@playcanvas/web-components 0.10.0 → 0.11.0

package/dist/pwc.cjs

@@ -18,11 +18,21 @@ class AsyncElement extends HTMLElement {
             this._readyResolve = resolve;
         });
     }
+    /**
+     * The nearest ancestor `<pc-app>` element, or `null` if this element has no `<pc-app>`
+     * ancestor. The search starts at the parent, so an element never resolves to itself.
+     * @returns The closest app element, or `null`.
+     */
     get closestApp() {
-        return this.parentElement?.closest('pc-app');
+        return this.parentElement?.closest('pc-app') ?? null;
     }
+    /**
+     * The nearest ancestor `<pc-entity>` element, or `null` if this element has no `<pc-entity>`
+     * ancestor. The search starts at the parent, so an element never resolves to itself.
+     * @returns The closest entity element, or `null`.
+     */
     get closestEntity() {
-        return this.parentElement?.closest('pc-entity');
+        return this.parentElement?.closest('pc-entity') ?? null;
     }
     /**
      * Called when the element is fully initialized and ready. Subclasses should call this when
@@ -116,6 +126,116 @@ class ModuleElement extends HTMLElement {
 }
 customElements.define('pc-module', ModuleElement);
 
+/** Covers the 0.2s opacity transition; jsdom never fires transitionend, so removal is timed. */
+const REMOVAL_DELAY_MS = 250;
+/**
+ * The slim progress bar `<pc-app>` shows while it boots and preloads. An implementation detail of
+ * AppElement rather than a custom element, so its shape can change without a breaking change.
+ *
+ * All styling is inline, so the library injects no stylesheet. The colors and height resolve CSS
+ * custom properties — `--pc-loading-bar-color`, `--pc-loading-bar-background` and
+ * `--pc-loading-bar-height` — so a page can theme the bar from `pc-app` or `:root`.
+ */
+class LoadingBar {
+    _track;
+    _fill;
+    _sweep = null;
+    _removal = null;
+    /**
+     * Creates the bar and appends it to `parent`, starting in the indeterminate state.
+     * @param parent - The element to append the bar to.
+     */
+    constructor(parent) {
+        this._track = document.createElement('div');
+        this._track.setAttribute('role', 'progressbar');
+        this._track.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Loading');
+        this._track.setAttribute('aria-valuemin', '0');
+        this._track.setAttribute('aria-valuemax', '100');
+        // Fixed positioning matches the canvas, which always fills the window (FILLMODE_FILL_WINDOW)
+        this._track.style.cssText = [
+            'position: fixed',
+            'top: 0',
+            'left: 0',
+            'width: 100%',
+            'height: var(--pc-loading-bar-height, 3px)',
+            'background: var(--pc-loading-bar-background, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1))',
+            'z-index: 10000',
+            'pointer-events: none',
+            'opacity: 1',
+            'transition: opacity 0.2s ease'
+        ].join('; ');
+        this._fill = document.createElement('div');
+        this._fill.style.cssText = [
+            'width: 100%',
+            'height: 100%',
+            'transform-origin: left center',
+            'transform: scaleX(0)',
+            'background: var(--pc-loading-bar-color, #f60)',
+            'transition: transform 0.2s ease'
+        ].join('; ');
+        this._track.appendChild(this._fill);
+        parent.appendChild(this._track);
+        // Indeterminate sweep until the first progress() call reports a real total. No
+        // aria-valuenow is set, which is what marks a progressbar indeterminate. jsdom has no Web
+        // Animations API, so the guard degrades to a static bar there rather than crashing boot.
+        if (typeof this._fill.animate === 'function') {
+            this._sweep = this._fill.animate([
+                { transform: 'scaleX(0.25) translateX(-100%)' },
+                { transform: 'scaleX(0.25) translateX(500%)' }
+            ], {
+                duration: 1000,
+                iterations: Infinity,
+                easing: 'ease-in-out'
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Reflects preload progress, switching the bar from indeterminate to determinate on the first
+     * call.
+     * @param loaded - The number of assets that have finished loading.
+     * @param total - The number of assets being preloaded.
+     */
+    progress(loaded, total) {
+        if (this._sweep) {
+            this._sweep.cancel();
+            this._sweep = null;
+        }
+        const fraction = total === 0 ? 1 : loaded / total;
+        this._track.setAttribute('aria-valuenow', String(Math.round(fraction * 100)));
+        this._fill.style.transform = `scaleX(${fraction})`;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Fills the bar, fades it out and removes it. Idempotent.
+     */
+    complete() {
+        if (this._removal !== null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this._sweep) {
+            this._sweep.cancel();
+            this._sweep = null;
+        }
+        this._track.setAttribute('aria-valuenow', '100');
+        this._fill.style.transform = 'scaleX(1)';
+        this._track.style.opacity = '0';
+        this._removal = setTimeout(() => this._track.remove(), REMOVAL_DELAY_MS);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Removes the bar immediately, cancelling any pending fade. Idempotent.
+     */
+    destroy() {
+        if (this._sweep) {
+            this._sweep.cancel();
+            this._sweep = null;
+        }
+        if (this._removal !== null) {
+            clearTimeout(this._removal);
+            this._removal = null;
+        }
+        this._track.remove();
+    }
+}
+
 const CSS_COLORS = {
     aliceblue: '#f0f8ff',
     antiquewhite: '#faebd7',
@@ -369,7 +489,9 @@ const parseColor = (value, defaultValue, attribute) => {
  * the value is invalid — the latter also logs a warning listing the valid names.
  *
  * @param value - The attribute value to parse (`null` when the attribute is absent).
- * @param valid - The valid names: an array, or a map whose keys are the valid names.
+ * @param valid - The valid names: an array, or a map whose keys are the valid names. Only the keys
+ * are read, so the map's value type is unconstrained - engine enums are mostly numeric constants,
+ * but some (e.g. `SCALEMODE_BLEND`) are strings.
  * @param defaultValue - The value to use when the attribute is absent or invalid.
  * @param attribute - The attribute name, used in the warning message.
  * @returns The resolved enum name.
@@ -543,6 +665,11 @@ const getEntity = (ref) => {
  * {@link https://developer.playcanvas.com/user-manual/web-components/tags/pc-app/ | `<pc-app>`} elements.
  * The AppElement interface also inherits the properties and methods of the
  * {@link HTMLElement} interface.
+ *
+ * @fires {ProgressEvent} progress - Fired while the application preloads its assets. `loaded` and
+ * `total` are asset counts, not bytes, and an asset that fails to load still counts as loaded.
+ * Fired at least once per boot, and the final event always has `loaded` equal to `total`. Does
+ * not bubble.
