@pkmn/engine 0.1.0-dev.c4dec0f7 → 0.1.0-dev.c4f94762

package/src/lib/gen2/mechanics.zig

@@ -1,31 +1,45 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 
+const pkmn = @import("../pkmn.zig");
+
 const common = @import("../common/data.zig");
 const DEBUG = @import("../common/debug.zig").print;
-const options = @import("../common/options.zig");
 const protocol = @import("../common/protocol.zig");
 const rng = @import("../common/rng.zig");
+const util = @import("../common/util.zig");
 
 const data = @import("data.zig");
+const generated = @import("generated.zig");
 
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
 
 const expectEqual = std.testing.expectEqual;
+const expectEqualSlices = std.testing.expectEqualSlices;
+const expectEqualStrings = std.testing.expectEqualStrings;
+
+const showdown = pkmn.options.showdown;
 
 const Choice = common.Choice;
 const ID = common.ID;
 const Player = common.Player;
 const Result = common.Result;
 
-const showdown = options.showdown;
-
+const Activate = protocol.Activate;
+const Boost = protocol.Boost;
 const Damage = protocol.Damage;
+const End = protocol.End;
+const Fail = protocol.Fail;
 const Heal = protocol.Heal;
+const Start = protocol.Start;
 
 const Gen12 = rng.Gen12;
 
+const PointerType = util.PointerType;
+
 const ActivePokemon = data.ActivePokemon;
+const Boosts = data.Boosts;
 const Effectiveness = data.Effectiveness;
+const Item = data.Item;
 const Move = data.Move;
 const MoveSlot = data.MoveSlot;
 const Pokemon = data.Pokemon;
@@ -33,21 +47,3501 @@ const Side = data.Side;
 const Species = data.Species;
 const Stats = data.Stats;
 const Status = data.Status;
+const TriAttack = data.TriAttack;
+const Type = data.Type;
+const Types = data.Types;
+const Volatiles = data.Volatiles;
+const Weather = data.Weather;
+
+// zig fmt: off
+const STAT_BOOSTS = &[_][2]u8{
+    .{ 25, 100 }, // -6
+    .{ 28, 100 }, // -5
+    .{ 33, 100 }, // -4
+    .{ 40, 100 }, // -3
+    .{ 50, 100 }, // -2
+    .{ 66, 100 }, // -1
+    .{   1,  1 }, //  0
+    .{ 15,  10 }, // +1
+    .{  2,   1 }, // +2
+    .{ 25,  10 }, // +3
+    .{  3,   1 }, // +4
+    .{ 35,  10 }, // +5
+    .{  4,   1 }, // +6
+};
+
+const ACCURACY_BOOSTS = &[_][2]u8{
+    .{  33, 100 }, // -6
+    .{  36, 100 }, // -5
+    .{  43, 100 }, // -4
+    .{  50, 100 }, // -3
+    .{  60, 100 }, // -2
+    .{  75, 100 }, // -1
+    .{   1,   1 }, //  0
+    .{ 133, 100 }, // +1
+    .{ 166, 100 }, // +2
+    .{   2,   1 }, // +3
+    .{ 233, 100 }, // +4
+    .{ 133,  50 }, // +5
+    .{   3,   1 }, // +6
+};
+
+const CRITICAL_HITS = &[_]u8{
+    256 / 15, //  0
+    256 /  8, // +1
+    256 /  4, // +2
+    256 /  3, // +3
+    256 /  2, // +4
+};
+// zig fmt: on
+
+const MAX_STAT_VALUE = 999;
+
+const STATS = [_][]const u8{ "atk", "def", "spe", "spa", "spd" };
+
+pub const State = struct {
+    damage: u16 = 0, // wCurDamage
+    effectiveness: u16 = Effectiveness.neutral, // wTypeModifier
+    bp: u8, // wPlayerMoveStructPower
+    type: Type, // BATTLE_VARS_MOVE_TYPE
+    accuracy: u8, // wEnemyMoveStruct + MOVE_ACC
+    move: Move, // wCurPlayerMove
+    from: Move = .None,
+    mslot: u4, // wCurMoveNum
+    first: bool, // wEnemyGoesFirst
+    miss: bool = false, // wAttackMissed
+    crit: bool = false, // wCriticalHit = 1
+    ohko: bool = false, // wCriticalHit = 2
+    proc: bool = true, // wEffectFailed
+
+    comptime {
+        assert(@sizeOf(State) == 16);
+    }
+
+    pub fn immune(self: *State) bool {
+        return self.effectiveness == 0;
+    }
+};
+
+pub fn update(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice, options: anytype) !Result {
+    assert(c1.type != .Pass or c2.type != .Pass or battle.turn == 0);
+    if (battle.turn == 0) return start(battle, options);
+
+    if (try turnOrder(battle, c1, c2, options) == .P1) {
+        if (try doTurn(battle, .P1, c1, .P2, c2, options)) |r| return r;
+    } else {
+        if (try doTurn(battle, .P2, c2, .P1, c1, options)) |r| return r;
+    }
+
+    return endTurn(battle, options);
+}
+
+fn start(battle: anytype, options: anytype) !Result {
+    const p1 = battle.side(.P1);
+    const p2 = battle.side(.P2);
+
+    const p1_slot = findFirstAlive(p1);
+    assert(!showdown or p1_slot == 1);
+    if (p1_slot == 0) return if (findFirstAlive(p2) == 0) Result.Tie else Result.Lose;
+
+    const p2_slot = findFirstAlive(p2);
+    assert(!showdown or p2_slot == 1);
+    if (p2_slot == 0) return Result.Win;
+
+    try switchIn(battle, .P1, p1_slot, .Initial, options);
+    try switchIn(battle, .P2, p2_slot, .Initial, options);
+
+    return endTurn(battle, options);
+}
+
+fn findFirstAlive(side: *const Side) u8 {
+    for (side.pokemon, 0..) |pokemon, i| if (pokemon.hp > 0) return side.pokemon[i].position;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+fn selectMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, choice: Choice) void {
+    if (choice.type == .Pass) return; // FIXME BATON PASS
+
+    var side = battle.side(player);
+    var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
+
+    // pre-battle menu
+    const forced = forced: {
+        if (volatiles.Recharging) break :forced true;
+        // Pokémon Showdown removes Flinch at the end-of-turn in its residual handler
+        if (!showdown) {
+            volatiles.Flinch = false;
+            battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Flinch = false;
+        }
+        break :forced (volatiles.Thrashing or volatiles.Charging or volatiles.Rollout);
+    };
+
+    // battle menu
+    if (choice.type == .Switch) return;
+    assert(choice.type == .Move and (!forced or choice.data == @intFromBool(showdown)));
+
+    done: {
+        if (forced) break :done;
+        // pre-move select
+        if (volatiles.Encore) {
+            // TODO wCurPlayerMove = side.lastMove(true);
+            // assert(wCurPlayerMove != .None);
+            volatiles.Bide = false; // FIXME wPlayerCharging vs. SUBSTATUS_BIDE?
+            const effect = Move.get(.Pound).effect; // TODO
+            if (effect != .FuryCutter) volatiles.fury_cutter = false;
+            if (effect != .Rage) {
+                volatiles.Rage = false;
+                volatiles.rage = 0;
+            }
+            if (effect != .Protect and effect != .Endure) volatiles.protect = 0;
+            return;
+        }
+        if (volatiles.Bide) break :done;
+        // move select
+        if (choice.data == 0) {
+            const struggle = ok: {
+                for (side.active.moves, 0..) |move, i| {
+                    if (move.pp > 0 and volatiles.disable.move != i + 1) break :ok false;
+                }
+                break :ok true;
+            };
+            assert(struggle);
+            // TODO wCurPlayerMove = .Struggle;
+        } else {
+            assert(showdown or side.active.volatiles.disable.move != choice.data);
+            const move = side.active.move(choice.data);
+            // You cannot *select* a move with 0 PP
+            assert(move.pp != 0);
+            // TODO wCurPlayerMove = move.id;
+            // battle.lastMove(player).index = @intCast(c.data);
+        }
+    }
+
+    volatiles.Rage = false;
+    volatiles.rage = 0;
+    volatiles.fury_cutter = 0;
+    volatiles.protect = 0;
+}
+
+const SwitchIn = enum { Initial, Switch, Drag };
+
+fn switchIn(battle: anytype, player: Player, slot: u8, kind: SwitchIn, options: anytype) !void {
+    var side = battle.side(player);
+    var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+    var active = &side.active;
+    const incoming = side.get(slot);
+
+    assert(incoming.hp != 0);
+    assert(slot != 1 or kind == .Initial);
+
+    const out = side.pokemon[0].position;
+    side.pokemon[0].position = side.pokemon[slot - 1].position;
+    side.pokemon[slot - 1].position = out;
+
+    side.last_used_move = .None;
+    foe.active.volatiles.dirty = true;
+
+    active.volatiles = .{};
+    active.stats = incoming.stats;
+    active.moves = incoming.moves;
+    active.boosts = .{};
+    active.types = incoming.types;
+    active.species = incoming.species;
+
+    statusModify(incoming.status, &active.stats);
+
+    if (kind == .Drag) {
+        try options.log.drag(.{ battle.active(player), incoming });
+    } else {
+        try options.log.switched(.{ battle.active(player), incoming });
+    }
+    options.chance.switched(player, side.pokemon[0].position, out);
+
+    if (side.conditions.Spikes and !active.types.includes(.Flying)) {
+        incoming.hp -|= @max(incoming.stats.hp / 8, 1);
+        try options.log.damage(.{ battle.active(player), incoming, .Spikes });
+    }
+}
+
+fn turnOrder(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice, options: anytype) !Player {
+    assert(c1.type != .Pass or c2.type != .Pass);
+
+    if (c1.type == .Pass) return .P2;
+    if (c2.type == .Pass) return .P1;
+
+    // Pokémon Showdown always rolls for Quick Claw every turn, even if no Pokémon hold Quick Claw
+    // TODO: add to pending and only commit roll on Pokémon Showdown if roll is used
+    const qkc = showdown and try Rolls.quickClaw(battle, .P1, options);
+
+    if ((c1.type == .Switch) != (c2.type == .Switch)) {
+        const m1 = .Pound; // TODO battle.side(.P1).last_selected_move;
+        const m2 = .Pound; // TODO battle.side(.P2).last_selected_move;
+        return if (c1.type == .Switch)
+            if (m1 == .Pursuit) .P2 else .P1
+        else if (m2 == .Pursuit) .P1 else .P2;
+    }
+
+    // https://www.smogon.com/forums/threads/adv-switch-priority.3622189/
+    // > In Gen 1 it's irrelevant [which player switches first] because switches happen instantly on
+    // > your own screen without waiting for the other player's choice (and their choice will appear
+    // > to happen first for them too, unless they attacked in which case your switch happens first)
+    // A cartridge-compatible implemention must not advance the RNG so we simply default to P1
+    const double_switch = c1.type == .Switch and c2.type == .Switch;
+    if (!showdown and double_switch) return .P1;
+
+    const m1 = .Pound; // TODO battle.side(.P1).last_selected_move;
+    const m2 = .Pound; // TODO battle.side(.P2).last_selected_move;
+    if (!showdown or !double_switch) {
+        const pri1 = Move.get(m1).priority;
+        const pri2 = Move.get(m2).priority;
+        if (pri1 != pri2) return if (pri1 > pri2) .P1 else .P2;
+
+        const qkc1 = battle.side(.P1).stored().item == .QuickClaw;
+        const qkc2 = battle.side(.P2).stored().item == .QuickClaw;
+        if (!showdown and qkc1 and qkc2) {
+            // If both Pokémon have Quick Claw the cartridge checks them in order and exits early if
+            // the first one procs, meaning the host has a slightly higher chance of going first
+            if (try Rolls.quickClaw(battle, .P1, options)) return .P1;
+            if (try Rolls.quickClaw(battle, .P2, options)) return .P2;
+        } else if (qkc1) {
+            const proc = if (showdown) qkc else try Rolls.quickClaw(battle, .P1, options);
+            if (proc) return .P1;
+        } else if (qkc2) {
+            const proc = if (showdown) qkc else try Rolls.quickClaw(battle, .P2, options);
+            if (proc) return .P2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const spe1 = battle.side(.P1).active.stats.spe;
+    const spe2 = battle.side(.P2).active.stats.spe;
+    if (spe1 == spe2) {
+        // Pokémon Showdown's beforeTurnCallback shenanigans
+        if (showdown and !double_switch and hasCallback(m1) and hasCallback(m2)) {
+            battle.rng.advance(1);
+        }
+
+        const p1 = try Rolls.speedTie(battle, options);
+        if (!showdown) return if (p1) .P1 else .P2;
+
+        // Pokémon Showdown's "lockedmove" volatile's onBeforeTurn uses BattleQueue#changeAction,
+        // meaning that if a side is locked into a thrashing move and wins the speed tie, it
+        // actually uses its priority to simply insert its actual changed action into the queue,
+        // causing it to then execute *after* the side which should go second...
