskExpanded = circularMorphology(
-        baseMask,
-        paddedWidth,
-        paddedHeight,
-        expand,
-        "dilate",
-      );
-    }
-
-    const expandedContoursRaw = this.traceAllContours(
-      maskExpanded,
-      paddedWidth,
-      paddedHeight,
-    );
-    const expandedContours = this.selectContours(
-      expandedContoursRaw,
-      componentMode,
-      minComponentArea,
-    );
-    if (!expandedContours.length) {
-      debugLog("fallback:no-expanded-contour", {
-        baseBounds,
-        width,
-        height,
-        expand,
-      });
-      return {
-        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${width} 0 L ${width} ${height} L 0 ${height} Z`,
-        baseBounds,
-        bounds: baseBounds,
-      };
-    }
-
-    // Keep expanded coordinates in the unpadded space without clamping to
-    // original image bounds. If the shape touches an edge, clamping would
-    // drop one-sided expand distance (e.g. bottom/right expansion).
-    const expandedUnpaddedContours = expandedContours
-      .map((contour) =>
-        contour.map((p) => ({
-          x: p.x - padding,
-          y: p.y - padding,
-        })),
-      )
-      .filter((contour) => contour.length > 2);
-    if (!expandedUnpaddedContours.length) {
-      debugLog("fallback:empty-expanded-contours", {
-        baseBounds,
-        width,
-        height,
-        expand,
-      });
-      return {
-        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${width} 0 L ${width} ${height} L 0 ${height} Z`,
-        baseBounds,
-        bounds: baseBounds,
-      };
-    }
-
-    let globalBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(
-      this.flattenContours(expandedUnpaddedContours),
-    );
-
-    // Post-processing (Scale)
-    let finalContours = expandedUnpaddedContours;
-    if (options.scaleToWidth && options.scaleToHeight) {
-      finalContours = this.scaleContours(
-        expandedUnpaddedContours,
-        options.scaleToWidth,
-        options.scaleToHeight,
-        globalBounds,
-      );
-      globalBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(this.flattenContours(finalContours));
-
-      const baseScaledContours = this.scaleContours(
-        baseUnpaddedContours,
-        options.scaleToWidth,
-        options.scaleToHeight,
-        baseBounds,
-      );
-      baseBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(
-        this.flattenContours(baseScaledContours),
-      );
-    }
-
-    // Simplify and Generate SVG
-    debugLog("traceWithBounds:contours", {
-      baseContourCount: baseContoursRaw.length,
-      baseSelectedCount: baseContours.length,
-      expandedContourCount: expandedContoursRaw.length,
-      expandedSelectedCount: expandedContours.length,
-      baseBounds,
-      expandedBounds: globalBounds,
-      expandedDeltaX: globalBounds.width - baseBounds.width,
-      expandedDeltaY: globalBounds.height - baseBounds.height,
-      expandedMayOverflowImageBounds: expand > 0,
-      useSmoothing,
-      componentMode,
-    });
-
-    if (useSmoothing) {
-      return {
-        pathData: this.contoursToSVGPaper(finalContours, simplifyTolerance),
-        baseBounds,
-        bounds: globalBounds,
-      };
-    } else {
-      const simplifiedContours = finalContours
-        .map((points) => this.douglasPeucker(points, simplifyTolerance))
-        .filter((points) => points.length > 2);
-      const pathData =
-        this.contoursToSVG(simplifiedContours) ||
-        this.contoursToSVG(finalContours);
-      return {
-        pathData,
-        baseBounds,
-        bounds: globalBounds,
-      };
-    }
-  }
-
-  private static pickPrimaryContour(contours: Point[][]): Point[] | null {
-    if (contours.length === 0) return null;
-    return contours.reduce((best, cur) => {
-      if (!best) return cur;
-      const bestArea = Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(best));
-      const curArea = Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(cur));
-      if (curArea !== bestArea) return curArea > bestArea ? cur : best;
-      return cur.length > best.length ? cur : best;
-    }, contours[0]);
-  }
-
-  private static flattenContours(contours: Point[][]): Point[] {
-    return contours.flatMap((contour) => contour);
-  }
-
-  private static contourCentroid(points: Point[]): Point {
-    if (!points.length) return { x: 0, y: 0 };
-    const sum = points.reduce(
-      (acc, p) => ({ x: acc.x + p.x, y: acc.y + p.y }),
-      { x: 0, y: 0 },
-    );
-    return {
-      x: sum.x / points.length,
-      y: sum.y / points.length,
-    };
-  }
-
-  private static pointInPolygon(point: Point, polygon: Point[]): boolean {
-    let inside = false;
-    const { x, y } = point;
-    for (let i = 0, j = polygon.length - 1; i < polygon.length; j = i++) {
-      const xi = polygon[i].x;
-      const yi = polygon[i].y;
-      const xj = polygon[j].x;
-      const yj = polygon[j].y;
-      const intersects =
-        yi > y !== yj > y &&
-        x < ((xj - xi) * (y - yi)) / (yj - yi || Number.EPSILON) + xi;
-      if (intersects) inside = !inside;
-    }
-    return inside;
-  }
-
-  private static keepOutermostContours(contours: Point[][]): Point[][] {
-    if (contours.length <= 1) return contours;
-
-    const sorted = [...contours].sort(
-      (a, b) => Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(b)) - Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(a)),
-    );
-    const selected: Point[][] = [];
-    for (const contour of sorted) {
-      const centroid = this.contourCentroid(contour);
-      const isNested = selected.some((outer) =>
-        this.pointInPolygon(centroid, outer),
-      );
-      if (!isNested) {
-        selected.push(contour);
-      }
-    }
-    return selected;
-  }
-
-  private static summarizeAllContours(
-    mask: Uint8Array,
-    width: number,
-    height: number,
-    minComponentArea: number,
-  ): { rawCount: number; selectedCount: number } {
-    const raw = this.traceAllContours(mask, width, height);
-    const selected = this.selectContours(raw, "all", minComponentArea);
-    return {
-      rawCount: raw.length,
-      selectedCount: selected.length,
-    };
-  }
-
-  private static findForceConnectResult(
-    sourceMask: Uint8Array,
-    width: number,
-    height: number,
