@polintpro/proposit-core 0.6.6 → 0.7.5

package/dist/lib/core/premise-engine.js

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
-import { isPremiseBound, } from "../schemata/index.js";
+import { CorePremiseSchema, isExternallyBound, isPremiseBound, } from "../schemata/index.js";
 import { DefaultMap } from "../utils/default-map.js";
 import { midpoint, POSITION_INITIAL, POSITION_MAX } from "../utils/position.js";
 import { sortedCopyById, sortedUnique } from "../utils/collections.js";
 import { kleeneAnd, kleeneIff, kleeneImplies, kleeneNot, kleeneOr, } from "./evaluation/kleene.js";
 import { buildDirectionalVacuity, makeErrorIssue, makeValidationResult, } from "./evaluation/validation.js";
+import { Value } from "typebox/value";
+import { PREMISE_SCHEMA_INVALID, PREMISE_ROOT_EXPRESSION_INVALID, PREMISE_VARIABLE_REF_NOT_FOUND, } from "../types/validation.js";
 import { DEFAULT_CHECKSUM_CONFIG, normalizeChecksumConfig, serializeChecksumConfig, } from "../consts.js";
 import { ChangeCollector } from "./change-collector.js";
 import { computeHash, entityChecksum } from "./checksum.js";
+import { InvariantViolationError } from "./invariant-violation-error.js";
 import { ExpressionManager } from "./expression-manager.js";
 import { VariableManager } from "./variable-manager.js";
 export class PremiseEngine {
@@ -26,6 +29,9 @@ export class PremiseEngine {
     onMutate;
     circularityCheck;
     emptyBoundPremiseCheck;
+    variableIdsCallback;
+    argumentValidateCallback;
+    insideValidation = false;
     constructor(premise, deps, config) {
         this.premise = { ...premise };
         this.argument = deps.argument;
@@ -45,427 +51,406 @@ export class PremiseEngine {
     setEmptyBoundPremiseCheck(check) {
         this.emptyBoundPremiseCheck = check;
     }
-    deleteExpressionsUsingVariable(variableId) {
-        const expressionIds = this.expressionsByVariableId.get(variableId);
-        if (expressionIds.size === 0) {
-            return { result: [], changes: {} };
+    setVariableIdsCallback(callback) {
+        this.variableIdsCallback = callback;
+    }
+    setArgumentValidateCallback(callback) {
+        this.argumentValidateCallback = callback;
+    }
+    premiseSnapshot() {
+        const expressionIndexEntries = [];
+        if (this.expressionIndex) {
+            for (const [exprId, premiseId] of this.expressionIndex) {
+                if (premiseId === this.premise.id) {
+                    expressionIndexEntries.push([exprId, premiseId]);
+                }
+            }
         }
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        // Suppress onMutate during the loop to avoid redundant notifications
-        const savedOnMutate = this.onMutate;
-        this.onMutate = undefined;
-        try {
-            // Copy the set since removeExpression mutates expressionsByVariableId
-            const removed = [];
-            for (const exprId of [...expressionIds]) {
-                // The expression may already have been removed as part of a
-                // prior subtree deletion or operator collapse in this loop.
-                if (!this.expressions.getExpression(exprId))
-                    continue;
-                const { result, changes } = this.removeExpression(exprId, true);
-                if (result)
-                    removed.push(result);
-                if (changes.expressions) {
-                    for (const e of changes.expressions.removed) {
-                        collector.removedExpression(e);
-                    }
+        return {
+            premiseData: { ...this.premise },
+            rootExpressionId: this.rootExpressionId,
+            expressionSnapshot: this.expressions.snapshot(),
+            expressionIndexEntries,
+        };
+    }
+    restoreFromPremiseSnapshot(snap) {
+        this.premise = snap.premiseData;
+        this.rootExpressionId = snap.rootExpressionId;
+        this.expressions = ExpressionManager.fromSnapshot(snap.expressionSnapshot);
+        // Restore expression index entries
+        if (this.expressionIndex) {
+            for (const [exprId, premiseId] of [...this.expressionIndex]) {
+                if (premiseId === this.premise.id) {
+                    this.expressionIndex.delete(exprId);
                 }
             }
-            // Expressions in the collector already have checksums attached
-            // (from ExpressionManager which stores expressions with checksums).
-            const changes = collector.toChangeset();
-            this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
-            // Restore and fire once if something was removed
-            this.onMutate = savedOnMutate;
-            if (removed.length > 0) {
-                this.onMutate?.();
+            for (const [exprId, premiseId] of snap.expressionIndexEntries) {
+                this.expressionIndex.set(exprId, premiseId);
             }
-            return {
-                result: removed,
-                changes,
-            };
-        }
-        catch (e) {
-            this.onMutate = savedOnMutate;
-            throw e;
         }
+        this.rebuildVariableIndex();
     }
-    addExpression(expression) {
-        this.assertBelongsToArgument(expression.argumentId, expression.argumentVersion);
-        if (expression.type === "variable" &&
-            !this.variables.hasVariable(expression.variableId)) {
-            throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expression.id}" references non-existent variable "${expression.variableId}".`);
+    withValidation(fn) {
+        if (this.insideValidation) {
+            return fn();
         }
-        if (expression.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
-            if (this.circularityCheck(expression.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
-                throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${expression.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
+        const snap = this.premiseSnapshot();
+        this.insideValidation = true;
+        try {
+            const result = fn();
+            const validation = this.argumentValidateCallback?.() ?? this.validate();
+            if (!validation.ok) {
+                this.restoreFromPremiseSnapshot(snap);
+                throw new InvariantViolationError(validation.violations);
             }
+            return result;
         }
-        if (expression.parentId === null) {
-            if (this.rootExpressionId !== undefined) {
-                throw new Error(`Premise "${this.premise.id}" already has a root expression.`);
+        catch (e) {
+            if (!(e instanceof InvariantViolationError)) {
+                this.restoreFromPremiseSnapshot(snap);
             }
+            throw e;
         }
-        else {
-            if (!this.expressions.getExpression(expression.parentId)) {
-                throw new Error(`Parent expression "${expression.parentId}" does not exist in this premise.`);
-            }
+        finally {
+            this.insideValidation = false;
         }
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            // Delegate structural validation (operator type checks, position
-            // uniqueness, child limits) to ExpressionManager.
