@playcanvas/web-components 0.20.0 → 0.21.0

package/dist/pwc.mjs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { basisInitialize, WasmModule, Vec3, Color, Vec4, Quat, Vec2, createGraphicsDevice, AppOptions, Keyboard, Mouse, ElementInput, AnimComponentSystem, AnimationComponentSystem, AudioListenerComponentSystem, ButtonComponentSystem, CameraComponentSystem, CollisionComponentSystem, ElementComponentSystem, GSplatComponentSystem, JointComponentSystem, LayoutChildComponentSystem, LayoutGroupComponentSystem, LightComponentSystem, ModelComponentSystem, ParticleSystemComponentSystem, RenderComponentSystem, RigidBodyComponentSystem, ScreenComponentSystem, ScriptComponentSystem, ScrollbarComponentSystem, ScrollViewComponentSystem, SoundComponentSystem, SpriteComponentSystem, ZoneComponentSystem, AnimClipHandler, AnimationHandler, AnimStateGraphHandler, AudioHandler, BinaryHandler, CssHandler, ContainerHandler, CubemapHandler, FolderHandler, FontHandler, GSplatHandler, HierarchyHandler, HtmlHandler, JsonHandler, MaterialHandler, ModelHandler, RenderHandler, ScriptHandler, SceneHandler, ShaderHandler, SpriteHandler, TemplateHandler, TextHandler, TextureAtlasHandler, TextureHandler, SoundManager, Lightmapper, BatchManager, XrManager, AppBase, FILLMODE_NONE, RESOLUTION_AUTO, Picker, MeshInstance, Entity, Asset, SPRITE_RENDERMODE_SIMPLE, FILTER_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR, FILTER_LINEAR, ADDRESS_REPEAT, SPRITE_RENDERMODE_SLICED, SPRITE_RENDERMODE_TILED, ADDRESS_CLAMP_TO_EDGE, ADDRESS_MIRRORED_REPEAT, FILTER_NEAREST, FILTER_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST, FILTER_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST, FILTER_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR, AnimTrack, ANIM_CONTROL_STATES, BUTTON_TRANSITION_MODE_TINT, BUTTON_TRANSITION_MODE_SPRITE_CHANGE, TONEMAP_NONE, PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE, GAMMA_SRGB, GAMMA_NONE, XRTYPE_AR, XRTYPE_VR, TONEMAP_LINEAR, TONEMAP_FILMIC, TONEMAP_HEJL, TONEMAP_ACES, TONEMAP_ACES2, TONEMAP_NEUTRAL, PROJECTION_ORTHOGRAPHIC, ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, FITTING_NONE, FITTING_STRETCH, FITTING_SHRINK, FITTING_BOTH, ORIENTATION_VERTICAL, SHADOW_PCF3_32F, SHADOW_PCF1_16F, SHADOW_PCF1_32F, SHADOW_PCF3_16F, SHADOW_PCF5_16F, SHADOW_PCF5_32F, SHADOW_VSM_16F, SHADOW_VSM_32F, SHADOW_PCSS_32F, StandardMaterial, BLEND_NONE, CULLFACE_BACK, FRESNEL_SCHLICK, SPECOCC_AO, BLEND_NORMAL, BLEND_ADDITIVE, BLEND_ADDITIVEALPHA, BLEND_PREMULTIPLIED, BLEND_MULTIPLICATIVE, BLEND_MULTIPLICATIVE2X, BLEND_SCREEN, BLEND_MIN, BLEND_MAX, BLEND_SUBTRACTIVE, CULLFACE_NONE, CULLFACE_FRONT, CULLFACE_FRONTANDBACK, FRESNEL_NONE, SPECOCC_NONE, SPECOCC_GLOSSDEPENDENT, SCALEMODE_NONE, SCALEMODE_BLEND, SCROLL_MODE_BOUNCE, SCROLLBAR_VISIBILITY_SHOW_WHEN_REQUIRED, SCROLLBAR_VISIBILITY_SHOW_ALWAYS, SCROLL_MODE_CLAMP, SCROLL_MODE_INFINITE, EnvLighting, LAYERID_SKYBOX } from 'playcanvas';
+import { basisInitialize, WasmModule, Vec3, Color, Vec4, Quat, Vec2, Picker, MeshInstance, createGraphicsDevice, AppOptions, Keyboard, Mouse, ElementInput, AnimComponentSystem, AnimationComponentSystem, AudioListenerComponentSystem, ButtonComponentSystem, CameraComponentSystem, CollisionComponentSystem, ElementComponentSystem, GSplatComponentSystem, JointComponentSystem, LayoutChildComponentSystem, LayoutGroupComponentSystem, LightComponentSystem, ModelComponentSystem, ParticleSystemComponentSystem, RenderComponentSystem, RigidBodyComponentSystem, ScreenComponentSystem, ScriptComponentSystem, ScrollbarComponentSystem, ScrollViewComponentSystem, SoundComponentSystem, SpriteComponentSystem, ZoneComponentSystem, AnimClipHandler, AnimationHandler, AnimStateGraphHandler, AudioHandler, BinaryHandler, CssHandler, ContainerHandler, CubemapHandler, FolderHandler, FontHandler, GSplatHandler, HierarchyHandler, HtmlHandler, JsonHandler, MaterialHandler, ModelHandler, RenderHandler, ScriptHandler, SceneHandler, ShaderHandler, SpriteHandler, TemplateHandler, TextHandler, TextureAtlasHandler, TextureHandler, SoundManager, Lightmapper, BatchManager, XrManager, AppBase, FILLMODE_NONE, RESOLUTION_AUTO, Entity, Asset, SPRITE_RENDERMODE_SIMPLE, FILTER_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR, FILTER_LINEAR, ADDRESS_REPEAT, SPRITE_RENDERMODE_SLICED, SPRITE_RENDERMODE_TILED, ADDRESS_CLAMP_TO_EDGE, ADDRESS_MIRRORED_REPEAT, FILTER_NEAREST, FILTER_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST, FILTER_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST, FILTER_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR, AnimTrack, ANIM_CONTROL_STATES, BUTTON_TRANSITION_MODE_TINT, BUTTON_TRANSITION_MODE_SPRITE_CHANGE, TONEMAP_NONE, PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE, GAMMA_SRGB, GAMMA_NONE, XRTYPE_AR, XRTYPE_VR, TONEMAP_LINEAR, TONEMAP_FILMIC, TONEMAP_HEJL, TONEMAP_ACES, TONEMAP_ACES2, TONEMAP_NEUTRAL, PROJECTION_ORTHOGRAPHIC, ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, FITTING_NONE, FITTING_STRETCH, FITTING_SHRINK, FITTING_BOTH, ORIENTATION_VERTICAL, SHADOW_PCF3_32F, SHADOW_PCF1_16F, SHADOW_PCF1_32F, SHADOW_PCF3_16F, SHADOW_PCF5_16F, SHADOW_PCF5_32F, SHADOW_VSM_16F, SHADOW_VSM_32F, SHADOW_PCSS_32F, StandardMaterial, BLEND_NONE, CULLFACE_BACK, FRESNEL_SCHLICK, SPECOCC_AO, BLEND_NORMAL, BLEND_ADDITIVE, BLEND_ADDITIVEALPHA, BLEND_PREMULTIPLIED, BLEND_MULTIPLICATIVE, BLEND_MULTIPLICATIVE2X, BLEND_SCREEN, BLEND_MIN, BLEND_MAX, BLEND_SUBTRACTIVE, CULLFACE_NONE, CULLFACE_FRONT, CULLFACE_FRONTANDBACK, FRESNEL_NONE, SPECOCC_NONE, SPECOCC_GLOSSDEPENDENT, SCALEMODE_NONE, SCALEMODE_BLEND, SCROLL_MODE_BOUNCE, SCROLLBAR_VISIBILITY_SHOW_WHEN_REQUIRED, SCROLLBAR_VISIBILITY_SHOW_ALWAYS, SCROLL_MODE_CLAMP, SCROLL_MODE_INFINITE, EnvLighting, LAYERID_SKYBOX } from 'playcanvas';
 
 /**
  * Base class for all PlayCanvas Web Components that initialize asynchronously.
@@ -584,14 +584,6 @@ const CSS_COLORS = {
  *   shared frozen constants (`Vec3.ZERO`, `Color.WHITE`) as defaults.
  * - `parseBool` and `parseTags` take no attribute name, because every value is valid for them and
  *   so they never warn.
- *
- * `findEntityElement` and `getEntity` are the exceptions: they resolve a reference rather than
- * parsing a literal, and return `null` instead of falling back to a default. A reference
- * beginning with `#` is a document-wide selector (an element id, or any selector rooted in one);
- * anything else is an entity name, resolved lexically through the entity hierarchy first and
- * against the document after — never as a selector or an id. They also do not warn - what an
- * unresolved reference means depends on the element holding it - so elements report through
- * `resolveEntity`, which takes that meaning as parameters.
  */
 /**
  * Splits an attribute value into exactly `count` numeric components. Returns `null` when the
@@ -837,215 +829,10 @@ const parseVec4 = (value, defaultValue, attribute) => {
     }
     return new Vec4(components);
 };
-/**
- * Runs querySelector, absorbing the SyntaxError an unparseable selector throws - references are
- * arbitrary author text, so a lookup must fail to `null`, never throw.
- *
- * @param selector - The selector to query.
- * @returns The matched element, or `null`.
- */
-const query = (selector) => {
-    try {
-        return document.querySelector(selector);
-    }
-    catch {
-        return null;
-    }
-};
-/**
- * Runs a lookup against one scope, checking the scope element itself before its subtree — a
- * reference deep in a cloned prefab must be able to name the prefab's root. Absorbs the
- * SyntaxError of an invalid selector like {@link query}: escaping quotes and backslashes does not
- * make arbitrary text a valid CSS string (a reference containing a newline still throws), so a
- * lookup must fail to `null`, never throw.
- *
- * @param scope - The element whose inclusive subtree to search.
- * @param selector - The selector to query.
- * @returns The matched element, or `null`.
- */
-const queryScope = (scope, selector) => {
-    try {
-        return scope.matches(selector) ? scope : scope.querySelector(selector);
-    }
-    catch {
-        return null;
-    }
-};
-/**
- * Reads the entity a resolved element is backing, through the `entity` accessor every
- * entity-fronting element exposes. `null` for no element, and for an element backing nothing.
- *
- * @param element - The element to read, or `null`.
- * @returns The backing entity, or `null`.
- */
-const entityOf = (element) => {
-    return element?.entity ?? null;
-};
-/**
- * The elements that front an entity: what a bare name can resolve to, and the scopes of the
- * lexical name lookup.
- */
-const ENTITY_KINDS = ['pc-entity', 'pc-model', 'pc-node'];
-/**
- * The entity-fronting elements as one selector, for the scope walk.
- */
-const ENTITY_SCOPES = ENTITY_KINDS.join(', ');
-/**
- * Resolves a reference string to the element it names. The grammar is closed — every reference
- * has exactly one interpretation:
- *
- * - A reference beginning with `#` is a document-wide CSS selector — an element id (`#body`), or
- *   any selector rooted in one (`#hud pc-entity`). It is authoritative: the name lookup never
- *   runs for it, so an unusually named entity cannot shadow it.
- * - Any other reference is the name of an entity-fronting element (`<pc-entity>`, `<pc-model>` or
- *   `<pc-node>` — for a node, the glTF node name it binds), and nothing else. A bare reference is
- *   never interpreted as a selector or an element id, so adding or renaming elements can never
- *   change which form it takes.
- *
- * When `from` is supplied, a name resolves lexically first: the closest entity-fronting
- * ancestor's inclusive subtree, then each outer entity-fronting ancestor, then the containing
- * `<pc-app>`, then the document. This is what lets a `<template>` prefab reference its own
- * entities by name — every clone resolves within itself before a document-wide lookup could reach
- * an earlier clone — provided the prefab has a single entity-fronting root to be the enclosing
- * scope.
- *
- * Separate from {@link getEntity} so a caller reporting a failure can tell the causes apart
- * ({@link unresolvedCause} words them): nothing in the document matches the reference, or
- * something matches but is not backing an entity (yet, or ever).
- *
- * @param ref - The reference string to resolve.
- * @param from - The element resolving the reference, whose entity-fronting ancestors scope the
- * name lookup. Omitted, the name lookup is document-wide only.
- * @returns The matched element, or `null`.
- * @internal
- */
-const findEntityElement = (ref, from) => {
-    if (!ref) {
-        return null;
-    }
-    // A '#' reference is document-wide and bypasses the name lookup entirely - an entity named
-    // '#body' must never shadow the element whose id is 'body'.
-    if (ref.startsWith('#')) {
-        return query(ref);
-    }
-    // The name lands inside a quoted CSS string, so its quotes and backslashes are escaped -
-    // a name like `say "hi"` must resolve, not turn the lookup into a SyntaxError.
-    const escaped = ref.replace(/["\\]/g, '\\$&');
-    const nameSelector = ENTITY_KINDS.map(kind => `${kind}[name="${escaped}"]`).join(', ');
-    if (from) {
-        let scope = from.parentElement?.closest(ENTITY_SCOPES);
-        while (scope) {
-            const element = queryScope(scope, nameSelector);
-            if (element) {
-                return element;
-            }
-            scope = scope.parentElement?.closest(ENTITY_SCOPES);
-        }
-        const app = from.parentElement?.closest('pc-app');
-        if (app) {
-            const element = queryScope(app, nameSelector);
-            if (element) {
-                return element;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return query(nameSelector);
-};
-/**
- * Resolves a reference string to the {@link Entity} backing an entity-fronting element
- * (`<pc-entity>`, `<pc-model>` or `<pc-node>`). The reference is a name — resolved lexically
- * through the entity hierarchy first when `from` is supplied — or a document-wide `#` selector
- * ({@link findEntityElement} details the grammar and order). Returns `null` if no matching
- * element (or backing entity) is found.
- *
- * @param ref - The reference string to resolve.
- * @param from - The element resolving the reference, whose entity-fronting ancestors scope the
- * name lookup. Omitted, the name lookup is document-wide only.
- * @returns The resolved entity, or `null`.
- * @internal
- */
-const getEntity = (ref, from) => {
-    return entityOf(findEntityElement(ref, from));
-};
-/**
- * Describes why a non-empty reference did not resolve, for a warning. Three causes, because they
- * have three different fixes: nothing matches (usually a typo), the matched element is not backing
- * an entity yet (usually timing - a `pc-node` whose asset has not loaded - so resolving again
- * later can work), or the matched element can never back one (the reference points at the wrong
- * element, so only correcting it can). Capability is the `entity` accessor every entity-backing
- * element inherits from EntityBaseElement.
- *
- * @param element - The element the reference matched, or `null` when nothing did.
- * @returns The cause, phrased to follow `could not resolve ... -`.
- * @internal
- */
-const unresolvedCause = (element) => {
-    if (!element) {
-        return 'nothing in the document matches it';
-    }
-    const tag = `<${element.tagName.toLowerCase()}>`;
-    return 'entity' in element
-        ? `${tag} matches it but is not backing an entity yet`
-        : `${tag} matches it but cannot back an entity`;
-};
-/**
- * Builds the migration pointer for a bare reference that names nothing but matches the id of an
- * entity-fronting element - it was almost certainly meant as an id, so point at the form that
- * expresses it, escaped so the suggestion actually parses as a selector (an id like `a:b` must
- * be written `#a\:b`). Empty when the reference is already a `#` form, matches no id, or the id
- * belongs to an element that could never back an entity - suggesting it would only trade this
- * warning for the wrong-target one.
