@plasius/gpu-renderer 0.1.15 → 0.2.1

package/dist/index.cjs

@@ -31,22 +31,29 @@ __export(index_exports, {
   createWavefrontMeshAcceleration: () => createWavefrontMeshAcceleration,
   createWavefrontPathTracingComputeConfig: () => createWavefrontPathTracingComputeConfig,
   createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer: () => createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer,
+  createWavefrontPathTracingComputeShaderSource: () => createWavefrontPathTracingComputeShaderSource,
   createWavefrontPathTracingPlan: () => createWavefrontPathTracingPlan,
+  createWavefrontReferenceRay: () => createWavefrontReferenceRay,
   defaultRendererClearColor: () => defaultRendererClearColor,
   defaultRendererWorkerProfile: () => defaultRendererWorkerProfile,
   estimateWavefrontPathTracingMemory: () => estimateWavefrontPathTracingMemory,
   getRendererWorkerManifest: () => getRendererWorkerManifest,
   getRendererWorkerProfile: () => getRendererWorkerProfile,
+  intersectWavefrontReferenceTriangle: () => intersectWavefrontReferenceTriangle,
   normalizeWavefrontMesh: () => normalizeWavefrontMesh,
   normalizeWavefrontSceneObject: () => normalizeWavefrontSceneObject,
   packWavefrontBvhNodes: () => packWavefrontBvhNodes,
   packWavefrontSceneObjects: () => packWavefrontSceneObjects,
   packWavefrontTriangles: () => packWavefrontTriangles,
+  renderWavefrontPathTracingComputeFrame: () => renderWavefrontPathTracingComputeFrame,
   rendererAccelerationStructureUpdateClasses: () => rendererAccelerationStructureUpdateClasses,
   rendererDebugOwner: () => rendererDebugOwner,
   rendererRayTracingStageOrder: () => rendererRayTracingStageOrder,
   rendererRepresentationBands: () => rendererRepresentationBands,
   rendererWavefrontBufferSchemaVersion: () => rendererWavefrontBufferSchemaVersion,
+  rendererWavefrontComputeMode: () => rendererWavefrontComputeMode,
+  rendererWavefrontComputeStatsStride: () => rendererWavefrontComputeStatsStride,
+  rendererWavefrontComputeWorkgroupSize: () => rendererWavefrontComputeWorkgroupSize,
   rendererWavefrontHitTypes: () => rendererWavefrontHitTypes,
   rendererWavefrontPassOrder: () => rendererWavefrontPassOrder,
   rendererWavefrontQueuePairStrategy: () => rendererWavefrontQueuePairStrategy,
@@ -56,6 +63,7 @@ __export(index_exports, {
   rendererWorkerQueueClass: () => rendererWorkerQueueClass,
   supportsWavefrontPathTracingCompute: () => supportsWavefrontPathTracingCompute,
   supportsWebGpu: () => supportsWebGpu,
+  traceWavefrontReferenceTriangles: () => traceWavefrontReferenceTriangles,
   wavefrontMaterialKinds: () => wavefrontMaterialKinds,
   wavefrontPathTracingComputeLimits: () => wavefrontPathTracingComputeLimits,
   wavefrontSceneObjectKinds: () => wavefrontSceneObjectKinds
@@ -71,6 +79,9 @@ var DEFAULT_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL = 1;
 var DEFAULT_SCENE_OBJECT_CAPACITY = 128;
 var DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT_PORTAL_CAPACITY = 32;
 var WORKGROUP_SIZE = 64;
+var rendererWavefrontComputeMode = "webgpu-compute";
+var rendererWavefrontComputeWorkgroupSize = WORKGROUP_SIZE;
+var rendererWavefrontComputeStatsStride = 8;
 var RAY_RECORD_BYTES = 80;
 var HIT_RECORD_BYTES = 208;
 var SCENE_OBJECT_RECORD_BYTES = 96;
@@ -83,7 +94,9 @@ var EMISSIVE_TRIANGLE_INDEX_BYTES = 4;
 var ENVIRONMENT_PORTAL_RECORD_BYTES = 96;
 var ACCUMULATION_RECORD_BYTES = 16;
 var CONFIG_BUFFER_BYTES = 272;