  */
 class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
     /**
@@ -552,10 +679,24 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
     _alpha = true;
     _backend = 'webgpu';
     _antialias = true;
-    _depth = true;
-    _stencil = true;
-    _highResolution = true;
+    _depthBuffer = true;
+    _stencilBuffer = true;
+    _maxPixelRatio = Infinity;
+    _loadingBar = true;
+    /**
+     * Set once the graphics options above have been handed to `createGraphicsDevice`, after which
+     * writing any of them changes nothing. Guards the warning in {@link _warnIfBooted}, and is
+     * cleared on disconnect so a re-connected element boots from its current attributes.
+     */
+    _optionsLocked = false;
+    _bar = null;
     _hierarchyReady = false;
+    /**
+     * The elements backing this application's entities, keyed by the entity itself. Registered
+     * by EntityElement at creation and removed when an entity is destroyed, this joins engine
+     * scene nodes back to their owning elements by identity - never by name.
+     */
+    _entityElements = new Map();
     _picker = null;
     _hasPointerListeners = {
         pointerenter: false,
@@ -565,20 +706,34 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         pointermove: false
     };
     _hoveredEntity = null;
+    // Identifies the newest in-flight hover pick, so out-of-order results can be discarded
+    _pickToken = 0;
     _pointerHandlers = {
         pointermove: null,
         pointerdown: null,
         pointerup: null
     };
     _app = null;
+    _loadProgress = 0;
     /**
-     * The PlayCanvas application instance. Available once the element is ready — await
-     * {@link whenReady} or the element's `ready()` promise before accessing it.
-     * @returns The application instance.
+     * The PlayCanvas application instance. `null` until the element is ready, and again once it
+     * has been removed from the document — await {@link whenReady} or the element's `ready()`
+     * promise before accessing it.
+     * @returns The application instance, or `null`.
      */
     get app() {
         return this._app;
     }
+    /**
+     * The asset preload progress of the application, as a fraction from 0 to 1. It is 0 until
+     * preloading begins (and again once the element has been removed from the document), and 1
+     * once preloading has finished — including when there was nothing to preload. Read this to
+     * initialize a loading UI; subsequent updates arrive via the `progress` event.
+     * @returns The preload progress.
+     */
+    get loadProgress() {
+        return this._loadProgress;
+    }
     /**
      * Creates a new AppElement instance.
      *
@@ -590,6 +745,11 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         this._onWindowResize = this._onWindowResize.bind(this);
     }
     async connectedCallback() {
+        // Created before the first await, so the bar is visible while modules and the graphics
+        // device are created, and exists before any disconnect could need to clean it up
+        if (this._loadingBar && !this._bar) {
+            this._bar = new LoadingBar(this);
+        }
         // Get all pc-module elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
         const moduleElements = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > pc-module');
         // Wait for all modules to load
@@ -604,15 +764,19 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
             null: ['null']
         };
         const deviceTypes = backendToDeviceTypes[this._backend] || [];
+        this._optionsLocked = true;
         const device = await playcanvas.createGraphicsDevice(this._canvas, {
             // @ts-ignore - alpha needs to be documented
             alpha: this._alpha,
             antialias: this._antialias,
-            depth: this._depth,
+            depth: this._depthBuffer,
             deviceTypes: deviceTypes,
-            stencil: this._stencil
+            stencil: this._stencilBuffer
         });
-        device.maxPixelRatio = this._highResolution ? window.devicePixelRatio : 1;
+        // Assigned rather than resolved to a number here: the engine caps against the live
+        // window.devicePixelRatio on every resize, so an uncapped Infinity keeps following the
+        // display when a window moves between monitors of differing density.
+        device.maxPixelRatio = this._maxPixelRatio;
         const createOptions = new playcanvas.AppOptions();
         createOptions.graphicsDevice = device;
         createOptions.keyboard = new playcanvas.Keyboard(window);
@@ -677,10 +841,11 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         createOptions.lightmapper = playcanvas.Lightmapper;
         createOptions.batchManager = playcanvas.BatchManager;
         createOptions.xr = playcanvas.XrManager;
-        this._app = new playcanvas.AppBase(this._canvas);
-        this.app.init(createOptions);
-        this.app.setCanvasFillMode(playcanvas.FILLMODE_FILL_WINDOW);
-        this.app.setCanvasResolution(playcanvas.RESOLUTION_AUTO);
+        const app = new playcanvas.AppBase(this._canvas);
+        this._app = app;
+        app.init(createOptions);
+        app.setCanvasFillMode(playcanvas.FILLMODE_FILL_WINDOW);
+        app.setCanvasResolution(playcanvas.RESOLUTION_AUTO);
         this._pickerCreate();
         // Get all pc-asset elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
         const assetElements = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > pc-asset');
@@ -688,7 +853,7 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
             assetElement.createAsset();
             const asset = assetElement.asset;
             if (asset) {
-                this.app.assets.add(asset);
+                app.assets.add(asset);
             }
         });
         // Get all pc-material elements that are direct children of the pc-app element
@@ -699,29 +864,57 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         // Create all entities
         const entityElements = this.querySelectorAll('pc-entity');
         Array.from(entityElements).forEach((entityElement) => {
-            entityElement.createEntity(this.app);
+            entityElement.createEntity(app);
         });
         // Build hierarchy
         entityElements.forEach((entityElement) => {
-            entityElement.buildHierarchy(this.app);
+            entityElement.buildHierarchy(app);
         });
         this._hierarchyReady = true;
+        // Forward the engine's preload lifecycle as DOM ProgressEvents on this element. The
+        // listener must be attached before preload() is called: an asset that is already loaded
+        // ticks synchronously inside it.
+        const total = app.assets.list({ preload: true }).length;
+        let loaded = 0;
+        const onPreloadProgress = () => {
+            loaded += 1;
+            this._loadProgress = loaded / total;
+            this._bar?.progress(loaded, total);
+            this.dispatchEvent(new ProgressEvent('progress', { lengthComputable: true, loaded, total }));
+        };
+        app.on('preload:progress', onPreloadProgress);
+        this._loadProgress = total === 0 ? 1 : 0;
+        this._bar?.progress(0, total);
+        this.dispatchEvent(new ProgressEvent('progress', { lengthComputable: true, loaded: 0, total }));
         // Load assets before starting the application
-        this.app.preload(() => {
+        app.preload(() => {
+            // Scope the counter to this preload pass, so a later app.preload() call by user code
+            // cannot push `loaded` past `total`
+            app.off('preload:progress', onPreloadProgress);
+            this._loadProgress = 1;
             // Start the application
-            this.app.start();
+            app.start();
+            // Dismiss the bar only once a frame has actually rendered; ready fires before the
+            // first rAF tick
+            app.once('frameend', () => this._bar?.complete());
             // Handle window resize to keep the canvas responsive
             window.addEventListener('resize', this._onWindowResize);
             this._onReady();
         });
     }
     disconnectedCallback() {
+        this._optionsLocked = false;
         this._pickerDestroy();
-        // Clean up the application
-        if (this.app) {
-            this.app.destroy();
+        // Clean up the application. Destroying it destroys every entity, whose destroy hooks
+        // unregister them - clear() covers any entity the engine no longer reached.