- *
- * @param ref - The unresolved reference.
- * @param prefix - Text the suggested form must carry in the caller's syntax (e.g. `entity:`).
- * @returns The advice sentence, or an empty string.
- * @internal
- */
-const idHint = (ref, prefix = '') => {
-    const match = !ref.startsWith('#') && document.getElementById(ref);
-    return match && 'entity' in match
-        ? `A bare reference is a name - write '${prefix}#${CSS.escape(ref)}' to reference the element with that id.`
-        : '';
-};
-/**
- * Resolves a reference string to the {@link Entity} backing an entity-fronting element, scoped to
- * the resolving element ({@link findEntityElement} details the order) and warning when a
- * non-empty reference does not resolve - otherwise the reference fails silently, invisible
- * except through the behavior it should have driven. The message names which of the three causes
- * ({@link unresolvedCause}) it hit, and advises reassigning later only when that can work.
- *
- * An empty reference stays silent: it is the unset state of an optional attribute, and on some
- * elements (`pc-joint` `entity-b`, `pc-button` `image`) a documented value of its own.
- *
- * @param ref - The reference string to resolve.
- * @param from - The element resolving the reference; scopes the lookup and names the message.
- * @param attribute - The attribute being resolved, for the message.
- * @param consequence - What the unresolved reference means for the element, for the message.
- * @returns The resolved entity, or `null`.
- * @internal
- */
-const resolveEntity = (ref, from, attribute, consequence) => {
-    if (!ref) {
-        return null;
-    }
-    const element = findEntityElement(ref, from);
-    const entity = entityOf(element);
-    if (!entity) {
-        let advice = `Assign ${attribute} again once the entity exists.`;
-        if (element && !('entity' in element)) {
-            advice = `Point ${attribute} at a pc-entity, pc-model or pc-node instead.`;
-        }
-        else if (!element) {
-            const hint = idHint(ref);
-            if (hint) {
-                advice = hint;
-            }
-        }
-        console.warn(`${from.tagName.toLowerCase()} could not resolve ${attribute} '${ref}' - ${unresolvedCause(element)} - ${consequence}. ${advice}`);
-    }
-    return entity;
-};
 
+// Keep `export` on these declarations. TypeScript removes the declaration and its inline export
+// when `stripInternal` is enabled. A separate `export { ... }` statement would remain in the
+// generated .d.ts file and refer to a declaration that had been removed.
 /**
  * The event types whose listeners make an element a hover target. Hover resolution walks past
  * elements listening for none of them, so a silent element never swallows an ancestor's
@@ -1092,88 +879,29 @@ const commonAncestor = (a, b) => {
     return null;
 };
 /**
- * Gives `pc-app` the sizing contract of a replaced element (`<video>`, `<img>`): a block-level
- * box that the page's CSS sizes, defaulting to the canvas's own 300x150 intrinsic size, with the
- * canvas and loading bar anchored to it. `:where()` keeps every declaration at zero specificity,
- * so any page rule - however plain - overrides these defaults.
- */
-const ensureBaseStyles = () => {
-    const id = 'pc-app-styles';
-    if (document.getElementById(id)) {
-        return;
-    }
-    const style = document.createElement('style');
-    style.id = id;
-    style.textContent = ':where(pc-app) { display: block; position: relative; width: 300px; height: 150px; }';
-    document.head.appendChild(style);
-};
-/**
- * The AppElement interface provides properties and methods for manipulating
- * {@link https://developer.playcanvas.com/user-manual/web-components/tags/pc-app/ | `<pc-app>`} elements.
- * The AppElement interface also inherits the properties and methods of the
- * {@link HTMLElement} interface.
- *
- * The element is sized like a replaced element such as `<video>`: a block-level box that the
- * page's CSS controls, 300x150 by default. The application's canvas always fills the element,
- * and the drawing buffer resolution follows the element's size (capped by `max-pixel-ratio`),
- * tracked live via a ResizeObserver — so the element can be embedded at any size, resized by
- * its container, or made fullscreen with ordinary CSS such as `width: 100vw; height: 100dvh`.
- *
- * @elementSummary The `<pc-app>` element creates a PlayCanvas application and the canvas it renders
- * into, and is the root of every scene. It holds the `<pc-asset>`, `<pc-material>`, `<pc-wasm>` and
- * `<pc-scene>` elements, and the page's CSS sizes it, as it would a `<video>`.
+ * The pointer-input subsystem of a `<pc-app>` element: it owns the engine {@link Picker}, the
+ * canvas pointer handlers, and everything between them - mapping browser coordinates into the
+ * drawing buffer, selecting the camera, resolving picked nodes to listening elements, tracking
+ * hover, and dispatching the synthesized pointer and click events in canvas-event order.
  *
- * @fires {ProgressEvent} progress - Fired while the application preloads its assets. `loaded` and
- * `total` are asset counts, not bytes, and an asset that fails to load still counts as loaded.
- * Fired at least once per boot, and the final event always has `loaded` equal to `total`. Does
- * not bubble.
+ * The host drives a small lifecycle: {@link connect} once the application and canvas exist,
+ * {@link resize} when the drawing buffer changes size, {@link syncListeners} when a descendant's
+ * pointer listeners change, and {@link disconnect} on teardown. Everything else is internal.
  *
- * @fires {ErrorEvent} error - Fired when the application cannot boot because no graphics device
- * could be created (for example, a browser with WebGL disabled). `message` names the requested
- * backends and `error` holds the underlying failure. The element never becomes ready
- * and `app` stays `null` — listen for this event to show a fallback UI. Removing the element and
- * re-inserting it retries the boot with its current attributes. Does not bubble.
+ * @internal
  */
-class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
+class PointerController {
+    _host;
     /**
-     * The canvas element.
+     * Incremented by every connect and disconnect. Async work captures the value when it starts
+     * and stops if it has moved on - so a pick or dispatch belonging to an earlier connection
+     * can neither keep reading through its destroyed picker nor deliver into a later
+     * connection. The field null checks alone cannot tell the two apart once a reconnect has
+     * repopulated them.
      */
+    _generation = 0;
+    _app = null;
     _canvas = null;
-    _alpha = true;
-    _backend = 'webgpu';
-    _antialias = true;
-    _depthBuffer = true;
-    _stencilBuffer = true;
-    _maxPixelRatio = Infinity;
-    _loadingBar = true;
-    /**
-     * Set once the graphics options above have been handed to `createGraphicsDevice`, after which
-     * writing any of them changes nothing. Guards the warning in {@link _warnIfBooted}, and is
-     * cleared on disconnect so a re-connected element boots from its current attributes.
-     */
-    _optionsLocked = false;
-    _bar = null;
-    /**
-     * Whether the application has created its initial entity hierarchy. Read by EntityElement to
-     * decide whether a newly connected element must create its entity itself or leave it to the
-     * boot sweep.
-     * @internal
-     */
-    _hierarchyReady = false;
-    /**
-     * Incremented on every connect and disconnect. Boot captures the value on entry and abandons
-     * itself wherever it resumes from an await if the value has moved on — so a boot whose
-     * element was removed cannot complete against a torn-down element, and a boot whose element
-     * was removed and re-inserted (which starts a boot of its own) cannot race the newer one.
-     */
-    _bootGeneration = 0;
-    /**
-     * The elements backing this application's entities, keyed by the entity itself. Registered
-     * by entity-owning elements at creation (pc-entity, and pc-model for its host) and by
-     * NodeElement at binding, and removed when an entity is destroyed or unbound, this joins
-     * engine scene nodes back to their owning elements by identity - never by name.
-     */
-    _entityElements = new Map();
     _picker = null;
     _hoveredEntity = null;
     // Identifies the newest in-flight hover pick, so out-of-order results can be discarded
@@ -1192,7 +920,7 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
      * which is also what keeps those two canvas listeners attached.
      */
     _downPicks = new Map();
-    /** Whether any element in the tree listens for click. Maintained by _syncCanvasListeners. */
+    /** Whether any element in the tree listens for click. Maintained by syncListeners. */
     _clickListened = false;
     /**
      * The previous click's target, time and count, for chaining successive clicks into the
@@ -1201,504 +929,194 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
     _lastClick = null;
     /**
      * Serializes dispatch of the discrete synthesized events (pointerdown, pointerup, click),
-     * whose picks resolve in GPU order, not canvas-event order. Replaced on teardown, so a pick
-     * that never resolves cannot stall the dispatches of a later boot.
+     * whose picks resolve in GPU order, not canvas-event order. Replaced on disconnect, so a
+     * pick that never resolves cannot stall the dispatches of a later boot.
      */
     _dispatchChain = Promise.resolve();
-    _app = null;
-    _loadProgress = 0;
     /**
-     * Tracks the element's box so the drawing buffer and picker follow it. Created per boot once
-     * the application exists, and disconnected on teardown. `null` where ResizeObserver is
-     * unavailable (jsdom), where the boot-time resolution set is the only sizing that happens.
+     * @param host - The services the controller reads from its host element.
      */
-    _resizeObserver = null;
+    constructor(host) {
+        this._host = host;
+    }
     /**
-     * The PlayCanvas application instance. `null` until the element is ready, and again once it
-     * has been removed from the document — await {@link whenReady} or the element's `ready()`
-     * promise before accessing it.
-     * @returns The application instance, or `null`.
+     * Creates the picker and the canvas handlers for a booted application, and attaches whatever
+     * canvas listeners the tree's current element listeners already need (handlers created from
+     * inline attributes when their elements were first upgraded, or listeners carried over from
+     * before a re-boot).
+     *
+     * @param app - The application to pick against.
+     * @param canvas - The canvas the application renders into.
      */
-    get app() {
-        return this._app;
+    connect(app, canvas) {
+        this._generation++;
+        this._app = app;
+        this._canvas = canvas;
+        const { width, height } = app.graphicsDevice;
+        this._picker = new Picker(app, width, height);
+        // Create bound handlers but don't attach them yet. The move handler is async, so it is
+        // wrapped to discard the promise - a listener must not return one.
+        const listener = (handler) => {
+            return (event) => {
+                handler.call(this, event);
+            };
+        };
+        this._pointerHandlers.pointermove = listener(this._onPointerMove);
+        this._pointerHandlers.pointerdown = listener(this._onPointerDown);
+        this._pointerHandlers.pointerup = listener(this._onPointerUp);
+        this._pointerHandlers.pointercancel = (event) => {
+            this._downPicks.delete(event.pointerId);
+        };
+        this.syncListeners();
     }
     /**
-     * The asset preload progress of the application, as a fraction from 0 to 1. It is 0 until
-     * preloading begins (and again once the element has been removed from the document), and 1
-     * once preloading has finished — including when there was nothing to preload. Read this to
-     * initialize a loading UI; subsequent updates arrive via the `progress` event.
-     * @returns The preload progress.
+     * Detaches the canvas listeners and drops every piece of pointer state, so nothing picked or
+     * queued before the teardown can affect a later boot. Safe to call on a controller that was
+     * never connected.
      */
-    get loadProgress() {
-        return this._loadProgress;
+    disconnect() {
+        this._generation++;
+        if (this._canvas) {
+            Object.entries(this._pointerHandlers).forEach(([type, handler]) => {
+                if (handler) {
+                    this._canvas.removeEventListener(type, handler);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        this._app = null;
+        this._canvas = null;
+        this._picker = null;
+        this._hoveredEntity = null;
+        this._pointerHandlers = {
+            pointermove: null,
+            pointerdown: null,
+            pointerup: null,
+            pointercancel: null
+        };
+        this._downPicks.clear();
+        this._clickListened = false;
+        this._lastClick = null;
+        // Replace the chain: a pick that never resolves must not stall a later boot's dispatches
+        this._dispatchChain = Promise.resolve();
     }
     /**
-     * Creates a new AppElement instance.
+     * Resizes the picker to the drawing buffer. The picker must track the buffer, or picks would
+     * land at stale coordinates after a resize.
      *
-     * @ignore
+     * @param width - The drawing buffer width.
+     * @param height - The drawing buffer height.
      */
-    constructor() {
-        super();
-        // Track listeners for the synthesized events being added to and removed from descendant
-        // entities. Registered once here rather than on every boot - the sync no-ops while there
-        // is no canvas, and a re-booted element must not stack a second set.
-        SYNTHESIZED_EVENTS.forEach((type) => {
-            this.addEventListener(`${type}:connect`, () => this._syncCanvasListeners());
-            this.addEventListener(`${type}:disconnect`, () => this._syncCanvasListeners());
-        });
+    resize(width, height) {
+        this._picker?.resize(width, height);
     }
-    async connectedCallback() {
-        const generation = ++this._bootGeneration;
-        // Installed before the loading bar is created: the bar anchors to this element, which
-        // these styles make a positioned block box
-        ensureBaseStyles();
-        // Created before the first await, so the bar is visible while modules and the graphics
-        // device are created, and exists before any disconnect could need to clean it up
-        if (this._loadingBar && !this._bar) {
-            this._bar = new LoadingBar(this);
-        }
-        // Upgrade the subtree before reading anything out of it. A subtree cloned from a
-        // <template> arrives entirely unupgraded - template content lives in an inert document,
-        // where custom element definitions are never looked up - and appending the clone upgrades
-        // its elements in tree order, this one before its descendants. The module query below would
-        // otherwise find plain HTMLElements with no _getLoadPromise to call, and the boot would die
-        // there, leaving the element permanently unready: no canvas, no entities, no application.
-        //
-        // Upgrading is the fix here rather than skipping whatever has not upgraded, because a
-        // <pc-wasm> is the one child that nothing else ever builds on its own behalf - skipping
-        // it would drop the wasm module the app asked for, silently and only for cloned apps.
-        // Upgrading runs each descendant's connectedCallback synchronously, a few lines earlier
-        // than the parser's path runs them but into the same state they see there: no application
-        // yet and _hierarchyReady false, so they defer to the sweeps below. A descendant that
-        // disconnects this element from there is caught by the generation check after the await,
-        // as any other disconnect is. An already-upgraded subtree - every other insertion path -
-        // is left completely untouched.
-        customElements.upgrade(this);
-        // Get all pc-wasm elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
-        const wasmElements = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > pc-wasm');
-        // Wait for all modules to load
-        await Promise.all(Array.from(wasmElements).map((element) => element._getLoadPromise()));
-        // The element may have been removed while the modules loaded. Nothing beyond the loading
-        // bar exists yet, and disconnectedCallback has already destroyed that.
-        if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
+    /**
+     * Attaches exactly the canvas listeners the tree's current element listeners need, and
+     * detaches the rest. Called whenever a listener connects or disconnects anywhere under the
+     * host element: several synthesized types can need the same canvas listener (enter, leave
+     * and move all ride the move pick; click rides the down/up pair), so one type's removal
+     * must not detach a listener another type still uses. Re-attaching an attached listener is
+     * a no-op by EventTarget semantics, so no attach state is kept. Does nothing before
+     * {@link connect} - connecting syncs once the handlers exist.