-            this.expressions.addExpression(expression);
+    }
+    deleteExpressionsUsingVariable(variableId) {
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            const expressionIds = this.expressionsByVariableId.get(variableId);
+            if (expressionIds.size === 0) {
+                return { result: [], changes: {} };
+            }
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            // Suppress onMutate during the loop to avoid redundant notifications
+            const savedOnMutate = this.onMutate;
+            this.onMutate = undefined;
+            try {
+                // Copy the set since removeExpression mutates expressionsByVariableId
+                const removed = [];
+                for (const exprId of [...expressionIds]) {
+                    // The expression may already have been removed as part of a
+                    // prior subtree deletion or operator collapse in this loop.
+                    if (!this.expressions.getExpression(exprId))
+                        continue;
+                    const { result, changes } = this.removeExpression(exprId, true);
+                    if (result)
+                        removed.push(result);
+                    if (changes.expressions) {
+                        for (const e of changes.expressions.removed) {
+                            collector.removedExpression(e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Expressions in the collector already have checksums attached
+                // (from ExpressionManager which stores expressions with checksums).
+                const changes = collector.toChangeset();
+                this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
+                // Restore and fire once if something was removed
+                this.onMutate = savedOnMutate;
+                if (removed.length > 0) {
+                    this.onMutate?.();
+                }
+                return {
+                    result: removed,
+                    changes,
+                };
+            }
+            catch (e) {
+                this.onMutate = savedOnMutate;
+                throw e;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    addExpression(expression) {
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            this.assertBelongsToArgument(expression.argumentId, expression.argumentVersion);
+            if (expression.type === "variable" &&
+                !this.variables.hasVariable(expression.variableId)) {
+                throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expression.id}" references non-existent variable "${expression.variableId}".`);
+            }
+            if (expression.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
+                if (this.circularityCheck(expression.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${expression.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
+                }
+            }
             if (expression.parentId === null) {
-                this.rootExpressionId = expression.id;
+                if (this.rootExpressionId !== undefined) {
+                    throw new Error(`Premise "${this.premise.id}" already has a root expression.`);
+                }
             }
-            if (expression.type === "variable") {
-                this.expressionsByVariableId
-                    .get(expression.variableId)
-                    .add(expression.id);
+            else {
+                if (!this.expressions.getExpression(expression.parentId)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Parent expression "${expression.parentId}" does not exist in this premise.`);
+                }
             }
-            this.markDirty();
-            const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
-            this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
-            this.onMutate?.();
-            return {
-                result: this.expressions.getExpression(expression.id),
-                changes,
-            };
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
+                // Delegate structural validation (operator type checks, position
+                // uniqueness, child limits) to ExpressionManager.
+                this.expressions.addExpression(expression);
+                if (expression.parentId === null) {
+                    this.rootExpressionId = expression.id;
+                }
+                if (expression.type === "variable") {
+                    this.expressionsByVariableId
+                        .get(expression.variableId)
+                        .add(expression.id);
+                }
+                this.markDirty();
+                const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
+                this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
+                this.onMutate?.();
+                return {
+                    result: this.expressions.getExpression(expression.id),
+                    changes,
+                };
+            }
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
+            }
+        });
     }
     appendExpression(parentId, expression) {
-        this.assertBelongsToArgument(expression.argumentId, expression.argumentVersion);
-        if (expression.type === "variable" &&
-            !this.variables.hasVariable(expression.variableId)) {
-            throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expression.id}" references non-existent variable "${expression.variableId}".`);
-        }
-        if (expression.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
-            if (this.circularityCheck(expression.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
-                throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${expression.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            this.assertBelongsToArgument(expression.argumentId, expression.argumentVersion);
+            if (expression.type === "variable" &&
+                !this.variables.hasVariable(expression.variableId)) {
+                throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expression.id}" references non-existent variable "${expression.variableId}".`);
             }
-        }
-        if (parentId === null) {
-            if (this.rootExpressionId !== undefined) {
-                throw new Error(`Premise "${this.premise.id}" already has a root expression.`);
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            if (!this.expressions.getExpression(parentId)) {
-                throw new Error(`Parent expression "${parentId}" does not exist in this premise.`);
+            if (expression.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
+                if (this.circularityCheck(expression.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${expression.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
+                }
             }
-        }
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            this.expressions.appendExpression(parentId, expression);
             if (parentId === null) {
-                this.syncRootExpressionId();
+                if (this.rootExpressionId !== undefined) {
+                    throw new Error(`Premise "${this.premise.id}" already has a root expression.`);
+                }
             }
-            if (expression.type === "variable") {
-                this.expressionsByVariableId
-                    .get(expression.variableId)
-                    .add(expression.id);
+            else {
+                if (!this.expressions.getExpression(parentId)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Parent expression "${parentId}" does not exist in this premise.`);
+                }
             }
-            this.markDirty();
-            const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
-            this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
-            this.onMutate?.();
-            return {
-                result: this.expressions.getExpression(expression.id),
-                changes,
-            };
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
+                this.expressions.appendExpression(parentId, expression);
+                if (parentId === null) {
+                    this.syncRootExpressionId();
+                }
+                if (expression.type === "variable") {
+                    this.expressionsByVariableId
+                        .get(expression.variableId)
+                        .add(expression.id);
+                }
+                this.markDirty();
+                const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
+                this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
+                this.onMutate?.();
+                return {
+                    result: this.expressions.getExpression(expression.id),
+                    changes,
+                };
+            }
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
+            }
+        });
     }
     addExpressionRelative(siblingId, relativePosition, expression) {
-        this.assertBelongsToArgument(expression.argumentId, expression.argumentVersion);
-        if (expression.type === "variable" &&
-            !this.variables.hasVariable(expression.variableId)) {
-            throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expression.id}" references non-existent variable "${expression.variableId}".`);
-        }
-        if (expression.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
-            if (this.circularityCheck(expression.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
-                throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${expression.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            this.assertBelongsToArgument(expression.argumentId, expression.argumentVersion);
+            if (expression.type === "variable" &&
+                !this.variables.hasVariable(expression.variableId)) {
+                throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expression.id}" references non-existent variable "${expression.variableId}".`);