-    minComponentArea: number,
-    startDilateRadius: number,
-    maxDilateRadius: number,
-    erodeRatio: number,
-  ): ForceConnectResult {
-    const initial = this.summarizeAllContours(
-      sourceMask,
-      width,
-      height,
-      minComponentArea,
-    );
-    if (initial.selectedCount <= 1) {
-      return {
-        mask: sourceMask,
-        appliedDilateRadius: 0,
-        appliedErodeRadius: 0,
-        reachedSingleComponent: true,
-        rawContourCount: initial.rawCount,
-        selectedContourCount: initial.selectedCount,
-      };
-    }
-
-    const normalizedStart = Math.max(1, Math.floor(startDilateRadius));
-    const normalizedMax = Math.max(
-      normalizedStart,
-      Math.floor(maxDilateRadius),
-    );
-    const normalizedErodeRatio = Math.max(0, erodeRatio);
-    const evaluate = (dilateRadius: number) => {
-      const erodeRadius = Math.max(
-        1,
-        Math.floor(dilateRadius * normalizedErodeRatio),
-      );
-      let mask = sourceMask;
-      mask = circularMorphology(mask, width, height, dilateRadius, "dilate");
-      mask = fillHoles(mask, width, height);
-      mask = circularMorphology(mask, width, height, erodeRadius, "erode");
-      mask = fillHoles(mask, width, height);
-      const summary = this.summarizeAllContours(
-        mask,
-        width,
-        height,
-        minComponentArea,
-      );
-      return {
-        dilateRadius,
-        erodeRadius,
-        mask,
-        rawCount: summary.rawCount,
-        selectedCount: summary.selectedCount,
-      };
-    };
-
-    let low = normalizedStart - 1;
-    let high = normalizedStart;
-    let highResult = evaluate(high);
-    while (high < normalizedMax && highResult.selectedCount > 1) {
-      low = high;
-      high = Math.min(
-        normalizedMax,
-        Math.max(high + 1, Math.floor(high * 1.6)),
-      );
-      highResult = evaluate(high);
-    }
-
-    if (highResult.selectedCount > 1) {
-      return {
-        mask: highResult.mask,
-        appliedDilateRadius: highResult.dilateRadius,
-        appliedErodeRadius: highResult.erodeRadius,
-        reachedSingleComponent: false,
-        rawContourCount: highResult.rawCount,
-        selectedContourCount: highResult.selectedCount,
-      };
-    }
-
-    let best = highResult;
-    while (low + 1 < high) {
-      const mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
-      const midResult = evaluate(mid);
-      if (midResult.selectedCount <= 1) {
-        best = midResult;
-        high = mid;
-      } else {
-        low = mid;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return {
-      mask: best.mask,
-      appliedDilateRadius: best.dilateRadius,
-      appliedErodeRadius: best.erodeRadius,
-      reachedSingleComponent: true,
-      rawContourCount: best.rawCount,
-      selectedContourCount: best.selectedCount,
-    };
-  }
-
-  private static selectContours(
-    contours: Point[][],
-    mode: ComponentMode,
-    minComponentArea: number,
-  ): Point[][] {
-    if (!contours.length) return [];
-    if (mode === "largest") {
-      const primary = this.pickPrimaryContour(contours);
-      return primary ? [primary] : [];
-    }
-
-    const threshold = Math.max(0, minComponentArea);
-    if (threshold <= 0) {
-      return this.keepOutermostContours(contours);
-    }
-
-    const filtered = contours.filter(
-      (contour) => Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(contour)) >= threshold,
-    );
-    if (filtered.length > 0) {
-      return this.keepOutermostContours(filtered);
-    }
-
-    const primary = this.pickPrimaryContour(contours);
-    return primary ? [primary] : [];
-  }
-
-  private static boundsFromPoints(points: Point[]): Bounds {
-    let minX = Infinity;
-    let minY = Infinity;
-    let maxX = -Infinity;
-    let maxY = -Infinity;
-
-    for (const p of points) {
-      if (p.x < minX) minX = p.x;
-      if (p.y < minY) minY = p.y;
-      if (p.x > maxX) maxX = p.x;
-      if (p.y > maxY) maxY = p.y;
-    }
-
-    if (!Number.isFinite(minX) || !Number.isFinite(minY)) {
-      return { x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0 };
-    }
-
-    return {
-      x: minX,
-      y: minY,
-      width: maxX - minX,
-      height: maxY - minY,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Traces all contours in the mask with optimized start-point detection
-   */
-  private static traceAllContours(
-    mask: Uint8Array,
-    width: number,
-    height: number,
-  ): Point[][] {
-    const visited = new Uint8Array(width * height);
-    const allContours: Point[][] = [];
-
-    for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-      for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-        const idx = y * width + x;
-        if (mask[idx] && !visited[idx]) {
-          // Only start a new trace if it's a potential outer boundary (left edge)
-          const isLeftEdge = x === 0 || mask[idx - 1] === 0;
-          if (isLeftEdge) {
-            const contour = this.marchingSquares(
-              mask,
-              visited,
-              x,
-              y,
-              width,
-              height,
-            );
-            if (contour.length > 2) {
-              allContours.push(contour);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return allContours;
-  }
-
-  private static loadImage(url: string): Promise<HTMLImageElement> {
-    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      const img = new Image();
-      img.crossOrigin = "Anonymous";
-      img.onload = () => resolve(img);
-      img.onerror = (e) => reject(e);
-      img.src = url;
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Moore-Neighbor Tracing Algorithm
-   * More robust for irregular shapes than simple Marching Squares walker.
-   */
-  private static marchingSquares(
-    mask: Uint8Array,
-    visited: Uint8Array,
-    startX: number,
-    startY: number,
-    width: number,
-    height: number,
-  ): Point[] {
-    const isSolid = (x: number, y: number): boolean => {
-      if (x < 0 || x >= width || y < 0 || y >= height) return false;
-      return mask[y * width + x] === 1;
-    };
-
-    const points: Point[] = [];
-
-    // Moore-Neighbor Tracing
-    // We enter from the Left (since we scan Left->Right), so "backtrack" is Left.