-var COUNTER_BUFFER_BYTES = 16;
+var COUNTER_DISPATCH_ARGS_OFFSET = 16;
+var INDIRECT_DISPATCH_ARGS_BYTES = 12;
+var COUNTER_BUFFER_BYTES = 32;
 var TRACE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS = 9;
 var MATERIAL_DIFFUSE = 0;
 var MATERIAL_METAL = 1;
@@ -123,7 +136,9 @@ var wavefrontPathTracingComputeLimits = Object.freeze({
   emissiveTriangleIndexBytes: EMISSIVE_TRIANGLE_INDEX_BYTES,
   emissiveTriangleMetadataRecordBytes: BVH_NODE_RECORD_BYTES,
   environmentPortalRecordBytes: ENVIRONMENT_PORTAL_RECORD_BYTES,
-  accumulationRecordBytes: ACCUMULATION_RECORD_BYTES
+  accumulationRecordBytes: ACCUMULATION_RECORD_BYTES,
+  counterRecordBytes: COUNTER_BUFFER_BYTES,
+  indirectDispatchRecordBytes: INDIRECT_DISPATCH_ARGS_BYTES
 });
 var wavefrontSceneObjectKinds = Object.freeze({
   sphere: OBJECT_KIND_SPHERE,
@@ -231,6 +246,25 @@ function normalize(value, fallback = [0, 0, 1]) {
   }
   return [value[0] / length, value[1] / length, value[2] / length];
 }
+function hashUint32(value) {
+  let x = value >>> 0;
+  x = ((x >>> 16 ^ x) >>> 0) * 73244475 >>> 0;
+  x = ((x >>> 16 ^ x) >>> 0) * 73244475 >>> 0;
+  return (x >>> 16 ^ x) >>> 0;
+}
+function mixSeed(pixelId, sampleId, bounce, frameIndex, dimension) {
+  let x = (pixelId >>> 0) * 747796405 ^ (sampleId >>> 0) * 2891336453 ^ (bounce >>> 0) * 277803737 ^ (frameIndex >>> 0) * 1442695041 ^ (dimension >>> 0) * 1597334677;
+  x >>>= 0;
+  x ^= x >>> 16;
+  x = x * 2146121005 >>> 0;
+  x ^= x >>> 15;
+  x = x * 2221713035 >>> 0;
+  x ^= x >>> 16;
+  return x >>> 0;
+}
+function random01FromSeed(seed) {
+  return (hashUint32(seed) & 16777215) / 16777215;
+}
 function getArrayLikeLength(value) {
   return Array.isArray(value) || ArrayBuffer.isView(value) ? value.length : 0;
 }
@@ -829,6 +863,29 @@ function resolveEnvironmentLighting(input, environmentColor, ambientColor) {
     exposure: Math.max(1e-4, readFiniteNumber("environmentLighting.exposure", source.exposure, DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT_LIGHTING.exposure))
   });
 }
+function evaluateReferenceEnvironmentRadiance(config, origin, direction) {
+  void origin;
+  const rayDirection = normalize(direction, [0, 1, 0]);
+  const upFactor = clamp(rayDirection[1] * 0.5 + 0.5, 0, 1);
+  const sunDirection = normalize(
+    config.environmentLighting?.sunDirection ?? DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT_LIGHTING.sunDirection,
+    DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT_LIGHTING.sunDirection
+  );
+  const sunGlow = Math.pow(clamp(dot(rayDirection, sunDirection), 0, 1), 192);
+  const horizonColor = config.environmentLighting?.horizonColor ?? DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT_LIGHTING.horizonColor;
+  const zenithColor = config.environmentLighting?.zenithColor ?? DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT_LIGHTING.zenithColor;
+  const sunColor = config.environmentLighting?.sunColor ?? DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT_LIGHTING.sunColor;
+  const intensity = Math.max(
+    1e-4,
+    Number(config.environmentLighting?.intensity ?? DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT_LIGHTING.intensity)
+  );
+  return Object.freeze([
+    (horizonColor[0] * (1 - upFactor) + zenithColor[0] * upFactor + sunColor[0] * sunGlow) * intensity,
+    (horizonColor[1] * (1 - upFactor) + zenithColor[1] * upFactor + sunColor[1] * sunGlow) * intensity,