+        const t1 = battle.side(.P1).active.volatiles.Thrashing;
+        const t2 = battle.side(.P2).active.volatiles.Thrashing;
+        // If *both* sides are thrashing it really should be another speed tie, but we've patched
+        // that out and enforce host ordering of events, so P1 just goes first regardless of who
+        // won the original coin flip
+        if (t1 and t2) return .P1;
+        return if (p1) if (t1 and !t2) .P2 else .P1 else if (t2 and !t1) .P1 else .P2;
+    }
+
+    return if (spe1 > spe2) .P1 else .P2;
+}
+
+fn hasCallback(m: Move) bool {
+    return switch (m) {
+        .Counter, .MirrorCoat, .Pursuit => true,
+        else => false,
+    };
+}
+
+fn doTurn(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    player_choice: Choice,
+    foe_player: Player,
+    foe_choice: Choice,
+    options: anytype,
+) !?Result {
+    assert(player_choice.type != .Pass);
+
+    const volatiles = &battle.side(player).active.volatiles;
+    const foe_volatiles = &battle.foe(player).active.volatiles;
+
+    // Technically this happens at the very beginning of update but its unused until now
+    // TODO: move into state and pass into betweenTurns
+    volatiles.frozen = false;
+    foe_volatiles.frozen = false;
+
+    volatiles.DestinyBond = false;
+    if (try executeMove(battle, player, player_choice, true, options)) |r| return r;
+    foe_volatiles.Protect = false;
+    foe_volatiles.Endure = false;
+    foe_volatiles.DestinyBond = false;
+    if (try checkFaint(battle, foe_player, options)) |r| return r;
+    if (try handleResidual(battle, player, options)) {
+        if (try checkFaint(battle, player, options)) |r| return r;
+    }
+
+    // foe_volatiles.DestinyBond = false;
+    if (try executeMove(battle, foe_player, foe_choice, false, options)) |r| return r;
+    volatiles.Protect = false;
+    volatiles.Endure = false;
+    volatiles.DestinyBond = false;
+    if (try checkFaint(battle, player, options)) |r| return r;
+    if (try handleResidual(battle, foe_player, options)) {
+        if (try checkFaint(battle, foe_player, options)) |r| return r;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME
+    return betweenTurns(battle, 0, options);
+}
 
-pub fn update(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice, log: anytype) !Result {
+fn executeMove(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    choice: Choice,
+    first: bool,
+    options: anytype,
+) !?Result {
+    if (choice.type == .Switch) {
+        try switchIn(battle, player, choice.data, .Switch, options);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    assert(choice.type == .Move);
+    var mslot: u4 = @intCast(choice.data);
+    _ = &mslot;
+    var move = Move.Pound; // TODO
+    _ = &move;
+
+    if (!try beforeMove(battle, player, move, options)) return null;
+
+    // FIXME: need damage from doTurn
+    const m = Move.get(move);
+    var state: State = .{
+        .move = move,
+        .mslot = mslot,
+        .first = first,
+        .accuracy = m.accuracy,
+        .bp = m.bp,
+        .type = m.type,
+    };
+    try generated.runMove(battle, player, &state, options);
+    return null;
+}
+
+fn beforeMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move, options: anytype) !bool {
+    var log = options.log;
+    var side = battle.side(player);
+    // const foe = battle.foe(player);
+    var active = &side.active;
+    var stored = side.stored();
+    const ident = battle.active(player);
+    var volatiles = &active.volatiles;
+
+    if (volatiles.Recharging) {
+        volatiles.Recharging = false;
+        resetCant(volatiles);
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Recharge });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (Status.is(stored.status, .SLP)) slp: {
+        const before = stored.status;
+        // Even if the EXT bit is set this will still correctly modify the sleep duration
+        // if (options.calc.modify(player, .sleep)) |extend| {
+        //     if (!extend) stored.status = 0;
+        // } else {
+        stored.status -= 1;
+        // }
+
+        const duration = Status.duration(stored.status);
+        if (!Status.is(stored.status, .EXT)) {
+            try options.chance.sleep(player, duration);
+        }
+
+        if (duration == 0) {
+            try log.curestatus(.{ ident, before, .Message });
+            stored.status = 0; // clears EXT if present
+            resetCant(volatiles);
+            volatiles.Nightmare = false;
+        } else {
+            try log.cant(.{ ident, .Sleep });
+            if (move == .Snore or move == .SleepTalk) break :slp;
+            resetCant(volatiles);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (Status.is(stored.status, .FRZ) and !(move == .FlameWheel or move == .SacredFire)) {
+        resetCant(volatiles);
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Freeze });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (volatiles.Flinch) {
+        // Pokémon Showdown doesn't clear Flinch until its imaginary "residual" phase, meaning
+        // Pokémon can sometimes flinch multiple times from the same original hit
+        // if (!showdown) volatiles.Flinch = false;
+        volatiles.Flinch = false;
+        resetCant(volatiles);
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Flinch });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (volatiles.disable.duration > 0) {
+        // if (options.calc.modify(player, .disable)) |extend| {
+        //     if (!extend) volatiles.disable.duration = 0;
+        // } else {
+        volatiles.disable.duration -= 1;
+        // }
+        try options.chance.disable(player, volatiles.disable.duration);
+
+        if (volatiles.disable.duration == 0) {
+            volatiles.disable.move = 0;
+            try log.end(.{ ident, .Disable });
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (volatiles.Confusion) {
+        assert(volatiles.confusion > 0);
+
+        // if (options.calc.modify(player, .confusion)) |extend| {
+        //     if (!extend) volatiles.confusion = 0;
+        // } else {
+        volatiles.confusion -= 1;
+        // }
+        try options.chance.confusion(player, volatiles.confusion);
+
+        if (volatiles.confusion == 0) {
+            volatiles.Confusion = false;
+            try log.end(.{ ident, .Confusion });
+        } else {
+            try log.activate(.{ ident, .Confusion });
+
+            if (try Rolls.confused(battle, player, options)) {
+                volatiles.BeatUp = false;
+                volatiles.Flinch = false;
+                resetCant(volatiles);
+
+                // TODO HitConfusion
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (volatiles.Attract) {
+        try log.activate(.{ ident, .Attract });
+
+        if (try Rolls.attract(battle, player, options)) {
+            resetCant(volatiles);
+            try log.cant(.{ ident, .Attract });
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (side.active.volatiles.disable.move != 0) {
+        // A Pokémon that transforms after being disable may end up with less move slots
+        const m = side.active.moves[side.active.volatiles.disable.move - 1].id;
+        if (m != .None and m == move) {
+            side.active.volatiles.Charging = false;
+            resetCant(volatiles);
+            try options.log.cant(.{ ident, .Disable, move });
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (Status.is(stored.status, .PAR) and try Rolls.paralyzed(battle, player, options)) {
+        resetCant(volatiles);
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Paralysis });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+fn resetCant(volatiles: *align(8) Volatiles) void {
+    volatiles.Bide = false;
+    volatiles.Thrashing = false;
+    volatiles.Charging = false;
+    volatiles.Underground = false;
+    volatiles.Flying = false;
+    volatiles.Rollout = false;
+
+    volatiles.fury_cutter = 0;
+}
+
+pub fn canMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !bool {
+    var side = battle.side(player);
+    const volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
+
+    // FIXME: pass in target to avoid lookup?