+        if (this._app) {
+            this._app.destroy();
             this._app = null;
         }
+        this._entityElements.clear();
+        this._loadProgress = 0;
+        this._bar?.destroy();
+        this._bar = null;
         // Remove event listeners
         window.removeEventListener('resize', this._onWindowResize);
         // Remove the canvas
@@ -738,10 +931,17 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
     _pickerCreate() {
         const { width, height } = this.app.graphicsDevice;
         this._picker = new playcanvas.Picker(this.app, width, height);
-        // Create bound handlers but don't attach them yet
-        this._pointerHandlers.pointermove = this._onPointerMove.bind(this);
-        this._pointerHandlers.pointerdown = this._onPointerDown.bind(this);
-        this._pointerHandlers.pointerup = this._onPointerUp.bind(this);
+        // Create bound handlers but don't attach them yet. The handlers pick asynchronously, so
+        // each is wrapped to discard the promise - a listener must not return one, and nothing
+        // awaits the result.
+        const listener = (handler) => {
+            return (event) => {
+                handler.call(this, event);
+            };
+        };
+        this._pointerHandlers.pointermove = listener(this._onPointerMove);
+        this._pointerHandlers.pointerdown = listener(this._onPointerDown);
+        this._pointerHandlers.pointerup = listener(this._onPointerUp);
         // Listen for pointer listeners being added/removed
         ['pointermove', 'pointerdown', 'pointerup', 'pointerenter', 'pointerleave'].forEach((type) => {
             this.addEventListener(`${type}:connect`, () => this._onPointerListenerAdded(type));
@@ -777,6 +977,74 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
             pointermove: false
         };
     }
+    /**
+     * Registers the element that created an entity. Called by EntityElement when it creates its
+     * entity.
+     *
+     * @param entity - The entity.
+     * @param element - The element that created it.
+     * @ignore
+     */
+    _registerEntityElement(entity, element) {
+        this._entityElements.set(entity, element);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Removes the registration for a destroyed entity. Called by EntityElement.
+     *
+     * @param entity - The entity.
+     * @ignore
+     */
+    _unregisterEntityElement(entity) {
+        this._entityElements.delete(entity);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the `<pc-entity>` element whose backing entity is `entity`, or `null` if the
+     * entity was not created by an element of this application - for example, a node inside a
+     * model's instantiated hierarchy, or an entity created through the engine API.
+     *
+     * @param entity - The entity to look up.
+     * @returns The element backing the entity, or `null`.
+     */
+    elementFromEntity(entity) {
+        return this._entityElements.get(entity) ?? null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Resolves the element that owns a picked node: the nearest node up the parent chain -
+     * starting with the node itself - that was created by a `<pc-entity>` of this application.
+     * A hit inside a model's instantiated hierarchy therefore resolves to the element hosting
+     * the model.
+     *
+     * @param node - The picked node, or `null`.
+     * @returns The owning element, or `null`.
+     */
+    _elementFromNode(node) {
+        while (node !== null) {
+            const element = this._entityElements.get(node);
+            if (element) {
+                return element;
+            }
+            node = node.parent;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Like {@link _elementFromNode}, but skips elements without a listener for `type`, so a hit
+     * on an unlistened child still reaches a listening ancestor.
+     *
+     * @param node - The picked node, or `null`.
+     * @param type - The pointer event type a listener is required for.
+     * @returns The nearest listening element, or `null`.
+     */
+    _elementWithListener(node, type) {
+        while (node !== null) {
+            const element = this._entityElements.get(node);
+            if (element?.hasListeners(type)) {
+                return element;
+            }
+            node = node.parent;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
     // New helper to convert CSS coordinates to canvas (picker) coordinates
     _getPickerCoordinates(event) {
         // Get the canvas' bounding rectangle in CSS pixels.
@@ -789,30 +1057,42 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         const y = (event.clientY - canvasRect.top) * scaleY;
         return { x, y };
     }
-    _onPointerMove(event) {
-        if (!this._picker || !this.app)
-            return;
+    /**
+     * Picks the scene under the pointer and returns the graph node that was hit, or `null`.
+     *
+     * The read back is asynchronous because the synchronous {@link Picker.getSelection} is not
+     * supported on WebGPU, where it returns an empty selection rather than failing - which
+     * silently disabled every `onpointer*` handler once WebGPU became the resolved backend. The
+     * async variant works on both backends and does not block the main thread on a GPU read.
+     *
+     * @param event - The pointer event to pick under.
+     * @returns The graph node under the pointer, or `null` if nothing was hit.
+     */
+    async _pickNode(event) {
         const camera = this.app.root.findComponent('camera');
         if (!camera)
-            return;
-        // Use the helper to convert event coordinates into canvas/picker coordinates.
+            return null;
         const { x, y } = this._getPickerCoordinates(event);
         this._picker.prepare(camera, this.app.scene);
-        const selection = this._picker.getSelection(x, y);
-        // Get the currently hovered entity by walking up the hierarchy
-        let newHoverEntity = null;
-        if (selection.length > 0) {
-            const item = selection[0];
-            let currentNode = item instanceof playcanvas.MeshInstance ? item.node : item.entity;
-            while (currentNode !== null) {
-                const entityElement = this.querySelector(`pc-entity[name="${currentNode.name}"]`);
-                if (entityElement) {
-                    newHoverEntity = entityElement;
-                    break;
-                }
-                currentNode = currentNode.parent;
-            }
-        }
+        const selection = await this._picker.getSelectionAsync(x, y);
+        if (selection.length === 0)
+            return null;
+        const item = selection[0];
+        return item instanceof playcanvas.MeshInstance ? item.node : item.entity;
+    }
+    async _onPointerMove(event) {
+        if (!this._picker || !this.app)
+            return;
+        // Moves arrive faster than a pick resolves, so results can land out of order. Only the
+        // newest pick may update the hover state - an older one describes a pointer position the
+        // user has already left.