+    (horizonColor[2] * (1 - upFactor) + zenithColor[2] * upFactor + sunColor[2] * sunGlow) * intensity,
+    1
+  ]);
+}
 function resolveEnvironmentPortalMode(value, hasPortals) {
   if (value === void 0 || value === null) {
     return hasPortals ? 2 : 0;
@@ -1032,7 +1089,8 @@ function estimateWavefrontPathTracingMemory(options = {}) {
     environmentPortalBytes,
     configBytes: CONFIG_BUFFER_BYTES,
     counterBytes: COUNTER_BUFFER_BYTES,
-    totalHotBufferBytes: queueBytes * 2 + hitBytes + accumulationBytes + sceneObjectBytes + triangleBytes + bvhNodeBytes + bvhLeafReferenceBytes + emissiveTriangleMetadataBytes + environmentPortalBytes + CONFIG_BUFFER_BYTES + COUNTER_BUFFER_BYTES
+    indirectDispatchBytes: INDIRECT_DISPATCH_ARGS_BYTES,
+    totalHotBufferBytes: queueBytes * 2 + hitBytes + accumulationBytes + sceneObjectBytes + triangleBytes + bvhNodeBytes + bvhLeafReferenceBytes + emissiveTriangleMetadataBytes + environmentPortalBytes + CONFIG_BUFFER_BYTES + COUNTER_BUFFER_BYTES + INDIRECT_DISPATCH_ARGS_BYTES
   });
 }
 function createWavefrontPathTracingComputeConfig(options = {}) {
@@ -1109,6 +1167,7 @@ function createWavefrontPathTracingComputeConfig(options = {}) {
     environmentPortals.length > 0
   );
   return Object.freeze({
+    mode: rendererWavefrontComputeMode,
     width,
     height,
     maxDepth,
@@ -1163,6 +1222,9 @@ function getGpuUsageConstants() {
   if (typeof GPUBufferUsage === "undefined" || typeof GPUTextureUsage === "undefined" || typeof GPUShaderStage === "undefined") {
     throw new Error("WebGPU runtime unavailable. Required GPU constants are missing.");
   }
+  if (typeof GPUBufferUsage.INDIRECT !== "number") {
+    throw new Error("WebGPU runtime unavailable. GPUBufferUsage.INDIRECT is missing.");
+  }
   return {
     buffer: GPUBufferUsage,
     texture: GPUTextureUsage,
@@ -1357,6 +1419,209 @@ function createTiles(width, height, tileSize) {
   }
   return Object.freeze(tiles);
 }
+function normalizeReferenceTile(config, tileInput = {}) {
+  const tileX = clamp(
+    readNonNegativeInteger("tile.x", tileInput.x, 0),
+    0,
+    Math.max(0, config.width - 1)
+  );
+  const tileY = clamp(
+    readNonNegativeInteger("tile.y", tileInput.y, 0),
+    0,
+    Math.max(0, config.height - 1)
+  );
+  const tileWidth = clamp(
+    readPositiveInteger("tile.width", tileInput.width, config.width - tileX),
+    1,
+    config.width - tileX
+  );
+  const tileHeight = clamp(
+    readPositiveInteger("tile.height", tileInput.height, config.height - tileY),
+    1,
+    config.height - tileY
+  );
+  return Object.freeze({
+    x: tileX,
+    y: tileY,
+    width: tileWidth,
+    height: tileHeight
+  });
+}
+function repairReferenceShadingNormal(geometricNormal, shadingNormal) {
+  const normal = normalize(shadingNormal, geometricNormal);
+  return dot(normal, geometricNormal) < 0 ? scale(normal, -1) : normal;
+}
+function readOptionalMaxDistance(value) {
+  if (value === void 0 || value === null) {
+    return Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+  }
+  const numeric = Number(value);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(numeric) || numeric <= 0) {
+    throw new Error("maxDistance must be a positive finite number when provided.");
+  }
+  return numeric;
+}
+function createWavefrontReferenceRay(config, options = {}) {
+  if (!config || typeof config !== "object") {
+    throw new Error("config must be a wavefront path tracing config.");
+  }
+  const tile = normalizeReferenceTile(config, options.tile);