+    const target = if (Move.get(state.move).target == .Self) player else player.foe();
+    try options.log.move(.{ battle.active(player), state.move, battle.active(target), state.from });
+
+    const charging = false; // TODO charging uses doUse
+    const skip_pp = charging or state.move == .Struggle or
+        (volatiles.BeatUp or volatiles.Thrashing or volatiles.Bide);
+    if (!skip_pp) _ = decrementPP(side, state.move, state.mslot); // TODO if no pp return
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+pub fn canCharge(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !bool {
     _ = battle;
-    _ = c1;
-    _ = c2;
-    _ = log;
+    _ = player;
+    _ = state;
+    _ = options;
+    // TODO skipsuncharge account for SolarBeam
+    return true;
+}
 
-    return Result.Default;
+pub fn decrementPP(side: *Side, move: Move, mslot: u4) bool {
+    var active = &side.active;
+    const volatiles = &active.volatiles;
+
+    assert(move != .Struggle);
+    assert(!volatiles.Charging and !volatiles.BeatUp and !volatiles.Thrashing and !volatiles.Bide);
+
+    var move_slot = active.move(mslot);
+    if (move_slot.pp == 0) return false;
+
+    move_slot.pp = @as(u6, @intCast(move_slot.pp)) -% 1;
+    if (volatiles.Transform) return true;
+
+    move_slot = side.stored().move(mslot);
+    assert(move_slot.pp > 0);
+
+    if (move_slot.id == .Mimic and move != .Mimic) return true;
+
+    move_slot.pp = @as(u6, @intCast(move_slot.pp)) -% 1;
+    assert(active.move(mslot).pp == side.stored().move(mslot).pp);
+
+    return true;
 }
 
-pub fn choices(battle: anytype, player: Player, request: Choice.Type, out: []Choice) u8 {
+pub fn doMove(
+    comptime secondary: bool,
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    state: *State,
+    options: anytype,
+) !bool {
+    try checkCriticalHit(battle, player, state, options);
+    try calcDamage(battle, player, state, options);
+    try adjustDamage(battle, player, state, options);
+    try randomizeDamage(battle, player, state, options);
+    try checkHit(battle, player, state, options);
+    if (secondary) try effectChance(battle, player, state, options);
+    try applyDamage(battle, player, state, options);
+    try reportOutcome(battle, player, state, options);
+    if (try destinyBond(battle, player, state, options)) return false;
+    try buildRage(battle, player, state, options);
+    try kingsRock(battle, player, state, options);
+    return true;
+}
+
+pub fn afterMove(
+    comptime kings: bool,
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    state: *State,
+    options: anytype,
+) !bool {
+    if (try destinyBond(battle, player, state, options)) return false;
+    try buildRage(battle, player, state, options);
+    if (kings) try kingsRock(battle, player, state, options);
+    return true;
+}
+
+pub fn checkCriticalHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+    const move = Move.get(state.move);
+    if (state.bp == 0) return;
+
+    const side = battle.side(player);
+    const pokemon = side.stored();
+
+    var stage: u8 =
+        if ((pokemon.species == .Chansey and pokemon.item == .LuckyPunch) or
+        (pokemon.species == .Farfetchd and pokemon.item == .Stick)) 2 else 0;
+    if (stage == 0) {
+        if (side.active.volatiles.FocusEnergy) stage += 1;
+        if (move.effect.isHighCritical()) stage += 2;
+        if (pokemon.item == .ScopeLens) stage += 1;
+    }
+    assert(stage <= 4);
+
+    state.crit = try Rolls.criticalHit(battle, player, CRITICAL_HITS[stage], options);
+}
+
+pub fn calcDamage(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    state: *State,
+    options: anytype,
+) !void {
     _ = battle;
     _ = player;
-    _ = request;
-    _ = out;
+    _ = state;
+    _ = options;
+}
 
-    return 0;
+const FORESIGHT: Types = .{ .type1 = .Normal, .type2 = .Fighting };
+
+pub fn adjustDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+    if (state.move == .Struggle) return;
+
+    const side = battle.side(player);
+    const foe = battle.foe(player);
+    const types = foe.active.types;
+
+    var d = state.damage;
+    if ((state.type == .Water and battle.field.weather == .Rain) or
+        (state.type == .Fire and battle.field.weather == .Sun))
+    {
+        d = d *% @intFromEnum(Effectiveness.Super) / 10;
+    } else if ((state.type == .Water and battle.field.weather == .Sun) or
+        ((state.type == .Fire or state.move == .SolarBeam) and battle.field.weather == .Rain))
+    {
+        d = d *% @intFromEnum(Effectiveness.Resisted) / 10;
+    }
+
+    if (side.active.types.includes(state.type)) d +%= d / 2;
+
+    const neutral = @intFromEnum(Effectiveness.Neutral);
+    const foresight = foe.active.volatiles.Foresight and FORESIGHT.includes(state.type);
+    const eff1: u16 = if (foresight and types.type1 == .Ghost)
+        neutral
+    else
+        @intFromEnum(state.type.effectiveness(types.type1));
+    const eff2: u16 = if (foresight and types.type2 == .Ghost)
+        neutral
+    else
+        @intFromEnum(state.type.effectiveness(types.type2));
+
+    // Type effectiveness matchup precedence only matters with (NVE, SE)
+    if (!showdown and (eff1 + eff2) == Effectiveness.mismatch and
+        types.type1.precedence() > types.type2.precedence())
+    {
+        assert(eff2 != neutral);
+        d = d *% eff2 / 10;
+        assert(types.type1 != types.type2);
+        assert(eff1 != neutral);
+        d = d *% eff1 / 10;
+    } else {
+        if (eff1 != neutral) d = d *% eff1 / 10;
+        if (types.type1 != types.type2 and eff2 != neutral) d = d *% eff2 / 10;
+    }
+
+    state.effectiveness = if (types.type1 == types.type2) eff1 * neutral else eff1 * eff2;
+    state.damage = d;
+}
+
+pub fn randomizeDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+    if (state.damage <= 1) return;
+    const random = try Rolls.damage(battle, player, options);
+    options.calc.base(player.foe(), state.damage);
+    state.damage = @intCast(@as(u32, state.damage) *% random / 255);
+    options.calc.final(player.foe(), state.damage);
+}
+
+pub fn applyDamage(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    state: *State,
+    options: anytype,
+) !void {
+    // TODO failuretext (if not Bide) + applydamage
+    _ = battle;
+    _ = player;
+    _ = state;
+    _ = options;
+}
+
+// TODO: set damage = 0 if missed and not (High) Jump Kick
+pub fn checkHit(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    state: *State,
+    options: anytype,
+) !void {
+    const side = battle.side(player);
+    const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+    const move = Move.get(state.move);
+
+    if (move.effect == .DreamEater and !Status.is(foe.stored().status, .SLP)) {
+        state.miss = true;
+        return;
+    }
+    if (foe.active.volatiles.Protect) {
+        state.miss = true;
+        return;
+    }
+    const drain = move.effect == .DrainHP or move.effect == .DreamEater;
+    if (drain and foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+        state.miss = true;
+        return;
+    }
+    if (side.active.volatiles.LockOn) {
+        state.miss = !(foe.active.volatiles.Flying and move.extra.underground);
+        return;
+    }
+    assert(!(foe.active.volatiles.Flying and foe.active.volatiles.Underground));
+    if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying) {
+        if (!move.extra.flying) {
+            state.miss = true;
+            return;
+        }
+    } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+        if (!move.extra.underground) {
+            state.miss = true;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    if (move.effect == .Thunder) {
+        if (battle.field.weather == .Rain) {
+            state.miss = false;
+            return;
+        } else if (battle.field.weather == .Sun) {
+            // This latter part gets applied in a separate Thunder accuracy handler
+            // on the cartridge but it makes more sense to just do it here
+            state.accuracy = Gen12.percent(50) + 1;
+        }
+    }
+    if (move.effect == .AlwaysHit) {
+        state.miss = false;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    var accuracy: u16 = state.accuracy;
+    assert(accuracy > 0);
+    if (foe.active.boosts.evasion <= side.active.boosts.accuracy or
+        !foe.active.volatiles.Foresight)
+    {
+        var boost = ACCURACY_BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, side.active.boosts.accuracy) + 6))];
+        accuracy = accuracy * boost[0] / boost[1];
+        boost = ACCURACY_BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, -foe.active.boosts.evasion) + 6))];
+        accuracy = accuracy * boost[0] / boost[1];
+        accuracy = @min(255, @max(1, accuracy));
+    }
+
+    if (foe.stored().item == .BrightPowder) {
+        accuracy -|= 20;
+    }
+
+    // The accuracy roll is skipped entirely if maxed
+    state.miss = if (accuracy == 255)
+        false
+    else
+        !try Rolls.hit(battle, player, @intCast(accuracy), options);
+}
+
+fn checkFaint(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    options: anytype,
+) @TypeOf(options.log).Error!?Result {
+    const side = battle.side(player);
+    const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+    const player_fainted = side.stored().hp == 0;
+    const foe_fainted = foe.stored().hp == 0;
+    if (!(player_fainted or foe_fainted)) return null;
+
+    const player_out = player_fainted and findFirstAlive(side) == 0;
+    const foe_out = foe_fainted and findFirstAlive(foe) == 0;
+    const more = player_out or foe_out;
+
+    if (player_fainted) try faint(battle, player, !(more or foe_fainted), options);
+    if (foe_fainted) try faint(battle, player.foe(), !more, options);
+
+    if (player_out and foe_out) {
+        try options.log.tie(.{});
+        return Result.Tie;
+    } else if (player_out) {
+        try options.log.win(.{player.foe()});
+        return if (player == .P1) Result.Lose else Result.Win;
+    } else if (foe_out) {
+        try options.log.win(.{player});
+        return if (player == .P1) Result.Win else Result.Lose;
+    }
+
+    const foe_choice: Choice.Type = if (foe_fainted) .Switch else .Pass;
+    if (player == .P1) return .{ .p1 = .Switch, .p2 = foe_choice };
+    return .{ .p1 = foe_choice, .p2 = .Switch };
+}
+
+fn faint(battle: anytype, player: Player, done: bool, options: anytype) !void {
+    var side = battle.side(player);
+    var foe = battle.foe(player);
+    assert(side.stored().hp == 0);
+
+    var foe_volatiles = &foe.active.volatiles;
+    foe_volatiles.BeatUp = false;
+
+    // We always need to clear status for Pokémon Showdown's Sleep/Freeze Clause Mod
+    const status = side.stored().status;
+
+    side.stored().status = 0;
+    // This shouldn't matter, but Pokémon Showdown decides double switching priority based on speed,
+    // and resets a Pokémon's stats when it faints... only it still factors in paralysis -_-
+    if (showdown) {
+        side.active.stats.spe = if (Status.is(status, .PAR))
+            @max(side.stored().stats.spe / 4, 1)
+        else
+            side.stored().stats.spe;
+    }
+
+    try options.log.faint(.{ battle.active(player), done });
+    options.calc.capped(player);
+}
+
+// TODO: see if we can move *before* applyDamage and include failuretext logic
+pub fn reportOutcome(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+    const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+    if (state.crit) try options.log.crit(.{foe_ident});
+    if (!state.immune()) {
+        if (state.effectiveness > Effectiveness.neutral) {
+            try options.log.supereffective(.{foe_ident});
+        } else if (state.effectiveness < Effectiveness.neutral) {
+            try options.log.resisted(.{foe_ident});
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn effectChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+    const rate = Move.get(state.move).chance;
+    assert(rate > 0);
+    // FIXME: only commit secondary chance roll if effect actually is successful (doesn't fail)
+    state.proc = !battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Substitute and
+        try Rolls.secondaryChance(battle, player, rate, options);
+}
+
+fn handleResidual(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+    var side = battle.side(player);
+    var stored = side.stored();
+    const ident = battle.active(player);
+    var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
+
+    // TODO if (stored.hp == 0) return;
+    assert(stored.hp > 0);
+
+    const brn = Status.is(stored.status, .BRN);
+    if (brn or Status.is(stored.status, .PSN)) {
+        var damage: u16 = undefined;
+        if (volatiles.Toxic) {
+            volatiles.toxic += 1;
+            damage = @max(stored.stats.hp / 16, 1) * volatiles.toxic;
+        } else {
+            damage = @max(stored.stats.hp / 8, 1);
+        }
+
+        stored.hp -|= damage;
+        // Pokémon Showdown uses damage [of] here but its not relevant in Generation II
+        try options.log.damage(.{ ident, stored, if (brn) Damage.Burn else Damage.Poison });
+        if (stored.hp == 0) return true;
+    }
+
+    if (volatiles.LeechSeed) {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        // if (foe_stored.hp == 0) {
+        //     assert(showdown);
+        //     return;
+        // }
+
+        const damage = @max(stored.stats.hp / 8, 1);
+        stored.hp -|= damage;
+        // As above, Pokémon Showdown uses damage [of] but its not relevant
+        try options.log.damage(.{ ident, stored, .LeechSeed });
+
+        const before = foe_stored.hp;
+        foe_stored.hp = @min(foe_stored.hp + damage, foe_stored.stats.hp);
+        // Pokémon Showdown uses the less specific heal here instead of drain... because reasons?