-    // B = (startX - 1, startY)
-    // P = (startX, startY)
-
-    let cx = startX;
-    let cy = startY;
-
-    // Start backtrack direction: Left (since we found it scanning from left)
-    // Directions: 0=Up, 1=UpRight, 2=Right, 3=DownRight, 4=Down, 5=DownLeft, 6=Left, 7=UpLeft
-    // Offsets for 8 neighbors starting from Up (0,-1) clockwise
-    const neighbors = [
-      { x: 0, y: -1 },
-      { x: 1, y: -1 },
-      { x: 1, y: 0 },
-      { x: 1, y: 1 },
-      { x: 0, y: 1 },
-      { x: -1, y: 1 },
-      { x: -1, y: 0 },
-      { x: -1, y: -1 },
-    ];
-
-    // Backtrack is Left -> Index 6.
-    let backtrack = 6;
-
-    const maxSteps = width * height * 3;
-    let steps = 0;
-
-    do {
-      points.push({ x: cx, y: cy });
-      visited[cy * width + cx] = 1; // Mark as visited to avoid re-starting here
-
-      // Search for next solid neighbor in clockwise order, starting from backtrack
-      let found = false;
-
-      for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-        const idx = (backtrack + 1 + i) % 8;
-        const nx = cx + neighbors[idx].x;
-        const ny = cy + neighbors[idx].y;
-
-        if (isSolid(nx, ny)) {
-          cx = nx;
-          cy = ny;
-          backtrack = (idx + 4 + 1) % 8;
-          found = true;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (!found) break;
-
-      steps++;
-    } while ((cx !== startX || cy !== startY) && steps < maxSteps);
-
-    return points;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Douglas-Peucker Line Simplification
-   */
-  private static douglasPeucker(points: Point[], tolerance: number): Point[] {
-    if (points.length <= 2) return points;
-
-    const sqTolerance = tolerance * tolerance;
-    let maxSqDist = 0;
-    let index = 0;
-
-    const first = points[0];
-    const last = points[points.length - 1];
-
-    for (let i = 1; i < points.length - 1; i++) {
-      const sqDist = this.getSqSegDist(points[i], first, last);
-      if (sqDist > maxSqDist) {
-        index = i;
-        maxSqDist = sqDist;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (maxSqDist > sqTolerance) {
-      // Check if closed loop?
-      // If closed loop, we shouldn't simplify start/end connection too much?
-      // Douglas-Peucker works on segments.
-      const left = this.douglasPeucker(points.slice(0, index + 1), tolerance);
-      const right = this.douglasPeucker(points.slice(index), tolerance);
-      return left.slice(0, left.length - 1).concat(right);
-    } else {
-      return [first, last];
-    }
-  }
-
-  private static getSqSegDist(p: Point, p1: Point, p2: Point): number {
-    let x = p1.x;
-    let y = p1.y;
-    let dx = p2.x - x;
-    let dy = p2.y - y;
-
-    if (dx !== 0 || dy !== 0) {
-      const t = ((p.x - x) * dx + (p.y - y) * dy) / (dx * dx + dy * dy);
-      if (t > 1) {
-        x = p2.x;
-        y = p2.y;
-      } else if (t > 0) {
-        x += dx * t;
-        y += dy * t;
-      }
-    }
-
-    dx = p.x - x;
-    dy = p.y - y;
-
-    return dx * dx + dy * dy;
-  }
-
-  private static scalePoints(
-    points: Point[],
-    targetWidth: number,
-    targetHeight: number,
-    bounds: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number },
-  ): Point[] {
-    if (points.length === 0) return points;
-
-    if (bounds.width === 0 || bounds.height === 0) return points;
-
-    const scaleX = targetWidth / bounds.width;
-    const scaleY = targetHeight / bounds.height;
-
-    return points.map((p) => ({
-      x: (p.x - bounds.x) * scaleX,
-      y: (p.y - bounds.y) * scaleY,
-    }));
-  }
-
-  private static scaleContours(
-    contours: Point[][],
-    targetWidth: number,
-    targetHeight: number,
-    bounds: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number },
-  ): Point[][] {
-    return contours.map((points) =>
-      this.scalePoints(points, targetWidth, targetHeight, bounds),
-    );
-  }
-
-  private static clampPointsToImageBounds(
-    points: Point[],
-    width: number,
-    height: number,
-  ): Point[] {
-    const maxX = Math.max(0, width);
-    const maxY = Math.max(0, height);
-    return points.map((p) => ({
-      x: Math.max(0, Math.min(maxX, p.x)),
-      y: Math.max(0, Math.min(maxY, p.y)),
-    }));
-  }
-
-  private static pointsToSVG(points: Point[]): string {
-    if (points.length === 0) return "";
-    const head = points[0];
-    const tail = points.slice(1);
-
-    return (
-      `M ${head.x} ${head.y} ` +
-      tail.map((p) => `L ${p.x} ${p.y}`).join(" ") +
-      " Z"
-    );
-  }
-
-  private static contoursToSVG(contours: Point[][]): string {
-    return contours
-      .filter((points) => points.length > 2)
-      .map((points) => this.pointsToSVG(points))
-      .join(" ")
-      .trim();
-  }
-
-  private static ensurePaper() {
-    if (!paper.project) {
-      paper.setup(new paper.Size(100, 100));
-    }
-  }
-
-  private static pointsToSVGPaper(points: Point[], tolerance: number): string {
-    if (points.length < 3) return this.pointsToSVG(points);
-
-    this.ensurePaper();
-
-    // Create Path
-    const path = new paper.Path({
-      segments: points.map((p) => [p.x, p.y]),
-      closed: true,
-    });
-
-    // Simplify
-    path.simplify(tolerance);
-
-    const data = path.pathData;
-    path.remove();
-
-    return data;
-  }
-
-  private static contoursToSVGPaper(
-    contours: Point[][],
-    tolerance: number,
-  ): string {
-    const normalizedContours = contours.filter((points) => points.length > 2);
-    if (!normalizedContours.length) return "";
-    if (normalizedContours.length === 1) {
-      return this.pointsToSVGPaper(normalizedContours[0], tolerance);
-    }
-
-    this.ensurePaper();
-    const compound = new paper.CompoundPath({ insert: false });
-    for (const points of normalizedContours) {
-      const child = new paper.Path({
-        segments: points.map((p) => [p.x, p.y]),
-        closed: true,
-        insert: false,
-      });
-      child.simplify(tolerance);
-      compound.addChild(child);
-    }
-
-    const data = compound.pathData || this.contoursToSVG(normalizedContours);
-    compound.remove();
-    return data;
-  }
-}
+/**
+ * Image Tracer Utility
+ * Converts raster images (URL/Base64) to SVG Path Data using Marching Squares algorithm.