+     */
+    syncListeners() {
+        const canvas = this._canvas;
+        if (!canvas)
             return;
+        const elements = this._host.pointerTargets();
+        const needed = new Set();
+        for (const type of SYNTHESIZED_EVENTS) {
+            if (elements.some((element) => element._hasListeners(type))) {
+                canvasEventsFor[type].forEach((canvasType) => needed.add(canvasType));
+            }
         }
-        // Create and append the canvas, filling the element's content box - the page sizes the
-        // element, and everything else follows. touch-action: none keeps touch drags driving the
-        // engine's input handlers instead of scrolling the page.
-        this._canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
-        this._canvas.style.cssText = 'display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; touch-action: none;';
-        this.appendChild(this._canvas);
-        // Configure device types based on backend selection
-        const backendToDeviceTypes = {
-            webgpu: ['webgpu', 'webgl2'], // fallback to webgl2 if webgpu not available
-            webgl2: ['webgl2'],
-            null: ['null']
-        };
-        const deviceTypes = backendToDeviceTypes[this._backend] || [];
-        this._optionsLocked = true;
-        // createGraphicsDevice appends its final null-device fallback to the array in place, so
-        // the requested list is captured now for the failure message.
-        const requested = deviceTypes.join(', ');
-        let device;
-        try {
-            device = await createGraphicsDevice(this._canvas, {
-                // @ts-ignore - alpha needs to be documented
-                alpha: this._alpha,
-                antialias: this._antialias,
-                depth: this._depthBuffer,
-                deviceTypes: deviceTypes,
-                stencil: this._stencilBuffer
-            });
-        }
-        catch (error) {
-            // The element may have been removed while device creation was failing. The teardown
-            // has already cleaned up, and the failure belongs to a boot that no longer owns the
-            // element.
-            if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
+        this._clickListened = elements.some((element) => element._hasListeners('click'));
+        Object.entries(this._pointerHandlers).forEach(([canvasType, handler]) => {
+            if (!handler)
                 return;
+            if (needed.has(canvasType)) {
+                canvas.addEventListener(canvasType, handler);
             }
-            // Return the element to its pre-boot state - no dead canvas, no loading bar stuck at
-            // zero - before announcing the failure. Readiness deliberately stays pending: nothing
-            // it would announce (the app, the entity hierarchy) exists, so a device-less element
-            // joins the documented never-ready cases and the failure surfaces through the error
-            // event instead.
-            if (this._canvas && this.contains(this._canvas)) {
-                this.removeChild(this._canvas);
+            else {
+                canvas.removeEventListener(canvasType, handler);
             }
-            this._canvas = null;
-            this._bar?.destroy();
-            this._bar = null;
-            const reason = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-            const message = `pc-app failed to create a graphics device (${requested}) - ${reason}`;
-            console.error(message, error);
-            this.dispatchEvent(new ErrorEvent('error', { message, error }));
-            return;
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+     * Resolves the element that owns hover for a picked node: the nearest node up the parent
+     * chain - starting with the node itself - whose element listens for any of the hover event
+     * types. Skipping silent elements matches {@link _elementWithListener}, so a registered
+     * element with no hover listeners (a `<pc-model>` host, a plain child entity) is transparent
+     * to hover rather than swallowing a listening ancestor's enter/leave pair.
+     *
+     * @param node - The picked node, or `null`.
+     * @returns The hover-owning element, or `null`.
+     */
+    _hoverTarget(node) {
+        while (node !== null) {
+            const element = this._host.elementFromNode(node);
+            if (element && hoverEventTypes.some((type) => element._hasListeners(type))) {
+                return element;
+            }
+            node = node.parent;
         }
-        // The element may have been removed while the device was created. disconnectedCallback
-        // has already cleaned up the canvas; the device was created inside the await, so it is
-        // this boot's to release.
-        if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
-            device.destroy();
-            return;
-        }
-        // Assigned rather than resolved to a number here: the engine caps against the live
-        // window.devicePixelRatio on every resize, so an uncapped Infinity keeps following the
-        // display when a window moves between monitors of differing density.
-        device.maxPixelRatio = this._maxPixelRatio;
-        const createOptions = new AppOptions();
-        createOptions.graphicsDevice = device;
-        createOptions.keyboard = new Keyboard(window);
-        createOptions.mouse = new Mouse(this._canvas);
-        createOptions.elementInput = new ElementInput(this._canvas, {
-            useMouse: true,
-            useTouch: true
-        });
-        createOptions.componentSystems = [
-            AnimComponentSystem,
-            AnimationComponentSystem,
-            AudioListenerComponentSystem,
-            ButtonComponentSystem,
-            CameraComponentSystem,
-            CollisionComponentSystem,
-            ElementComponentSystem,
-            GSplatComponentSystem,
-            JointComponentSystem,
-            LayoutChildComponentSystem,
-            LayoutGroupComponentSystem,
-            LightComponentSystem,
-            ModelComponentSystem,
-            ParticleSystemComponentSystem,
-            RenderComponentSystem,
-            RigidBodyComponentSystem,
-            ScreenComponentSystem,
-            ScriptComponentSystem,
-            ScrollbarComponentSystem,
-            ScrollViewComponentSystem,
-            SoundComponentSystem,
-            SpriteComponentSystem,
-            ZoneComponentSystem
-        ];
-        createOptions.resourceHandlers = [
-            AnimClipHandler,
-            AnimationHandler,
-            AnimStateGraphHandler,
-            AudioHandler,
-            BinaryHandler,
-            CssHandler,
-            ContainerHandler,
-            CubemapHandler,
-            FolderHandler,
-            FontHandler,
-            GSplatHandler,
-            HierarchyHandler,
-            HtmlHandler,
-            JsonHandler,
-            MaterialHandler,
-            ModelHandler,
-            RenderHandler,
-            ScriptHandler,
-            SceneHandler,
-            ShaderHandler,
-            SpriteHandler,
-            TemplateHandler,
-            TextHandler,
-            TextureAtlasHandler,
-            TextureHandler
-        ];
-        createOptions.soundManager = new SoundManager();
-        createOptions.lightmapper = Lightmapper;
-        createOptions.batchManager = BatchManager;
-        createOptions.xr = XrManager;
-        const app = new AppBase(this._canvas);
-        this._app = app;
-        app.init(createOptions);
-        // FILLMODE_NONE leaves the canvas's CSS sizing alone (the engine's other fill modes
-        // stamp window-derived pixel sizes onto it); RESOLUTION_AUTO sizes the drawing buffer
-        // from the canvas's client size
-        app.setCanvasFillMode(FILLMODE_NONE);
-        app.setCanvasResolution(RESOLUTION_AUTO);
-        this._pickerCreate();
-        // Track the element's box rather than the window: containers resize without any window
-        // event (splitter drags, flex reflow, animations). Guarded because jsdom has no
-        // ResizeObserver - there, the resolution set above is the only sizing that happens.
-        if (typeof ResizeObserver !== 'undefined') {
-            this._resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => this._syncCanvasSize());
-            this._resizeObserver.observe(this);
-        }
-        // Get all pc-asset elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
-        const assetElements = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > pc-asset');
-        for (const assetElement of Array.from(assetElements)) {
-            assetElement._createAsset();
-            const asset = assetElement.asset;
-            if (asset) {
-                app.assets.add(asset);
-                // Adding a fileless asset (one built purely from data, such as a sprite)
-                // completes it synchronously, dispatching the element's load event - whose
-                // listeners may have removed this element. Stop before the next addition
-                // reaches the destroyed registry, and before orphan entities are created.
-                if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // Get all pc-material elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
-        const materialElements = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > pc-material');
-        Array.from(materialElements).forEach((materialElement) => {
-            materialElement._createMaterial();
-        });
-        // Create all entities. pc-model joins the sweep because it owns a host entity of its
-        // own; its instantiated content arrives later, beneath that host.
-        const ownerElements = this.querySelectorAll('pc-entity, pc-model');
-        Array.from(ownerElements).forEach((ownerElement) => {
-            ownerElement._createEntity(app);
-        });
-        // Build hierarchy
-        ownerElements.forEach((ownerElement) => {
-            ownerElement._buildHierarchy(app);
-        });
-        // Building the hierarchy dispatched each entity's ready event synchronously, and a
-        // listener may have removed the element. The sweep itself degrades safely - destroying
-        // the application nulls every element's entity, so the remaining builds no-op - but the
-        // teardown's reset must not be overwritten here.
-        if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
-            return;
-        }
-        this._hierarchyReady = true;
-        // Forward the engine's preload lifecycle as DOM ProgressEvents on this element. The
-        // listener must be attached before preload() is called: an asset that is already loaded
-        // ticks synchronously inside it.
-        const total = app.assets.list({ preload: true }).length;
-        let loaded = 0;
-        const onPreloadProgress = () => {
-            loaded += 1;
-            this._loadProgress = loaded / total;
-            this._bar?.progress(loaded, total);
-            this.dispatchEvent(new ProgressEvent('progress', { lengthComputable: true, loaded, total }));
-        };
-        app.on('preload:progress', onPreloadProgress);
-        this._loadProgress = total === 0 ? 1 : 0;
-        this._bar?.progress(0, total);
-        this.dispatchEvent(new ProgressEvent('progress', { lengthComputable: true, loaded: 0, total }));
-        // The progress dispatch above ran listeners synchronously, and one may have removed the
-        // element. The application is already destroyed - it must not be asked to preload.
-        if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Load assets before starting the application
-        app.preload(() => {
-            // The element may have been removed while assets loaded. The application is already
-            // destroyed, so it must not be started — and readiness must not be signaled for a
-            // boot that no longer owns the element.
-            if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
-                return;
-            }
-            // Scope the counter to this preload pass, so a later app.preload() call by user code
-            // cannot push `loaded` past `total`
-            app.off('preload:progress', onPreloadProgress);
-            this._loadProgress = 1;
-            // Start the application
-            app.start();
-            // Dismiss the bar only once a frame has actually rendered; ready fires before the
-            // first rAF tick
-            app.once('frameend', () => this._bar?.complete());
-            this._onReady();
-        });
-    }
-    disconnectedCallback() {
-        // Invalidate any boot still in flight, so it abandons itself when it next resumes
-        // instead of completing against a torn-down element.
-        this._bootGeneration++;
-        this._optionsLocked = false;
-        this._pickerDestroy();
-        // Clean up the application. Destroying it destroys every entity, whose destroy hooks
-        // unregister them - clear() covers any entity the engine no longer reached.
-        if (this._app) {
-            this._app.destroy();
-            this._app = null;
-        }
-        this._entityElements.clear();
-        this._loadProgress = 0;
-        this._bar?.destroy();
-        this._bar = null;
-        // Return the element to its pre-boot state, so re-inserting it boots afresh: descendants
-        // must neither see a hierarchy that no longer exists nor resume against a readiness that
-        // no longer holds.
-        this._hierarchyReady = false;
-        this._resetReady();
-        // Stop tracking the element's size
-        this._resizeObserver?.disconnect();
-        this._resizeObserver = null;
-        // Remove the canvas
-        if (this._canvas && this.contains(this._canvas)) {
-            this.removeChild(this._canvas);
-            this._canvas = null;
+        return null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Like {@link _hoverTarget}, but for one event type: skips elements without a listener for
+     * `type`, so a hit on an unlistened child still reaches a listening ancestor.
+     *
+     * @param node - The picked node, or `null`.
+     * @param type - The pointer event type a listener is required for.
+     * @returns The nearest listening element, or `null`.
+     */
+    _elementWithListener(node, type) {
+        while (node !== null) {
+            const element = this._host.elementFromNode(node);
+            if (element?._hasListeners(type)) {
+                return element;
+            }
+            node = node.parent;
         }
+        return null;
     }
     /**
-     * Syncs the drawing buffer and the picker to the canvas's current CSS size. The picker must
-     * track the buffer, or picks would land at stale coordinates after a resize. Skipped while
-     * an XR session presents - the session owns the buffer size.
+     * Converts a pointer event's client coordinates into drawing-buffer coordinates - the space
+     * the pick buffer and the camera viewports are laid out in. When the canvas has no CSS box
+     * to map through (jsdom; a hidden canvas receives no pointer events in a browser), the
+     * client coordinates are passed through unmapped and `mapped` is false, so callers know the
+     * coordinates correspond to no real geometry.
+     *
+     * @param event - The pointer event to convert.
+     * @param canvas - The canvas the event was dispatched on.
+     * @returns The buffer-space coordinates, and whether they were actually mapped.
      */
-    _syncCanvasSize() {
-        if (!this.app || this.app.xr?.active) {
-            return;
-        }
-        this.app.updateCanvasSize();
-        const { width, height } = this.app.graphicsDevice;
-        this._picker?.resize(width, height);
-    }
-    _pickerCreate() {
-        const { width, height } = this.app.graphicsDevice;
-        this._picker = new Picker(this.app, width, height);
-        // Create bound handlers but don't attach them yet. The move handler is async, so it is
-        // wrapped to discard the promise - a listener must not return one.
-        const listener = (handler) => {
-            return (event) => {
-                handler.call(this, event);
-            };
-        };
-        this._pointerHandlers.pointermove = listener(this._onPointerMove);
-        this._pointerHandlers.pointerdown = listener(this._onPointerDown);
-        this._pointerHandlers.pointerup = listener(this._onPointerUp);
-        this._pointerHandlers.pointercancel = (event) => {
-            this._downPicks.delete(event.pointerId);
-        };
-        // Attach canvas listeners for element listeners registered before this boot (e.g.
-        // handlers created from inline attributes when their elements were first upgraded, or
-        // listeners carried over from before a re-boot)
-        this._syncCanvasListeners();
-    }
-    _pickerDestroy() {
-        if (this._canvas) {
-            Object.entries(this._pointerHandlers).forEach(([type, handler]) => {
-                if (handler) {
-                    this._canvas.removeEventListener(type, handler);
-                }
-            });
+    _getPickerCoordinates(event, canvas) {
+        const canvasRect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+        if (canvasRect.width === 0 || canvasRect.height === 0) {
+            return { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY, mapped: false };
         }
-        this._picker = null;
-        this._hoveredEntity = null;
-        this._pointerHandlers = {
-            pointermove: null,
-            pointerdown: null,
-            pointerup: null,
-            pointercancel: null
+        const scaleX = canvas.width / canvasRect.width;
+        const scaleY = canvas.height / canvasRect.height;
+        return {
+            x: (event.clientX - canvasRect.left) * scaleX,
+            y: (event.clientY - canvasRect.top) * scaleY,
+            mapped: true
         };
-        this._downPicks.clear();
-        this._clickListened = false;
-        this._lastClick = null;
-        // Replace the chain: a pick that never resolves must not stall a later boot's dispatches
-        this._dispatchChain = Promise.resolve();
     }
     /**
-     * Registers the element that fronts an entity. Called by EntityElement when it creates its
-     * entity, and by NodeElement when it binds one.
+     * Whether a camera's viewport contains the point. A camera renders into its normalized
+     * `rect`, whose origin is the bottom-left of the canvas while buffer coordinates run from
+     * the top-left - so the vertical test flips, as the engine's ElementInput flips it for UI
+     * input. The right and bottom edges are exclusive: a viewport rasterizes the half-open
+     * pixel range [left, right) x [top, bottom), so a coordinate on a shared edge belongs to
+     * the viewport whose first pixel it is - never to the one it just left, whose pick buffer
+     * holds nothing there.