             }
-        }
-        if (!this.expressions.getExpression(siblingId)) {
-            throw new Error(`Expression "${siblingId}" not found in this premise.`);
-        }
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            this.expressions.addExpressionRelative(siblingId, relativePosition, expression);
-            if (expression.type === "variable") {
-                this.expressionsByVariableId
-                    .get(expression.variableId)
-                    .add(expression.id);
+            if (expression.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
+                if (this.circularityCheck(expression.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${expression.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
+                }
             }
-            this.markDirty();
-            const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
-            this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
-            this.onMutate?.();
-            return {
-                result: this.expressions.getExpression(expression.id),
-                changes,
-            };
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
-    }
-    updateExpression(expressionId, updates) {
-        const existing = this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId);
-        if (!existing) {
-            throw new Error(`Expression "${expressionId}" not found in premise "${this.premise.id}".`);
-        }
-        if (updates.variableId !== undefined) {
-            if (!this.variables.hasVariable(updates.variableId)) {
-                throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expressionId}" references non-existent variable "${updates.variableId}".`);
+            if (!this.expressions.getExpression(siblingId)) {
+                throw new Error(`Expression "${siblingId}" not found in this premise.`);
             }
-        }
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            const oldVariableId = existing.type === "variable" ? existing.variableId : undefined;
-            const updated = this.expressions.updateExpression(expressionId, updates);
-            if (updates.variableId !== undefined &&
-                oldVariableId !== undefined &&
-                oldVariableId !== updates.variableId) {
-                this.expressionsByVariableId
-                    .get(oldVariableId)
-                    ?.delete(expressionId);
-                this.expressionsByVariableId
-                    .get(updates.variableId)
-                    .add(expressionId);
-            }
-            const changeset = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
-            if (changeset.expressions !== undefined) {
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
+                this.expressions.addExpressionRelative(siblingId, relativePosition, expression);
+                if (expression.type === "variable") {
+                    this.expressionsByVariableId
+                        .get(expression.variableId)
+                        .add(expression.id);
+                }
                 this.markDirty();
+                const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
+                this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
                 this.onMutate?.();
-            }
-            this.syncExpressionIndex(changeset);
-            return {
-                result: updated,
-                changes: changeset,
-            };
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
-    }
-    removeExpression(expressionId, deleteSubtree) {
-        // Snapshot the expression before removal (for result).
-        const snapshot = this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId);
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            if (!snapshot) {
                 return {
-                    result: undefined,
-                    changes: collector.toChangeset(),
+                    result: this.expressions.getExpression(expression.id),
+                    changes,
                 };
             }
-            if (deleteSubtree) {
-                // Snapshot the subtree before deletion so we can clean up
-                // expressionsByVariableId for cascade-deleted descendants — they are
-                // not individually surfaced by ExpressionManager.removeExpression.
-                const subtree = this.collectSubtree(expressionId);
-                this.expressions.removeExpression(expressionId, true);
-                for (const expr of subtree) {
-                    if (expr.type === "variable") {
-                        this.expressionsByVariableId
-                            .get(expr.variableId)
-                            ?.delete(expr.id);
-                    }
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    updateExpression(expressionId, updates) {
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            const existing = this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId);
+            if (!existing) {
+                throw new Error(`Expression "${expressionId}" not found in premise "${this.premise.id}".`);
+            }
+            if (updates.variableId !== undefined) {
+                if (!this.variables.hasVariable(updates.variableId)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expressionId}" references non-existent variable "${updates.variableId}".`);
                 }
             }
-            else {
-                // Only clean up expressionsByVariableId for the removed
-                // expression itself — children survive promotion.
-                if (snapshot.type === "variable") {
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
+                const oldVariableId = existing.type === "variable"
+                    ? existing.variableId
+                    : undefined;
+                const updated = this.expressions.updateExpression(expressionId, updates);
+                if (updates.variableId !== undefined &&
+                    oldVariableId !== undefined &&
+                    oldVariableId !== updates.variableId) {
                     this.expressionsByVariableId
-                        .get(snapshot.variableId)
-                        ?.delete(snapshot.id);
+                        .get(oldVariableId)
+                        ?.delete(expressionId);
+                    this.expressionsByVariableId
+                        .get(updates.variableId)
+                        .add(expressionId);
                 }
-                this.expressions.removeExpression(expressionId, false);
-            }
-            this.syncRootExpressionId();
-            this.markDirty();
-            const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
-            this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
-            this.onMutate?.();
-            return {
-                result: snapshot,
-                changes,
-            };
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
-    }
-    insertExpression(expression, leftNodeId, rightNodeId) {
-        this.assertBelongsToArgument(expression.argumentId, expression.argumentVersion);
-        if (expression.type === "variable" &&
-            !this.variables.hasVariable(expression.variableId)) {
-            throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expression.id}" references non-existent variable "${expression.variableId}".`);
-        }
-        if (expression.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
-            if (this.circularityCheck(expression.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
-                throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${expression.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
+                const changeset = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
+                if (changeset.expressions !== undefined) {
+                    this.markDirty();
+                    this.onMutate?.();
+                }
+                this.syncExpressionIndex(changeset);
+                return {
+                    result: updated,
+                    changes: changeset,
+                };
             }
-        }
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            this.expressions.insertExpression(expression, leftNodeId, rightNodeId);
-            if (expression.type === "variable") {
-                this.expressionsByVariableId
-                    .get(expression.variableId)
-                    .add(expression.id);
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
             }
-            this.syncRootExpressionId();
-            this.markDirty();
-            const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
-            this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
-            this.onMutate?.();
-            return {
-                result: this.expressions.getExpression(expression.id),
-                changes,
-            };
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
+        });
     }
-    wrapExpression(operator, newSibling, leftNodeId, rightNodeId) {
-        this.assertBelongsToArgument(operator.argumentId, operator.argumentVersion);
-        this.assertBelongsToArgument(newSibling.argumentId, newSibling.argumentVersion);
-        if (newSibling.type === "variable" &&
-            !this.variables.hasVariable(newSibling.variableId)) {
-            throw new Error(`Variable expression "${newSibling.id}" references non-existent variable "${newSibling.variableId}".`);
-        }
-        if (newSibling.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
-            if (this.circularityCheck(newSibling.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
-                throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${newSibling.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
+    removeExpression(expressionId, deleteSubtree) {
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            // Snapshot the expression before removal (for result).