+ */
+
+import paper from "paper";
+import {
+  circularMorphology,
+  createMask,
+  fillHoles,
+  polygonSignedArea,
+  type MaskMode,
+} from "./maskOps";
+
+interface Point {
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+}
+
+interface Bounds {
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+}
+
+type ComponentMode = "largest" | "all";
+
+interface ForceConnectResult {
+  mask: Uint8Array;
+  appliedDilateRadius: number;
+  appliedErodeRadius: number;
+  reachedSingleComponent: boolean;
+  rawContourCount: number;
+  selectedContourCount: number;
+}
+
+export interface ImageTraceOptions {
+  threshold?: number;
+  simplifyTolerance?: number;
+  expand?: number;
+  smoothing?: boolean;
+  scaleToWidth?: number;
+  scaleToHeight?: number;
+  debug?: boolean;
+}
+
+export class ImageTracer {
+  /**
+   * Main entry point: Traces an image URL to an SVG path string.
+   * @param imageUrl The URL or Base64 string of the image.
+   * @param options Configuration options.
+   */
+  public static async trace(
+    imageUrl: string,
+    options: ImageTraceOptions = {},
+  ): Promise<string> {
+    const { pathData } = await this.traceWithBounds(imageUrl, options);
+    return pathData;
+  }
+
+  public static async traceWithBounds(
+    imageUrl: string,
+    options: ImageTraceOptions = {},
+  ): Promise<{ pathData: string; baseBounds: Bounds; bounds: Bounds }> {
+    const img = await this.loadImage(imageUrl);
+    const width = img.width;
+    const height = img.height;
+    if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
+      const w = options.scaleToWidth ?? 0;
+      const h = options.scaleToHeight ?? 0;
+      return {
+        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${w} 0 L ${w} ${h} L 0 ${h} Z`,
+        baseBounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
+        bounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
+      };
+    }
+    const debug = options.debug === true;
+    const debugLog = (message: string, payload?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (!debug) return;
+      if (payload) {
+        console.info(`[ImageTracer] ${message}`, payload);
+        return;
+      }
+      console.info(`[ImageTracer] ${message}`);
+    };
+
+    // Draw to canvas and get pixel data
+    const canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
+    canvas.width = width;
+    canvas.height = height;
+    const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
+    if (!ctx) throw new Error("Could not get 2D context");
+
+    ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
+    const imageData = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, width, height);
+
+    // Strategy: fixed internal morphology + single-component target.
+    const threshold = options.threshold ?? 10;
+    const expand = Math.max(0, Math.floor(options.expand ?? 0));
+    const simplifyTolerance = options.simplifyTolerance ?? 2.5;
+    const useSmoothing = options.smoothing !== false;
+    const componentMode: ComponentMode = "all";
+    const minComponentArea = 0;
+    const maxDim = Math.max(width, height);
+    const maskMode: MaskMode = "auto";
+    const whiteThreshold = 240;
+    const alphaOpaqueCutoff = 250;
+    const preprocessDilateRadius = Math.max(
+      2,
+      Math.floor(Math.max(maxDim * 0.012, expand * 0.35)),
+    );
+    const preprocessErodeRadius = Math.max(
+      1,
+      Math.floor(preprocessDilateRadius * 0.65),
+    );
+    const smoothDilateRadius = Math.max(
+      1,
+      Math.floor(preprocessDilateRadius * 0.25),
+    );
+    const smoothErodeRadius = Math.max(1, Math.floor(smoothDilateRadius * 0.8));
+    const connectStartDilateRadius = Math.max(
+      1,
+      Math.floor(Math.max(maxDim * 0.006, expand * 0.2)),
+    );
+    const connectMaxDilateRadius = Math.max(
+      connectStartDilateRadius,
+      Math.floor(Math.max(maxDim * 0.2, expand * 2.5)),
+    );
+    const connectErodeRatio = 0.65;
+
+    debugLog("traceWithBounds:start", {
+      width,
+      height,
+      threshold,
+      expand,
+      simplifyTolerance,
+      smoothing: useSmoothing,
+      strategy: {
+        maskMode,
+        whiteThreshold,
+        alphaOpaqueCutoff,
+        fillHoles: true,
+        preprocessDilateRadius,
+        preprocessErodeRadius,
+        smoothDilateRadius,
+        smoothErodeRadius,
+        connectEnabled: true,
+        connectStartDilateRadius,
+        connectMaxDilateRadius,
+        connectErodeRatio,
+      },
+    });
+
+    // Padding must cover morphology and expansion margins.