      *
-     * @param entity - The entity.
-     * @param element - The element that fronts it.
-     * @internal
-     */
-    _registerEntityElement(entity, element) {
-        this._entityElements.set(entity, element);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Removes the registration for a destroyed entity. Called by EntityElement.
-     *
-     * @param entity - The entity.
-     * @internal
-     */
-    _unregisterEntityElement(entity) {
-        this._entityElements.delete(entity);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the `<pc-entity>`, `<pc-model>` or `<pc-node>` element whose backing entity is
-     * `entity`, or `null` if the entity is not fronted by an element of this application - for
-     * example, an unbound node inside a model's instantiated hierarchy, or an entity created
-     * through the engine API.
-     *
-     * @param entity - The entity to look up.
-     * @returns The element fronting the entity, or `null`.
-     */
-    elementFromEntity(entity) {
-        return this._entityElements.get(entity) ?? null;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Resolves the element that owns hover for a picked node: the nearest node up the parent
-     * chain - starting with the node itself - whose element listens for any of the hover event
-     * types. Skipping silent elements matches {@link _elementWithListener}, so a registered
-     * element with no hover listeners (a `<pc-model>` host, a plain child entity) is transparent
-     * to hover rather than swallowing a listening ancestor's enter/leave pair.
-     *
-     * @param node - The picked node, or `null`.
-     * @returns The hover-owning element, or `null`.
-     */
-    _hoverTarget(node) {
-        while (node !== null) {
-            const element = this._entityElements.get(node);
-            if (element && hoverEventTypes.some((type) => element._hasListeners(type))) {
-                return element;
-            }
-            node = node.parent;
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Like {@link _elementFromNode}, but skips elements without a listener for `type`, so a hit
-     * on an unlistened child still reaches a listening ancestor.
-     *
-     * @param node - The picked node, or `null`.
-     * @param type - The pointer event type a listener is required for.
-     * @returns The nearest listening element, or `null`.
-     */
-    _elementWithListener(node, type) {
-        while (node !== null) {
-            const element = this._entityElements.get(node);
-            if (element?._hasListeners(type)) {
-                return element;
-            }
-            node = node.parent;
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Converts a pointer event's client coordinates into drawing-buffer coordinates - the space
-     * the pick buffer and the camera viewports are laid out in. When the canvas has no CSS box
-     * to map through (jsdom; a hidden canvas receives no pointer events in a browser), the
-     * client coordinates are passed through unmapped and `mapped` is false, so callers know the
-     * coordinates correspond to no real geometry.
-     *
-     * @param event - The pointer event to convert.
-     * @param canvas - The canvas the event was dispatched on.
-     * @returns The buffer-space coordinates, and whether they were actually mapped.
-     */
-    _getPickerCoordinates(event, canvas) {
-        const canvasRect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-        if (canvasRect.width === 0 || canvasRect.height === 0) {
-            return { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY, mapped: false };
-        }
-        const scaleX = canvas.width / canvasRect.width;
-        const scaleY = canvas.height / canvasRect.height;
-        return {
-            x: (event.clientX - canvasRect.left) * scaleX,
-            y: (event.clientY - canvasRect.top) * scaleY,
-            mapped: true
-        };
-    }
-    /**
-     * Whether a camera's viewport contains the point. A camera renders into its normalized
-     * `rect`, whose origin is the bottom-left of the canvas while buffer coordinates run from
-     * the top-left - so the vertical test flips, as the engine's ElementInput flips it for UI
-     * input. The right and bottom edges are exclusive: a viewport rasterizes the half-open
-     * pixel range [left, right) x [top, bottom), so a coordinate on a shared edge belongs to
-     * the viewport whose first pixel it is - never to the one it just left, whose pick buffer
-     * holds nothing there.
-     *
-     * @param camera - The camera to test.
-     * @param x - The x coordinate, in buffer space.
-     * @param y - The y coordinate, in buffer space.
-     * @param canvas - The canvas the coordinates are relative to.
-     * @returns Whether the camera's viewport contains the point.
+     * @param camera - The camera to test.
+     * @param x - The x coordinate, in buffer space.
+     * @param y - The y coordinate, in buffer space.
+     * @param canvas - The canvas the coordinates are relative to.
+     * @returns Whether the camera's viewport contains the point.
      */
     _cameraContains(camera, x, y, canvas) {
         const rect = camera.rect;
@@ -1727,7 +1145,8 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
      * @returns The graph node under the pointer, or `null` if nothing was hit.
      */
     async _pickNode(event) {
-        const app = this.app;
+        const generation = this._generation;
+        const app = this._app;
         const picker = this._picker;
         const canvas = this._canvas;
         if (!app || !picker || !canvas)
@@ -1747,8 +1166,9 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
                 continue;
             picker.prepare(camera, app.scene);
             const selection = await picker.getSelectionAsync(x, y);
-            // The element may have disconnected while the read back was in flight.
-            if (!this._picker || !this.app)
+            // The host may have disconnected - or disconnected and reconnected - while the read
+            // back was in flight. Either way this pick's connection is gone.
+            if (generation !== this._generation)
                 return null;
             if (selection.length > 0) {
                 const item = selection[0];
@@ -1763,145 +1183,588 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         return null;
     }
     async _onPointerMove(event) {
-        if (!this._picker || !this.app)
+        if (!this._picker || !this._app)
             return;
         // Moves arrive faster than a pick resolves, so results can land out of order. Only the
         // newest pick may update the hover state - an older one describes a pointer position the
-        // user has already left.
+        // user has already left, and one from an earlier connection describes a scene that no
+        // longer exists.
+        const generation = this._generation;
         const token = ++this._pickToken;
         const node = await this._pickNode(event);
-        if (token !== this._pickToken || !this._picker)
+        if (token !== this._pickToken || generation !== this._generation)
+            return;
+        // The hovered element is the nearest one up the node's parent chain with a hover
+        // listener - the nearest-listener rule down/up use. Dispatch is still gated per event
+        // type below: having any hover listener selects the target, each event needs its own.
+        const newHoverEntity = this._hoverTarget(node);
+        // Handle enter/leave events
+        if (this._hoveredEntity !== newHoverEntity) {
+            if (this._hoveredEntity && this._hoveredEntity._hasListeners('pointerleave')) {
+                this._hoveredEntity.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerleave', event));
+            }
+            if (newHoverEntity && newHoverEntity._hasListeners('pointerenter')) {
+                newHoverEntity.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerenter', event));
+            }
+        }
+        // Update hover state
+        this._hoveredEntity = newHoverEntity;
+        // Handle pointermove event
+        if (newHoverEntity && newHoverEntity._hasListeners('pointermove')) {
+            newHoverEntity.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', event));
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Appends a dispatch step to {@link _dispatchChain}. Must be called synchronously from the
+     * canvas event handler - the order of appends is what carries canvas-event order. A step
+     * that rejects is reported and released, so the steps queued behind it still dispatch.
+     *
+     * @param step - The dispatch work to run once every earlier step has finished.
+     */
+    _chainDispatch(step) {
+        this._dispatchChain = this._dispatchChain.then(step).catch((error) => {
+            console.error(error);
+        });
+    }
+    _onPointerDown(event) {
+        if (!this._picker || !this._app)
+            return;
+        const generation = this._generation;
+        // Picks stay concurrent - only the dispatch of the results is serialized
+        const pick = this._pickNode(event);
+        // A click concludes on the matching pointerup, which needs to know what the press
+        // picked. Primary button only - the only button a click can conclude from - and only
+        // while click is listened for, since it is the click mapping that keeps the pointerup
+        // and pointercancel listeners attached to clean the entry up again.
+        if (this._clickListened && event.button === 0) {
+            this._downPicks.set(event.pointerId, pick);
+        }
+        this._chainDispatch(async () => {
+            const node = await pick;
+            if (generation !== this._generation)
+                return; // this press's connection is gone
+            const entityElement = this._elementWithListener(node, 'pointerdown');
+            if (entityElement) {
+                entityElement.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', event));
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    _onPointerUp(event) {
+        if (!this._picker || !this._app)
+            return;
+        const generation = this._generation;
+        // The press pick this release may conclude as a click. Claimed synchronously, so the
+        // entry is gone before any other event for this pointer can be handled.
+        const downPick = this._downPicks.get(event.pointerId);
+        this._downPicks.delete(event.pointerId);
+        const pick = this._pickNode(event);
+        this._chainDispatch(async () => {
+            const node = await pick;
+            if (generation !== this._generation)
+                return; // this release's connection is gone
+            const entityElement = this._elementWithListener(node, 'pointerup');
+            if (entityElement) {
+                entityElement.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', event));
+            }
+        });
+        // A click fires where the DOM fires it: at the nearest common inclusive ancestor of
+        // what the press and the release picked, for the primary button only. Appended after
+        // the release's own step, so it dispatches after the pointerup that concludes it.
+        if (!downPick || event.button !== 0)
+            return;
+        this._chainDispatch(async () => {
+            // A rejected pick was already reported by the press or release step that awaited it;
+            // here it just means no click can conclude.
+            const picked = await Promise.all([downPick, pick]).catch(() => null);
+            if (!picked || generation !== this._generation)
+                return;
+            const [downNode, upNode] = picked;
+            const clickElement = this._elementWithListener(commonAncestor(downNode, upNode), 'click');
+            if (clickElement) {
+                const click = new PointerEvent('click', event);
+                // The init above copied pointerup's `detail`, which the Pointer Events spec fixes
+                // at 0 - but click is exempt: its detail is the click count, chained here as the
+                // platform chains it (same target, within the double-click window). Overridden
+                // with defineProperty because an event instance used as an init dict cannot have
+                // single fields replaced.
+                const time = performance.now();
+                const last = this._lastClick;
+                const count = last && last.element === clickElement && time - last.time <= CLICK_CHAIN_MS ? last.count + 1 : 1;
+                this._lastClick = { element: clickElement, time, count };
+                Object.defineProperty(click, 'detail', { value: count });
+                clickElement.dispatchEvent(click);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gives `pc-app` the sizing contract of a replaced element (`<video>`, `<img>`): a block-level
+ * box that the page's CSS sizes, defaulting to the canvas's own 300x150 intrinsic size, with the
+ * canvas and loading bar anchored to it. `:where()` keeps every declaration at zero specificity,
+ * so any page rule - however plain - overrides these defaults.
+ */
+const ensureBaseStyles = () => {
+    const id = 'pc-app-styles';
+    if (document.getElementById(id)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const style = document.createElement('style');
+    style.id = id;
+    style.textContent = ':where(pc-app) { display: block; position: relative; width: 300px; height: 150px; }';
+    document.head.appendChild(style);
+};
+/**
+ * The AppElement interface provides properties and methods for manipulating
+ * {@link https://developer.playcanvas.com/user-manual/web-components/tags/pc-app/ | `<pc-app>`} elements.
+ * The AppElement interface also inherits the properties and methods of the
+ * {@link HTMLElement} interface.
+ *
+ * The element is sized like a replaced element such as `<video>`: a block-level box that the
+ * page's CSS controls, 300x150 by default. The application's canvas always fills the element,
+ * and the drawing buffer resolution follows the element's size (capped by `max-pixel-ratio`),
+ * tracked live via a ResizeObserver — so the element can be embedded at any size, resized by
+ * its container, or made fullscreen with ordinary CSS such as `width: 100vw; height: 100dvh`.
+ *
+ * @elementSummary The `<pc-app>` element creates a PlayCanvas application and the canvas it renders
+ * into, and is the root of every scene. It holds the `<pc-asset>`, `<pc-material>`, `<pc-wasm>` and
+ * `<pc-scene>` elements, and the page's CSS sizes it, as it would a `<video>`.
+ *
+ * @fires {ProgressEvent} progress - Fired while the application preloads its assets. `loaded` and
+ * `total` are asset counts, not bytes, and an asset that fails to load still counts as loaded.
+ * Fired at least once per boot, and the final event always has `loaded` equal to `total`. Does
+ * not bubble.
+ *
+ * @fires {ErrorEvent} error - Fired when the application cannot boot because no graphics device
+ * could be created (for example, a browser with WebGL disabled). `message` names the requested
+ * backends and `error` holds the underlying failure. The element never becomes ready
+ * and `app` stays `null` — listen for this event to show a fallback UI. Removing the element and
+ * re-inserting it retries the boot with its current attributes. Does not bubble.
+ */
+class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
+    /**
+     * The canvas element.
+     */
+    _canvas = null;
+    _alpha = true;
+    _backend = 'webgpu';
+    _antialias = true;
+    _depthBuffer = true;
+    _stencilBuffer = true;
+    _maxPixelRatio = Infinity;
+    _loadingBar = true;
+    /**
+     * Set once the graphics options above have been handed to `createGraphicsDevice`, after which
+     * writing any of them changes nothing. Guards the warning in {@link _warnIfBooted}, and is
+     * cleared on disconnect so a re-connected element boots from its current attributes.
+     */
+    _optionsLocked = false;
+    _bar = null;
+    /**
+     * Whether the application has created its initial entity hierarchy. Read by EntityElement to
+     * decide whether a newly connected element must create its entity itself or leave it to the
+     * boot sweep.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    _hierarchyReady = false;
+    /**
+     * Incremented on every connect and disconnect. Boot captures the value on entry and abandons
+     * itself wherever it resumes from an await if the value has moved on — so a boot whose
+     * element was removed cannot complete against a torn-down element, and a boot whose element
+     * was removed and re-inserted (which starts a boot of its own) cannot race the newer one.
+     */
+    _bootGeneration = 0;
+    /**
+     * The elements backing this application's entities, keyed by the entity itself. Registered
+     * by entity-owning elements at creation (pc-entity, and pc-model for its host) and by
+     * NodeElement at binding, and removed when an entity is destroyed or unbound, this joins
+     * engine scene nodes back to their owning elements by identity - never by name.
+     */
+    _entityElements = new Map();
+    /**
+     * The pointer-input subsystem: the picker, the canvas handlers, and the synthesized-event
+     * dispatch. The element drives its lifecycle (connect on boot, resize with the drawing
+     * buffer, listener syncs, disconnect on teardown) and hands it the two lookups it needs -
+     * everything else about pointer input lives in the controller.
+     */
+    _pointer = new PointerController({
+        elementFromNode: (node) => this._entityElements.get(node) ?? null,
+        pointerTargets: () => Array.from(this.querySelectorAll('pc-entity, pc-model, pc-node'))
+    });
+    _app = null;
+    _loadProgress = 0;
+    /**
+     * Tracks the element's box so the drawing buffer and picker follow it. Created per boot once
+     * the application exists, and disconnected on teardown. `null` where ResizeObserver is
+     * unavailable (jsdom), where the boot-time resolution set is the only sizing that happens.
+     */
+    _resizeObserver = null;
+    /**
+     * The PlayCanvas application instance. `null` until the element is ready, and again once it
+     * has been removed from the document — await {@link whenReady} or the element's `ready()`
+     * promise before accessing it.
+     * @returns The application instance, or `null`.
+     */
+    get app() {
+        return this._app;
+    }
+    /**
+     * The asset preload progress of the application, as a fraction from 0 to 1. It is 0 until
+     * preloading begins (and again once the element has been removed from the document), and 1
+     * once preloading has finished — including when there was nothing to preload. Read this to
+     * initialize a loading UI; subsequent updates arrive via the `progress` event.