+        if (foe_stored.hp > before) try options.log.heal(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored, .Silent });
+        if (stored.hp == 0) return true;
+    }
+
+    if (volatiles.Nightmare) {
+        stored.hp -= @max(stored.stats.hp / 4, 1);
+        // ibid
+        try options.log.damage(.{ ident, stored, .Nightmare });
+        if (stored.hp == 0) return true;
+    }
+
+    if (volatiles.Curse) {
+        stored.hp -= @max(stored.stats.hp / 4, 1);
+        // ibid
+        try options.log.damage(.{ ident, stored, .Curse });
+        if (stored.hp == 0) return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+fn betweenTurns(battle: anytype, mslot: u4, options: anytype) !?Result {
+    const players = comptime std.enums.values(Player);
+
+    if (try checkFaint(battle, .P1, options)) |r| return r;
+
+    // Future Sight
+    inline for (players) |player| {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var future_sight = &side.conditions.future_sight;
+
+        if (future_sight.count > 0) {
+            future_sight.count -= 1;
+            assert(future_sight.count != 0);
+            if (future_sight.count == 1) {
+                try options.log.end(.{ battle.active(player), .FutureSight });
+                // TODO doMove
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (try checkFaint(battle, .P1, options)) |r| return r;
+
+    // Weather
+    if (battle.field.weather != .None) {
+        battle.field.weather_duration -= 1;
+
+        if (battle.field.weather_duration == 0) {
+            battle.field.weather = .None;
+            try options.log.weather(.{ battle.field.weather, protocol.Weather.None });
+        } else {
+            try options.log.weather(.{ battle.field.weather, protocol.Weather.Upkeep });
+            if (battle.field.weather == .Sandstorm) {
+                inline for (players) |player| {
+                    var side = battle.side(player);
+                    const active = side.active;
+                    if (!(active.volatiles.Underground or active.types.sandstormImmune())) {
+                        side.stored().hp -|= @max(side.stored().stats.hp / 8, 1);
+                        try options.log.damage(.{
+                            battle.active(player),
+                            side.stored(),
+                            .Sandstorm,
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+                if (try checkFaint(battle, .P1, options)) |r| return r;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Binding
+    inline for (players) |player| {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+        if (volatiles.bind.duration > 0 and !volatiles.Substitute) {
+            volatiles.bind.duration -= 1;
+            if (volatiles.bind.duration == 0) {
+                const reason = @intFromEnum(End.Bind) + volatiles.bind.reason - 1;
+                try options.log.end(.{ ident, @as(End, @enumFromInt(reason)) });
+            } else {
+                var reason = @intFromEnum(Activate.Bind) + volatiles.bind.reason - 1;
+                try options.log.activate(.{ ident, @as(Activate, @enumFromInt(reason)) });
+
+                reason = @intFromEnum(Damage.Bind) + volatiles.bind.reason - 1;
+                side.stored().hp -|= @max(side.stored().stats.hp / 16, 1);
+                try options.log.damage(.{
+                    ident,
+                    side.stored(),
+                    @as(Damage, @enumFromInt(reason)),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (try checkFaint(battle, .P1, options)) |r| return r;
+
+    // Perish Song
+    inline for (players) |player| {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
+
+        if (volatiles.PerishSong) {
+            volatiles.perish_song -= 1;
+
+            assert(volatiles.perish_song < 3);
+            const reason = @intFromEnum(Start.PerishSong0) + volatiles.perish_song;
+            try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), @as(Start, @enumFromInt(reason)) });
+
+            if (volatiles.perish_song == 0) {
+                volatiles.PerishSong = false;
+                side.stored().hp = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (try checkFaint(battle, .P1, options)) |r| return r;
+
+    // Leftovers
+    inline for (players) |player| {
+        var stored = battle.side(player).stored();
+
+        if (stored.item == .Leftovers) {
+            const before = stored.hp;
+            stored.hp = @min(stored.hp + @max(stored.stats.hp / 16, 1), stored.stats.hp);
+            if (stored.hp > before) {
+                try options.log.heal(.{ battle.active(player), stored, .Leftovers });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Mystery Berry
+    inline for (players) |player| {
+        const stored = battle.side(player).stored();
+
+        if (stored.item == .MysteryBerry) {
+            // TODO stored and active moves, transform, etc
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Defrost
+    inline for (players) |player| {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        if (Status.is(side.stored().status, .FRZ) and
+            !side.active.volatiles.frozen and
+            try Rolls.defrost(battle, player, options))
+        {
+            try options.log.curestatus(.{ battle.active(player), side.stored().status, .Message });
+            side.stored().status = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Side Conditions
+    if (showdown) {
+        inline for (players) |player| {
+            try updateSideCondition(battle, player, "Reflect", "reflect", options);
+        }
+        inline for (players) |player| {
+            try updateSideCondition(battle, player, "LightScreen", "light_screen", options);
+        }
+        inline for (players) |player| {
+            try updateSideCondition(battle, player, "Safeguard", "safeguard", options);
+        }
+    } else {
+        inline for (players) |player| {
+            try updateSideCondition(battle, player, "Safeguard", "safeguard", options);
+        }
+        inline for (players) |player| {
+            try updateSideCondition(battle, player, "LightScreen", "light_screen", options);
+            try updateSideCondition(battle, player, "Reflect", "reflect", options);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Healing items
+    inline for (players) |player| {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var stored = side.stored();
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+        const num = @intFromEnum(stored.item);
+        if (num > @intFromEnum(Item.Berry)) {
+            if (num <= @intFromEnum(Item.GoldBerry)) {
+                const proc = if (showdown)
+                    stored.hp <= stored.stats.hp
+                else
+                    stored.hp < stored.stats.hp;
+                if (proc) {
+                    assert(stored.hp != 0);
+                    try options.log.enditem(.{ ident, stored.item, .Eat });
+                    stored.item = .None;
+
+                    const offset = num - @intFromEnum(Item.Berry);
+                    assert(offset < 3);
+                    stored.hp = @min(stored.hp + ((offset + 1) * 10), stored.stats.hp);
+                    const reason: Heal = @enumFromInt(@intFromEnum(Heal.Berry) + offset);
+                    try options.log.heal(.{ ident, stored, reason });
+                }
+            } else if (num < @intFromEnum(Item.BitterBerry)) {
+                const proc = if (stored.item == .MiracleBerry)
+                    Status.any(stored.status)
+                else
+                    Status.is(stored.status, @enumFromInt(num - @intFromEnum(Item.MintBerry) + 2));
+
+                if (proc) {
+                    assert(Status.any(stored.status));
+                    try options.log.enditem(.{ ident, stored.item, .Eat });
+                    stored.item = .None;
+
+                    // FIXME wtf?