+    const padding =
+      Math.max(
+        preprocessDilateRadius,
+        smoothDilateRadius,
+        connectMaxDilateRadius,
+        expand,
+      ) + 2;
+    const paddedWidth = width + padding * 2;
+    const paddedHeight = height + padding * 2;
+    const summarizeMaskContours = (m: Uint8Array) => {
+      const summary = this.summarizeAllContours(
+        m,
+        paddedWidth,
+        paddedHeight,
+        minComponentArea,
+      );
+      return {
+        rawContourCount: summary.rawCount,
+        selectedContourCount: summary.selectedCount,
+      };
+    };
+
+    let mask = createMask(imageData, {
+      threshold,
+      padding,
+      paddedWidth,
+      paddedHeight,
+      maskMode,
+      whiteThreshold,
+      alphaOpaqueCutoff,
+    });
+    if (debug) {
+      debugLog(
+        "traceWithBounds:mask:after-create",
+        summarizeMaskContours(mask),
+      );
+    }
+
+    mask = circularMorphology(
+      mask,
+      paddedWidth,
+      paddedHeight,
+      preprocessDilateRadius,
+      "dilate",
+    );
+    mask = fillHoles(mask, paddedWidth, paddedHeight);
+    mask = circularMorphology(
+      mask,
+      paddedWidth,
+      paddedHeight,
+      preprocessErodeRadius,
+      "erode",
+    );
+    mask = fillHoles(mask, paddedWidth, paddedHeight);
+    if (debug) {
+      debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:after-preprocess", {
+        dilateRadius: preprocessDilateRadius,
+        erodeRadius: preprocessErodeRadius,
+        ...summarizeMaskContours(mask),
+      });
+    }
+
+    mask = circularMorphology(
+      mask,
+      paddedWidth,
+      paddedHeight,
+      smoothDilateRadius,
+      "dilate",
+    );
+    mask = fillHoles(mask, paddedWidth, paddedHeight);
+    mask = circularMorphology(
+      mask,
+      paddedWidth,
+      paddedHeight,
+      smoothErodeRadius,
+      "erode",
+    );
+    mask = fillHoles(mask, paddedWidth, paddedHeight);
+    if (debug) {
+      debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:after-smooth", {
+        dilateRadius: smoothDilateRadius,
+        erodeRadius: smoothErodeRadius,
+        ...summarizeMaskContours(mask),
+      });
+    }
+
+    const beforeConnectSummary = summarizeMaskContours(mask);
+    if (beforeConnectSummary.selectedContourCount <= 1) {
+      debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:connect-skipped", {
+        reason: "already-single-component",
+        before: beforeConnectSummary,
+      });
+    } else {
+      const connectResult = this.findForceConnectResult(
+        mask,
+        paddedWidth,
+        paddedHeight,
+        minComponentArea,
+        connectStartDilateRadius,
+        connectMaxDilateRadius,
+        connectErodeRatio,
+      );
+      if (debug) {
+        debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:after-connect", {
+          before: beforeConnectSummary,
+          appliedDilateRadius: connectResult.appliedDilateRadius,
+          appliedErodeRadius: connectResult.appliedErodeRadius,
+          reachedSingleComponent: connectResult.reachedSingleComponent,
+          after: {
+            rawContourCount: connectResult.rawContourCount,
+            selectedContourCount: connectResult.selectedContourCount,
+          },
+        });
+      }
+      mask = connectResult.mask;
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      const afterConnectSummary = summarizeMaskContours(mask);
+      if (afterConnectSummary.selectedContourCount > 1) {
+        debugLog("traceWithBounds:mask:connect-warning", {
+          reason: "still-multi-component-after-connect-search",
+          summary: afterConnectSummary,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    const baseMask = mask;
+    const baseContoursRaw = this.traceAllContours(
+      baseMask,
+      paddedWidth,
+      paddedHeight,
+    );
+    const baseContours = this.selectContours(
+      baseContoursRaw,
+      componentMode,
+      minComponentArea,
+    );
+
+    if (!baseContours.length) {
+      // Fallback: Return a rectangular outline matching dimensions
+      const w = options.scaleToWidth ?? width;
+      const h = options.scaleToHeight ?? height;
+      debugLog("fallback:no-base-contour", { width: w, height: h });
+      return {
+        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${w} 0 L ${w} ${h} L 0 ${h} Z`,
+        baseBounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
+        bounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
+      };
+    }
+
+    const baseUnpaddedContours = baseContours
+      .map((contour) =>
+        contour.map((p) => ({
+          x: p.x - padding,
+          y: p.y - padding,
+        })),
+      )
+      .filter((contour) => contour.length > 2);
+
+    if (!baseUnpaddedContours.length) {
+      const w = options.scaleToWidth ?? width;
+      const h = options.scaleToHeight ?? height;
+      debugLog("fallback:empty-base-contours", { width: w, height: h });
+      return {
+        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${w} 0 L ${w} ${h} L 0 ${h} Z`,
+        baseBounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
+        bounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: w, height: h },
+      };
+    }
+
+    let baseBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(
+      this.flattenContours(baseUnpaddedContours),
+    );
+
+    let maskExpanded = baseMask;
+    if (expand > 0) {
+      maskExpanded = circularMorphology(
+        baseMask,
+        paddedWidth,
+        paddedHeight,
+        expand,
+        "dilate",
+      );
+    }
+
+    const expandedContoursRaw = this.traceAllContours(
+      maskExpanded,
+      paddedWidth,
+      paddedHeight,
+    );
+    const expandedContours = this.selectContours(
+      expandedContoursRaw,
+      componentMode,
+      minComponentArea,
+    );
+    if (!expandedContours.length) {
+      debugLog("fallback:no-expanded-contour", {
+        baseBounds,
+        width,
+        height,
+        expand,
+      });
+      return {
+        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${width} 0 L ${width} ${height} L 0 ${height} Z`,
+        baseBounds,
+        bounds: baseBounds,
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Keep expanded coordinates in the unpadded space without clamping to
+    // original image bounds. If the shape touches an edge, clamping would
+    // drop one-sided expand distance (e.g. bottom/right expansion).