+            const snapshot = this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId);
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
+                if (!snapshot) {
+                    return {
+                        result: undefined,
+                        changes: collector.toChangeset(),
+                    };
+                }
+                if (deleteSubtree) {
+                    // Snapshot the subtree before deletion so we can clean up
+                    // expressionsByVariableId for cascade-deleted descendants — they are
+                    // not individually surfaced by ExpressionManager.removeExpression.
+                    const subtree = this.collectSubtree(expressionId);
+                    this.expressions.removeExpression(expressionId, true);
+                    for (const expr of subtree) {
+                        if (expr.type === "variable") {
+                            this.expressionsByVariableId
+                                .get(expr.variableId)
+                                ?.delete(expr.id);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    // Only clean up expressionsByVariableId for the removed
+                    // expression itself — children survive promotion.
+                    if (snapshot.type === "variable") {
+                        this.expressionsByVariableId
+                            .get(snapshot.variableId)
+                            ?.delete(snapshot.id);
+                    }
+                    this.expressions.removeExpression(expressionId, false);
+                }
+                this.syncRootExpressionId();
+                this.markDirty();
+                const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
+                this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
+                this.onMutate?.();
+                return {
+                    result: snapshot,
+                    changes,
+                };
             }
-        }
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            this.expressions.wrapExpression(operator, newSibling, leftNodeId, rightNodeId);
-            if (newSibling.type === "variable") {
-                this.expressionsByVariableId
-                    .get(newSibling.variableId)
-                    .add(newSibling.id);
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
             }
-            this.syncRootExpressionId();
-            this.markDirty();
-            const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
-            this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
-            this.onMutate?.();
-            return {
-                result: this.expressions.getExpression(operator.id),
-                changes,
-            };
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
+        });
     }
-    toggleNegation(expressionId, extraFields) {
-        const target = this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId);
-        if (!target) {
-            throw new Error(`Expression "${expressionId}" not found in this premise.`);
-        }
-        this.assertBelongsToArgument(target.argumentId, target.argumentVersion);
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            const parent = target.parentId
-                ? this.expressions.getExpression(target.parentId)
-                : undefined;
-            // Check for direct not parent: not(target)
-            const isDirectNot = parent?.type === "operator" && parent.operator === "not";
-            // Check for formula-buffered not: not(formula(target))
-            const grandparent = parent?.type === "formula" && parent.parentId
-                ? this.expressions.getExpression(parent.parentId)
-                : undefined;
-            const isBufferedNot = parent?.type === "formula" &&
-                grandparent?.type === "operator" &&
-                grandparent.operator === "not";
-            if (isDirectNot || isBufferedNot) {
-                if (isBufferedNot) {
-                    // Structure is not → formula → target.
-                    // Remove just the not (promotes formula into its slot).
-                    // The formula remains as a transparent wrapper.
-                    this.expressions.removeExpression(grandparent.id, false);
+    insertExpression(expression, leftNodeId, rightNodeId) {
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            this.assertBelongsToArgument(expression.argumentId, expression.argumentVersion);
+            if (expression.type === "variable" &&
+                !this.variables.hasVariable(expression.variableId)) {
+                throw new Error(`Variable expression "${expression.id}" references non-existent variable "${expression.variableId}".`);
+            }
+            if (expression.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
+                if (this.circularityCheck(expression.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${expression.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
                 }
-                else {
-                    // Remove the NOT operator, promoting target into its slot
-                    this.expressions.removeExpression(parent.id, false);
+            }
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
+                this.expressions.insertExpression(expression, leftNodeId, rightNodeId);
+                if (expression.type === "variable") {
+                    this.expressionsByVariableId
+                        .get(expression.variableId)
+                        .add(expression.id);
                 }
                 this.syncRootExpressionId();
                 this.markDirty();
                 const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
                 this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
                 this.onMutate?.();
-                return { result: null, changes };
+                return {
+                    result: this.expressions.getExpression(expression.id),
+                    changes,
+                };
             }
-            else {
-                // When the target is a non-not operator, insert a formula
-                // buffer between the new not and the target so the tree
-                // satisfies the operator nesting restriction.