+     * @returns The preload progress.
+     */
+    get loadProgress() {
+        return this._loadProgress;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a new AppElement instance.
+     *
+     * @ignore
+     */
+    constructor() {
+        super();
+        // Track listeners for the synthesized events being added to and removed from descendant
+        // entities. Registered once here rather than on every boot - the sync no-ops while there
+        // is no canvas, and a re-booted element must not stack a second set.
+        SYNTHESIZED_EVENTS.forEach((type) => {
+            this.addEventListener(`${type}:connect`, () => this._pointer.syncListeners());
+            this.addEventListener(`${type}:disconnect`, () => this._pointer.syncListeners());
+        });
+    }
+    async connectedCallback() {
+        const generation = ++this._bootGeneration;
+        // Installed before the loading bar is created: the bar anchors to this element, which
+        // these styles make a positioned block box
+        ensureBaseStyles();
+        // Created before the first await, so the bar is visible while modules and the graphics
+        // device are created, and exists before any disconnect could need to clean it up
+        if (this._loadingBar && !this._bar) {
+            this._bar = new LoadingBar(this);
+        }
+        // Upgrade the subtree before reading anything out of it. A subtree cloned from a
+        // <template> arrives entirely unupgraded - template content lives in an inert document,
+        // where custom element definitions are never looked up - and appending the clone upgrades
+        // its elements in tree order, this one before its descendants. The module query below would
+        // otherwise find plain HTMLElements with no _getLoadPromise to call, and the boot would die
+        // there, leaving the element permanently unready: no canvas, no entities, no application.
+        //
+        // Upgrading is the fix here rather than skipping whatever has not upgraded, because a
+        // <pc-wasm> is the one child that nothing else ever builds on its own behalf - skipping
+        // it would drop the wasm module the app asked for, silently and only for cloned apps.
+        // Upgrading runs each descendant's connectedCallback synchronously, a few lines earlier
+        // than the parser's path runs them but into the same state they see there: no application
+        // yet and _hierarchyReady false, so they defer to the sweeps below. A descendant that
+        // disconnects this element from there is caught by the generation check after the await,
+        // as any other disconnect is. An already-upgraded subtree - every other insertion path -
+        // is left completely untouched.
+        customElements.upgrade(this);
+        // Get all pc-wasm elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
+        const wasmElements = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > pc-wasm');
+        // Wait for all modules to load
+        await Promise.all(Array.from(wasmElements).map((element) => element._getLoadPromise()));
+        // The element may have been removed while the modules loaded. Nothing beyond the loading
+        // bar exists yet, and disconnectedCallback has already destroyed that.
+        if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Create and append the canvas, filling the element's content box - the page sizes the
+        // element, and everything else follows. touch-action: none keeps touch drags driving the
+        // engine's input handlers instead of scrolling the page.
+        this._canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+        this._canvas.style.cssText = 'display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; touch-action: none;';
+        this.appendChild(this._canvas);
+        // Configure device types based on backend selection
+        const backendToDeviceTypes = {
+            webgpu: ['webgpu', 'webgl2'], // fallback to webgl2 if webgpu not available
+            webgl2: ['webgl2'],
+            null: ['null']
+        };
+        const deviceTypes = backendToDeviceTypes[this._backend] || [];
+        this._optionsLocked = true;
+        // createGraphicsDevice appends its final null-device fallback to the array in place, so
+        // the requested list is captured now for the failure message.
+        const requested = deviceTypes.join(', ');
+        let device;
+        try {
+            device = await createGraphicsDevice(this._canvas, {
+                // @ts-ignore - alpha needs to be documented
+                alpha: this._alpha,
+                antialias: this._antialias,
+                depth: this._depthBuffer,
+                deviceTypes: deviceTypes,
+                stencil: this._stencilBuffer
+            });
+        }
+        catch (error) {
+            // The element may have been removed while device creation was failing. The teardown
+            // has already cleaned up, and the failure belongs to a boot that no longer owns the
+            // element.
+            if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // Return the element to its pre-boot state - no dead canvas, no loading bar stuck at
+            // zero - before announcing the failure. Readiness deliberately stays pending: nothing
+            // it would announce (the app, the entity hierarchy) exists, so a device-less element
+            // joins the documented never-ready cases and the failure surfaces through the error
+            // event instead.
+            if (this._canvas && this.contains(this._canvas)) {
+                this.removeChild(this._canvas);
+            }
+            this._canvas = null;
+            this._bar?.destroy();
+            this._bar = null;
+            const reason = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+            const message = `pc-app failed to create a graphics device (${requested}) - ${reason}`;
+            console.error(message, error);
+            this.dispatchEvent(new ErrorEvent('error', { message, error }));
+            return;
+        }
+        // The element may have been removed while the device was created. disconnectedCallback
+        // has already cleaned up the canvas; the device was created inside the await, so it is
+        // this boot's to release.
+        if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
+            device.destroy();
+            return;
+        }
+        // Assigned rather than resolved to a number here: the engine caps against the live
+        // window.devicePixelRatio on every resize, so an uncapped Infinity keeps following the
+        // display when a window moves between monitors of differing density.
+        device.maxPixelRatio = this._maxPixelRatio;
+        const createOptions = new AppOptions();
+        createOptions.graphicsDevice = device;
+        createOptions.keyboard = new Keyboard(window);
+        createOptions.mouse = new Mouse(this._canvas);
+        createOptions.elementInput = new ElementInput(this._canvas, {
+            useMouse: true,
+            useTouch: true
+        });
+        createOptions.componentSystems = [
+            AnimComponentSystem,
+            AnimationComponentSystem,
+            AudioListenerComponentSystem,
+            ButtonComponentSystem,
+            CameraComponentSystem,
+            CollisionComponentSystem,
+            ElementComponentSystem,
+            GSplatComponentSystem,
+            JointComponentSystem,
+            LayoutChildComponentSystem,
+            LayoutGroupComponentSystem,
+            LightComponentSystem,
+            ModelComponentSystem,
+            ParticleSystemComponentSystem,
+            RenderComponentSystem,
+            RigidBodyComponentSystem,
+            ScreenComponentSystem,
+            ScriptComponentSystem,
+            ScrollbarComponentSystem,
+            ScrollViewComponentSystem,
+            SoundComponentSystem,
+            SpriteComponentSystem,
+            ZoneComponentSystem
+        ];
+        createOptions.resourceHandlers = [
+            AnimClipHandler,
+            AnimationHandler,
+            AnimStateGraphHandler,
+            AudioHandler,
+            BinaryHandler,
+            CssHandler,
+            ContainerHandler,
+            CubemapHandler,
+            FolderHandler,
+            FontHandler,
+            GSplatHandler,
+            HierarchyHandler,
+            HtmlHandler,
+            JsonHandler,
+            MaterialHandler,
+            ModelHandler,
+            RenderHandler,
+            ScriptHandler,
+            SceneHandler,
+            ShaderHandler,
+            SpriteHandler,
+            TemplateHandler,
+            TextHandler,
+            TextureAtlasHandler,
+            TextureHandler
+        ];
+        createOptions.soundManager = new SoundManager();
+        createOptions.lightmapper = Lightmapper;
+        createOptions.batchManager = BatchManager;
+        createOptions.xr = XrManager;
+        const app = new AppBase(this._canvas);
+        this._app = app;
+        app.init(createOptions);
+        // FILLMODE_NONE leaves the canvas's CSS sizing alone (the engine's other fill modes
+        // stamp window-derived pixel sizes onto it); RESOLUTION_AUTO sizes the drawing buffer
+        // from the canvas's client size
+        app.setCanvasFillMode(FILLMODE_NONE);
+        app.setCanvasResolution(RESOLUTION_AUTO);
+        this._pointer.connect(app, this._canvas);
+        // Track the element's box rather than the window: containers resize without any window
+        // event (splitter drags, flex reflow, animations). Guarded because jsdom has no
+        // ResizeObserver - there, the resolution set above is the only sizing that happens.
+        if (typeof ResizeObserver !== 'undefined') {
+            this._resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => this._syncCanvasSize());
+            this._resizeObserver.observe(this);
+        }
+        // Get all pc-asset elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
+        const assetElements = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > pc-asset');
+        for (const assetElement of Array.from(assetElements)) {
+            assetElement._createAsset();
+            const asset = assetElement.asset;
+            if (asset) {
+                app.assets.add(asset);
+                // Adding a fileless asset (one built purely from data, such as a sprite)
+                // completes it synchronously, dispatching the element's load event - whose
+                // listeners may have removed this element. Stop before the next addition
+                // reaches the destroyed registry, and before orphan entities are created.
+                if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Get all pc-material elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
+        const materialElements = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > pc-material');
+        Array.from(materialElements).forEach((materialElement) => {
+            materialElement._createMaterial();
+        });
+        // Create all entities. pc-model joins the sweep because it owns a host entity of its
+        // own; its instantiated content arrives later, beneath that host.
+        const ownerElements = this.querySelectorAll('pc-entity, pc-model');
+        Array.from(ownerElements).forEach((ownerElement) => {
+            ownerElement._createEntity(app);
+        });
+        // Build hierarchy
+        ownerElements.forEach((ownerElement) => {
+            ownerElement._buildHierarchy(app);
+        });
+        // Building the hierarchy dispatched each entity's ready event synchronously, and a
+        // listener may have removed the element. The sweep itself degrades safely - destroying
+        // the application nulls every element's entity, so the remaining builds no-op - but the
+        // teardown's reset must not be overwritten here.
+        if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
             return;
-        // The hovered element is the nearest one up the node's parent chain with a hover
-        // listener - the nearest-listener rule down/up use. Dispatch is still gated per event
-        // type below: having any hover listener selects the target, each event needs its own.
-        const newHoverEntity = this._hoverTarget(node);
-        // Handle enter/leave events
-        if (this._hoveredEntity !== newHoverEntity) {
-            if (this._hoveredEntity && this._hoveredEntity._hasListeners('pointerleave')) {
-                this._hoveredEntity.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerleave', event));
-            }
-            if (newHoverEntity && newHoverEntity._hasListeners('pointerenter')) {
-                newHoverEntity.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerenter', event));
+        }
+        this._hierarchyReady = true;
+        // Forward the engine's preload lifecycle as DOM ProgressEvents on this element. The
+        // listener must be attached before preload() is called: an asset that is already loaded
+        // ticks synchronously inside it.
+        const total = app.assets.list({ preload: true }).length;
+        let loaded = 0;
+        const onPreloadProgress = () => {
+            loaded += 1;
+            this._loadProgress = loaded / total;
+            this._bar?.progress(loaded, total);
+            this.dispatchEvent(new ProgressEvent('progress', { lengthComputable: true, loaded, total }));
+        };
+        app.on('preload:progress', onPreloadProgress);
+        this._loadProgress = total === 0 ? 1 : 0;
+        this._bar?.progress(0, total);
+        this.dispatchEvent(new ProgressEvent('progress', { lengthComputable: true, loaded: 0, total }));
+        // The progress dispatch above ran listeners synchronously, and one may have removed the
+        // element. The application is already destroyed - it must not be asked to preload.
+        if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Load assets before starting the application
+        app.preload(() => {
+            // The element may have been removed while assets loaded. The application is already
+            // destroyed, so it must not be started — and readiness must not be signaled for a
+            // boot that no longer owns the element.
+            if (generation !== this._bootGeneration) {
+                return;
             }
+            // Scope the counter to this preload pass, so a later app.preload() call by user code
+            // cannot push `loaded` past `total`
+            app.off('preload:progress', onPreloadProgress);
+            this._loadProgress = 1;
+            // Start the application
+            app.start();
+            // Dismiss the bar only once a frame has actually rendered; ready fires before the
+            // first rAF tick
+            app.once('frameend', () => this._bar?.complete());
+            this._onReady();
+        });
+    }
+    disconnectedCallback() {
+        // Invalidate any boot still in flight, so it abandons itself when it next resumes
+        // instead of completing against a torn-down element.
+        this._bootGeneration++;
+        this._optionsLocked = false;
+        this._pointer.disconnect();
+        // Clean up the application. Destroying it destroys every entity, whose destroy hooks
+        // unregister them - clear() covers any entity the engine no longer reached.
+        if (this._app) {
+            this._app.destroy();
+            this._app = null;
         }
-        // Update hover state
-        this._hoveredEntity = newHoverEntity;
-        // Handle pointermove event
-        if (newHoverEntity && newHoverEntity._hasListeners('pointermove')) {
-            newHoverEntity.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', event));
+        this._entityElements.clear();
+        this._loadProgress = 0;
+        this._bar?.destroy();
+        this._bar = null;
+        // Return the element to its pre-boot state, so re-inserting it boots afresh: descendants
+        // must neither see a hierarchy that no longer exists nor resume against a readiness that
+        // no longer holds.
+        this._hierarchyReady = false;
+        this._resetReady();
+        // Stop tracking the element's size
+        this._resizeObserver?.disconnect();
+        this._resizeObserver = null;
+        // Remove the canvas
+        if (this._canvas && this.contains(this._canvas)) {
+            this.removeChild(this._canvas);
+            this._canvas = null;
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Appends a dispatch step to {@link _dispatchChain}. Must be called synchronously from the
-     * canvas event handler - the order of appends is what carries canvas-event order. A step
-     * that rejects is reported and released, so the steps queued behind it still dispatch.
-     *
-     * @param step - The dispatch work to run once every earlier step has finished.
+     * Syncs the drawing buffer and the picker to the canvas's current CSS size. The picker must
+     * track the buffer, or picks would land at stale coordinates after a resize. Skipped while
+     * an XR session presents - the session owns the buffer size.
      */
-    _chainDispatch(step) {
-        this._dispatchChain = this._dispatchChain.then(step).catch((error) => {
-            console.error(error);
-        });
-    }
-    _onPointerDown(event) {
-        if (!this._picker || !this.app)
+    _syncCanvasSize() {
+        if (!this.app || this.app.xr?.active) {
             return;
-        // Picks stay concurrent - only the dispatch of the results is serialized
-        const pick = this._pickNode(event);
-        // A click concludes on the matching pointerup, which needs to know what the press
-        // picked. Primary button only - the only button a click can conclude from - and only
-        // while click is listened for, since it is the click mapping that keeps the pointerup
-        // and pointercancel listeners attached to clean the entry up again.
-        if (this._clickListened && event.button === 0) {
-            this._downPicks.set(event.pointerId, pick);
         }
-        this._chainDispatch(async () => {
-            const node = await pick;
-            if (!this._picker)
-                return; // the element disconnected while the pick was in flight
-            const entityElement = this._elementWithListener(node, 'pointerdown');
-            if (entityElement) {
-                entityElement.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', event));
-            }
-        });
+        this.app.updateCanvasSize();
+        const { width, height } = this.app.graphicsDevice;
+        this._pointer.resize(width, height);
     }
-    _onPointerUp(event) {
-        if (!this._picker || !this.app)
-            return;
-        // The press pick this release may conclude as a click. Claimed synchronously, so the
-        // entry is gone before any other event for this pointer can be handled.