+    const expandedUnpaddedContours = expandedContours
+      .map((contour) =>
+        contour.map((p) => ({
+          x: p.x - padding,
+          y: p.y - padding,
+        })),
+      )
+      .filter((contour) => contour.length > 2);
+    if (!expandedUnpaddedContours.length) {
+      debugLog("fallback:empty-expanded-contours", {
+        baseBounds,
+        width,
+        height,
+        expand,
+      });
+      return {
+        pathData: `M 0 0 L ${width} 0 L ${width} ${height} L 0 ${height} Z`,
+        baseBounds,
+        bounds: baseBounds,
+      };
+    }
+
+    let globalBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(
+      this.flattenContours(expandedUnpaddedContours),
+    );
+
+    // Post-processing (Scale)
+    let finalContours = expandedUnpaddedContours;
+    if (options.scaleToWidth && options.scaleToHeight) {
+      finalContours = this.scaleContours(
+        expandedUnpaddedContours,
+        options.scaleToWidth,
+        options.scaleToHeight,
+        globalBounds,
+      );
+      globalBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(this.flattenContours(finalContours));
+
+      const baseScaledContours = this.scaleContours(
+        baseUnpaddedContours,
+        options.scaleToWidth,
+        options.scaleToHeight,
+        baseBounds,
+      );
+      baseBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(
+        this.flattenContours(baseScaledContours),
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (expand > 0) {
+      const expectedExpandedBounds = {
+        x: baseBounds.x - expand,
+        y: baseBounds.y - expand,
+        width: baseBounds.width + expand * 2,
+        height: baseBounds.height + expand * 2,
+      };
+      if (
+        expectedExpandedBounds.width > 0 &&
+        expectedExpandedBounds.height > 0 &&
+        globalBounds.width > 0 &&
+        globalBounds.height > 0
+      ) {
+        const shouldNormalizeExpandBounds =
+          Math.abs(globalBounds.x - expectedExpandedBounds.x) > 1 ||
+          Math.abs(globalBounds.y - expectedExpandedBounds.y) > 1 ||
+          Math.abs(globalBounds.width - expectedExpandedBounds.width) > 1 ||
+          Math.abs(globalBounds.height - expectedExpandedBounds.height) > 1;
+        if (shouldNormalizeExpandBounds) {
+          const beforeNormalize = globalBounds;
+          finalContours = this.translateContours(
+            this.scaleContours(
+              finalContours,
+              expectedExpandedBounds.width,
+              expectedExpandedBounds.height,
+              globalBounds,
+            ),
+            expectedExpandedBounds.x,
+            expectedExpandedBounds.y,
+          );
+          globalBounds = this.boundsFromPoints(
+            this.flattenContours(finalContours),
+          );
+          debugLog("traceWithBounds:expand-normalized", {
+            expand,
+            expectedExpandedBounds,
+            beforeNormalize,
+            afterNormalize: globalBounds,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Simplify and Generate SVG
+    debugLog("traceWithBounds:contours", {
+      baseContourCount: baseContoursRaw.length,
+      baseSelectedCount: baseContours.length,
+      expandedContourCount: expandedContoursRaw.length,
+      expandedSelectedCount: expandedContours.length,
+      baseBounds,
+      expandedBounds: globalBounds,
+      expandedDeltaX: globalBounds.width - baseBounds.width,
+      expandedDeltaY: globalBounds.height - baseBounds.height,
+      expandedMayOverflowImageBounds: expand > 0,
+      useSmoothing,
+      componentMode,
+    });
+
+    if (useSmoothing) {
+      return {
+        pathData: this.contoursToSVGPaper(finalContours, simplifyTolerance),
+        baseBounds,
+        bounds: globalBounds,
+      };
+    } else {
+      const simplifiedContours = finalContours
+        .map((points) => this.douglasPeucker(points, simplifyTolerance))
+        .filter((points) => points.length > 2);
+      const pathData =
+        this.contoursToSVG(simplifiedContours) ||
+        this.contoursToSVG(finalContours);
+      return {
+        pathData,
+        baseBounds,
+        bounds: globalBounds,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static pickPrimaryContour(contours: Point[][]): Point[] | null {
+    if (contours.length === 0) return null;
+    return contours.reduce((best, cur) => {
+      if (!best) return cur;
+      const bestArea = Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(best));
+      const curArea = Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(cur));
+      if (curArea !== bestArea) return curArea > bestArea ? cur : best;
+      return cur.length > best.length ? cur : best;
+    }, contours[0]);
+  }
+
+  private static flattenContours(contours: Point[][]): Point[] {
+    return contours.flatMap((contour) => contour);
+  }
+
+  private static contourCentroid(points: Point[]): Point {
+    if (!points.length) return { x: 0, y: 0 };
+    const sum = points.reduce(
+      (acc, p) => ({ x: acc.x + p.x, y: acc.y + p.y }),
+      { x: 0, y: 0 },
+    );
+    return {
+      x: sum.x / points.length,
+      y: sum.y / points.length,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static pointInPolygon(point: Point, polygon: Point[]): boolean {
+    let inside = false;
+    const { x, y } = point;
+    for (let i = 0, j = polygon.length - 1; i < polygon.length; j = i++) {
+      const xi = polygon[i].x;
+      const yi = polygon[i].y;
+      const xj = polygon[j].x;
+      const yj = polygon[j].y;
+      const intersects =
+        yi > y !== yj > y &&
+        x < ((xj - xi) * (y - yi)) / (yj - yi || Number.EPSILON) + xi;
+      if (intersects) inside = !inside;
+    }
+    return inside;
+  }
+
+  private static keepOutermostContours(contours: Point[][]): Point[][] {
+    if (contours.length <= 1) return contours;
+
+    const sorted = [...contours].sort(
+      (a, b) => Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(b)) - Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(a)),
+    );
+    const selected: Point[][] = [];
+    for (const contour of sorted) {
+      const centroid = this.contourCentroid(contour);
+      const isNested = selected.some((outer) =>
+        this.pointInPolygon(centroid, outer),
+      );
+      if (!isNested) {
+        selected.push(contour);
+      }
+    }
+    return selected;
+  }
+
+  private static summarizeAllContours(
+    mask: Uint8Array,
+    width: number,
+    height: number,
+    minComponentArea: number,
+  ): { rawCount: number; selectedCount: number } {
+    const raw = this.traceAllContours(mask, width, height);