+                    // side.active.volatiles.Toxic = false;
+                    // side.active.volatiles.Nightmare = false;
+                    if (stored.item == .MiracleBerry) {
+                        side.active.volatiles.Confusion = false;
+                        try options.log.end(.{ ident, .Confusion });
+                    }
+                    stored.status = 0;
+
+                    // FIXME recalc stats
+
+                    try options.log.curestatus(.{ ident, stored.status, .Message });
+                }
+            } else if (num == @intFromEnum(Item.BitterBerry)) {
+                if (side.active.volatiles.Confusion) {
+                    try options.log.enditem(.{ ident, stored.item, .Eat });
+                    stored.item = .None;
+
+                    side.active.volatiles.Confusion = false;
+                    try options.log.end(.{ ident, .Confusion });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Encore
+    inline for (players) |player| {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
+
+        if (volatiles.Encore) {
+            volatiles.encore -= 1;
+
+            if (volatiles.encore == 0 or side.active.move(mslot).pp == 0) {
+                volatiles.Encore = false;
+                try options.log.end(.{ battle.active(player), .Encore });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return null;
+}
+
+fn updateSideCondition(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    comptime key: []const u8,
+    comptime value: []const u8,
+    options: anytype,
+) !void {
+    var side = battle.side(player);
+    if (@field(side.conditions, key)) {
+        @field(side.conditions, value) -= 1;
+
+        if (@field(side.conditions, value) == 0) {
+            @field(side.conditions, key) = false;
+            try options.log.sideend(.{ player, @field(protocol.Side, key) });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn endTurn(battle: anytype, options: anytype) @TypeOf(options.log).Error!Result {
+    battle.turn += 1;
+
+    if (showdown and battle.turn >= 1000) {
+        try options.log.tie(.{});
+        return Result.Tie;
+    } else if (battle.turn >= 65535) {
+        return Result.Error;
+    }
+
+    try options.log.turn(.{battle.turn});
+
+    return Result.Default;
+}
+
+pub fn buildRage(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+    assert(!state.miss); // TODO
+    var foe = battle.foe(player);
+    if (foe.active.volatiles.Rage) {
+        if (showdown) {
+            // TODO if showdown boost
+            if (foe.active.boosts.atk < 6) {
+                try Effects.boost(battle, player, state, options);
+            }
+        } else {
+            foe.active.volatiles.rage +|= 1;
+            try options.log.activate(.{ battle.active(player), .Rage });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn kingsRock(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+    assert(!state.miss); // TODO
+    var foe = battle.foe(player);
+    const flinch = battle.side(player).stored().item == .KingsRock and
+        !foe.active.volatiles.Substitute and
+        try Rolls.item(battle, player, options);
+    if (flinch) {
+        foe.active.volatiles.Recharging = false;
+        foe.active.volatiles.Flinch = true;
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn destinyBond(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !bool {
+    const foe = battle.foe(player);
+    if (foe.stored().hp > 0) return false;
+
+    if (foe.active.volatiles.DestinyBond) {
+        battle.side(player).stored().hp = 0;
+        try options.log.activate(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .DestinyBond });
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+pub const Effects = struct {
+    pub fn attract(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        const side = battle.side(player);
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        const gender: u8 = @intFromEnum(side.stored().dvs.gender);
+        const foe_gender: u8 = @intFromEnum(foe.stored().dvs.gender);
+        if (gender + foe_gender != 1) {
+            return options.log.immune(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
+        } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+            try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+            return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+        }
+
+        foe.active.volatiles.Attract = true;
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .Attract });
+    }
+
+    pub fn batonPass(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn beatUp(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn bellyDrum(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+        // assert(!state.miss);
+        // var side = battle.side(player);
+        // try boostStat(battle, side, &side.active.stats, &side.active.boosts, "atk", 2);
+        // TODO
+        // |-boost|p1a: Poliwag|atk|2|[silent]
+        // |-fail|p1a: Poliwag
+        //
+    }
+
+    pub const bide = struct {
+        pub fn store(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+            var side = battle.side(player);
+            var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
+
+            const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+            if (!volatiles.Bide) return;
+
+            // if (options.calc.modify(player, .attacking)) |extend| {
+            //     if (!extend) volatiles.attacks = 0;
+            // } else {
+            volatiles.attacks -= 1;
+            // }
+            try options.chance.attacking(player, volatiles.attacks);
+
+            if (volatiles.attacks != 0) return options.log.activate(.{ ident, .Bide });
+
+            volatiles.Bide = false;
+            try options.log.end(.{ ident, .Bide });
+
+            state.damage = volatiles.bide *% 2;
+            volatiles.bide = 0;
+
+            if (state.damage == 0) state.miss = true;
+        }
+
+        pub fn unleash(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+            _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+        }
+    };
+
+    pub fn binding(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        if (state.miss) return;
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.bind.duration > 0) return;
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) return;
+
+        foe.active.volatiles.bind = .{
+            .duration = Rolls.bindingDuration(battle, player, options),
+            .reason = Move.get(state.move).extra.protocol,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn burnChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) return;
+        if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) {
+            if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .FRZ)) {
+                assert(Move.get(state.move).type == .Fire or state.move == .TriAttack);
+                try options.log.curestatus(.{
+                    battle.active(player.foe()),
+                    foe_stored.status,
+                    .Message,
+                });
+                foe_stored.status = 0;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!state.proc) return;
+        if (foe.conditions.Safeguard) return;
+        // Nothing is immune to Fire-type, but Ghosts are immune to burnChance called by Tri Attack
+        if (state.immune()) return;
+        if (foe.active.types.includes(Move.get(state.move).type) and state.move != .TriAttack) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foe_stored.status = Status.init(.BRN);
+        foe.active.stats.atk = @max(foe.active.stats.atk / 2, 1);
+
+        try options.log.status(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), foe_stored.status, .None });
+
+        // TODO: check for status berry
+    }
+
+    pub fn confusion(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn confusionChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn conversion(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        var n: u3 = 0;
+        for (side.active.moves) |m| {
+            if (convertible(side.active, m.id)) n += 1;
+        }
+        if (n == 0) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        side.active.types.type1 = try Rolls.conversion(battle, player, n, options);
+        side.active.types.type2 = side.active.types.type1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn conversion2(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        const last = battle.foe(player).lastMove(false);
+        if (last == .None) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        const move = Move.get(last);
+        if (move.type == .@"???") return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        side.active.types.type1 = try Rolls.conversion2(battle, player, move.type, options);
+        side.active.types.type2 = side.active.types.type1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn counter(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+        assert(state.move == .Counter or state.move == .MirrorCoat);
+
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        state.miss = true;
+        const last = foe.lastMove(false);
+
+        if (last == .None) return;
+        if (last == state.move) return;
+
+        const immune = state.immune();
+        state.effectiveness = Effectiveness.neutral;
+        if (immune) {
+            state.damage = 0;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const move = Move.get(last);
+        if (state.bp == 0) return;
+        if (move.type.special() != (last == .MirrorCoat)) return;
+        if (state.damage == 0) return;
+
+        state.damage *|= 2;
+        state.miss = false;
+    }
+
+    pub fn curse(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (side.active.types.includes(.Ghost)) {
+            if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+                try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+            } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+                return options.log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .SubstituteBlock, state.move });
+            } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Curse) {
+                return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+            }
+
+            foe.active.volatiles.Curse = true;
+            try options.log.start(.{ foe_ident, .Curse });
+
+            side.stored().hp -= @max(side.stored().stats.hp / 2, 1);
+            try options.log.damage(.{ ident, side.stored(), .Curse });
+        } else {
+            const stats = &side.active.stats;
+            const boosts = &side.active.boosts;
+
+            const max_atk = boosts.atk == 6 or stats.atk == MAX_STAT_VALUE;
+            const max_def = boosts.def == 6 or stats.def == MAX_STAT_VALUE;
+            if (max_atk and max_def) return options.log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+
+            if (!(boosts.spe == -6 or stats.spe == 1)) {
+                assert(boosts.spe >= -6 and boosts.spe <= 6);
+                try unboostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, "spe", 1);
+                try options.log.boost(.{ ident, .Speed, @as(i8, -1) });
+            }
+            if (!max_atk) {
+                assert(boosts.atk >= -6 and boosts.atk <= 6);
+                try boostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, "atk", 1);
+                try options.log.boost(.{ ident, .Attack, @as(i8, 1) });
+            }
+            if (!max_def) {
+                assert(boosts.def >= -6 and boosts.def <= 6);
+                try boostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, "def", 1);
+                try options.log.boost(.{ ident, .Defense, @as(i8, 1) });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn defenseCurl(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+        battle.side(player).active.volatiles.DefenseCurl = true;
+    }
+
+    pub fn defrost(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        assert(Status.is(side.stored().status, .FRZ));
+        try options.log.curestatus(.{ battle.active(player), side.stored().status, .Message });
+        side.stored().status = 0;
+    }
+
+    pub fn destinyBond(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        battle.side(player).active.volatiles.DestinyBond = true;
+        try options.log.singlemove(.{ battle.active(player), Move.DestinyBond });
+    }
+
+    pub fn disable(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var volatiles = &foe.active.volatiles;
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (volatiles.disable.move != 0) return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+
+        const last = battle.foe(player).lastMove(false);
+        if (last == .None or last == .Struggle) return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+
+        var slot: u3 = 0;
+        for (foe.active.moves) |m| {
+            assert(m.id != .None);
+            slot += 1;
+            if (m.id == last) break;
+        }
+        const move = foe.active.move(slot);
+        if (move.pp == 0) return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+
+        volatiles.disable.move = slot;
+        volatiles.disable.duration = Rolls.disableDuration(battle, player, options);
+
+        try options.log.start(.{ foe_ident, .Disable, move.id });
+    }
+
+    pub const double = struct {
+        pub fn flying(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+            if (battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Flying) state.damage *|= 2;
+        }
+
+        pub fn underground(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+            if (battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Underground) state.damage *|= 2;
+        }
+
+        pub fn minimize(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+            if (battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.minimized) state.damage *|= 2;
+        }
+    };
+
+    pub fn drainHP(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var stored = battle.side(player).stored();
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+        assert(state.damage != 0);
+
+        if (stored.hp == stored.stats.hp) return;
+        stored.hp = @min(stored.stats.hp, stored.hp + @max(state.damage / 2, 1));
+
+        try options.log.heal(.{ ident, stored, .Drain, battle.active(player.foe()) });
+    }
+
+    pub fn encore(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var volatiles = &foe.active.volatiles;
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        const last = battle.foe(player).lastMove(true);
+        const failed = volatiles.Encore or
+            (last == .None or last == .Struggle or
+            last == .Encore or .last == .MirrorMove);
+        if (failed) return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+
+        var slot: u3 = 0;
+        for (foe.active.moves) |m| {
+            assert(m.id != .None);
+            slot += 1;
+            if (m.id == last) break;
+        }
+        const move = foe.active.move(slot);
+        if (move.pp == 0) return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+
+        volatiles.Encore = true;
+        volatiles.encore = Rolls.encoreDuration(battle, player, options);
+
+        // TODO ???
+        _ = state;
+
+        try options.log.start(.{ foe_ident, .Encore, move.id });
+    }
+
+    pub fn explode(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn falseSwipe(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+        assert(foe.stored().hp > 0);
+        // FIXME crit?