+  const tilePixelCount = tile.width * tile.height;
+  const pixelIndex = readNonNegativeInteger("pixelIndex", options.pixelIndex, 0);
+  if (pixelIndex >= tilePixelCount) {
+    throw new Error(`pixelIndex ${pixelIndex} exceeds tile capacity ${tilePixelCount}.`);
+  }
+  const sampleIndex = readNonNegativeInteger("sampleIndex", options.sampleIndex, 0);
+  const frameIndex = readNonNegativeInteger("frameIndex", options.frameIndex, config.frameIndex ?? 0);
+  const jitterScale = clamp(readFiniteNumber("jitterScale", options.jitterScale, 0.35), 0, 1);
+  const localX = pixelIndex % tile.width;
+  const localY = Math.floor(pixelIndex / tile.width);
+  const pixelX = tile.x + localX;
+  const pixelY = tile.y + localY;
+  const sourcePixelId = pixelY * config.width + pixelX;
+  const jitterX = random01FromSeed(mixSeed(sourcePixelId, sampleIndex, 0, frameIndex, 1)) - 0.5;
+  const jitterY = random01FromSeed(mixSeed(sourcePixelId, sampleIndex, 0, frameIndex, 2)) - 0.5;
+  const ndcX = (pixelX + 0.5 + jitterX * jitterScale) / config.width * 2 - 1;
+  const ndcY = 1 - (pixelY + 0.5 + jitterY * jitterScale) / config.height * 2;
+  const viewX = ndcX * config.camera.tanHalfFovY * config.camera.aspect;
+  const viewY = ndcY * config.camera.tanHalfFovY;
+  const direction = normalize(
+    add(
+      add(config.camera.forward, scale(config.camera.right, viewX)),
+      scale(config.camera.up, viewY)
+    ),
+    config.camera.forward
+  );
+  return Object.freeze({
+    rayId: pixelIndex,
+    parentRayId: 4294967295,
+    sourcePixelId,
+    sampleId: sampleIndex,
+    bounce: 0,
+    mediumRefId: 0,
+    flags: 0,
+    origin: Object.freeze([...config.camera.position]),
+    direction: Object.freeze(direction),
+    throughput: Object.freeze([1, 1, 1, 1]),
+    pixelX,
+    pixelY
+  });
+}
+function intersectWavefrontReferenceTriangle(ray, triangle, options = {}) {
+  if (!ray || typeof ray !== "object") {
+    throw new Error("ray must be a wavefront reference ray.");
+  }
+  if (!triangle || typeof triangle !== "object") {
+    throw new Error("triangle must be a wavefront triangle record.");
+  }
+  const maxDistance = readOptionalMaxDistance(options.maxDistance);
+  const triangleIndex = readNonNegativeInteger("triangleIndex", options.triangleIndex, 0);
+  const edge1 = subtract(triangle.v1, triangle.v0);
+  const edge2 = subtract(triangle.v2, triangle.v0);
+  const pvec = cross(ray.direction, edge2);
+  const determinant = dot(edge1, pvec);
+  if (Math.abs(determinant) < 1e-7) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const invDet = 1 / determinant;
+  const tvec = subtract(ray.origin, triangle.v0);
+  const u = dot(tvec, pvec) * invDet;
+  if (u < 0 || u > 1) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const qvec = cross(tvec, edge1);
+  const v = dot(ray.direction, qvec) * invDet;
+  if (v < 0 || u + v > 1) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const distance = dot(edge2, qvec) * invDet;
+  if (distance <= 1e-3 || distance > maxDistance) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const geometric = normalize(cross(edge1, edge2), [0, 1, 0]);
+  const frontFace = dot(ray.direction, geometric) < 0;
+  const orientedGeometric = frontFace ? geometric : scale(geometric, -1);
+  const w = 1 - u - v;
+  const interpolated = [
+    triangle.n0[0] * w + triangle.n1[0] * u + triangle.n2[0] * v,
+    triangle.n0[1] * w + triangle.n1[1] * u + triangle.n2[1] * v,