-        const downPick = this._downPicks.get(event.pointerId);
-        this._downPicks.delete(event.pointerId);
-        const pick = this._pickNode(event);
-        this._chainDispatch(async () => {
-            const node = await pick;
-            if (!this._picker)
-                return; // the element disconnected while the pick was in flight
-            const entityElement = this._elementWithListener(node, 'pointerup');
-            if (entityElement) {
-                entityElement.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', event));
-            }
-        });
-        // A click fires where the DOM fires it: at the nearest common inclusive ancestor of
-        // what the press and the release picked, for the primary button only. Appended after
-        // the release's own step, so it dispatches after the pointerup that concludes it.
-        if (!downPick || event.button !== 0)
-            return;
-        this._chainDispatch(async () => {
-            // A rejected pick was already reported by the press or release step that awaited it;
-            // here it just means no click can conclude.
-            const picked = await Promise.all([downPick, pick]).catch(() => null);
-            if (!picked || !this._picker)
-                return;
-            const [downNode, upNode] = picked;
-            const clickElement = this._elementWithListener(commonAncestor(downNode, upNode), 'click');
-            if (clickElement) {
-                const click = new PointerEvent('click', event);
-                // The init above copied pointerup's `detail`, which the Pointer Events spec fixes
-                // at 0 - but click is exempt: its detail is the click count, chained here as the
-                // platform chains it (same target, within the double-click window). Overridden
-                // with defineProperty because an event instance used as an init dict cannot have
-                // single fields replaced.
-                const time = performance.now();
-                const last = this._lastClick;
-                const count = last && last.element === clickElement && time - last.time <= CLICK_CHAIN_MS ? last.count + 1 : 1;
-                this._lastClick = { element: clickElement, time, count };
-                Object.defineProperty(click, 'detail', { value: count });
-                clickElement.dispatchEvent(click);
-            }
-        });
+    /**
+     * Registers the element that fronts an entity. Called by EntityElement when it creates its
+     * entity, and by NodeElement when it binds one.
+     *
+     * @param entity - The entity.
+     * @param element - The element that fronts it.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    _registerEntityElement(entity, element) {
+        this._entityElements.set(entity, element);
     }
     /**
-     * Attaches exactly the canvas listeners the tree's current element listeners need, and
-     * detaches the rest. Recomputed whenever a listener connects or disconnects anywhere under
-     * this element: several synthesized types can need the same canvas listener (enter, leave
-     * and move all ride the move pick; click rides the down/up pair), so one type's removal
-     * must not detach a listener another type still uses. Re-attaching an attached listener is
-     * a no-op by EventTarget semantics, so no attach state is kept.
+     * Removes the registration for a destroyed entity. Called by EntityElement.
+     *
+     * @param entity - The entity.
+     * @internal
      */
-    _syncCanvasListeners() {
-        const canvas = this._canvas;
-        if (!canvas)
-            return; // not booted yet: _pickerCreate syncs once the handlers exist
-        const elements = Array.from(this.querySelectorAll('pc-entity, pc-model, pc-node'));
-        const needed = new Set();
-        for (const type of SYNTHESIZED_EVENTS) {
-            if (elements.some((element) => element._hasListeners(type))) {
-                canvasEventsFor[type].forEach((canvasType) => needed.add(canvasType));
-            }
-        }
-        this._clickListened = elements.some((element) => element._hasListeners('click'));
-        Object.entries(this._pointerHandlers).forEach(([canvasType, handler]) => {
-            if (!handler)
-                return;
-            if (needed.has(canvasType)) {
-                canvas.addEventListener(canvasType, handler);
-            }
-            else {
-                canvas.removeEventListener(canvasType, handler);
-            }
-        });
+    _unregisterEntityElement(entity) {
+        this._entityElements.delete(entity);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the `<pc-entity>`, `<pc-model>` or `<pc-node>` element whose backing entity is
+     * `entity`, or `null` if the entity is not fronted by an element of this application - for
+     * example, an unbound node inside a model's instantiated hierarchy, or an entity created
+     * through the engine API.
+     *
+     * @param entity - The entity to look up.
+     * @returns The element fronting the entity, or `null`.
+     */
+    elementFromEntity(entity) {
+        return this._entityElements.get(entity) ?? null;
     }
     /**
      * Warns that a graphics option was written too late to have any effect. These options are read
@@ -3277,31 +3140,133 @@ class AssetElement extends AsyncElement {
                 else {
                     this.srgb = null;
                 }
-                break;
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+customElements.define('pc-asset', AssetElement);
+/**
+ * Resolves an asset reference for use: {@link AssetElement.get}, plus starting the load of a
+ * registered asset that has not begun one - a `lazy` asset. Every element that consumes assets
+ * resolves its references here, which is what makes `lazy` mean load on first use without any
+ * consumer having to remember the load. The load is asynchronous - callers observe the asset's
+ * `load` event for the resource.
+ *
+ * @param id - The `id` of the `<pc-asset>` element.
+ * @returns The asset, or `undefined`.
+ * @internal
+ */
+const useAsset = (id) => {
+    const asset = AssetElement.get(id);
+    // load() ignores an asset that is already loaded or loading, so repeated resolution
+    // costs nothing.
+    if (asset) {
+        asset.registry?.load(asset);
+    }
+    return asset;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Watches the asset currently selected by an element.
+ *
+ * An element can change its asset while the old one is still loading, or disconnect before the
+ * load finishes. This class makes sure callbacks from those older loads do nothing. Calling
+ * {@link bind} stops watching the previous asset and starts watching the new one. Calling
+ * {@link cancel} stops watching altogether.
+ *
+ * Asset lookup goes through {@link useAsset}, so selecting a lazy asset starts its load. The
+ * caller still decides what to do with the result, such as creating scene content, reporting an
+ * error, or marking an element ready.
+ *
+ * Reuse one `AssetBinding` for each asset-valued property throughout the element's lifetime. It
+ * is safe for a callback to call `bind` again: the new asset remains active after the callback
+ * returns.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+class AssetBinding {
+    /**
+     * Each bind or cancel gets a new number. Event handlers remember the number they were created
+     * with and return if it is no longer current. Old listeners are normally removed as well, but
+     * this check also protects against an event that was already in progress when removal
+     * happened.
+     */
+    _generation = 0;
+    _loadHandle = null;
+    _errorHandle = null;
+    _detach() {
+        this._loadHandle?.off();
+        this._loadHandle = null;
+        this._errorHandle?.off();
+        this._errorHandle = null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Stops watching the current asset and prevents its callbacks from running. The binding can
+     * be used again by calling {@link bind}.
+     */
+    cancel() {
+        this._generation++;
+        this._detach();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Starts watching the asset registered under `id` and stops watching the previous one. A
+     * missing `id` still clears the previous binding. Looking up a lazy asset starts its load.
+     *
+     * If the asset has already loaded successfully, `load` runs before this method returns. An
+     * earlier failure calls `error` immediately when that callback is provided; without one, the
+     * binding waits for a later successful reload. Assets still loading are watched for the same
+     * two outcomes. Once an event is handled, both listeners are removed.
+     *
+     * @param id - The `id` of the `<pc-asset>` element to bind to.
+     * @param callbacks - Functions to call when loading succeeds or fails.
+     * @returns The selected asset, or `undefined` if no asset has this `id`. The caller decides
+     * how to handle a missing asset.
+     */
+    bind(id, callbacks) {
+        const generation = ++this._generation;
+        this._detach();
+        const asset = useAsset(id);
+        if (!asset) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        const { error } = callbacks;
+        if (asset.loaded) {
+            // PlayCanvas sets `loaded` after both success and failure, so a resource must also be
+            // present before this counts as success. Use `!= null` deliberately: `undefined` and
+            // `null` both mean there is no resource, while a valid resource can still be falsy
+            // (for example, an empty text file produces '').
+            if (asset.resource != null) {
+                callbacks.load(asset);
+                return asset;
+            }
+            if (error) {
+                error(`asset '${id}' failed to load`);
+                return asset;
+            }
+        }
+        // Old listeners are normally removed by bind or cancel. The number check is a second
+        // safeguard for a late event. Check it before _detach so an old callback cannot remove
+        // the listeners for the current asset. Whichever current event runs first removes both
+        // listeners.
+        this._loadHandle = asset.once('load', () => {
+            if (generation !== this._generation) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this._detach();
+            callbacks.load(asset);
+        });
+        if (error) {
+            this._errorHandle = asset.once('error', (err) => {
+                if (generation !== this._generation) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                this._detach();
+                error(err);
+            });
         }
+        return asset;
     }
 }
-customElements.define('pc-asset', AssetElement);
-/**
- * Resolves an asset reference for use: {@link AssetElement.get}, plus starting the load of a
- * registered asset that has not begun one - a `lazy` asset. Every element that consumes assets
- * resolves its references here, which is what makes `lazy` mean load on first use without any
- * consumer having to remember the load. The load is asynchronous - callers observe the asset's
- * `load` event for the resource.
- *
- * @param id - The `id` of the `<pc-asset>` element.
- * @returns The asset, or `undefined`.
- * @internal
- */
-const useAsset = (id) => {
-    const asset = AssetElement.get(id);
-    // load() ignores an asset that is already loaded or loading, so repeated resolution
-    // costs nothing.
-    if (asset) {
-        asset.registry?.load(asset);
-    }
-    return asset;
-};
 
 /**
  * Formats one line of the printable hierarchy: the node's name, an `[index]` marker when the
@@ -3403,18 +3368,18 @@ class ModelElement extends EntityOwnerElement {
     _contentEntity = null;
     /**
      * Incremented on every new load, on disconnect, and when the host entity dies, and captured
-     * by a load when it starts. A load that resumes from an await or a load callback abandons
-     * itself if the value has moved on, so a superseded load can neither instantiate a second
-     * content root nor parent one under a host a newer cycle has already replaced.
+     * by a load when it starts. A load that resumes from an await abandons itself if the value
+     * has moved on, so a superseded load can neither instantiate a second content root nor
+     * parent one under a host a newer cycle has already replaced. The asset subscription itself
+     * is guarded by the binding below.
      */
     _loadGeneration = 0;
     /**
-     * The pending asset subscriptions of the current load, if it is waiting for its asset. Held
-     * so that whatever supersedes the load can detach the handlers from the asset, rather than
-     * leave them registered until the asset settles (or forever, if it never does).
+     * The subscription to the current container asset while it is loading. Whatever supersedes
+     * the load — a newer load, a disconnect, the host dying — cancels it, so the asset settling
+     * later cannot deliver to a load that no longer owns the element.
      */
-    _loadHandle = null;
-    _errorHandle = null;
+    _binding = new AssetBinding();
     /**
      * The root entity of the instantiated model content, parented beneath the host entity.
      * `null` until the container asset has loaded and been instantiated, after a failed load,
@@ -3505,7 +3470,7 @@ class ModelElement extends EntityOwnerElement {
         // resets the element. The generation guard comes first so a load suspended on an await
         // cannot resume against the torn-down element.
         this._loadGeneration++;
-        this._detachLoadHandlers();
+        this._binding.cancel();
         this._entity?.destroy();
     }
     /**
@@ -3524,16 +3489,10 @@ class ModelElement extends EntityOwnerElement {
      */
     _onEntityDestroy(entity) {
         this._loadGeneration++;
-        this._detachLoadHandlers();
+        this._binding.cancel();
         this._contentEntity = null;
         super._onEntityDestroy(entity);
     }
-    _detachLoadHandlers() {
-        this._loadHandle?.off();
-        this._loadHandle = null;
-        this._errorHandle?.off();
-        this._errorHandle = null;
-    }
     /**
      * Resolves readiness and dispatches the `load` event. Called once the instantiated content
      * has been parented beneath the host — the host itself is already in the scene graph by
@@ -3560,7 +3519,7 @@ class ModelElement extends EntityOwnerElement {
         this._destroyContent();
         // Supersede any load already in flight - only the newest load may instantiate
         const generation = ++this._loadGeneration;
-        this._detachLoadHandlers();
+        this._binding.cancel();
         // Re-arm readiness so a waiter obtained after an asset change resolves against the new
         // content. A no-op on first connection, where readiness is still pending.
         this._resetReady();
@@ -3586,39 +3545,23 @@ class ModelElement extends EntityOwnerElement {
             this._onReady();
             return;
         }
-        const asset = useAsset(this._asset);
-        if (!asset) {
-            // A non-empty id that resolves to nothing is a dead end - say so rather than staying
-            // silently pending.
-            console.warn(`pc-model could not find asset '${this._asset}' - model not created`);
-            return;
-        }
-        if (asset.loaded) {
-            this._instantiate(asset.resource);
-        }
-        else {
-            // The generation is re-checked even though a superseded handler is detached: the
-            // detach relies on how the engine's event emitter treats removal, while the check
-            // holds on its own. Whichever of load/error fires first detaches the other.
-            this._loadHandle = asset.once('load', () => {
-                this._detachLoadHandlers();
-                if (generation !== this._loadGeneration) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                this._instantiate(asset.resource);
-            });
-            this._errorHandle = asset.once('error', (err) => {
-                this._detachLoadHandlers();
-                if (generation !== this._loadGeneration) {
-                    return;
-                }
+        // Every path that moves _loadGeneration also rebinds or cancels the binding, so a
+        // delivery below is always current - no generation re-check needed in the callbacks.
+        const asset = this._binding.bind(this._asset, {
+            load: ({ resource }) => this._instantiate(resource),
+            error: (err) => {
                 // A failed load settles readiness with a null contentEntity, mirroring pc-asset:
                 // readiness means the load settled, not that it succeeded.
                 this.dispatchEvent(new ErrorEvent('error', {
                     message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
                 }));
                 this._onReady();
-            });
+            }
+        });
+        if (!asset) {
+            // A non-empty id that resolves to nothing is a dead end - say so rather than staying
+            // silently pending.
+            console.warn(`pc-model could not find asset '${this._asset}' - model not created`);
         }
     }
     /**
@@ -3753,6 +3696,8 @@ class ComponentElement extends AsyncElement {
             console.warn(`${this.tagName.toLowerCase()}${label} - '${entity.name}' already has a '${this._componentName}' component - component not added`);
             return;
         }
+        // The name passed by the subclass selects the engine system that creates its T - a
+        // pairing the type system cannot express, so it is asserted this once
         this._component = entity.addComponent(this._componentName, this.getInitialComponentData());
     }
     async _addComponent() {
@@ -4015,6 +3960,9 @@ class AnimComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
      */
     _applyRootBone() {
         const component = this.component;
+        if (!component) {
+            return;
+        }
         // A non-null root this element did not assign came through the engine API. A fresh
         // component starts at null, which is always reclaimable.
         if (component.rootBone !== null && component.rootBone !== this._managedRootBone) {
@@ -4087,7 +4035,7 @@ class AnimComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
      * declared `clip` selection can apply before any asset has loaded.
      */
     _assignClip(clip) {
-        this.component.assignAnimation(clip.name, clip._track ?? AnimTrack.EMPTY, undefined, clip.speed, clip.loop);
+        this.component?.assignAnimation(clip.name, clip._track ?? AnimTrack.EMPTY, undefined, clip.speed, clip.loop);
     }
     /**
      * Validates a clip child and, when valid, assigns its state and starts its track resolution.
@@ -4395,8 +4343,9 @@ class AnimComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         component.playing = true;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas anim component.
-     * @returns The anim component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas anim component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The anim component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -4545,6 +4494,11 @@ class AnimClipElement extends AsyncElement {
      */
     _animElement = null;
     _asset = '';
+    /**
+     * Watches the current source asset while it loads. Starting a new resolution or
+     * disconnecting cancels it, so a superseded source can never hand its track to the parent.