+        if (state.damage > foe.stored().hp) state.damage = foe.stored().hp - 1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn fixedDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        const side = battle.side(player);
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        state.damage = switch (Move.get(state.move).effect) {
+            .SuperFang => @max(foe.stored().hp / 2, 1),
+            .LevelDamage => side.stored().level,
+            .FixedDamage => if (state.move == .SonicBoom) 20 else 40,
+            .Psywave => try Rolls.psywave(
+                battle,
+                player,
+                @intCast(@as(u16, side.stored().level) * 3 / 2),
+                options,
+            ),
+            else => unreachable,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn flinchChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+        const status = foe.stored().status;
+        var volatiles = &foe.active.volatiles;
+
+        if (volatiles.Substitute) return;
+        if (Status.is(status, .FRZ) or Status.is(status, .SLP)) return;
+        if (!state.first) return;
+        if (!state.proc) return;
+
+        volatiles.Flinch = true;
+        volatiles.Recharging = false;
+    }
+
+    pub fn flyDig(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn focusEnergy(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        if (side.active.volatiles.FocusEnergy) {
+            return if (!showdown) try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        }
+
+        side.active.volatiles.FocusEnergy = true;
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .FocusEnergy });
+    }
+
+    var SLOTS: [5]u4 = .{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+
+    pub fn forceSwitch(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        assert(!state.miss); // FIXME ensure checkHit handles fail message
+
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        if (state.first) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        var n: u4 = 0;
+        var i: u4 = 0;
+        for (foe.pokemon, 0..) |pokemon, j| {
+            if (pokemon.species == .None) break;
+            n += 1;
+            if (pokemon.position == 1) continue;
+            if (pokemon.hp > 0) {
+                SLOTS[i] = @intCast(foe.pokemon[j].position);
+                i += 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (n == 0) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        const slot = try Rolls.forceSwitch(battle, player, SLOTS[0..i], n, options);
+        try switchIn(battle, player.foe(), slot, .Drag, options);
+    }
+
+    pub fn foresight(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+            try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+            return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+        } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Foresight) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        }
+
+        foe.active.volatiles.Foresight = true;
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .FocusEnergy });
+    }
+
+    pub fn freezeChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) return;
+        if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) return;
+
+        // Nothing is immune to Ice-type, but Ghosts are immune to freezeChance called by Tri Attack
+        if (state.immune()) return;
+        if (battle.field.weather == .Sun) return;
+        if (foe.active.types.includes(Move.get(state.move).type) and state.move != .TriAttack) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!state.proc) return;
+        if (foe.conditions.Safeguard) return;
+        // Freeze Clause Mod
+        if (showdown) for (foe.pokemon) |p| if (Status.is(p.status, .FRZ)) return;
+
+        foe_stored.status = Status.init(.FRZ);
+        try options.log.status(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .None });
+
+        // TODO: check for status berry
+
+        foe.active.volatiles.Recharging = false;
+        foe.active.volatiles.frozen = true;
+    }
+
+    pub fn furyCutter(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn futureSight(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn happiness(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+        const val = battle.side(player).stored().happiness;
+        const frustration = Move.get(state.move).effect == .Frustration;
+        state.bp = ((if (frustration) 255 - val else val) * 10) / 25;
+    }
+
+    pub fn haze(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var stats = unmodifiedStats(battle, side);
+        side.active.boosts = .{};
+        inline for (STATS) |s| @field(side.active.stats, s) = @field(stats, s);
+        statusModify(side.stored().status, &side.active.stats);
+
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        stats = unmodifiedStats(battle, foe);
+        foe.active.boosts = .{};
+        inline for (STATS) |s| @field(foe.active.stats, s) = @field(stats, s);
+        statusModify(foe.stored().status, &foe.active.stats);
+
+        try options.log.clearallboost(.{});
+    }
+
+    pub fn heal(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var stored = side.stored();
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+        if (stored.stats.hp == stored.hp) return options.log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+
+        const rest = state.move == .Rest;
+        if (rest) {
+            // Adding the sleep status runs the sleep condition handler to roll duration
+            if (showdown) battle.rng.advance(1);
+            side.active.volatiles.Toxic = false;
+            stored.status = Status.slf(2);
+            recomputeStats(battle, side);
+            try options.log.status(.{ ident, stored.status, .From, Move.Rest });
+            stored.hp = stored.stats.hp;
+        } else {
+            stored.hp = @min(stored.stats.hp, stored.hp + (stored.stats.hp / 2));
+        }
+        try options.log.heal(.{ ident, stored, if (rest) Heal.Silent else Heal.None });
+    }
+
+    pub fn healBell(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        side.active.volatiles.Nightmare = false;
+
+        try options.log.cureteam(.{battle.active(player)});
+        for (&side.pokemon) |*p| p.status = 0;
+
+        // We technically only need to recompute stats if the active Pokémon was burned/paralyzed,
+        // but adding a branch to check for that is probably more expensive than just recomputing
+        recomputeStats(battle, side);
+    }
+
+    pub fn hiddenPower(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+        const side = battle.side(player);
+        state.bp = side.stored().dvs.power();
+        state.type = side.stored().dvs.type;
+    }
+
+    pub fn hyperBeam(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        battle.side(player).active.volatiles.Recharging = true;
+        try options.log.mustrecharge(.{battle.active(player)});
+    }
+
+    pub fn leechSeed(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        if (showdown) {
+            // Invulnerability trumps type immunity on Pokémon Showdown
+            const invulnerable = foe.active.volatiles.Underground or foe.active.volatiles.Flying;
+            if (!invulnerable and foe.active.types.includes(.Grass)) {
+                return options.log.immune(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
+            }
+            try checkHit(battle, player, state, options);
+            if (state.miss) {
+                try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+            }
+            if (foe.active.volatiles.LeechSeed) return;
+        } else {
+            try checkHit(battle, player, state, options);
+            const miss =
+                state.miss or foe.active.types.includes(.Grass) or foe.active.volatiles.LeechSeed;
+            if (miss) {
+                try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+            }
+        }
+
+        foe.active.volatiles.LeechSeed = true;
+
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .LeechSeed });
+    }
+
+    pub fn lockOn(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+            return options.log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .SubstituteBlock, state.move });
+        } else if (state.miss) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+        }
+
+        foe.active.volatiles.LockOn = true;
+        try options.log.activate(.{ battle.active(player), .LockOn });
+    }
+
+    const MAGNITUDE_POWER = [_]u8{ 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 150 };
+
+    pub fn magnitude(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        const num = try Rolls.magnitude(battle, player, options);
+        try options.log.activate(.{ battle.active(player), .Magnitude, num });
+        state.bp = MAGNITUDE_POWER[num - 4];
+    }
+
+    pub fn meanLook(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+            if (!showdown) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
+            try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+            return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+        } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Trapped) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
+        }
+
+        foe.active.volatiles.Trapped = true;
+    }
+
+    pub fn metronome(
+        battle: anytype,
+        player: Player,
+        state: *State,
+        options: anytype,
+    ) anyerror!void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        side.last_used_move = .None;
+        side.active.volatiles.dirty = false;
+
+        // if (wPlayerCharging) ???
+        // wPlayerCharging = 1
+
+        // FIXME
+        state.move = try Rolls.metronome(battle, player, options);
+        state.from = .Metronome;
+        return generated.runMove(battle, player, state, options);
+    }
+
+    pub fn mimic(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn mirrorMove(
+        battle: anytype,
+        player: Player,
+        state: *State,
+        options: anytype,
+    ) anyerror!void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        side.last_used_move = .None;
+        side.active.volatiles.dirty = false;
+
+        const last = foe.lastMove(false);
+
+        if (last == .None) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        const knows = knows: for (side.active.moves) |m| {
+            if (last == m.id) break :knows true;
+        } else false;
+        if (knows) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        // if (wPlayerCharging) ???
+        // wPlayerCharging = 1
+
+        // FIXME
+        state.move = last;
+        state.from = .MirrorMove;
+        return generated.runMove(battle, player, state, options);
+    }
+
+    pub fn mist(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        if (side.active.volatiles.Mist) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        side.active.volatiles.Mist = true;
+
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .Mist });
+    }
+
+    pub fn weatherHeal(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var stored = battle.side(player).stored();
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+        if (stored.hp == stored.stats.hp) return options.log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+
+        stored.hp = switch (battle.field.weather) {
+            .Sun => stored.stats.hp,
+            .None => @min(stored.stats.hp, stored.hp + (stored.stats.hp / 2)),
+            else => @min(stored.stats.hp, stored.hp + (stored.stats.hp / 4)),
+        };
+
+        try options.log.heal(.{ ident, stored, .None });
+    }
+
+    pub fn multiHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn nightmare(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_volatiles = &foe.active.volatiles;
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (foe_volatiles.Flying or foe_volatiles.Underground) {
+            if (!showdown) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
+            try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+            return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+        } else if (foe_volatiles.Substitute) {
+            return options.log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .SubstituteBlock, state.move });
+        } else if (!Status.is(foe.stored().status, .SLP) or foe_volatiles.Nightmare) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+        }
+
+        foe_volatiles.Nightmare = true;
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .Nightmare });
+    }
+
+    pub const ohko = struct {
+        // OHKO calls adjustDamage but only actually cares about immunity
+        pub fn immune(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+            const move = Move.get(state.move);
+
+            assert(move.type == .Normal or move.type == .Ground);
+            const foe = battle.foe(player);
+            const zero = if (move.type == .Normal)
+                foe.active.types.includes(.Ghost) and !foe.active.volatiles.Foresight
+            else
+                foe.active.types.includes(.Flying);
+            state.effectiveness = if (zero) 0 else Effectiveness.neutral;
+        }
+
+        pub fn damage(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+            const side = battle.side(player);
+            const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+            const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+            state.damage = 0;
+            if (state.immune()) return options.log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+            const delta = side.stored().level -| foe.stored().level;
+            if (delta == 0) return options.log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .OHKO });
+
+            state.accuracy = 2 * delta +| Gen12.percent(30);
+            try checkHit(battle, player, state, options);
+            if (!state.miss) state.damage = 65535;
+            state.ohko = true;
+        }
+    };
+
+    pub fn painSplit(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (state.miss) return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+            return options.log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .SubstituteBlock, state.move });
+        }
+
+        const avg = @max((foe.stored().hp + side.stored().hp) / 2, 1);
+        foe.stored().hp -= avg;
+        side.stored().hp = avg;
+
+        try options.log.sethp(.{ foe_ident, foe.stored(), .Silent });
+        try options.log.sethp(.{ ident, side.stored(), .None });
+    }
+
+    pub fn paralyze(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (Status.is(foe.stored().status, .PAR)) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .Paralysis });
+        }
+        if (state.immune()) return options.log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+        if (Status.any(foe.stored().status)) return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+        if (state.miss) {
+            try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+            return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+        } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+            return options.log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .SubstituteBlock, state.move });
+        }
+
+        foe.stored().status = Status.init(.PAR);
+        foe.active.stats.spe = @max(foe.active.stats.spe / 4, 1);
+
+        try options.log.status(.{ foe_ident, foe.stored().status, .None });
+    }
+
+    pub fn paralyzeChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) return;
+        if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) return;
+        if (state.immune()) return;
+        if (!state.proc) return;
+        if (foe.conditions.Safeguard) return;
+
+        foe_stored.status = Status.init(.PAR);
+        foe.active.stats.spe = @max(foe.active.stats.spe / 4, 1);
+
+        try options.log.status(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), foe_stored.status, .None });
+
+        // TODO: check for status berry
+    }
+
+    pub fn payDay(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        if (!showdown or !battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+            try options.log.fieldactivate(.{}); // FIXME .PayDay
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn perishSong(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.PerishSong) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
+        } else if (!side.active.volatiles.PerishSong) {
+            side.active.volatiles.PerishSong = true;
+            side.active.volatiles.perish_song = 4;
+            try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .PerishSong3Silent });
+        }
+        foe.active.volatiles.PerishSong = true;
+        foe.active.volatiles.perish_song = 4;
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .PerishSong3Silent });
+
+        try options.log.fieldactivate(.{}); // FIXME .PerishSong
+    }
+
+    pub fn poison(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        const toxic = state.move == .Toxic;
+        if (state.immune() or foe.active.types.includes(.Poison)) {
+            return options.log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+        } else if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) {
+            // Pokémon Showdown considers Toxic to be a status even in Generation II and so
+            // will not include a fail reason for Toxic vs. Poison or vice-versa...