+    triangle.n0[2] * w + triangle.n1[2] * u + triangle.n2[2] * v
+  ];
+  const shadingNormal = repairReferenceShadingNormal(orientedGeometric, interpolated);
+  const uv = [
+    triangle.uv0[0] * w + triangle.uv1[0] * u + triangle.uv2[0] * v,
+    triangle.uv0[1] * w + triangle.uv1[1] * u + triangle.uv2[1] * v
+  ];
+  const position = add(ray.origin, scale(ray.direction, distance));
+  return Object.freeze({
+    hitType: "surface",
+    rayId: ray.rayId,
+    sourcePixelId: ray.sourcePixelId,
+    distance,
+    entityId: triangle.meshId,
+    instanceId: 0,
+    primitiveId: triangle.triangleId,
+    materialId: triangle.materialKind,
+    materialRefId: triangle.materialRefId,
+    mediumRefId: triangle.mediumRefId,
+    barycentrics: Object.freeze([w, u, v]),
+    uv: Object.freeze(uv),
+    geometricNormal: Object.freeze(orientedGeometric),
+    shadingNormal: Object.freeze(shadingNormal),
+    frontFace,
+    triangleIndex,
+    triangleId: triangle.triangleId,
+    position: Object.freeze(position),
+    color: triangle.color,
+    emission: triangle.emission,
+    material: triangle.material
+  });
+}
+function createWavefrontReferenceEnvironmentHit(config, ray) {
+  const radiance = evaluateReferenceEnvironmentRadiance(config, ray.origin, ray.direction);
+  return Object.freeze({
+    hitType: "environment",
+    rayId: ray.rayId,
+    sourcePixelId: ray.sourcePixelId,
+    distance: -1,
+    entityId: 0,
+    instanceId: 0,
+    primitiveId: 0,
+    materialId: 0,
+    materialRefId: 0,
+    mediumRefId: 0,
+    barycentrics: Object.freeze([0, 0, 0]),
+    uv: Object.freeze([0, 0]),
+    geometricNormal: Object.freeze(scale(ray.direction, -1)),
+    shadingNormal: Object.freeze(scale(ray.direction, -1)),
+    frontFace: true,
+    triangleIndex: -1,
+    triangleId: -1,
+    position: Object.freeze(add(ray.origin, scale(ray.direction, 1e3))),
+    color: Object.freeze([0, 0, 0, 0]),
+    emission: radiance,
+    material: Object.freeze([1, 0, 1, 1])
+  });
+}
+function traceWavefrontReferenceTriangles(config, ray, triangles, options = {}) {
+  if (!config || typeof config !== "object") {
+    throw new Error("config must be a wavefront path tracing config.");
+  }
+  const source = Array.isArray(triangles) ? triangles : [];
+  let nearestHit = null;
+  let nearestDistance = readOptionalMaxDistance(options.maxDistance);
+  source.forEach((triangle, index) => {
+    const hit = intersectWavefrontReferenceTriangle(ray, triangle, {
+      maxDistance: Number.isFinite(nearestDistance) ? nearestDistance : void 0,
+      triangleIndex: index
+    });
+    if (hit && hit.distance < nearestDistance) {
+      nearestDistance = hit.distance;
+      nearestHit = hit;
+    }
+  });
+  return nearestHit ?? createWavefrontReferenceEnvironmentHit(config, ray);
+}
 function clampTileSizeForDevice(config, device) {
   const limit = Number(device?.limits?.maxStorageBufferBindingSize);
   if (!Number.isFinite(limit) || limit <= 0) {
@@ -1596,6 +1861,10 @@ struct Counters {
   nextCount: atomic<u32>,
   terminatedCount: atomic<u32>,
   hitCount: atomic<u32>,
+  dispatchX: u32,
+  dispatchY: u32,
+  dispatchZ: u32,
+  dispatchPad: u32,
 };
 
 struct Candidate {
@@ -1758,6 +2027,18 @@ fn gated_environment_radiance(origin: vec3<f32>, direction: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f
   return environment_radiance(origin, direction);
 }
 