+    const selected = this.selectContours(raw, "all", minComponentArea);
+    return {
+      rawCount: raw.length,
+      selectedCount: selected.length,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static findForceConnectResult(
+    sourceMask: Uint8Array,
+    width: number,
+    height: number,
+    minComponentArea: number,
+    startDilateRadius: number,
+    maxDilateRadius: number,
+    erodeRatio: number,
+  ): ForceConnectResult {
+    const initial = this.summarizeAllContours(
+      sourceMask,
+      width,
+      height,
+      minComponentArea,
+    );
+    if (initial.selectedCount <= 1) {
+      return {
+        mask: sourceMask,
+        appliedDilateRadius: 0,
+        appliedErodeRadius: 0,
+        reachedSingleComponent: true,
+        rawContourCount: initial.rawCount,
+        selectedContourCount: initial.selectedCount,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const normalizedStart = Math.max(1, Math.floor(startDilateRadius));
+    const normalizedMax = Math.max(
+      normalizedStart,
+      Math.floor(maxDilateRadius),
+    );
+    const normalizedErodeRatio = Math.max(0, erodeRatio);
+    const evaluate = (dilateRadius: number) => {
+      const erodeRadius = Math.max(
+        1,
+        Math.floor(dilateRadius * normalizedErodeRatio),
+      );
+      let mask = sourceMask;
+      mask = circularMorphology(mask, width, height, dilateRadius, "dilate");
+      mask = fillHoles(mask, width, height);
+      mask = circularMorphology(mask, width, height, erodeRadius, "erode");
+      mask = fillHoles(mask, width, height);
+      const summary = this.summarizeAllContours(
+        mask,
+        width,
+        height,
+        minComponentArea,
+      );
+      return {
+        dilateRadius,
+        erodeRadius,
+        mask,
+        rawCount: summary.rawCount,
+        selectedCount: summary.selectedCount,
+      };
+    };
+
+    let low = normalizedStart - 1;
+    let high = normalizedStart;
+    let highResult = evaluate(high);
+    while (high < normalizedMax && highResult.selectedCount > 1) {
+      low = high;
+      high = Math.min(
+        normalizedMax,
+        Math.max(high + 1, Math.floor(high * 1.6)),
+      );
+      highResult = evaluate(high);
+    }
+
+    if (highResult.selectedCount > 1) {
+      return {
+        mask: highResult.mask,
+        appliedDilateRadius: highResult.dilateRadius,
+        appliedErodeRadius: highResult.erodeRadius,
+        reachedSingleComponent: false,
+        rawContourCount: highResult.rawCount,
+        selectedContourCount: highResult.selectedCount,
+      };
+    }
+
+    let best = highResult;
+    while (low + 1 < high) {
+      const mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
+      const midResult = evaluate(mid);
+      if (midResult.selectedCount <= 1) {
+        best = midResult;
+        high = mid;
+      } else {
+        low = mid;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      mask: best.mask,
+      appliedDilateRadius: best.dilateRadius,
+      appliedErodeRadius: best.erodeRadius,
+      reachedSingleComponent: true,
+      rawContourCount: best.rawCount,
+      selectedContourCount: best.selectedCount,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static selectContours(
+    contours: Point[][],
+    mode: ComponentMode,
+    minComponentArea: number,
+  ): Point[][] {
+    if (!contours.length) return [];
+    if (mode === "largest") {
+      const primary = this.pickPrimaryContour(contours);
+      return primary ? [primary] : [];
+    }
+
+    const threshold = Math.max(0, minComponentArea);
+    if (threshold <= 0) {
+      return this.keepOutermostContours(contours);
+    }
+
+    const filtered = contours.filter(
+      (contour) => Math.abs(polygonSignedArea(contour)) >= threshold,
+    );
+    if (filtered.length > 0) {
+      return this.keepOutermostContours(filtered);
+    }
+
+    const primary = this.pickPrimaryContour(contours);
+    return primary ? [primary] : [];
+  }
+
+  private static boundsFromPoints(points: Point[]): Bounds {
+    let minX = Infinity;
+    let minY = Infinity;
+    let maxX = -Infinity;
+    let maxY = -Infinity;
+
+    for (const p of points) {
+      if (p.x < minX) minX = p.x;
+      if (p.y < minY) minY = p.y;
+      if (p.x > maxX) maxX = p.x;
+      if (p.y > maxY) maxY = p.y;
+    }
+
+    if (!Number.isFinite(minX) || !Number.isFinite(minY)) {
+      return { x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0 };
+    }
+
+    return {
+      x: minX,
+      y: minY,
+      width: maxX - minX,
+      height: maxY - minY,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Traces all contours in the mask with optimized start-point detection
+   */
+  private static traceAllContours(
+    mask: Uint8Array,
+    width: number,
+    height: number,
+  ): Point[][] {
+    const visited = new Uint8Array(width * height);
+    const allContours: Point[][] = [];
+
+    for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+      for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+        const idx = y * width + x;
+        if (mask[idx] && !visited[idx]) {
+          // Only start a new trace if it's a potential outer boundary (left edge)
+          const isLeftEdge = x === 0 || mask[idx - 1] === 0;
+          if (isLeftEdge) {
+            const contour = this.marchingSquares(
+              mask,
+              visited,
+              x,
+              y,
+              width,
+              height,
+            );
+            if (contour.length > 2) {
+              allContours.push(contour);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return allContours;
+  }
+
+  private static loadImage(url: string): Promise<HTMLImageElement> {
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const img = new Image();
+      img.crossOrigin = "Anonymous";
+      img.onload = () => resolve(img);
+      img.onerror = (e) => reject(e);
+      img.src = url;
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Moore-Neighbor Tracing Algorithm
+   * More robust for irregular shapes than simple Marching Squares walker.
+   */
+  private static marchingSquares(
+    mask: Uint8Array,
+    visited: Uint8Array,
+    startX: number,
+    startY: number,
+    width: number,
+    height: number,
+  ): Point[] {
+    const isSolid = (x: number, y: number): boolean => {
+      if (x < 0 || x >= width || y < 0 || y >= height) return false;
+      return mask[y * width + x] === 1;
+    };
+
+    const points: Point[] = [];
+
+    // Moore-Neighbor Tracing
+    // We enter from the Left (since we scan Left->Right), so "backtrack" is Left.