+            return options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .PSN))
+                if (!showdown)
+                    Fail.Poison
+                else if (toxic == (foe_stored.status == Status.TOX))
+                    if (toxic) Fail.Toxic else Fail.Poison
+                else
+                    Fail.None
+            else
+                Fail.None });
+        } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+            return options.log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .SubstituteBlock, state.move });
+        } else if (state.miss) {
+            try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+            return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+        }
+
+        foe_stored.status = Status.init(.PSN);
+        if (toxic) {
+            if (showdown) foe_stored.status = Status.TOX;
+            foe.active.volatiles.Toxic = true;
+            foe.active.volatiles.toxic = 0;
+        }
+
+        try options.log.status(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .None });
+
+        // TODO: check for status berry
+    }
+
+    pub fn poisonChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) return;
+        if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) return if (showdown) battle.rng.advance(1);
+        if (state.immune() or foe.active.types.includes(.Poison)) return;
+        if (!state.proc) return;
+        if (foe.conditions.Safeguard) return;
+
+        foe_stored.status = Status.init(.PSN);
+
+        try options.log.status(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), foe_stored.status, .None });
+
+        // TODO: check for status berry
+    }
+
+    pub fn present(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn protect(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
+
+        const failed = !state.first or volatiles.Substitute or
+            !try Rolls.protect(battle, player, volatiles.protect, options);
+        if (failed) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        volatiles.protect = @max(8, volatiles.protect + 1);
+        if (state.move == .Endure) {
+            volatiles.Endure = true;
+        } else {
+            volatiles.Protect = true;
+        }
+        try options.log.singleturn(.{ battle.active(player), state.move });
+    }
+
+    pub fn psychUp(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        // Pokémon Showdown should fail when the enemy has no boosts/unboosts but doesn't
+        if (!showdown and @as(u32, @bitCast(foe.active.boosts)) == 0) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        }
+
+        side.active.boosts = foe.active.boosts;
+        try options.log.copyboost(.{ battle.active(player), battle.active(player.foe()) });
+    }
+
+    pub fn pursuit(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+        // TODO: remove switching variable and just look at Choice saved in Battle struct?
+        if (battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.switching) state.damage *|= 2;
+    }
+
+    pub const rage = struct {
+        pub fn start(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+            battle.side(player).active.volatiles.Rage = true;
+            try options.log.singlemove(.{ battle.active(player), Move.Rage });
+        }
+
+        pub fn damage(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+            const side = battle.side(player);
+
+            assert(side.active.volatiles.Rage);
+            state.damage *|= (side.active.volatiles.rage +| 1);
+        }
+    };
+
+    pub fn rainDance(battle: anytype, _: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        return weather(battle, .Rain, options);
+    }
+
+    pub fn rapidSpin(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        if (side.active.volatiles.LeechSeed) {
+            try options.log.end(.{ battle.active(player), .LeechSeedFrom });
+            side.active.volatiles.LeechSeed = false;
+        }
+
+        if (side.conditions.Spikes) {
+            try options.log.sideend(.{ player, protocol.Side.Spikes, battle.active(player) });
+            side.conditions.Spikes = false;
+        }
+
+        if (side.active.volatiles.bind.duration > 0) {
+            const reason = @intFromEnum(End.Bind) + side.active.volatiles.bind.reason - 1;
+            try options.log.end(.{ battle.active(player), @as(End, @enumFromInt(reason)) });
+            side.active.volatiles.bind = .{};
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn recoil(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        var stored = side.stored();
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+        assert(state.damage > 0);
+
+        const damage: i16 = @intCast(@max(state.damage / 4, 1));
+        stored.hp = @intCast(@max(@as(i16, @intCast(stored.hp)) - damage, 0));
+
+        try options.log.damage(.{ ident, stored, .RecoilOf, battle.active(player.foe()) });
+    }
+
+    pub fn reversal(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        const stored = battle.side(player).stored();
+
+        // Pokémon Showdown Gen II implementation incorrectly inherits Gen IV's table instead
+        state.bp = if (showdown) power: {
+            const x = @max(1, stored.hp * 64 / stored.stats.hp);
+            if (x < 2) break :power 200;
+            if (x < 6) break :power 150;
+            if (x < 13) break :power 100;
+            if (x < 22) break :power 80;
+            if (x < 43) break :power 40;
+            break :power 20;
+        } else power: {
+            const x = @max(1, stored.hp * 48 / stored.stats.hp);
+            if (x < 1) break :power 200;
+            if (x < 4) break :power 150;
+            if (x < 9) break :power 100;
+            if (x < 16) break :power 80;
+            if (x < 32) break :power 40;
+            break :power 20;
+        };
+
+        try calcDamage(battle, player, state, options);
+    }
+
+    pub const rollout = struct {
+        pub fn check(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+            var side = battle.side(player);
+
+            if (!side.active.volatiles.Rollout) {
+                side.active.volatiles.attacks = 0;
+            } else {
+                // TODO SkipToBattleCommand(doturn_command)
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub fn power(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, _: anytype) !void {
+            var side = battle.side(player);
+
+            if (Status.is(side.stored().status, .SLP)) return;
+
+            if (side.active.volatiles.attacks > 0) {
+                // TODO set wSomeoneIsRampaging
+            }
+
+            if (state.miss) {
+                side.active.volatiles.Rollout = false;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            assert(side.active.volatiles.attacks < 5);
+            side.active.volatiles.attacks += 1;
+            side.active.volatiles.Rollout = side.active.volatiles.attacks != 5;
+
+            if (side.active.volatiles.DefenseCurl) state.damage *|= 2;
+        }
+    };
+
+    pub fn sandstorm(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        if (battle.field.weather != .Sandstorm) return weather(battle, .Sandstorm, options);
+        return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+    }
+
+    pub fn safeguard(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        return screens(battle, player, "Safeguard", "safeguard", options);
+    }
+
+    pub fn reflect(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        return screens(battle, player, "Reflect", "reflect", options);
+    }
+
+    pub fn lightScreen(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        return screens(battle, player, "LightScreen", "light_screen", options);
+    }
+
+    fn screens(
+        battle: anytype,
+        player: Player,
+        comptime key: []const u8,
+        comptime value: []const u8,
+        options: anytype,
+    ) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        if (@field(side.conditions, key)) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        }
+
+        @field(side.conditions, key) = true;
+        @field(side.conditions, value) = 5;
+        try options.log.sidestart(.{ player, @field(protocol.Side, key) });
+    }
+
+    pub fn sketch(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        side.last_used_move = .None;
+        side.active.volatiles.dirty = false;
+
+        if (showdown) {
+            // yes, actually "Splash". '|nothing' gets blindly mapped to  '|-activate||move:Splash'
+            try options.log.activate(.{ battle.active(player), .Splash });
+        } else {
+            try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sleep(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{
+                foe_ident,
+                if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .SLP)) Fail.Sleep else Fail.None,
+            });
+        }
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+            return options.log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .SubstituteBlock, state.move });
+        }
+
+        // Sleep Clause Mod
+        if (showdown) {
+            for (foe.pokemon) |p| {
+                if (Status.is(p.status, .SLP) and !Status.is(p.status, .EXT)) return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        foe_stored.status = Status.slp(Rolls.sleepDuration(battle, player, options));
+        try options.log.status(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .From, state.move });
+    }
+
+    pub fn sleepTalk(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        const side = battle.side(player);
+
+        if (!Status.is(side.stored().status, .SLP)) {
+            return if (!showdown) try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        }
+
+        var n: u3 = 0;
+        for (side.active.moves, 0..) |m, i| {
+            if (state.mslot - 1 != i and Move.get(m.id).extra.sleep_talk) n += 1;
+        }
+        if (n == 0) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        _ = try Rolls.sleepTalk(battle, player, n, state.mslot, options); // TODO
+    }
+
+    pub fn snore(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !bool {
+        if (Status.is(battle.side(player).stored().status, .SLP)) return true;
+        state.damage = 0;
+        state.miss = true; // TODO is this necessary?
+        if (!showdown) try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    pub fn spikes(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        if (foe.conditions.Spikes) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        foe.conditions.Spikes = true;
+        try options.log.sidestart(.{ player.foe(), protocol.Side.Spikes });
+    }
+
+    pub fn spite(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+        // var foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        // if (state.miss) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+
+        // const last = foe.lastMove(false);
+        // if (showdown) {
+        //     const roll = try Rolls.spite(battle, player, options);
+        // } else {
+        //     if (last != .None) {}
+        // }
+    }
+
+    pub fn splash(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        try options.log.activate(.{ battle.active(player), .Splash });
+    }
+
+    pub fn substitute(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        if (side.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .Substitute });
+        }
+
+        assert(side.stored().stats.hp <= 1023);
+        const hp: u8 = @intCast(side.stored().stats.hp / 4);
+
+        if (hp == 0 or side.stored().hp <= hp) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .Weak });
+        }
+
+        side.stored().hp -= hp;
+        side.active.volatiles.substitute = hp;
+        side.active.volatiles.Substitute = true;
+        side.active.volatiles.bind = .{};
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .Substitute });
+        try options.log.damage(.{ battle.active(player), side.stored(), .None });
+    }
+
+    pub fn sunnyDay(battle: anytype, _: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        return weather(battle, .Sun, options);
+    }
+
+    fn weather(battle: anytype, w: Weather, options: anytype) !void {
+        battle.field.weather = w;
+        battle.field.weather_duration = 5;
+        try options.log.weather(.{ w, protocol.Weather.None });
+    }
+
+    pub fn teleport(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        if (showdown) return;
+
+        try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        try options.log.laststill(.{});
+    }
+
+    pub fn thief(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        const side = battle.side(player);
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        if (side.stored().item != .None or foe.stored().item == .None) return;
+        // Pokémon Showdown incorrectly allows you steal Mail
+        if (!showdown and foe.stored().item.isMail()) return;
+        if (!state.proc) return;
+
+        side.stored().item = foe.stored().item;
+        foe.stored().item = .None;
+
+        try options.log.item(.{
+            battle.active(player),
+            side.stored().item,
+            battle.active(player.foe()),
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn thrashing(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        if (Status.is(side.stored().status, .SLP)) return;
+
+        assert(!side.active.volatiles.Thrashing);
+        side.active.volatiles.Thrashing = true;
+        side.active.volatiles.attacks = Rolls.attackingDuration(battle, player, options);
+        // TODO wSomeoneIsRampaging = true;
+    }
+
+    pub fn transform(battle: anytype, player: Player, _: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        side.last_used_move = .None;
+        side.active.volatiles.dirty = false;
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Transform) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+        } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+            if (!showdown) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+            try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+            return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+        }
+
+        side.active.volatiles.Transform = true;
+        side.active.volatiles.transform = foe_ident.int();
+        side.active.volatiles.disable = .{};
+
+        // HP is not copied by Transform
+        side.active.stats.atk = foe.active.stats.atk;
+        side.active.stats.def = foe.active.stats.def;
+        side.active.stats.spe = foe.active.stats.spe;
+        side.active.stats.spa = foe.active.stats.spa;
+        side.active.stats.spd = foe.active.stats.spd;
+
+        side.active.species = foe.active.species;
+        side.active.types = foe.active.types;
+        side.active.boosts = foe.active.boosts;
+        for (foe.active.moves, 0..) |m, i| {
+            side.active.moves[i].id = m.id;
+            side.active.moves[i].pp = if (m.id != .None) if (m.id == .Sketch) 1 else 5 else 0;
+        }
+
+        try options.log.transform(.{ battle.active(player), foe_ident });
+    }
+
+    pub fn triAttack(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        // FIXME only commit effectchance and triattack rolls if actually does something...