+fn terminal_surface_environment_contribution(ray: RayRecord, hit: HitRecord) -> vec3<f32> {
+  let normal = safe_normalize(hit.shadingNormal.xyz, vec3<f32>(0.0, 1.0, 0.0));
+  let surfaceColor = max(hit.color.xyz, config.ambientColor.xyz);
+  let normalEnvironment = gated_environment_radiance(
+    hit.position.xyz + normal * 0.003,
+    normal
+  );
+  let environmentFloor = max(config.ambientColor.xyz, normalEnvironment * 0.12);
+  let materialFloor = select(0.7, 1.0, hit.materialKind == 0u || hit.materialKind == 3u);
+  return clamp_sample_radiance(ray.throughput.xyz * surfaceColor * environmentFloor * materialFloor);
+}
+
 fn default_mesh_range() -> MeshRange {
   return MeshRange(
     0u,
@@ -2329,6 +2610,17 @@ fn tone_map_radiance(value: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
   return pow(clamp(mapped, vec3<f32>(0.0), vec3<f32>(1.0)), vec3<f32>(1.0 / 2.2));
 }
 
+fn ray_workgroups_for_count(rayCount: u32) -> u32 {
+  return max(1u, (rayCount + 63u) / 64u);
+}
+
+fn write_active_dispatch_args(activeCount: u32) {
+  counters.dispatchX = ray_workgroups_for_count(activeCount);
+  counters.dispatchY = 1u;
+  counters.dispatchZ = 1u;
+  counters.dispatchPad = 0u;
+}
+
 fn denoise_range_space(value: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
   return value / (vec3<f32>(1.0) + value);
 }
@@ -2341,6 +2633,7 @@ fn generatePrimaryRays(@builtin(global_invocation_id) globalId: vec3<u32>) {
     atomicStore(&counters.nextCount, 0u);
     atomicStore(&counters.terminatedCount, 0u);
     atomicStore(&counters.hitCount, 0u);
+    write_active_dispatch_args(config.tilePixelCount);
   }
   if (index >= config.tilePixelCount) {
     return;
@@ -2616,9 +2909,9 @@ fn resolveSurfaceRecords(@builtin(global_invocation_id) globalId: vec3<u32>) {
   }
 
   if (ray.bounce + 1u >= config.maxDepth) {
+    let terminalEnvironment = terminal_surface_environment_contribution(ray, hit);
     accumulation[ray.rayId] =
-      accumulation[ray.rayId] +
-      vec4<f32>(ray.throughput.xyz * config.ambientColor.xyz * sample_weight(), 1.0);
+      accumulation[ray.rayId] + vec4<f32>(terminalEnvironment * sample_weight(), 1.0);
     atomicAdd(&counters.terminatedCount, 1u);
     return;
   }
@@ -2627,6 +2920,10 @@ fn resolveSurfaceRecords(@builtin(global_invocation_id) globalId: vec3<u32>) {
   let scatter = scatter_direction(ray, hit, seed);
   let nextIndex = atomicAdd(&counters.nextCount, 1u);
   if (nextIndex >= config.tilePixelCount) {
+    let overflowEnvironment = terminal_surface_environment_contribution(ray, hit);
+    accumulation[ray.rayId] =
+      accumulation[ray.rayId] + vec4<f32>(overflowEnvironment * sample_weight(), 1.0);
+    atomicAdd(&counters.terminatedCount, 1u);
     return;
   }
   let color = clamp(hit.color.xyz, vec3<f32>(0.0), vec3<f32>(1.0));
@@ -2655,8 +2952,10 @@ fn compactAndSwapQueues(@builtin(global_invocation_id) globalId: vec3<u32>) {
     return;
   }
   let nextCount = atomicLoad(&counters.nextCount);
-  atomicStore(&counters.activeCount, min(nextCount, config.tilePixelCount));
+  let activeCount = min(nextCount, config.tilePixelCount);
+  atomicStore(&counters.activeCount, activeCount);
   atomicStore(&counters.nextCount, 0u);
+  write_active_dispatch_args(activeCount);
 }
 
 @compute @workgroup_size(64)
@@ -2934,10 +3233,16 @@ async function createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer(options = {}) {
   );
   const counterBuffer = createBuffer(
     device,
-    constants.buffer.STORAGE | constants.buffer.COPY_DST,