-                const needsFormula = target.type === "operator" && target.operator !== "not";
-                let notExprId;
-                if (needsFormula) {
-                    // Build not → formula → target
-                    const formulaExpr = {
-                        ...extraFields,
-                        id: randomUUID(),
-                        argumentId: target.argumentId,
-                        argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
-                        premiseId: target.premiseId,
-                        type: "formula",
-                        parentId: target.parentId,
-                        position: target.position,
-                    };
-                    this.expressions.insertExpression(formulaExpr, expressionId);
-                    const notExpr = {
-                        ...extraFields,
-                        id: randomUUID(),
-                        argumentId: target.argumentId,
-                        argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
-                        premiseId: target.premiseId,
-                        type: "operator",
-                        operator: "not",
-                        parentId: target.parentId,
-                        position: target.position,
-                    };
-                    this.expressions.insertExpression(notExpr, formulaExpr.id);
-                    notExprId = notExpr.id;
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    wrapExpression(operator, newSibling, leftNodeId, rightNodeId) {
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            this.assertBelongsToArgument(operator.argumentId, operator.argumentVersion);
+            this.assertBelongsToArgument(newSibling.argumentId, newSibling.argumentVersion);
+            if (newSibling.type === "variable" &&
+                !this.variables.hasVariable(newSibling.variableId)) {
+                throw new Error(`Variable expression "${newSibling.id}" references non-existent variable "${newSibling.variableId}".`);
+            }
+            if (newSibling.type === "variable" && this.circularityCheck) {
+                if (this.circularityCheck(newSibling.variableId, this.premise.id)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Circular binding: variable "${newSibling.variableId}" is bound to this premise (directly or transitively)`);
                 }
-                else {
-                    // Wrap target with a new NOT operator
-                    const notExpr = {
-                        ...extraFields,
-                        id: randomUUID(),
-                        argumentId: target.argumentId,
-                        argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
-                        premiseId: target.premiseId,
-                        type: "operator",
-                        operator: "not",
-                        parentId: target.parentId,
-                        position: target.position,
-                    };
-                    this.expressions.insertExpression(notExpr, expressionId);
-                    notExprId = notExpr.id;
+            }
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
+                this.expressions.wrapExpression(operator, newSibling, leftNodeId, rightNodeId);
+                if (newSibling.type === "variable") {
+                    this.expressionsByVariableId
+                        .get(newSibling.variableId)
+                        .add(newSibling.id);
                 }
                 this.syncRootExpressionId();
                 this.markDirty();
@@ -473,87 +458,47 @@ export class PremiseEngine {
                 this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
                 this.onMutate?.();
                 return {
-                    result: this.expressions.getExpression(notExprId),
+                    result: this.expressions.getExpression(operator.id),
                     changes,
                 };
             }
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
+            }
+        });
     }
-    changeOperator(expressionId, newOperator, sourceChildId, targetChildId, extraFields) {
-        const target = this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId);
-        if (!target) {
-            throw new Error(`Expression "${expressionId}" not found in this premise.`);
-        }
-        if (target.type !== "operator") {
-            throw new Error(`Expression "${expressionId}" is not an operator expression (type: "${target.type}").`);
-        }
-        if (target.type === "operator" && target.operator === "not") {
-            throw new Error(`Cannot change a "not" operator. Use toggleNegation instead.`);
-        }
-        this.assertBelongsToArgument(target.argumentId, target.argumentVersion);
-        // No-op: already the requested operator
-        if (target.type === "operator" && target.operator === newOperator) {
-            return { result: target, changes: {} };
-        }
-        const children = this.expressions.getChildExpressions(expressionId);
-        const childCount = children.length;
-        const collector = new ChangeCollector();
-        this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
-        try {
-            if (childCount <= 2) {
-                // Check for merge condition: parent is same type as newOperator
+    toggleNegation(expressionId, extraFields) {
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            const target = this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId);
+            if (!target) {
+                throw new Error(`Expression "${expressionId}" not found in this premise.`);
+            }
+            this.assertBelongsToArgument(target.argumentId, target.argumentVersion);
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
                 const parent = target.parentId
                     ? this.expressions.getExpression(target.parentId)
                     : undefined;
-                // Look through formula buffer: if parent is formula, check grandparent
-                let mergeTarget;
-                if (parent?.type === "formula" && parent.parentId) {
-                    const grandparent = this.expressions.getExpression(parent.parentId);
-                    if (grandparent?.type === "operator" &&
-                        grandparent.operator === newOperator) {
-                        mergeTarget = grandparent;
-                    }
-                }
-                else if (parent?.type === "operator" &&
-                    parent.operator === newOperator) {
-                    mergeTarget = parent;
-                }
-                if (mergeTarget) {
-                    // --- MERGE ---
-                    // Reparent children of the dissolving operator under the merge target.
-                    // Use the dissolving operator's position slot for the first child,
-                    // compute midpoint positions for subsequent children.
-                    // If parent was a formula buffer, we'll dissolve that too
-                    const formulaToDissolve = parent?.type === "formula" ? parent : undefined;
-                    // The position slot we're replacing
-                    const slotPosition = formulaToDissolve
-                        ? formulaToDissolve.position
-                        : target.position;
-                    // Get the merge target's existing children sorted by position to find neighbors
-                    const mergeChildren = this.expressions.getChildExpressions(mergeTarget.id);
-                    // Find the position of the next sibling after the slot
-                    const slotIndex = mergeChildren.findIndex((c) => c.id === (formulaToDissolve?.id ?? expressionId));
-                    const nextSibling = mergeChildren[slotIndex + 1];
-                    const nextPosition = nextSibling
-                        ? nextSibling.position
-                        : POSITION_MAX;
-                    // Reparent each child
-                    for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
-                        const childPosition = i === 0
-                            ? slotPosition
-                            : midpoint(i === 1
-                                ? slotPosition
-                                : children[i - 1].position, nextPosition);
-                        this.expressions.reparentExpression(children[i].id, mergeTarget.id, childPosition);
+                // Check for direct not parent: not(target)
+                const isDirectNot = parent?.type === "operator" && parent.operator === "not";
+                // Check for formula-buffered not: not(formula(target))
+                const grandparent = parent?.type === "formula" && parent.parentId
+                    ? this.expressions.getExpression(parent.parentId)
+                    : undefined;
+                const isBufferedNot = parent?.type === "formula" &&
+                    grandparent?.type === "operator" &&
+                    grandparent.operator === "not";
+                if (isDirectNot || isBufferedNot) {
+                    if (isBufferedNot) {
+                        // Structure is not → formula → target.