+        const token = ++this._pickToken;
+        const node = await this._pickNode(event);
+        if (token !== this._pickToken || !this._picker)
+            return;
+        // The hovered element is the nearest one up the node's parent chain, listening or not -
+        // dispatch is gated per event type below
+        const newHoverEntity = this._elementFromNode(node);
         // Handle enter/leave events
         if (this._hoveredEntity !== newHoverEntity) {
             if (this._hoveredEntity && this._hoveredEntity.hasListeners('pointerleave')) {
@@ -829,46 +1109,26 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
             newHoverEntity.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', event));
         }
     }
-    _onPointerDown(event) {
+    async _onPointerDown(event) {
         if (!this._picker || !this.app)
             return;
-        const camera = this.app.root.findComponent('camera');
-        if (!camera)
-            return;
-        // Convert the event's pointer coordinates
-        const { x, y } = this._getPickerCoordinates(event);
-        this._picker.prepare(camera, this.app.scene);
-        const selection = this._picker.getSelection(x, y);
-        if (selection.length > 0) {
-            const item = selection[0];
-            let currentNode = item instanceof playcanvas.MeshInstance ? item.node : item.entity;
-            while (currentNode !== null) {
-                const entityElement = this.querySelector(`pc-entity[name="${currentNode.name}"]`);
-                if (entityElement && entityElement.hasListeners('pointerdown')) {
-                    entityElement.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', event));
-                    break;
-                }
-                currentNode = currentNode.parent;
-            }
+        const node = await this._pickNode(event);
+        if (!this._picker)
+            return; // the element disconnected while the pick was in flight
+        const entityElement = this._elementWithListener(node, 'pointerdown');
+        if (entityElement) {
+            entityElement.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', event));
         }
     }
-    _onPointerUp(event) {
+    async _onPointerUp(event) {
         if (!this._picker || !this.app)
             return;
-        const camera = this.app.root.findComponent('camera');
-        if (!camera)
-            return;
-        // Convert CSS coordinates to picker coordinates
-        const { x, y } = this._getPickerCoordinates(event);
-        this._picker.prepare(camera, this.app.scene);
-        const selection = this._picker.getSelection(x, y);
-        if (selection.length > 0) {
-            const item = selection[0];
-            const node = item instanceof playcanvas.MeshInstance ? item.node : item.entity;
-            const entityElement = this.querySelector(`pc-entity[name="${node.name}"]`);
-            if (entityElement && entityElement.hasListeners('pointerup')) {
-                entityElement.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', event));
-            }
+        const node = await this._pickNode(event);
+        if (!this._picker)
+            return; // the element disconnected while the pick was in flight
+        const entityElement = this._elementWithListener(node, 'pointerup');
+        if (entityElement) {
+            entityElement.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', event));
         }
     }
     _onPointerListenerAdded(type) {
@@ -897,28 +1157,43 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Sets the alpha flag.
+     * Warns that a graphics option was written too late to have any effect. These options are read
+     * once, when the element connects and creates its graphics device, so a later write updates
+     * only the element's own property - silently, without this.
+     *
+     * @param name - The name of the option, as its attribute.
+     */
+    _warnIfBooted(name) {
+        if (this._optionsLocked) {
+            console.warn(`Attribute '${name}' on <pc-app> is only read when the application boots, so this change has no effect. Set it before the element is connected, or remove and re-insert the element to reboot with the new value.`);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Sets whether the frame buffer has an alpha channel, which is what lets the page show through
+     * wherever the scene has not drawn. Read only when the application boots.
      * @param value - The alpha flag.
      */
     set alpha(value) {
+        this._warnIfBooted('alpha');
         this._alpha = value;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the alpha flag.
+     * Gets whether the frame buffer has an alpha channel.
      * @returns The alpha flag.
      */
     get alpha() {
         return this._alpha;
     }
     /**
-     * Sets the antialias flag.
+     * Sets whether the frame buffer is anti-aliased. Read only when the application boots.
      * @param value - The antialias flag.
      */
     set antialias(value) {
+        this._warnIfBooted('antialias');
         this._antialias = value;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the antialias flag.
+     * Gets whether the frame buffer is anti-aliased.
      * @returns The antialias flag.
      */
     get antialias() {
@@ -926,10 +1201,11 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
     }
     /**
      * Sets the graphics backend. Defaults to 'webgpu', which falls back to 'webgl2' if WebGPU
-     * is not supported by the browser.
+     * is not supported by the browser. Read only when the application boots.
      * @param value - The graphics backend ('webgpu', 'webgl2', or 'null').
      */
     set backend(value) {
+        this._warnIfBooted('backend');
         this._backend = value;
     }
     /**
@@ -940,18 +1216,20 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         return this._backend;
     }
     /**
-     * Sets the depth flag.
-     * @param value - The depth flag.
+     * Sets whether the frame buffer has a depth buffer, which the renderer needs to resolve which
+     * surface is nearest the camera. Read only when the application boots.
+     * @param value - The depth buffer flag.
      */
-    set depth(value) {
-        this._depth = value;
+    set depthBuffer(value) {
+        this._warnIfBooted('depth-buffer');
+        this._depthBuffer = value;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the depth flag.
-     * @returns The depth flag.
+     * Gets whether the frame buffer has a depth buffer.
+     * @returns The depth buffer flag.
      */
-    get depth() {
-        return this._depth;
+    get depthBuffer() {
+        return this._depthBuffer;
     }
     /**
      * Gets the hierarchy ready flag.
@@ -962,39 +1240,68 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
         return this._hierarchyReady;
     }
     /**
-     * Sets the high resolution flag. When true, the application will render at the device's
-     * physical resolution. When false, the application will render at CSS resolution.
-     * @param value - The high resolution flag.
+     * Sets whether the application shows its built-in loading bar while it boots and preloads its
+     * assets. Enabled by default; setting `false` removes the bar immediately, while setting
+     * `true` has no effect until the element is next connected. The bar can be themed with the
+     * CSS custom properties `--pc-loading-bar-color`, `--pc-loading-bar-background` and
+     * `--pc-loading-bar-height`.
+     * @param value - The loading bar flag.
      */
-    set highResolution(value) {
-        this._highResolution = value;
+    set loadingBar(value) {
+        this._loadingBar = value;
+        if (!value && this._bar) {
+            this._bar.destroy();
+            this._bar = null;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets whether the application shows its built-in loading bar while it boots and preloads
+     * its assets.
+     * @returns The loading bar flag.
+     */
+    get loadingBar() {
+        return this._loadingBar;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Sets the cap on the pixel ratio the application renders at. The canvas is sized by the
+     * smaller of this value and the display's own device pixel ratio, so the default of `Infinity`
+     * renders at full physical resolution, `1` renders at CSS resolution, and an intermediate
+     * value such as `2` keeps a dense display sharp without paying for every one of its pixels.
+     * Must be greater than 0. Unlike the other graphics options, this applies immediately.
+     * @param value - The maximum pixel ratio.
+     */
+    set maxPixelRatio(value) {
+        this._maxPixelRatio = value;
         if (this.app) {
-            this.app.graphicsDevice.maxPixelRatio = value ? window.devicePixelRatio : 1;
+            this.app.graphicsDevice.maxPixelRatio = value;
+            this.app.resizeCanvas();
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the high resolution flag.
-     * @returns The high resolution flag.
+     * Gets the cap on the pixel ratio the application renders at.
+     * @returns The maximum pixel ratio.
      */
-    get highResolution() {
-        return this._highResolution;
+    get maxPixelRatio() {
+        return this._maxPixelRatio;
     }
     /**
-     * Sets the stencil flag.
-     * @param value - The stencil flag.