+    constants.buffer.STORAGE | constants.buffer.COPY_DST | constants.buffer.COPY_SRC,
     COUNTER_BUFFER_BYTES,
     "plasius.wavefront.counters"
   );
+  const activeDispatchBuffer = createBuffer(
+    device,
+    constants.buffer.INDIRECT | constants.buffer.COPY_DST,
+    INDIRECT_DISPATCH_ARGS_BYTES,
+    "plasius.wavefront.activeDispatchArgs"
+  );
   let packedScene = packWavefrontSceneObjects(config.sceneObjects, config.sceneObjectCapacity);
   device.queue.writeBuffer(sceneObjectBuffer, 0, packedScene.buffer);
   const packedTriangles = packWavefrontTriangles(
@@ -3359,24 +3664,34 @@ async function createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer(options = {}) {
     return true;
   }
   function encodeTileSample(encoder, tile, configOffset) {
-    const passEncoder = encoder.beginComputePass({
-      label: "plasius.wavefront.computePass"
+    const generatePass = encoder.beginComputePass({
+      label: "plasius.wavefront.generatePrimaryRaysPass"
     });
     const tileWorkgroups = Math.ceil(tile.width * tile.height / WORKGROUP_SIZE);
-    const capacityWorkgroups = Math.ceil(config.tilePixelCapacity / WORKGROUP_SIZE);
-    passEncoder.setBindGroup(0, bindGroups[0], [configOffset]);
-    passEncoder.setPipeline(pipelines.generatePrimaryRays);
-    passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(tileWorkgroups);
+    generatePass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroups[0], [configOffset]);
+    generatePass.setPipeline(pipelines.generatePrimaryRays);
+    generatePass.dispatchWorkgroups(tileWorkgroups);
+    generatePass.end();
     for (let bounceIndex = 0; bounceIndex < config.maxDepth; bounceIndex += 1) {
+      encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
+        counterBuffer,
+        COUNTER_DISPATCH_ARGS_OFFSET,
+        activeDispatchBuffer,
+        0,
+        INDIRECT_DISPATCH_ARGS_BYTES
+      );
+      const passEncoder = encoder.beginComputePass({
+        label: `plasius.wavefront.bounce.${bounceIndex}`
+      });
       passEncoder.setBindGroup(0, bindGroups[bounceIndex % 2], [configOffset]);
       passEncoder.setPipeline(pipelines.intersectActiveQueue);
-      passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(capacityWorkgroups);
+      passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroupsIndirect(activeDispatchBuffer, 0);
       passEncoder.setPipeline(pipelines.resolveSurfaceRecords);
-      passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(capacityWorkgroups);
+      passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroupsIndirect(activeDispatchBuffer, 0);
       passEncoder.setPipeline(pipelines.compactAndSwapQueues);
       passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(1);
+      passEncoder.end();
     }
-    passEncoder.end();
   }
   function encodeTileOutput(encoder, tile, configOffset) {
     const passEncoder = encoder.beginComputePass({
@@ -3519,6 +3834,28 @@ async function createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer(options = {}) {
       luminance: (0.2126 * bytes[0] + 0.7152 * bytes[1] + 0.0722 * bytes[2]) / 255
     });
   }
+  async function renderFrame(renderOptions = {}) {
+    const frameStats = renderOnce();
+    const probe = renderOptions.readOutputProbe === false ? null : await readOutputProbe(renderOptions.probe);
+    const maxChannel = probe ? Math.max(...probe.rgba.slice(0, 3)) : 0;
+    return Object.freeze({