+     */
+    _binding = new AssetBinding();
     /**
      * Incremented on every connect and disconnect, and captured by connectedCallback on entry —
      * a resume from an await abandons itself if the value has moved on, so a stale callback can
@@ -4552,19 +4506,13 @@ class AnimClipElement extends AsyncElement {
      * own callback.
      */
     _connectionGeneration = 0;
-    _errorHandle = null;
     /**
      * Incremented on every track resolution and on disconnect, and captured by a resolution when
-     * it starts. A resolution that resumes from an await or an asset callback abandons itself if
-     * the value has moved on, so a superseded resolution cannot hand a stale track to the parent.
+     * it starts. A resolution that resumes from an await abandons itself if the value has moved
+     * on, so a superseded resolution cannot hand a stale track to the parent. The asset
+     * subscription itself is guarded by the binding above.
      */
     _loadGeneration = 0;
-    /**
-     * The pending asset subscriptions of the current resolution, if it is waiting for its asset.
-     * Held so that whatever supersedes the resolution can detach the handlers from the asset,
-     * rather than leave them registered until the asset settles (or forever, if it never does).
-     */
-    _loadHandle = null;
     _loop = true;
     _name = '';
     _speed = 1;
@@ -4604,7 +4552,7 @@ class AnimClipElement extends AsyncElement {
         // Invalidate any connectedCallback or track resolution still suspended on an await
         this._connectionGeneration++;
         this._loadGeneration++;
-        this._detachLoadHandlers();
+        this._binding.cancel();
         // Uses the cached parent rather than a fresh lookup, since parentElement is already null
         // by now. The component itself is null if the whole <pc-app> is being torn down —
         // parents disconnect first and have already removed the component.
@@ -4622,12 +4570,6 @@ class AnimClipElement extends AsyncElement {
         }
         return animElement;
     }
-    _detachLoadHandlers() {
-        this._loadHandle?.off();
-        this._loadHandle = null;
-        this._errorHandle?.off();
-        this._errorHandle = null;
-    }
     /**
      * Reports a name-validation failure from the owning `<pc-anim>`, once per name value.
      *
@@ -4653,34 +4595,19 @@ class AnimClipElement extends AsyncElement {
     async _resolveTrack(animElement) {
         this._animElement = animElement;
         const generation = ++this._loadGeneration;
-        this._detachLoadHandlers();
+        this._binding.cancel();
         if (this._asset) {
-            const asset = useAsset(this._asset);
+            // Every path that moves _loadGeneration also rebinds or cancels the binding, so a
+            // delivery below is always current.
+            const asset = this._binding.bind(this._asset, {
+                load: (loaded) => this._extractTrack(loaded, `asset '${this._asset}'`),
+                error: () => {
+                    this._warnSource(`pc-anim-clip '${this._name}' - asset '${this._asset}' failed to load - clip not assigned`);
+                }
+            });
             if (!asset) {
                 this._warnSource(`pc-anim-clip '${this._name}' could not find asset '${this._asset}' - clip not assigned`);
-                return;
             }
-            if (asset.loaded) {
-                this._extractTrack(asset, `asset '${this._asset}'`);
-                return;
-            }
-            // Whichever of load/error fires first detaches the other. The generation is
-            // re-checked even though a superseded handler is detached: the detach relies on how
-            // the engine's event emitter treats removal, while the check holds on its own.
-            this._loadHandle = asset.once('load', () => {
-                this._detachLoadHandlers();
-                if (generation !== this._loadGeneration) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                this._extractTrack(asset, `asset '${this._asset}'`);
-            });
-            this._errorHandle = asset.once('error', () => {
-                this._detachLoadHandlers();
-                if (generation !== this._loadGeneration) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                this._warnSource(`pc-anim-clip '${this._name}' - asset '${this._asset}' failed to load - clip not assigned`);
-            });
             return;
         }
         const model = animElement.parentElement;
@@ -4787,99 +4714,321 @@ class AnimClipElement extends AsyncElement {
         this._loop = value;
         this._animElement?._onClipParamsChanged(this);
     }
-    /**
-     * Gets whether the clip loops.
-     * @returns Whether the clip loops.
-     */
-    get loop() {
-        return this._loop;
+    /**
+     * Gets whether the clip loops.
+     * @returns Whether the clip loops.
+     */
+    get loop() {
+        return this._loop;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Sets the name of the clip: the name it is played by, and the track looked up in the
+     * clip's source. Names must be unique within a `<pc-anim>` and must not contain `.`.
+     * @param value - The clip name.
+     */
+    set name(value) {
+        this._name = value;
+        this._warnedInvalid = false;
+        if (this._animElement) {
+            this._resetReady();
+            this._animElement._refreshClips();
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the name of the clip.
+     * @returns The clip name.
+     */
+    get name() {
+        return this._name;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Sets the playback speed of the clip, where negative values play it backwards. Applies
+     * immediately, preserving the playhead. Defaults to 1.
+     * @param value - The playback speed.
+     */
+    set speed(value) {
+        this._speed = value;
+        this._animElement?._onClipParamsChanged(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the playback speed of the clip.
+     * @returns The playback speed.
+     */
+    get speed() {
+        return this._speed;
+    }
+    static get observedAttributes() {
+        return ['asset', 'loop', 'name', 'speed'];
+    }
+    attributeChangedCallback(name, _oldValue, newValue) {
+        switch (name) {
+            case 'asset':
+                this.asset = newValue ?? '';
+                break;
+            case 'loop':
+                this.loop = parseBool(newValue, true);
+                break;
+            case 'name':
+                this.name = newValue ?? '';
+                break;
+            case 'speed':
+                this.speed = parseNumber(newValue, 1, name);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+customElements.define('pc-anim-clip', AnimClipElement);
+
+/**
+ * The AudioListenerComponentElement interface provides properties and methods for manipulating
+ * {@link https://developer.playcanvas.com/user-manual/web-components/tags/pc-audio-listener/ | `<pc-audio-listener>`} elements.
+ * The AudioListenerComponentElement interface also inherits the properties and methods of the
+ * {@link HTMLElement} interface.
+ *
+ * Engine component: {@link AudioListenerComponent} (`audiolistener`).
+ *
+ * @elementSummary The `<pc-audio-listener>` element makes its entity the point from which
+ * positional sounds are heard, typically the entity holding the `<pc-camera>`. Must be a child of a
+ * `<pc-entity>`, `<pc-model>` or `<pc-node>`.
+ *
+ * @category Components
+ */
+class AudioListenerComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
+    /** @ignore */
+    constructor() {
+        super('audiolistener');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas audio listener component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The audio listener component, or `null`.
+     */
+    get component() {
+        return super.component;
+    }
+}
+customElements.define('pc-audio-listener', AudioListenerComponentElement);
+
+/**
+ * Resolves entity reference strings against the document. A reference beginning with `#` is a
+ * document-wide selector (an element id, or any selector rooted in one); anything else is an
+ * entity name, resolved lexically through the entity hierarchy first and against the document
+ * after — never as a selector or an id.
+ *
+ * Unlike the attribute parsers in `parse.ts`, these helpers touch the DOM, and `findEntityElement`
+ * and `getEntity` return `null` instead of falling back to a default. They also do not warn -
+ * what an unresolved reference means depends on the element holding it - so elements report
+ * through `resolveEntity`, which takes that meaning as parameters, and `pc-script` builds its own
+ * message from the lower-level pieces.
+ */
+/**
+ * Runs querySelector, absorbing the SyntaxError an unparseable selector throws - references are
+ * arbitrary author text, so a lookup must fail to `null`, never throw.
+ *
+ * @param selector - The selector to query.
+ * @returns The matched element, or `null`.
+ */
+const query = (selector) => {
+    try {
+        return document.querySelector(selector);
+    }
+    catch {
+        return null;
+    }
+};
+/**
+ * Runs a lookup against one scope, checking the scope element itself before its subtree — a
+ * reference deep in a cloned prefab must be able to name the prefab's root. Absorbs the
+ * SyntaxError of an invalid selector like {@link query}: escaping quotes and backslashes does not
+ * make arbitrary text a valid CSS string (a reference containing a newline still throws), so a
+ * lookup must fail to `null`, never throw.
+ *
+ * @param scope - The element whose inclusive subtree to search.
+ * @param selector - The selector to query.
+ * @returns The matched element, or `null`.
+ */
+const queryScope = (scope, selector) => {
+    try {
+        return scope.matches(selector) ? scope : scope.querySelector(selector);
+    }
+    catch {
+        return null;
+    }
+};
+/**
+ * Reads the entity a resolved element is backing, through the `entity` accessor every
+ * entity-fronting element exposes. `null` for no element, and for an element backing nothing.
+ *
+ * @param element - The element to read, or `null`.
+ * @returns The backing entity, or `null`.
+ */
+const entityOf = (element) => {
+    return element?.entity ?? null;
+};
+/**
+ * The elements that front an entity: what a bare name can resolve to, and the scopes of the
+ * lexical name lookup.
+ */
+const ENTITY_KINDS = ['pc-entity', 'pc-model', 'pc-node'];
+/**
+ * The entity-fronting elements as one selector, for the scope walk.
+ */
+const ENTITY_SCOPES = ENTITY_KINDS.join(', ');
+/**
+ * Resolves a reference string to the element it names. The grammar is closed — every reference
+ * has exactly one interpretation:
+ *
+ * - A reference beginning with `#` is a document-wide CSS selector — an element id (`#body`), or
+ *   any selector rooted in one (`#hud pc-entity`). It is authoritative: the name lookup never
+ *   runs for it, so an unusually named entity cannot shadow it.
+ * - Any other reference is the name of an entity-fronting element (`<pc-entity>`, `<pc-model>` or
+ *   `<pc-node>` — for a node, the glTF node name it binds), and nothing else. A bare reference is
+ *   never interpreted as a selector or an element id, so adding or renaming elements can never
+ *   change which form it takes.
+ *
+ * When `from` is supplied, a name resolves lexically first: the closest entity-fronting
+ * ancestor's inclusive subtree, then each outer entity-fronting ancestor, then the containing
+ * `<pc-app>`, then the document. This is what lets a `<template>` prefab reference its own
+ * entities by name — every clone resolves within itself before a document-wide lookup could reach
+ * an earlier clone — provided the prefab has a single entity-fronting root to be the enclosing
+ * scope.
+ *
+ * Separate from {@link getEntity} so a caller reporting a failure can tell the causes apart
+ * ({@link unresolvedCause} words them): nothing in the document matches the reference, or
+ * something matches but is not backing an entity (yet, or ever).
+ *
+ * @param ref - The reference string to resolve.
+ * @param from - The element resolving the reference, whose entity-fronting ancestors scope the
+ * name lookup. Omitted, the name lookup is document-wide only.
+ * @returns The matched element, or `null`.
+ * @internal
+ */
+const findEntityElement = (ref, from) => {
+    if (!ref) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    // A '#' reference is document-wide and bypasses the name lookup entirely - an entity named
+    // '#body' must never shadow the element whose id is 'body'.
+    if (ref.startsWith('#')) {
+        return query(ref);
     }
-    /**
-     * Sets the name of the clip: the name it is played by, and the track looked up in the
-     * clip's source. Names must be unique within a `<pc-anim>` and must not contain `.`.
-     * @param value - The clip name.
-     */
-    set name(value) {
-        this._name = value;
-        this._warnedInvalid = false;
-        if (this._animElement) {
-            this._resetReady();
-            this._animElement._refreshClips();
+    // The name lands inside a quoted CSS string, so its quotes and backslashes are escaped -
+    // a name like `say "hi"` must resolve, not turn the lookup into a SyntaxError.
+    const escaped = ref.replace(/["\\]/g, '\\$&');
+    const nameSelector = ENTITY_KINDS.map(kind => `${kind}[name="${escaped}"]`).join(', ');
+    if (from) {
+        let scope = from.parentElement?.closest(ENTITY_SCOPES);
+        while (scope) {
+            const element = queryScope(scope, nameSelector);
+            if (element) {
+                return element;
+            }
+            scope = scope.parentElement?.closest(ENTITY_SCOPES);
         }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Gets the name of the clip.
-     * @returns The clip name.
-     */
-    get name() {
-        return this._name;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Sets the playback speed of the clip, where negative values play it backwards. Applies
-     * immediately, preserving the playhead. Defaults to 1.
-     * @param value - The playback speed.
-     */
-    set speed(value) {
-        this._speed = value;
-        this._animElement?._onClipParamsChanged(this);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Gets the playback speed of the clip.
-     * @returns The playback speed.
-     */
-    get speed() {
-        return this._speed;
-    }
-    static get observedAttributes() {
-        return ['asset', 'loop', 'name', 'speed'];
-    }
-    attributeChangedCallback(name, _oldValue, newValue) {
-        switch (name) {
-            case 'asset':
-                this.asset = newValue ?? '';
-                break;
-            case 'loop':
-                this.loop = parseBool(newValue, true);
-                break;
-            case 'name':
-                this.name = newValue ?? '';
-                break;
-            case 'speed':
-                this.speed = parseNumber(newValue, 1, name);
-                break;
+        const app = from.parentElement?.closest('pc-app');
+        if (app) {
+            const element = queryScope(app, nameSelector);
+            if (element) {
+                return element;
+            }
         }
     }
-}
-customElements.define('pc-anim-clip', AnimClipElement);
-
+    return query(nameSelector);
+};
 /**
- * The AudioListenerComponentElement interface provides properties and methods for manipulating
- * {@link https://developer.playcanvas.com/user-manual/web-components/tags/pc-audio-listener/ | `<pc-audio-listener>`} elements.
- * The AudioListenerComponentElement interface also inherits the properties and methods of the
- * {@link HTMLElement} interface.
+ * Resolves a reference string to the {@link Entity} backing an entity-fronting element
+ * (`<pc-entity>`, `<pc-model>` or `<pc-node>`). The reference is a name — resolved lexically
+ * through the entity hierarchy first when `from` is supplied — or a document-wide `#` selector
+ * ({@link findEntityElement} details the grammar and order). Returns `null` if no matching
+ * element (or backing entity) is found.
  *
- * Engine component: {@link AudioListenerComponent} (`audiolistener`).
+ * @param ref - The reference string to resolve.
+ * @param from - The element resolving the reference, whose entity-fronting ancestors scope the
+ * name lookup. Omitted, the name lookup is document-wide only.
+ * @returns The resolved entity, or `null`.
+ * @internal
+ */
+const getEntity = (ref, from) => {
+    return entityOf(findEntityElement(ref, from));
+};
+/**
+ * Describes why a non-empty reference did not resolve, for a warning. Three causes, because they
+ * have three different fixes: nothing matches (usually a typo), the matched element is not backing
+ * an entity yet (usually timing - a `pc-node` whose asset has not loaded - so resolving again
+ * later can work), or the matched element can never back one (the reference points at the wrong
+ * element, so only correcting it can). Capability is the `entity` accessor every entity-backing
+ * element inherits from EntityBaseElement.
  *
- * @elementSummary The `<pc-audio-listener>` element makes its entity the point from which
- * positional sounds are heard, typically the entity holding the `<pc-camera>`. Must be a child of a
- * `<pc-entity>`, `<pc-model>` or `<pc-node>`.