+                        // Remove just the not (promotes formula into its slot).
+                        // The formula remains as a transparent wrapper.
+                        this.expressions.removeExpression(grandparent.id, false);
                     }
-                    // Delete the dissolving operator (now has no children)
-                    this.expressions.deleteExpression(expressionId);
-                    // Delete the formula buffer if it existed (now has no children)
-                    if (formulaToDissolve) {
-                        this.expressions.deleteExpression(formulaToDissolve.id);
+                    else {
+                        // Remove the NOT operator, promoting target into its slot
+                        this.expressions.removeExpression(parent.id, false);
                     }
                     this.syncRootExpressionId();
                     this.markDirty();
@@ -563,96 +508,243 @@ export class PremiseEngine {
                     return { result: null, changes };
                 }
                 else {
-                    // --- SIMPLE CHANGE ---
-                    this.expressions.changeOperatorType(expressionId, newOperator);
+                    // When the target is a non-not operator, insert a formula
+                    // buffer between the new not and the target so the tree
+                    // satisfies the operator nesting restriction.
+                    const needsFormula = target.type === "operator" && target.operator !== "not";
+                    let notExprId;
+                    if (needsFormula) {
+                        // Build not → formula → target
+                        const formulaExpr = {
+                            ...extraFields,
+                            id: randomUUID(),
+                            argumentId: target.argumentId,
+                            argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
+                            premiseId: target.premiseId,
+                            type: "formula",
+                            parentId: target.parentId,
+                            position: target.position,
+                        };
+                        this.expressions.insertExpression(formulaExpr, expressionId);
+                        const notExpr = {
+                            ...extraFields,
+                            id: randomUUID(),
+                            argumentId: target.argumentId,
+                            argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
+                            premiseId: target.premiseId,
+                            type: "operator",
+                            operator: "not",
+                            parentId: target.parentId,
+                            position: target.position,
+                        };
+                        this.expressions.insertExpression(notExpr, formulaExpr.id);
+                        notExprId = notExpr.id;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        // Wrap target with a new NOT operator
+                        const notExpr = {
+                            ...extraFields,
+                            id: randomUUID(),
+                            argumentId: target.argumentId,
+                            argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
+                            premiseId: target.premiseId,
+                            type: "operator",
+                            operator: "not",
+                            parentId: target.parentId,
+                            position: target.position,
+                        };
+                        this.expressions.insertExpression(notExpr, expressionId);
+                        notExprId = notExpr.id;
+                    }
                     this.syncRootExpressionId();
                     this.markDirty();
                     const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
                     this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
                     this.onMutate?.();
                     return {
-                        result: this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId),
+                        result: this.expressions.getExpression(notExprId),
                         changes,
                     };
                 }
             }
-            else {
-                // --- SPLIT (>2 children) ---
-                if (!sourceChildId || !targetChildId) {
-                    throw new Error(`Operator "${expressionId}" has ${childCount} children — sourceChildId and targetChildId are required for split.`);
-                }
-                // Validate source and target are children of the operator
-                const sourceChild = this.expressions.getExpression(sourceChildId);
-                const targetChild = this.expressions.getExpression(targetChildId);
-                if (!sourceChild || sourceChild.parentId !== expressionId) {
-                    throw new Error(`Expression "${sourceChildId}" is not a child of operator "${expressionId}".`);
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    changeOperator(expressionId, newOperator, sourceChildId, targetChildId, extraFields) {
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            const target = this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId);
+            if (!target) {
+                throw new Error(`Expression "${expressionId}" not found in this premise.`);
+            }
+            if (target.type !== "operator") {
+                throw new Error(`Expression "${expressionId}" is not an operator expression (type: "${target.type}").`);
+            }
+            if (target.type === "operator" && target.operator === "not") {
+                throw new Error(`Cannot change a "not" operator. Use toggleNegation instead.`);
+            }
+            this.assertBelongsToArgument(target.argumentId, target.argumentVersion);
+            // No-op: already the requested operator
+            if (target.type === "operator" && target.operator === newOperator) {
+                return { result: target, changes: {} };
+            }
+            const children = this.expressions.getChildExpressions(expressionId);
+            const childCount = children.length;
+            const collector = new ChangeCollector();
+            this.expressions.setCollector(collector);
+            try {
+                if (childCount <= 2) {
+                    // Check for merge condition: parent is same type as newOperator
+                    const parent = target.parentId
+                        ? this.expressions.getExpression(target.parentId)
+                        : undefined;
+                    // Look through formula buffer: if parent is formula, check grandparent
+                    let mergeTarget;
+                    if (parent?.type === "formula" && parent.parentId) {
+                        const grandparent = this.expressions.getExpression(parent.parentId);
+                        if (grandparent?.type === "operator" &&
+                            grandparent.operator === newOperator) {
+                            mergeTarget = grandparent;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else if (parent?.type === "operator" &&
+                        parent.operator === newOperator) {
+                        mergeTarget = parent;
+                    }
+                    if (mergeTarget) {
+                        // --- MERGE ---
+                        // Reparent children of the dissolving operator under the merge target.
+                        // Use the dissolving operator's position slot for the first child,
+                        // compute midpoint positions for subsequent children.