+      ...frameStats,
+      outputProbe: probe ? Object.freeze({
+        ...probe,
+        sampledPixels: 1,
+        nonZeroSamples: maxChannel > 0 ? 1 : 0,
+        maxChannel
+      }) : null,
+      bounces: [],
+      termination: Object.freeze({
+        emissive: 0,
+        environment: 0,
+        ambientFallback: 0,
+        maxDepth: 0
+      }),
+      queueOverflow: 0
+    });
+  }
   function updateSceneObjects(sceneObjects) {
     const nextPackedScene = packWavefrontSceneObjects(sceneObjects, config.sceneObjectCapacity);
     packedScene = nextPackedScene;
@@ -3577,6 +3914,7 @@ async function createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer(options = {}) {
     configBuffer.destroy?.();
     bvhBuildConfigBuffer.destroy?.();
     counterBuffer.destroy?.();
+    activeDispatchBuffer.destroy?.();
     radianceTexture.destroy?.();
     denoiseScratchTexture.destroy?.();
     outputTexture.destroy?.();
@@ -3589,12 +3927,32 @@ async function createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer(options = {}) {
     format,
     config,
     renderOnce,
+    renderFrame,
     readOutputProbe,
     updateSceneObjects,
     getSnapshot,
     destroy
   });
 }
+async function renderWavefrontPathTracingComputeFrame(options = {}) {
+  const renderer = await createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer(options);
+  try {
+    return await renderer.renderFrame(options);
+  } finally {
+    renderer.destroy();
+  }
+}
+function createWavefrontPathTracingComputeShaderSource(options = {}) {
+  const workgroupSize = readPositiveInteger(
+    "workgroupSize",
+    options.workgroupSize ?? rendererWavefrontComputeWorkgroupSize,
+    rendererWavefrontComputeWorkgroupSize
+  );
+  if (workgroupSize !== rendererWavefrontComputeWorkgroupSize) {
+    throw new Error(`wavefront mesh compute currently requires workgroupSize=${rendererWavefrontComputeWorkgroupSize}.`);
+  }
+  return WAVEFRONT_COMPUTE_WGSL;
+}
 
 // src/index.js
 var DEFAULT_CLEAR_COLOR = Object.freeze([0.07, 0.11, 0.18, 1]);
@@ -4895,22 +5253,29 @@ var defaultRendererClearColor = DEFAULT_CLEAR_COLOR;
   createWavefrontMeshAcceleration,
   createWavefrontPathTracingComputeConfig,
   createWavefrontPathTracingComputeRenderer,
+  createWavefrontPathTracingComputeShaderSource,
   createWavefrontPathTracingPlan,
+  createWavefrontReferenceRay,
   defaultRendererClearColor,
   defaultRendererWorkerProfile,
   estimateWavefrontPathTracingMemory,
   getRendererWorkerManifest,
   getRendererWorkerProfile,
+  intersectWavefrontReferenceTriangle,
   normalizeWavefrontMesh,
   normalizeWavefrontSceneObject,
   packWavefrontBvhNodes,
   packWavefrontSceneObjects,
   packWavefrontTriangles,
+  renderWavefrontPathTracingComputeFrame,
   rendererAccelerationStructureUpdateClasses,
   rendererDebugOwner,
   rendererRayTracingStageOrder,
   rendererRepresentationBands,
   rendererWavefrontBufferSchemaVersion,
+  rendererWavefrontComputeMode,
+  rendererWavefrontComputeStatsStride,
+  rendererWavefrontComputeWorkgroupSize,
   rendererWavefrontHitTypes,
   rendererWavefrontPassOrder,
   rendererWavefrontQueuePairStrategy,
@@ -4920,6 +5285,7 @@ var defaultRendererClearColor = DEFAULT_CLEAR_COLOR;
   rendererWorkerQueueClass,
   supportsWavefrontPathTracingCompute,
   supportsWebGpu,
+  traceWavefrontReferenceTriangles,
   wavefrontMaterialKinds,
   wavefrontPathTracingComputeLimits,
   wavefrontSceneObjectKinds