+     * Sets whether the frame buffer has a stencil buffer, which stencil-based effects and UI
+     * masking need. Read only when the application boots.
+     * @param value - The stencil buffer flag.
      */
-    set stencil(value) {
-        this._stencil = value;
+    set stencilBuffer(value) {
+        this._warnIfBooted('stencil-buffer');
+        this._stencilBuffer = value;
     }
     /**
-     * Gets the stencil flag.
-     * @returns The stencil flag.
+     * Gets whether the frame buffer has a stencil buffer.
+     * @returns The stencil buffer flag.
      */
-    get stencil() {
-        return this._stencil;
+    get stencilBuffer() {
+        return this._stencilBuffer;
     }
     static get observedAttributes() {
-        return ['alpha', 'antialias', 'backend', 'depth', 'stencil', 'high-resolution'];
+        return ['alpha', 'antialias', 'backend', 'depth-buffer', 'loading-bar', 'max-pixel-ratio', 'stencil-buffer'];
     }
     attributeChangedCallback(name, _oldValue, newValue) {
         switch (name) {
@@ -1007,14 +1314,17 @@ class AppElement extends AsyncElement {
             case 'backend':
                 this.backend = parseEnum(newValue, ['webgpu', 'webgl2', 'null'], 'webgpu', name);
                 break;
-            case 'depth':
-                this.depth = parseBool(newValue, true);
+            case 'depth-buffer':
+                this.depthBuffer = parseBool(newValue, true);
                 break;
-            case 'high-resolution':
-                this.highResolution = parseBool(newValue, true);
+            case 'loading-bar':
+                this.loadingBar = parseBool(newValue, true);
                 break;
-            case 'stencil':
-                this.stencil = parseBool(newValue, true);
+            case 'max-pixel-ratio':
+                this.maxPixelRatio = parseNumber(newValue, Infinity, name);
+                break;
+            case 'stencil-buffer':
+                this.stencilBuffer = parseBool(newValue, true);
                 break;
         }
     }
@@ -1084,9 +1394,15 @@ class EntityElement extends AsyncElement {
     _built = false;
     _entity = null;
     /**
-     * The PlayCanvas entity instance. Available once the element is ready — await
-     * {@link whenReady} or the element's `ready()` promise before accessing it.
-     * @returns The entity instance.
+     * The application element this entity is registered with, cached at creation time so the
+     * entity can be unregistered even once this element has left the DOM.
+     */
+    _appElement = null;
+    /**
+     * The PlayCanvas entity instance. `null` until the element is ready, and again once it has
+     * been removed from the document — await {@link whenReady} or the element's `ready()`
+     * promise before accessing it.
+     * @returns The entity instance, or `null`.
      */
     get entity() {
         return this._entity;
@@ -1098,17 +1414,40 @@ class EntityElement extends AsyncElement {
         if (this._entity) {
             return;
         }
-        // Create a new entity
-        const entity = new playcanvas.Entity(this.getAttribute('name') || this._name, app);
+        // Seed from the cached fields rather than re-reading the attributes. Every observed
+        // attribute is routed through its property setter by attributeChangedCallback, so the field
+        // already holds the parsed attribute value - and it also holds anything assigned through the
+        // property API before the app booted, which reading the attribute back would discard.
+        const entity = new playcanvas.Entity(this._name, app);
         this._entity = entity;
-        entity.enabled = parseBool(this.getAttribute('enabled'), true);
-        entity.setLocalPosition(parseVec3(this.getAttribute('position'), playcanvas.Vec3.ZERO, 'position'));
-        entity.setLocalEulerAngles(parseVec3(this.getAttribute('rotation'), playcanvas.Vec3.ZERO, 'rotation'));
-        entity.setLocalScale(parseVec3(this.getAttribute('scale'), playcanvas.Vec3.ONE, 'scale'));
-        const tags = parseTags(this.getAttribute('tags'));
-        if (tags.length > 0) {
-            entity.tags.add(tags);
-        }
+        entity.enabled = this._enabled;
+        entity.setLocalPosition(this._position);
+        entity.setLocalEulerAngles(this._rotation);
+        entity.setLocalScale(this._scale);
+        if (this._tags.length > 0) {
+            entity.tags.add(this._tags);
+        }
+        // Register with the owning application, which joins engine nodes back to elements by
+        // identity (never by name), and hook the entity's destruction. The engine fires 'destroy'
+        // for every entity in a destroyed subtree, so the element learns of its entity's death no
+        // matter who causes it: this element, an ancestor, the whole application, or a user
+        // script calling entity.destroy().
+        this._appElement = this.closestApp;
+        this._appElement?._registerEntityElement(entity, this);
+        entity.once('destroy', this._onEntityDestroy, this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Handles the destruction of the backing entity. Resets the element so a later re-insertion
+     * starts clean: `_built` must be cleared alongside `_entity`, or buildHierarchy would bail
+     * and a re-created entity would never be parented.
+     *
+     * @param entity - The entity that was destroyed.
+     */
+    _onEntityDestroy(entity) {
+        this._appElement?._unregisterEntityElement(entity);
+        this._appElement = null;
+        this._entity = null;
+        this._built = false;
     }
     buildHierarchy(app) {
         if (!this.entity || this._built)
@@ -1126,8 +1465,15 @@ class EntityElement extends AsyncElement {
     connectedCallback() {
         // Wait for app to be ready
         const closestApp = this.closestApp;
-        if (!closestApp)
+        if (!closestApp) {
+            // An entity outside an application is inert and never becomes ready, so awaiting it
+            // hangs. Warn rather than fail silently, naming the parent it requires, as every other
+            // misplaced element does.
+            const name = this.getAttribute('name');
+            const label = name ? ` '${name}'` : '';
+            console.warn(`pc-entity${label} must be a descendant of pc-app - entity not created`);
             return;
+        }
         // If app is already running, create entity immediately
         if (closestApp.hierarchyReady) {
             const app = closestApp.app;
@@ -1144,17 +1490,11 @@ class EntityElement extends AsyncElement {
         }
     }
     disconnectedCallback() {
-        if (this.entity) {
-            // Notify all children that their entities are about to become invalid
-            const children = this.querySelectorAll('pc-entity');
-            children.forEach((child) => {
-                child._entity = null;
-            });
-            // Destroy the entity
-            this.entity.destroy();
-            this._entity = null;
-            this._built = false;
-        }
+        // Destroying the entity destroys its whole subtree, and the engine fires 'destroy' for
+        // every entity in it - so _onEntityDestroy resets this element AND every descendant
+        // element before the descendants' own disconnectedCallbacks run. Their entities are null
+        // by then, making this call a no-op for them.
+        this._entity?.destroy();
     }
     /**
      * Sets the enabled state of the entity.
@@ -1603,6 +1943,13 @@ const processBufferView = (gltfBuffer, buffers, continuation) => {
  * @attribute {number} pixels-per-unit - For a `sprite` asset, the number of pixels per world unit.