+    // B = (startX - 1, startY)
+    // P = (startX, startY)
+
+    let cx = startX;
+    let cy = startY;
+
+    // Start backtrack direction: Left (since we found it scanning from left)
+    // Directions: 0=Up, 1=UpRight, 2=Right, 3=DownRight, 4=Down, 5=DownLeft, 6=Left, 7=UpLeft
+    // Offsets for 8 neighbors starting from Up (0,-1) clockwise
+    const neighbors = [
+      { x: 0, y: -1 },
+      { x: 1, y: -1 },
+      { x: 1, y: 0 },
+      { x: 1, y: 1 },
+      { x: 0, y: 1 },
+      { x: -1, y: 1 },
+      { x: -1, y: 0 },
+      { x: -1, y: -1 },
+    ];
+
+    // Backtrack is Left -> Index 6.
+    let backtrack = 6;
+
+    const maxSteps = width * height * 3;
+    let steps = 0;
+
+    do {
+      points.push({ x: cx, y: cy });
+      visited[cy * width + cx] = 1; // Mark as visited to avoid re-starting here
+
+      // Search for next solid neighbor in clockwise order, starting from backtrack
+      let found = false;
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+        const idx = (backtrack + 1 + i) % 8;
+        const nx = cx + neighbors[idx].x;
+        const ny = cy + neighbors[idx].y;
+
+        if (isSolid(nx, ny)) {
+          cx = nx;
+          cy = ny;
+          backtrack = (idx + 4 + 1) % 8;
+          found = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!found) break;
+
+      steps++;
+    } while ((cx !== startX || cy !== startY) && steps < maxSteps);
+
+    return points;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Douglas-Peucker Line Simplification
+   */
+  private static douglasPeucker(points: Point[], tolerance: number): Point[] {
+    if (points.length <= 2) return points;
+
+    const sqTolerance = tolerance * tolerance;
+    let maxSqDist = 0;
+    let index = 0;
+
+    const first = points[0];
+    const last = points[points.length - 1];
+
+    for (let i = 1; i < points.length - 1; i++) {
+      const sqDist = this.getSqSegDist(points[i], first, last);
+      if (sqDist > maxSqDist) {
+        index = i;
+        maxSqDist = sqDist;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (maxSqDist > sqTolerance) {
+      // Check if closed loop?
+      // If closed loop, we shouldn't simplify start/end connection too much?
+      // Douglas-Peucker works on segments.
+      const left = this.douglasPeucker(points.slice(0, index + 1), tolerance);
+      const right = this.douglasPeucker(points.slice(index), tolerance);
+      return left.slice(0, left.length - 1).concat(right);
+    } else {
+      return [first, last];
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static getSqSegDist(p: Point, p1: Point, p2: Point): number {
+    let x = p1.x;
+    let y = p1.y;
+    let dx = p2.x - x;
+    let dy = p2.y - y;
+
+    if (dx !== 0 || dy !== 0) {
+      const t = ((p.x - x) * dx + (p.y - y) * dy) / (dx * dx + dy * dy);
+      if (t > 1) {
+        x = p2.x;
+        y = p2.y;
+      } else if (t > 0) {
+        x += dx * t;
+        y += dy * t;
+      }
+    }
+
+    dx = p.x - x;
+    dy = p.y - y;
+
+    return dx * dx + dy * dy;
+  }
+
+  private static scalePoints(
+    points: Point[],
+    targetWidth: number,
+    targetHeight: number,
+    bounds: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number },
+  ): Point[] {
+    if (points.length === 0) return points;
+
+    if (bounds.width === 0 || bounds.height === 0) return points;
+
+    const scaleX = targetWidth / bounds.width;
+    const scaleY = targetHeight / bounds.height;
+
+    return points.map((p) => ({
+      x: (p.x - bounds.x) * scaleX,
+      y: (p.y - bounds.y) * scaleY,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  private static scaleContours(
+    contours: Point[][],
+    targetWidth: number,
+    targetHeight: number,
+    bounds: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number },
+  ): Point[][] {
+    return contours.map((points) =>
+      this.scalePoints(points, targetWidth, targetHeight, bounds),
+    );
+  }
+
+  private static translateContours(
+    contours: Point[][],
+    offsetX: number,
+    offsetY: number,
+  ): Point[][] {
+    return contours.map((points) =>
+      points.map((p) => ({
+        x: p.x + offsetX,
+        y: p.y + offsetY,
+      })),
+    );
+  }
+
+  private static pointsToSVG(points: Point[]): string {
+    if (points.length === 0) return "";
+    const head = points[0];
+    const tail = points.slice(1);
+
+    return (
+      `M ${head.x} ${head.y} ` +
+      tail.map((p) => `L ${p.x} ${p.y}`).join(" ") +
+      " Z"
+    );
+  }
+
+  private static contoursToSVG(contours: Point[][]): string {
+    return contours
+      .filter((points) => points.length > 2)
+      .map((points) => this.pointsToSVG(points))
+      .join(" ")
+      .trim();
+  }
+
+  private static ensurePaper() {
+    if (!paper.project) {
+      paper.setup(new paper.Size(100, 100));
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static pointsToSVGPaper(points: Point[], tolerance: number): string {
+    if (points.length < 3) return this.pointsToSVG(points);
+
+    this.ensurePaper();
+
+    // Create Path
+    const path = new paper.Path({
+      segments: points.map((p) => [p.x, p.y]),
+      closed: true,
+    });
+
+    // Simplify
+    path.simplify(tolerance);
+
+    const data = path.pathData;
+    path.remove();
+
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  private static contoursToSVGPaper(
+    contours: Point[][],
+    tolerance: number,
+  ): string {
+    const normalizedContours = contours.filter((points) => points.length > 2);
+    if (!normalizedContours.length) return "";
+    if (normalizedContours.length === 1) {
+      return this.pointsToSVGPaper(normalizedContours[0], tolerance);
+    }
+
+    this.ensurePaper();
+    const compound = new paper.CompoundPath({ insert: false });
+    for (const points of normalizedContours) {
+      const child = new paper.Path({
+        segments: points.map((p) => [p.x, p.y]),
+        closed: true,
+        insert: false,
+      });
+      child.simplify(tolerance);
+      compound.addChild(child);
+    }
+
+    const data = compound.pathData || this.contoursToSVG(normalizedContours);
+    compound.remove();
+    return data;
+  }
+}