+                        // If parent was a formula buffer, we'll dissolve that too
+                        const formulaToDissolve = parent?.type === "formula" ? parent : undefined;
+                        // The position slot we're replacing
+                        const slotPosition = formulaToDissolve
+                            ? formulaToDissolve.position
+                            : target.position;
+                        // Get the merge target's existing children sorted by position to find neighbors
+                        const mergeChildren = this.expressions.getChildExpressions(mergeTarget.id);
+                        // Find the position of the next sibling after the slot
+                        const slotIndex = mergeChildren.findIndex((c) => c.id === (formulaToDissolve?.id ?? expressionId));
+                        const nextSibling = mergeChildren[slotIndex + 1];
+                        const nextPosition = nextSibling
+                            ? nextSibling.position
+                            : POSITION_MAX;
+                        // Reparent each child
+                        for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
+                            const childPosition = i === 0
+                                ? slotPosition
+                                : midpoint(i === 1
+                                    ? slotPosition
+                                    : children[i - 1].position, nextPosition);
+                            this.expressions.reparentExpression(children[i].id, mergeTarget.id, childPosition);
+                        }
+                        // Delete the dissolving operator (now has no children)
+                        this.expressions.deleteExpression(expressionId);
+                        // Delete the formula buffer if it existed (now has no children)
+                        if (formulaToDissolve) {
+                            this.expressions.deleteExpression(formulaToDissolve.id);
+                        }
+                        this.syncRootExpressionId();
+                        this.markDirty();
+                        const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
+                        this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
+                        this.onMutate?.();
+                        return { result: null, changes };
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        // --- SIMPLE CHANGE ---
+                        this.expressions.changeOperatorType(expressionId, newOperator);
+                        this.syncRootExpressionId();
+                        this.markDirty();
+                        const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
+                        this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
+                        this.onMutate?.();
+                        return {
+                            result: this.expressions.getExpression(expressionId),
+                            changes,
+                        };
+                    }
                 }
-                if (!targetChild || targetChild.parentId !== expressionId) {
-                    throw new Error(`Expression "${targetChildId}" is not a child of operator "${expressionId}".`);
+                else {
+                    // --- SPLIT (>2 children) ---
+                    if (!sourceChildId || !targetChildId) {
+                        throw new Error(`Operator "${expressionId}" has ${childCount} children — sourceChildId and targetChildId are required for split.`);
+                    }
+                    // Validate source and target are children of the operator
+                    const sourceChild = this.expressions.getExpression(sourceChildId);
+                    const targetChild = this.expressions.getExpression(targetChildId);
+                    if (!sourceChild || sourceChild.parentId !== expressionId) {
+                        throw new Error(`Expression "${sourceChildId}" is not a child of operator "${expressionId}".`);
+                    }
+                    if (!targetChild || targetChild.parentId !== expressionId) {
+                        throw new Error(`Expression "${targetChildId}" is not a child of operator "${expressionId}".`);
+                    }
+                    // Determine position for the formula buffer (min of the two children)
+                    const formulaPosition = Math.min(sourceChild.position, targetChild.position);
+                    // Create the sub-operator and formula first as detached nodes,
+                    // then reparent children away from the parent (freeing their
+                    // position slots), and finally add formula + sub-operator.
+                    const formulaId = randomUUID();
+                    const newOpId = randomUUID();
+                    // Reparent source and target children to a temporary holding
+                    // position under the new sub-operator. We must reparent them
+                    // away from the parent BEFORE adding the formula at their old
+                    // position slot.
+                    const firstChild = sourceChild.position <= targetChild.position
+                        ? sourceChild
+                        : targetChild;
+                    const secondChild = sourceChild.position <= targetChild.position
+                        ? targetChild
+                        : sourceChild;
+                    // Reparent children to null temporarily (detach from parent)
+                    // so their position slots are freed.
+                    this.expressions.reparentExpression(firstChild.id, null, firstChild.position);
+                    this.expressions.reparentExpression(secondChild.id, null, secondChild.position);
+                    // Now add the formula buffer at the freed position
+                    const formulaExpr = {
+                        ...extraFields,
+                        id: formulaId,
+                        argumentId: target.argumentId,
+                        argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
+                        premiseId: target.premiseId,
+                        type: "formula",
+                        parentId: expressionId,
+                        position: formulaPosition,
+                    };
+                    this.expressions.addExpression(formulaExpr);
+                    // Add the new sub-operator under the formula
+                    const newOpExpr = {
+                        ...extraFields,
+                        id: newOpId,
+                        argumentId: target.argumentId,
+                        argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
+                        premiseId: target.premiseId,
+                        type: "operator",
+                        operator: newOperator,
+                        parentId: formulaId,
+                        position: POSITION_INITIAL,
+                    };
+                    this.expressions.addExpression(newOpExpr);
+                    // Now reparent the children under the new sub-operator
+                    this.expressions.reparentExpression(firstChild.id, newOpId, POSITION_INITIAL);
+                    this.expressions.reparentExpression(secondChild.id, newOpId, midpoint(POSITION_INITIAL, POSITION_MAX));
+                    this.syncRootExpressionId();
+                    this.markDirty();
+                    const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
+                    this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
+                    this.onMutate?.();
+                    return {
+                        result: this.expressions.getExpression(newOpId),
+                        changes,
+                    };
                 }
-                // Determine position for the formula buffer (min of the two children)
-                const formulaPosition = Math.min(sourceChild.position, targetChild.position);
-                // Create the sub-operator and formula first as detached nodes,
-                // then reparent children away from the parent (freeing their
-                // position slots), and finally add formula + sub-operator.
-                const formulaId = randomUUID();
-                const newOpId = randomUUID();
-                // Reparent source and target children to a temporary holding
-                // position under the new sub-operator. We must reparent them
-                // away from the parent BEFORE adding the formula at their old
-                // position slot.
-                const firstChild = sourceChild.position <= targetChild.position
-                    ? sourceChild
-                    : targetChild;
-                const secondChild = sourceChild.position <= targetChild.position
-                    ? targetChild
-                    : sourceChild;
-                // Reparent children to null temporarily (detach from parent)
-                // so their position slots are freed.