  * @attribute {'simple' | 'sliced' | 'tiled'} render-mode - For a `sprite` asset, how the sprite is
  * rendered when resized.
+ *
+ * @fires {Event} load - Fired each time the asset finishes loading, including a `lazy` asset
+ * loaded later and any subsequent reloads. Does not bubble — listen on this element, or use a
+ * capture-phase listener on an ancestor to observe every asset.
+ * @fires {ErrorEvent} error - Fired when the asset fails to load, with the engine's error in
+ * `message`. Does not bubble. The element still becomes ready — readiness means the load settled,
+ * not that it succeeded.
  */
 class AssetElement extends AsyncElement {
     _lazy = false;
@@ -1646,6 +1993,14 @@ class AssetElement extends AsyncElement {
     disconnectedCallback() {
         this.destroyAsset();
     }
+    _onAssetLoad() {
+        this.dispatchEvent(new Event('load'));
+    }
+    _onAssetError(err) {
+        this.dispatchEvent(new ErrorEvent('error', {
+            message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+        }));
+    }
     createAsset() {
         const id = this.getAttribute('id') || '';
         const src = this.getAttribute('src') || '';
@@ -1680,6 +2035,10 @@ class AssetElement extends AsyncElement {
             this.asset = new playcanvas.Asset(id, type, src ? { url: src } : null, data);
         }
         this.asset.preload = !this._lazy;
+        // Forward the engine asset's load outcome as DOM events on this element, like <img>.
+        // Attached before the asset joins the registry, which is what starts a preloaded load.
+        this.asset.on('load', this._onAssetLoad, this);
+        this.asset.on('error', this._onAssetError, this);
     }
     /**
      * Builds the `data` object for the asset from an optional inline `data` attribute (JSON) and,
@@ -1734,6 +2093,9 @@ class AssetElement extends AsyncElement {
     }
     destroyAsset() {
         if (this.asset) {
+            // A caller that keeps the Asset alive must not dispatch on a removed element
+            this.asset.off('load', this._onAssetLoad, this);
+            this.asset.off('error', this._onAssetError, this);
             // Deregister first so unload() can still notify the registry
             this.asset.registry?.remove(this.asset);
             this.asset.unload();
@@ -1829,9 +2191,10 @@ class ComponentElement extends AsyncElement {
         this._appElement = null;
     }
     /**
-     * The PlayCanvas component instance. Available once the element is ready — await
-     * {@link whenReady} or the element's `ready()` promise before accessing it.
-     * @returns The component instance.
+     * The PlayCanvas component instance. `null` until the element is ready, and also for an
+     * element that is not a descendant of a `<pc-entity>` — await {@link whenReady} or the
+     * element's `ready()` promise before accessing it.
+     * @returns The component instance, or `null`.
      */
     get component() {
         return this._component;
@@ -2278,6 +2641,10 @@ class ButtonComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
 }
 customElements.define('pc-button', ButtonComponentElement);
 
+const projections = new Map([
+    ['perspective', playcanvas.PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE],
+    ['orthographic', playcanvas.PROJECTION_ORTHOGRAPHIC]
+]);
 const tonemaps = new Map([
     ['none', playcanvas.TONEMAP_NONE],
     ['linear', playcanvas.TONEMAP_LINEAR],
@@ -2308,7 +2675,7 @@ class CameraComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
     _gamma = 'srgb';
     _horizontalFov = false;
     _nearClip = 0.1;
-    _orthographic = false;
+    _projection = 'perspective';
     _orthoHeight = 10;
     _priority = 0;
     _rect = new playcanvas.Vec4(0, 0, 1, 1);
@@ -2332,12 +2699,12 @@ class CameraComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
             gammaCorrection: this._gamma === 'srgb' ? playcanvas.GAMMA_SRGB : playcanvas.GAMMA_NONE,
             horizontalFov: this._horizontalFov,
             nearClip: this._nearClip,
-            projection: this._orthographic ? playcanvas.PROJECTION_ORTHOGRAPHIC : playcanvas.PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE,
+            projection: projections.get(this._projection) ?? playcanvas.PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE,
             orthoHeight: this._orthoHeight,
             priority: this._priority,
             rect: this._rect,
             scissorRect: this._scissorRect,
-            toneMapping: tonemaps.get(this._tonemap)
+            toneMapping: tonemaps.get(this._tonemap) ?? playcanvas.TONEMAP_NONE
         };
     }
     get xrAvailable() {
@@ -2579,23 +2946,6 @@ class CameraComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
     get nearClip() {
         return this._nearClip;
     }
-    /**
-     * Sets the orthographic projection of the camera.
-     * @param value - The orthographic projection.
-     */
-    set orthographic(value) {
-        this._orthographic = value;
-        if (this.component) {
-            this.component.projection = value ? playcanvas.PROJECTION_ORTHOGRAPHIC : playcanvas.PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE;
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Gets the orthographic projection of the camera.
-     * @returns The orthographic projection.
-     */
-    get orthographic() {
-        return this._orthographic;
-    }
     /**
      * Sets the orthographic height of the camera.
      * @param value - The orthographic height.
@@ -2630,6 +2980,23 @@ class CameraComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
     get priority() {
         return this._priority;
     }
+    /**
+     * Sets the projection of the camera. Use `orthoHeight` to size an orthographic projection.
+     * @param value - The projection ('perspective' or 'orthographic').
+     */
+    set projection(value) {
+        this._projection = value;
+        if (this.component) {
+            this.component.projection = projections.get(value) ?? playcanvas.PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the projection of the camera.
+     * @returns The projection.
+     */
+    get projection() {
+        return this._projection;
+    }
     /**
      * Sets the rect of the camera.
      * @param value - The rect.
@@ -2696,9 +3063,9 @@ class CameraComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
             'gamma',
             'horizontal-fov',
             'near-clip',
-            'orthographic',
             'ortho-height',
             'priority',
+            'projection',
             'rect',
             'scissor-rect',
             'tonemap'
@@ -2743,15 +3110,15 @@ class CameraComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
             case 'near-clip':
                 this.nearClip = parseNumber(newValue, 0.1, name);
                 break;
-            case 'orthographic':
-                this.orthographic = parseBool(newValue, false);
-                break;
             case 'ortho-height':
                 this.orthoHeight = parseNumber(newValue, 10, name);
                 break;
             case 'priority':
                 this.priority = parseNumber(newValue, 0, name);
                 break;
+            case 'projection':
+                this.projection = parseEnum(newValue, projections, 'perspective', name);
+                break;
             case 'rect':
                 this.rect = parseVec4(newValue, new playcanvas.Vec4(0, 0, 1, 1), name);
                 break;
@@ -4724,8 +5091,14 @@ const roughnessAliases = ['roughness', 'roughness-map'];
  * created on insertion.