+ * @param element - The element the reference matched, or `null` when nothing did.
+ * @returns The cause, phrased to follow `could not resolve ... -`.
+ * @internal
+ */
+const unresolvedCause = (element) => {
+    if (!element) {
+        return 'nothing in the document matches it';
+    }
+    const tag = `<${element.tagName.toLowerCase()}>`;
+    return 'entity' in element
+        ? `${tag} matches it but is not backing an entity yet`
+        : `${tag} matches it but cannot back an entity`;
+};
+/**
+ * Builds the migration pointer for a bare reference that names nothing but matches the id of an
+ * entity-fronting element - it was almost certainly meant as an id, so point at the form that
+ * expresses it, escaped so the suggestion actually parses as a selector (an id like `a:b` must
+ * be written `#a\:b`). Empty when the reference is already a `#` form, matches no id, or the id
+ * belongs to an element that could never back an entity - suggesting it would only trade this
+ * warning for the wrong-target one.
  *
- * @category Components
+ * @param ref - The unresolved reference.
+ * @param prefix - Text the suggested form must carry in the caller's syntax (e.g. `entity:`).
+ * @returns The advice sentence, or an empty string.
+ * @internal
  */
-class AudioListenerComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
-    /** @ignore */
-    constructor() {
-        super('audiolistener');
+const idHint = (ref, prefix = '') => {
+    const match = !ref.startsWith('#') && document.getElementById(ref);
+    return match && 'entity' in match
+        ? `A bare reference is a name - write '${prefix}#${CSS.escape(ref)}' to reference the element with that id.`
+        : '';
+};
+/**
+ * Resolves a reference string to the {@link Entity} backing an entity-fronting element, scoped to
+ * the resolving element ({@link findEntityElement} details the order) and warning when a
+ * non-empty reference does not resolve - otherwise the reference fails silently, invisible
+ * except through the behavior it should have driven. The message names which of the three causes
+ * ({@link unresolvedCause}) it hit, and advises reassigning later only when that can work.
+ *
+ * An empty reference stays silent: it is the unset state of an optional attribute, and on some
+ * elements (`pc-joint` `entity-b`, `pc-button` `image`) a documented value of its own.
+ *
+ * @param ref - The reference string to resolve.
+ * @param from - The element resolving the reference; scopes the lookup and names the message.
+ * @param attribute - The attribute being resolved, for the message.
+ * @param consequence - What the unresolved reference means for the element, for the message.
+ * @returns The resolved entity, or `null`.
+ * @internal
+ */
+const resolveEntity = (ref, from, attribute, consequence) => {
+    if (!ref) {
+        return null;
     }
-    /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas audio listener component.
-     * @returns The audio listener component.
-     */
-    get component() {
-        return super.component;
+    const element = findEntityElement(ref, from);
+    const entity = entityOf(element);
+    if (!entity) {
+        let advice = `Assign ${attribute} again once the entity exists.`;
+        if (element && !('entity' in element)) {
+            advice = `Point ${attribute} at a pc-entity, pc-model or pc-node instead.`;
+        }
+        else if (!element) {
+            const hint = idHint(ref);
+            if (hint) {
+                advice = hint;
+            }
+        }
+        console.warn(`${from.tagName.toLowerCase()} could not resolve ${attribute} '${ref}' - ${unresolvedCause(element)} - ${consequence}. ${advice}`);
     }
-}
-customElements.define('pc-audio-listener', AudioListenerComponentElement);
+    return entity;
+};
 
 const transitionModes = new Map([
     ['tint', BUTTON_TRANSITION_MODE_TINT],
@@ -4955,8 +5104,9 @@ class ButtonComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         return data;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas button component.
-     * @returns The button component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas button component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The button component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -5414,8 +5564,9 @@ class CameraComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas camera component.
-     * @returns The camera component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas camera component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The camera component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -5904,8 +6055,9 @@ class CollisionComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         component.renderAsset = asset;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas collision component.
-     * @returns The collision component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas collision component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The collision component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -6143,8 +6295,9 @@ class ElementComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         return data;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas element component.
-     * @returns The element component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas element component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The element component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -6921,8 +7074,9 @@ class JointComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         component.on('break', this._onBreak, this);
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas joint component.
-     * @returns The joint component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas joint component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The joint component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -7648,8 +7802,9 @@ class LayoutChildComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas layout child component.
-     * @returns The layout child component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas layout child component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The layout child component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -7868,8 +8023,9 @@ class LayoutGroupComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas layout group component.
-     * @returns The layout group component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas layout group component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The layout group component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -8158,8 +8314,9 @@ class LightComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas light component.
-     * @returns The light component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas light component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The light component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -8675,36 +8832,68 @@ customElements.define('pc-light', LightComponentElement);
  */
 class ParticleSystemComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
     _asset = '';
+    /**
+     * The subscription to the current config asset while its load is in flight. Rebinding
+     * supersedes it and disconnect cancels it, so a superseded config — an earlier asset that
+     * finishes loading after its replacement, or a callback left behind by a previous
+     * connection — can never configure the component.
+     */
+    _binding = new AssetBinding();
     /** @ignore */
     constructor() {
         super('particlesystem');
     }
     getInitialComponentData() {
         const asset = useAsset(this._asset);
-        // A lazy config has no resource yet - _loadAsset applies it once the load completes
+        // A lazy config has no resource yet - the config binding applies it once the load
+        // completes
         if (!asset || !asset.resource) {
             return {};
         }
-        if (asset.resource.colorMapAsset) {
-            const id = asset.resource.colorMapAsset;
-            const colorMapAsset = useAsset(id)?.id;
-            if (colorMapAsset) {
-                asset.resource.colorMapAsset = colorMapAsset;
-            }
-        }
+        this._resolveColorMap(asset.resource);
         return asset.resource;
     }
+    initComponent() {
+        // A loaded config already arrived through getInitialComponentData - the binding is only
+        // needed for a load still in flight. Resolution here also starts a lazy config's load.
+        const asset = useAsset(this._asset);
+        if (asset && !asset.loaded) {
+            this._bindConfig();
+        }
+    }
+    disconnectedCallback() {
+        // The binding dies with the connection, so a config that finishes loading later cannot
+        // configure the component a reconnection creates - that connection binds afresh.
+        this._binding.cancel();
+        super.disconnectedCallback();
+    }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas particle system component.
-     * @returns The particle system component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas particle system component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The particle system component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
     }
+    /**
+     * Rewrites the config's `colorMapAsset` from the `pc-asset` id it is authored with to the
+     * engine asset id the component resolves, starting the texture's load if it is lazy. The
+     * rewrite is in place, so a config applied again — a host cycle, a reconnection — is already
+     * resolved and passes through unchanged.
+     */
+    _resolveColorMap(resource) {
+        if (resource.colorMapAsset) {
+            const colorMapAsset = useAsset(resource.colorMapAsset)?.id;
+            if (colorMapAsset) {
+                resource.colorMapAsset = colorMapAsset;
+            }
+        }
+    }
     applyConfig(resource) {
         if (!this.component) {
             return;
         }
+        this._resolveColorMap(resource);
         // Set all the config properties on the component
         for (const key in resource) {
             if (Object.hasOwn(resource, key)) {
@@ -8712,20 +8901,10 @@ class ParticleSystemComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
             }
         }
     }
-    async _loadAsset() {
-        await this.closestApp?.ready();
-        const asset = useAsset(this._asset);
-        if (!asset) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (asset.loaded) {
-            this.applyConfig(asset.resource);
-        }
-        else {
-            asset.once('load', () => {
-                this.applyConfig(asset.resource);
-            });
-        }
+    _bindConfig() {
+        this._binding.bind(this._asset, {
+            load: (asset) => this.applyConfig(asset.resource)
+        });
     }
     /**
      * Sets the id of the `pc-asset` to use for the model.
@@ -8734,7 +8913,7 @@ class ParticleSystemComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
     set asset(value) {
         this._asset = value;
         if (this.isConnected) {
-            this._loadAsset();
+            this._bindConfig();
         }
     }
     /**
@@ -8951,11 +9130,12 @@ class MaterialElement extends HTMLElement {
     _useSkybox = true;
     _useTonemap = true;
     /**
-     * Pending `load` handlers, one per texture slot. A slot's handler is torn down when the slot is
-     * reassigned or the element disconnects, so a late-arriving asset can never write a texture the
-     * element no longer wants.
+     * One asset binding per texture slot, created on first use and kept for the element's
+     * lifetime. A slot's binding is superseded when the slot is reassigned and cancelled when the
+     * element disconnects, so a late-arriving asset can never write a texture the element no
+     * longer wants.
      */
-    _mapHandles = new Map();
+    _mapBindings = new Map();
     _updateScheduled = false;
     _glossConflictWarned = false;
     /**
@@ -9082,10 +9262,9 @@ class MaterialElement extends HTMLElement {
         material.update();
     }
     disconnectedCallback() {
-        for (const handle of this._mapHandles.values()) {
-            handle.off();
+        for (const binding of this._mapBindings.values()) {
+            binding.cancel();
         }
-        this._mapHandles.clear();
         if (this.material) {
             this.material.destroy();
             this.material = null;
@@ -9131,16 +9310,23 @@ class MaterialElement extends HTMLElement {
             'the roughness-* attributes invert gloss, so the two families contradict each other. Use one or the other.');
     }
     /**
-     * Points a texture slot at the resource of a `pc-asset`, waiting for the asset to load when it
-     * has not already. An empty id clears the slot.
+     * Points a texture slot at the resource of a `pc-asset`, waiting for the asset to load when
+     * it has not already. An empty id clears the slot; a slot keeps its current texture while
+     * the new asset loads, and also across a failed load - a later reload can still deliver.
      *
      * @param id - The id of the `pc-asset`, or an empty string to clear the slot.
      * @param slot - The material property to write.
      */
     _setMap(id, slot) {
-        // Drop any load still pending for this slot - its texture is no longer the one we want
-        this._mapHandles.get(slot)?.off();
-        this._mapHandles.delete(slot);
+        let binding = this._mapBindings.get(slot);
+        if (!binding) {
+            binding = new AssetBinding();
+            this._mapBindings.set(slot, binding);
+        }
+        // Drop any load still pending for this slot - its texture is no longer the one we want.
+        // Cancelled here rather than left to the bind below, which the material-less and
+        // clear-slot returns never reach.
+        binding.cancel();
         if (!this.material)
             return;
         if (!id) {
@@ -9148,17 +9334,9 @@ class MaterialElement extends HTMLElement {
             this._scheduleUpdate();
             return;
         }
-        const asset = useAsset(id);
-        if (!asset)
-            return;
-        if (asset.loaded) {
-            this._applyMap(slot, asset.resource);
-            return;
-        }
-        this._mapHandles.set(slot, asset.once('load', () => {
-            this._mapHandles.delete(slot);
-            this._applyMap(slot, asset.resource);
-        }));
+        binding.bind(id, {
+            load: (asset) => this._applyMap(slot, asset.resource)
+        });
     }
     /**
      * @param slot - The material property to write.
@@ -11054,8 +11232,9 @@ class RenderComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas render component.
-     * @returns The render component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas render component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The render component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -11226,8 +11405,9 @@ class RigidBodyComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas rigidbody component.
-     * @returns The rigidbody component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas rigidbody component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The rigidbody component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -11406,8 +11586,9 @@ class ScreenComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas screen component.
-     * @returns The screen component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas screen component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The screen component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -11564,8 +11745,9 @@ class ScrollbarComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         return data;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas scrollbar component.
-     * @returns The scrollbar component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas scrollbar component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The scrollbar component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -11741,8 +11923,9 @@ class ScrollViewComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         return data;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas scroll view component.
-     * @returns The scroll view component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas scroll view component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The scroll view component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -12894,8 +13077,9 @@ class ScriptComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         super.disconnectedCallback?.();
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas script component.
-     * @returns The script component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas script component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The script component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -12941,8 +13125,9 @@ class SoundComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas sound component.
-     * @returns The sound component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas sound component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The sound component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -13423,8 +13608,9 @@ class GSplatComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas gsplat component.
-     * @returns The gsplat component.
+     * Gets the underlying PlayCanvas gsplat component. `null` until the element is
+     * ready — see {@link ComponentElement.component}.
+     * @returns The gsplat component, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return super.component;
@@ -14717,31 +14903,27 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
     _appElement = null;
     /**
      * Incremented on every new load and on disconnect, and captured by a load when it starts. A
-     * load that resumes from an await or a load callback abandons itself if the value has moved
-     * on, so a superseded load cannot generate a skybox for a scene it no longer configures.
+     * load that resumes from an await abandons itself if the value has moved on, so a superseded
+     * load cannot generate a skybox for a scene it no longer configures. The asset subscription
+     * itself is guarded by the binding below.
      */
     _loadGeneration = 0;
     /**
-     * The pending asset-load subscription of the current load, if it is waiting for its asset.
-     * Held so that whatever supersedes the load can detach the handler from the asset, rather
-     * than leave it registered until the asset loads (or forever, if it never does).
+     * Watches the current texture asset while it loads. Starting a new load or disconnecting
+     * cancels it, so a superseded texture can never generate the skybox.
      */
-    _loadHandle = null;
+    _binding = new AssetBinding();
     connectedCallback() {
         this._loadSkybox();
         this._onReady();
     }
     disconnectedCallback() {
         this._loadGeneration++;
-        this._detachLoadHandler();
+        this._binding.cancel();
         this._unloadSkybox();
         this._appElement = null;
         this._resetReady();
     }
-    _detachLoadHandler() {
-        this._loadHandle?.off();
-        this._loadHandle = null;
-    }
     _generateSkybox(asset) {
         if (!this._scene)
             return;
@@ -14773,7 +14955,7 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
     async _loadSkybox() {
         // Supersede any load already in flight - only the newest load may generate the skybox
         const generation = ++this._loadGeneration;
-        this._detachLoadHandler();
+        this._binding.cancel();
         const appElement = await this.closestApp?.ready();
         // The element may have been removed, or another load started, while we waited
         if (generation !== this._loadGeneration) {
@@ -14784,26 +14966,18 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
             return;
         }
         this._appElement = appElement;
-        const asset = useAsset(this._asset);
-        if (!asset) {
+        // The scene is only adopted once the reference resolves: an unresolved id must leave the
+        // scene untouched, or this element's teardown would destroy a skybox it never created.
+        // The bind below repeats the resolution, which useAsset documents as free - it cannot
+        // happen after the bind, because a loaded asset delivers before bind returns and
+        // _generateSkybox needs the scene by then.
+        if (!useAsset(this._asset)) {
             return;
         }
         this._scene = app.scene;
-        if (asset.loaded) {
-            this._generateSkybox(asset);
-        }
-        else {
-            // The generation is re-checked even though a superseded handler is detached: the
-            // detach relies on how the engine's event emitter treats removal, while the check
-            // holds on its own.
-            this._loadHandle = asset.once('load', () => {
-                this._loadHandle = null;
-                if (generation !== this._loadGeneration) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                this._generateSkybox(asset);
-            });
-        }
+        this._binding.bind(this._asset, {
+            load: (asset) => this._generateSkybox(asset)
+        });
     }
     _unloadSkybox() {
         const scene = this._scene;