-                this.expressions.reparentExpression(firstChild.id, null, firstChild.position);
-                this.expressions.reparentExpression(secondChild.id, null, secondChild.position);
-                // Now add the formula buffer at the freed position
-                const formulaExpr = {
-                    ...extraFields,
-                    id: formulaId,
-                    argumentId: target.argumentId,
-                    argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
-                    premiseId: target.premiseId,
-                    type: "formula",
-                    parentId: expressionId,
-                    position: formulaPosition,
-                };
-                this.expressions.addExpression(formulaExpr);
-                // Add the new sub-operator under the formula
-                const newOpExpr = {
-                    ...extraFields,
-                    id: newOpId,
-                    argumentId: target.argumentId,
-                    argumentVersion: target.argumentVersion,
-                    premiseId: target.premiseId,
-                    type: "operator",
-                    operator: newOperator,
-                    parentId: formulaId,
-                    position: POSITION_INITIAL,
-                };
-                this.expressions.addExpression(newOpExpr);
-                // Now reparent the children under the new sub-operator
-                this.expressions.reparentExpression(firstChild.id, newOpId, POSITION_INITIAL);
-                this.expressions.reparentExpression(secondChild.id, newOpId, midpoint(POSITION_INITIAL, POSITION_MAX));
-                this.syncRootExpressionId();
-                this.markDirty();
-                const changes = this.flushAndBuildChangeset(collector);
-                this.syncExpressionIndex(changes);
-                this.onMutate?.();
-                return {
-                    result: this.expressions.getExpression(newOpId),
-                    changes,
-                };
             }
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.expressions.setCollector(null);
-        }
+            finally {
+                this.expressions.setCollector(null);
+            }
+        });
     }
     getExpression(id) {
         return this.expressions.getExpression(id);
@@ -665,20 +757,24 @@ export class PremiseEngine {
         return { ...extras };
     }
     setExtras(extras) {
-        // Strip old extras and replace with new ones
-        const { id, argumentId, argumentVersion, checksum, descendantChecksum, combinedChecksum, } = this.premise;
-        this.premise = {
-            ...extras,
-            id,
-            argumentId,
-            argumentVersion,
-            ...(checksum !== undefined ? { checksum } : {}),
-            ...(descendantChecksum !== undefined ? { descendantChecksum } : {}),
-            ...(combinedChecksum !== undefined ? { combinedChecksum } : {}),
-        };
-        this.markDirty();
-        this.onMutate?.();
-        return { result: this.getExtras(), changes: {} };
+        return this.withValidation(() => {
+            // Strip old extras and replace with new ones
+            const { id, argumentId, argumentVersion, checksum, descendantChecksum, combinedChecksum, } = this.premise;
+            this.premise = {
+                ...extras,
+                id,
+                argumentId,
+                argumentVersion,
+                ...(checksum !== undefined ? { checksum } : {}),
+                ...(descendantChecksum !== undefined
+                    ? { descendantChecksum }
+                    : {}),
+                ...(combinedChecksum !== undefined ? { combinedChecksum } : {}),
+            };
+            this.markDirty();
+            this.onMutate?.();
+            return { result: this.getExtras(), changes: {} };
+        });
     }
     getRootExpressionId() {
         return this.rootExpressionId;
@@ -855,7 +951,9 @@ export class PremiseEngine {
                 let value;
                 if (options?.resolver) {
                     const variable = this.variables.getVariable(expression.variableId);
-                    if (variable && isPremiseBound(variable)) {
+                    if (variable &&
+                        isPremiseBound(variable) &&
+                        !isExternallyBound(variable, this.argument.id)) {
                         value = options.resolver(expression.variableId);
                     }
                     else {
@@ -1036,6 +1134,71 @@ export class PremiseEngine {
                 : computeHash(this.cachedMetaChecksum + this.cachedDescendantChecksum);
         this.checksumDirty = false;
     }
+    validate() {
+        const violations = [];
+        const premiseId = this.premise.id;
+        // 1. Schema check (use toPremiseData() to include computed checksums)
+        const premiseData = this.toPremiseData();
+        if (!Value.Check(CorePremiseSchema, premiseData)) {
+            violations.push({
+                code: PREMISE_SCHEMA_INVALID,
+                message: `Premise "${premiseId}" does not conform to CorePremiseSchema.`,
+                entityType: "premise",
+                entityId: premiseId,
+                premiseId,
+            });
+        }
+        // 2. Delegate to expression-level validation, attaching premiseId
+        const exprResult = this.expressions.validate();
+        for (const v of exprResult.violations) {
+            violations.push({ ...v, premiseId });
+        }
+        // 3. Root expression consistency
+        if (this.rootExpressionId !== undefined) {
+            const rootExpr = this.expressions.getExpression(this.rootExpressionId);
+            if (!rootExpr) {
+                violations.push({
+                    code: PREMISE_ROOT_EXPRESSION_INVALID,
+                    message: `Premise "${premiseId}" rootExpressionId "${this.rootExpressionId}" does not exist in expression store.`,
+                    entityType: "premise",
+                    entityId: premiseId,
+                    premiseId,
+                });
+            }
+            else if (rootExpr.parentId !== null) {
+                violations.push({
+                    code: PREMISE_ROOT_EXPRESSION_INVALID,
+                    message: `Premise "${premiseId}" rootExpressionId "${this.rootExpressionId}" has non-null parentId "${rootExpr.parentId}".`,
+                    entityType: "premise",
+                    entityId: premiseId,
+                    premiseId,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        // 4. Variable references: every variable-type expression must
+        //    reference a variableId that exists in the argument's variable set
+        if (this.variableIdsCallback) {
+            const variableIds = this.variableIdsCallback();
+            for (const expr of this.expressions.toArray()) {
+                if (expr.type === "variable") {
+                    const varExpr = expr;
+                    if (!variableIds.has(varExpr.variableId)) {
+                        violations.push({
+                            code: PREMISE_VARIABLE_REF_NOT_FOUND,
+                            message: `Expression "${expr.id}" in premise "${premiseId}" references non-existent variable "${varExpr.variableId}".`,
+                            entityType: "expression",
+                            entityId: expr.id,
+                            premiseId,
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return {
+            ok: violations.length === 0,
+            violations,
+        };
+    }
     // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Private helpers
     // -------------------------------------------------------------------------