  *
  * The element is metal/rough by default: unlike a bare `StandardMaterial` it enables the metalness
- * workflow, which is what the `metalness-*` attributes assume and what glTF means by PBR. The
- * `roughness` and `roughness-map` attributes are aliases for `gloss` and `gloss-map` that
+ * workflow, which is what the `metalness-*` attributes assume and what glTF means by PBR. It also
+ * defaults `metalness` to 0 rather than the engine's 1, because those two defaults have to be
+ * chosen together - the engine's 1 is unreachable under its own `useMetalness` of false, and with
+ * the workflow on it would make every material fully metallic, so `<pc-material diffuse="crimson">`
+ * would render as dark tinted reflections of an environment that may not exist rather than as a
+ * crimson surface. `metalness="1"` remains one attribute away.
+ *
+ * The `roughness` and `roughness-map` attributes are aliases for `gloss` and `gloss-map` that
  * additionally invert the gloss channel; do not mix the two families on one element.
  *
  * The two aliases are documented here rather than on an accessor, because they resolve to the
@@ -4785,7 +5158,7 @@ class MaterialElement extends HTMLElement {
     _heightMapRotation = 0;
     _heightMapTiling = new playcanvas.Vec2(1, 1);
     _heightMapUv = 0;
-    _metalness = 1;
+    _metalness = 0;
     _metalnessMap = '';
     _metalnessMapChannel = 'g';
     _metalnessMapOffset = new playcanvas.Vec2(0, 0);
@@ -6728,7 +7101,7 @@ class MaterialElement extends HTMLElement {
                 this.heightMapUv = parseNumber(newValue, 0, name);
                 break;
             case 'metalness':
-                this.metalness = parseNumber(newValue, 1, name);
+                this.metalness = parseNumber(newValue, 0, name);
                 break;
             case 'metalness-map':
                 this.metalnessMap = newValue ?? '';
@@ -7163,6 +7536,14 @@ class RigidBodyComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
 }
 customElements.define('pc-rigidbody', RigidBodyComponentElement);
 
+// The engine's SCALEMODE_* constants are the strings 'none' and 'blend', so this map happens to be
+// an identity. It is still the right shape: it supplies parseEnum's valid-name list, it is what the
+// manifest generator reads the enum values from, and it keeps the attribute vocabulary independent
+// of constants the engine is free to change.
+const scaleModes = new Map([
+    ['none', playcanvas.SCALEMODE_NONE],
+    ['blend', playcanvas.SCALEMODE_BLEND]
+]);
 /**
  * The ScreenComponentElement interface provides properties and methods for manipulating
  * {@link https://developer.playcanvas.com/user-manual/web-components/tags/pc-screen/ | `<pc-screen>`} elements.
@@ -7176,7 +7557,7 @@ class ScreenComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
     _resolution = new playcanvas.Vec2(640, 320);
     _referenceResolution = new playcanvas.Vec2(640, 320);
     _priority = 0;
-    _blend = false;
+    _scaleMode = 'none';
     _scaleBlend = 0.5;
     /** @ignore */
     constructor() {
@@ -7188,7 +7569,7 @@ class ScreenComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
             referenceResolution: this._referenceResolution,
             resolution: this._resolution,
             scaleBlend: this._scaleBlend,
-            scaleMode: this._blend ? playcanvas.SCALEMODE_BLEND : playcanvas.SCALEMODE_NONE,
+            scaleMode: scaleModes.get(this._scaleMode) ?? playcanvas.SCALEMODE_NONE,
             screenSpace: this._screenSpace
         };
     }
@@ -7226,23 +7607,44 @@ class ScreenComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
     get resolution() {
         return this._resolution;
     }
+    /**
+     * Sets how the screen's `resolution` and `referenceResolution` are weighted against each other
+     * when `scaleMode` is `blend`, from 0 (follow the resolution) to 1 (follow the reference
+     * resolution). Ignored while `scaleMode` is `none`.
+     * @param value - The scale blend factor.
+     */
     set scaleBlend(value) {
         this._scaleBlend = value;
         if (this.component) {
             this.component.scaleBlend = this._scaleBlend;
         }
     }
+    /**
+     * Gets how the screen's resolutions are weighted against each other.
+     * @returns The scale blend factor.
+     */
     get scaleBlend() {
         return this._scaleBlend;
     }
-    set blend(value) {
-        this._blend = value;
+    /**
+     * Sets how the screen scales its contents. `none` renders at `resolution` and ignores
+     * `referenceResolution`; `blend` scales between the two, weighted by `scaleBlend`, which is what
+     * keeps a UI laid out at one resolution usable at another. Requires `screenSpace` - the engine
+     * forces `none` on a world-space screen, which does not support scaling.
+     * @param value - The scale mode ('none' or 'blend').
+     */
+    set scaleMode(value) {
+        this._scaleMode = value;
         if (this.component) {
-            this.component.scaleMode = this._blend ? playcanvas.SCALEMODE_BLEND : playcanvas.SCALEMODE_NONE;
+            this.component.scaleMode = scaleModes.get(value) ?? playcanvas.SCALEMODE_NONE;
         }
     }
-    get blend() {
-        return this._blend;
+    /**
+     * Gets how the screen scales its contents.
+     * @returns The scale mode.
+     */
+    get scaleMode() {
+        return this._scaleMode;
     }
     set screenSpace(value) {
         this._screenSpace = value;
@@ -7256,12 +7658,12 @@ class ScreenComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
     static get observedAttributes() {
         return [
             ...super.observedAttributes,
-            'blend',
             'screen-space',
             'resolution',
             'reference-resolution',
             'priority',
-            'scale-blend'
+            'scale-blend',
+            'scale-mode'
         ];
     }
     attributeChangedCallback(name, _oldValue, newValue) {
@@ -7279,8 +7681,8 @@ class ScreenComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
             case 'scale-blend':
                 this.scaleBlend = parseNumber(newValue, 0.5, name);
                 break;
-            case 'blend':
-                this.blend = parseBool(newValue, false);
+            case 'scale-mode':
+                this.scaleMode = parseEnum(newValue, scaleModes, 'none', name);
                 break;
             case 'screen-space':
                 this.screenSpace = parseBool(newValue, false);
@@ -7503,7 +7905,8 @@ class ScrollViewComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         return super.component;
     }
     /**
-     * Sets whether horizontal scrolling is enabled.
+     * Sets whether scrolling along the horizontal axis is enabled. This is a toggle, unlike the
+     * `orientation` of a `<pc-scrollbar>`, for which `horizontal` is one of the accepted values.
      * @param value - Whether horizontal scrolling is enabled.
      */
     set horizontal(value) {
@@ -7513,14 +7916,15 @@ class ScrollViewComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Gets whether horizontal scrolling is enabled.
+     * Gets whether scrolling along the horizontal axis is enabled.
      * @returns Whether horizontal scrolling is enabled.
      */
     get horizontal() {
         return this._horizontal;
     }
     /**
-     * Sets whether vertical scrolling is enabled.
+     * Sets whether scrolling along the vertical axis is enabled. This is a toggle, unlike the
+     * `orientation` of a `<pc-scrollbar>`, for which `vertical` is one of the accepted values.
      * @param value - Whether vertical scrolling is enabled.
      */
     set vertical(value) {
@@ -7530,7 +7934,7 @@ class ScrollViewComponentElement extends ComponentElement {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Gets whether vertical scrolling is enabled.
+     * Gets whether scrolling along the vertical axis is enabled.
      * @returns Whether vertical scrolling is enabled.
      */
     get vertical() {
@@ -9326,30 +9730,58 @@ class SceneElement extends AsyncElement {
     _gravity = new playcanvas.Vec3(0, -9.81, 0);
     _scene = null;
     /**
-     * The PlayCanvas scene instance. Available once the element is ready — await
+     * The PlayCanvas scene instance. `null` until the element is ready — await
      * {@link whenReady} or the element's `ready()` promise before accessing it.
-     * @returns The scene instance.
+     * @returns The scene instance, or `null`.
      */
     get scene() {
         return this._scene;
     }
     async connectedCallback() {
-        await this.closestApp?.ready();
-        this._scene = this.closestApp.app.scene;
+        const appElement = this.closestApp;
+        if (!appElement) {
+            console.warn('pc-scene must be a descendant of pc-app - scene settings not applied');
+            return;
+        }
+        await appElement.ready();
+        // The element may have been removed or re-parented while waiting for the app. Matches the
+        // guard in AssetElement and MaterialElement, but compares closestApp rather than
+        // parentElement because pc-scene resolves its app by ancestor rather than direct child.
+        // Without this, a scene re-parented mid-await would take its Scene from the app it started
+        // under while _applyGravity resolved the app it ended up under, splitting the two.
+        if (!this.isConnected || this.closestApp !== appElement) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // The application is gone if the tree was torn down while we awaited readiness. There is
+        // nothing to configure and nothing the author can act on, so this stays silent.
+        const app = appElement.app;
+        if (!app) {
+            return;
+        }
+        this._scene = app.scene;
         this.updateSceneSettings();
         this._onReady();
     }
     updateSceneSettings() {
-        if (this.scene) {
-            this.scene.fog.type = this._fog;
-            this.scene.fog.color = this._fogColor;
-            this.scene.fog.density = this._fogDensity;
-            this.scene.fog.start = this._fogStart;
-            this.scene.fog.end = this._fogEnd;
-            const appElement = this.parentElement;
-            appElement.app.systems.rigidbody.gravity.copy(this._gravity);
+        if (this._scene) {
+            this._scene.fog.type = this._fog;
+            this._scene.fog.color = this._fogColor;
+            this._scene.fog.density = this._fogDensity;
+            this._scene.fog.start = this._fogStart;
+            this._scene.fog.end = this._fogEnd;
+            this._applyGravity(this._gravity);
         }
     }
+    /**
+     * Applies gravity to the rigid body system. Resolved through `closestApp` rather than
+     * `parentElement` so that a `<pc-scene>` nested inside a wrapper element behaves the same as
+     * a direct child, matching how `connectedCallback` resolves the application.
+     *
+     * @param value - The gravity to apply.
+     */
+    _applyGravity(value) {
+        this.closestApp?.app?.systems.rigidbody?.gravity.copy(value);
+    }
     /**
      * Sets the fog type of the scene. Can be `none`, `linear`, `exp` or `exp2`. Defaults to
      * `none`.
@@ -9442,9 +9874,8 @@ class SceneElement extends AsyncElement {
      */
     set gravity(value) {
         this._gravity = value;
-        if (this.scene) {
-            const appElement = this.parentElement;
-            appElement.app.systems.rigidbody.gravity.copy(value);
+        if (this._scene) {
+            this._applyGravity(value);
         }
     }
     /**
@@ -9493,7 +9924,7 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
     _center = new playcanvas.Vec3(0, 0.01, 0);
     _intensity = 1;
     _rotation = new playcanvas.Vec3();
-    _level = 0;
+    _mipLevel = 0;
     _lighting = false;
     _scale = new playcanvas.Vec3(100, 100, 100);
     _type = 'infinite';
@@ -9527,7 +9958,7 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
         this._scene.sky.node.setLocalScale(this._scale);
         this._scene.sky.center = this._center;
         this._scene.skyboxIntensity = this._intensity;
-        this._scene.skyboxMip = this._level;
+        this._scene.skyboxMip = this._mipLevel;
     }
     async _loadSkybox() {
         const appElement = await this.closestApp?.ready();
@@ -9619,23 +10050,6 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
     get intensity() {
         return this._intensity;
     }
-    /**
-     * Sets the mip level of the skybox.
-     * @param value - The mip level.
-     */
-    set level(value) {
-        this._level = value;
-        if (this._scene) {
-            this._scene.skyboxMip = this._level;
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Gets the mip level of the skybox.
-     * @returns The mip level.
-     */
-    get level() {
-        return this._level;
-    }
     /**
      * Sets whether the skybox is used as a light source.
      * @param value - Whether to use lighting.
@@ -9650,6 +10064,24 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
     get lighting() {
         return this._lighting;
     }
+    /**
+     * Sets the mip level of the skybox, where 0 is the sharpest. Raising it selects a blurrier mip,
+     * which is how a skybox is softened without blurring the texture itself.
+     * @param value - The mip level.
+     */
+    set mipLevel(value) {
+        this._mipLevel = value;
+        if (this._scene) {
+            this._scene.skyboxMip = this._mipLevel;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the mip level of the skybox.
+     * @returns The mip level.
+     */
+    get mipLevel() {
+        return this._mipLevel;
+    }
     /**
      * Sets the Euler rotation of the skybox.
      * @param value - The rotation.
@@ -9706,7 +10138,7 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
         return this._type;
     }
     static get observedAttributes() {
-        return ['asset', 'center', 'intensity', 'level', 'lighting', 'rotation', 'scale', 'type'];
+        return ['asset', 'center', 'intensity', 'lighting', 'mip-level', 'rotation', 'scale', 'type'];
     }
     attributeChangedCallback(name, _oldValue, newValue) {
         switch (name) {
@@ -9719,12 +10151,12 @@ class SkyElement extends AsyncElement {
             case 'intensity':
                 this.intensity = parseNumber(newValue, 1, name);
                 break;
-            case 'level':
-                this.level = parseNumber(newValue, 0, name);
-                break;
             case 'lighting':
                 this.lighting = parseBool(newValue, false);
                 break;
+            case 'mip-level':
+                this.mipLevel = parseNumber(newValue, 0, name);
+                break;
             case 'rotation':
                 this.rotation = parseVec3(newValue, playcanvas.Vec3.ZERO, name);
                 break;