+        try effectChance(battle, player, state, options);
+        if (state.proc) {
+            try switch (try Rolls.triAttack(battle, player, options)) {
+                .PAR => paralyzeChance(battle, player, state, options),
+                .FRZ => freezeChance(battle, player, state, options),
+                .BRN => burnChance(battle, player, state, options),
+            };
+        } else if (!showdown) battle.rng.advance(1);
+    }
+
+    pub fn tripleKick(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        _ = .{ battle, player, state, options }; // TODO
+    }
+
+    const STAT_UP_REASONS =
+        [_]Boost{ .Attack, .Defense, .Speed, .SpecialAttack, .SpecialDefense };
+
+    pub fn allStatUpChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+
+        const stats = &side.active.stats;
+        const boosts = &side.active.boosts;
+
+        if (!state.proc) return;
+        inline for (STATS, STAT_UP_REASONS) |s, r| {
+            assert(@field(boosts, s) >= -6 and @field(boosts, s) <= 6);
+            if (@field(boosts, s) == 6 or @field(stats, s) == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
+                try options.log.boost(.{ battle.active(player), r, 0 });
+            } else {
+                try boostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, s, 1);
+                try options.log.boost(.{ battle.active(player), r, 1 });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn boost(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var log = options.log;
+        var side = battle.side(player);
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+        if (state.miss) return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+
+        const stats = &side.active.stats;
+        var boosts = &side.active.boosts;
+
+        const move = Move.get(state.move);
+        switch (move.effect) {
+            .AttackUp1, .AttackUp2, .Rage, .Swagger => {
+                assert(boosts.atk >= -6 and boosts.atk <= 6);
+                if (boosts.atk == 6 or stats.atk == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+                }
+                const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .AttackUp2 or move.effect == .Swagger) 2 else 1;
+                try boostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, "atk", n);
+                const reason = if (showdown and move.effect == .Rage) Boost.Rage else Boost.Attack;
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, reason, n });
+            },
+            .DefenseUp1, .DefenseUp2, .SkullBash => {
+                assert(boosts.def >= -6 and boosts.def <= 6);
+                if (boosts.def == 6 or stats.def == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+                }
+                const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .DefenseUp2) 2 else 1;
+                try boostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, "def", n);
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .Defense, n });
+            },
+            .SpeedUp2 => {
+                assert(boosts.spe >= -6 and boosts.spe <= 6);
+                if (boosts.spe == 6 or stats.spe == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+                }
+                try boostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, "spe", 2);
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .Speed, 2 });
+            },
+            .SpAtkUp1 => {
+                assert(boosts.spa >= -6 and boosts.spa <= 6);
+                if (boosts.spa == 6 or stats.spa == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+                }
+                try boostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, "spa", 1);
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .SpecialAttack, 1 });
+            },
+            .SpDefUp2 => {
+                assert(boosts.spd >= -6 and boosts.spd <= 6);
+                if (boosts.spd == 6 or stats.spd == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+                }
+                try boostStat(battle, side, stats, boosts, "spd", 2);
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .SpecialDefense, 2 });
+            },
+            .EvasionUp1 => {
+                assert(boosts.evasion >= -6 and boosts.evasion <= 6);
+                if (boosts.evasion == 6) return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+                boosts.evasion = @intCast(@min(6, @as(i8, boosts.evasion) + 1));
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .Evasion, 1 });
+                if (state.move == .Minimize) side.active.volatiles.minimized = true;
+            },
+            else => unreachable,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn unboost(battle: anytype, player: Player, state: *State, options: anytype) !void {
+        var log = options.log;
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Mist) {
+            try log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .Mist });
+            return log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+        }
+
+        const fail = foe.active.volatiles.Substitute or state.miss or !state.proc;
+
+        const stats = &foe.active.stats;
+        var boosts = &foe.active.boosts;
+
+        const move = Move.get(state.move);
+        const none: Fail = .None;
+        switch (move.effect) {
+            .AttackDown1, .AttackDown2, .AttackDownChance => {
+                assert(boosts.atk >= -6 and boosts.atk <= 6);
+                if (fail or boosts.atk == -6) {
+                    return if (move.effect != .AttackDownChance) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, none });
+                } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+                    try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                    return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+                } else if (stats.atk == 1) {
+                    return if (move.effect != .AttackDownChance) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, none });
+                }
+                const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .AttackDown2) 2 else 1;
+                try unboostStat(battle, foe, stats, boosts, "atk", n);
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Attack, -@as(i8, n) });
+            },
+            .DefenseDown1, .DefenseDown2, .DefenseDownChance => {
+                assert(boosts.def >= -6 and boosts.def <= 6);
+                if (fail or boosts.def == -6) {
+                    if (move.effect != .DefenseDownChance) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, none });
+                    return;
+                } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+                    try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                    return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+                } else if (stats.def == 1) {
+                    if (move.effect != .DefenseDownChance) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, none });
+                    return;
+                }
+                const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .DefenseDown2) 2 else 1;
+                try unboostStat(battle, foe, stats, boosts, "def", n);
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Defense, -@as(i8, n) });
+            },
+            .SpeedDown1, .SpeedDown2, .SpeedDownChance => {
+                assert(boosts.spe >= -6 and boosts.spe <= 6);
+                if (fail or boosts.spe == -6) {
+                    return if (move.effect != .SpeedDownChance) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, none });
+                } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+                    try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                    return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+                } else if (stats.spe == 1) {
+                    return if (move.effect != .SpeedDownChance) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, none });
+                }
+                const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .SpeedDown2) 2 else 1;
+                try unboostStat(battle, foe, stats, boosts, "spe", n);
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Speed, -@as(i8, n) });
+            },
+            .SpDefDownChance => {
+                assert(boosts.spd >= -6 and boosts.spd <= 6);
+                if (fail or boosts.spd == -6) return;
+                if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+                    try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                    return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+                } else if (stats.spd == 1) return;
+                try unboostStat(battle, foe, stats, boosts, "spd", 1);
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .SpecialDefense, -1 });
+            },
+            .AccuracyDown1, .AccuracyDownChance => {
+                assert(boosts.accuracy >= -6 and boosts.accuracy <= 6);
+                if (fail or boosts.accuracy == -6) {
+                    if (move.effect != .AccuracyDownChance) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, none });
+                    return;
+                } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Flying or foe.active.volatiles.Underground) {
+                    try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                    return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
+                }
+                boosts.accuracy = @intCast(@max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.accuracy) - 1));
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Accuracy, -1 });
+            },
+            else => unreachable,
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+fn unmodifiedStats(battle: anytype, side: *Side) *Stats(u16) {
+    if (!side.active.volatiles.Transform) return &side.stored().stats;
+    const id = ID.from(side.active.volatiles.transform);
+    return &battle.side(id.player).pokemon[id.id - 1].stats;
+}
+
+fn recomputeStats(battle: anytype, side: *Side) void {
+    const stats = unmodifiedStats(battle, side);
+    inline for (STATS) |s| {
+        const mod = STAT_BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, @field(side.active.boosts, s)) + 6))];
+        const val = @field(stats, s) * mod[0] / mod[1];
+        @field(side.active.stats, s) = @max(1, @min(MAX_STAT_VALUE, val));
+    }
+}
+
+fn statusModify(status: u8, stats: *Stats(u16)) void {
+    if (Status.is(status, .PAR)) {
+        stats.spe = @max(stats.spe / 4, 1);
+    } else if (Status.is(status, .BRN)) {
+        stats.atk = @max(stats.atk / 2, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+fn boostStat(
+    battle: anytype,
+    side: *Side,
+    stats: *Stats(u16),
+    boosts: *Boosts,
+    comptime s: []const u8,
+    n: u2,
+) !void {
+    @field(boosts, s) = @intCast(@min(6, @as(i8, @field(boosts, s)) + n));
+    const mod = STAT_BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, @field(boosts, s)) + 6))];
+    const stat = @field(unmodifiedStats(battle, side), s);
+    @field(stats, s) = @min(MAX_STAT_VALUE, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
+    if (comptime std.mem.eql(u8, s, "atk")) {
+        if (Status.is(side.stored().status, .BRN)) {
+            @field(stats, s) = @max(@field(stats, s) / 2, 1);
+        }
+    } else if (comptime std.mem.eql(u8, s, "spe")) {
+        if (Status.is(side.stored().status, .PAR)) {
+            @field(stats, s) = @max(@field(stats, s) / 4, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn unboostStat(
+    battle: anytype,
+    side: *Side,
+    stats: *Stats(u16),
+    boosts: *Boosts,
+    comptime s: []const u8,
+    n: u2,
+) !void {
+    @field(boosts, s) = @intCast(@max(-6, @as(i8, @field(boosts, s)) - n));
+    const mod = STAT_BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, @field(boosts, s)) + 6))];
+    const stat = @field(unmodifiedStats(battle, side), s);
+    @field(stats, s) = @max(1, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
+    if (comptime std.mem.eql(u8, s, "atk")) {
+        if (Status.is(side.stored().status, .BRN)) {
+            @field(stats, s) = @max(@field(stats, s) / 2, 1);
+        }
+    } else if (comptime std.mem.eql(u8, s, "spe")) {
+        if (Status.is(side.stored().status, .PAR)) {
+            @field(stats, s) = @max(@field(stats, s) / 4, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn isForced(active: anytype) bool {
+    return active.volatiles.Recharging or active.volatiles.Rage or
+        active.volatiles.Thrashing or active.volatiles.Charging or
+        active.volatiles.Rollout;
+}
+
+fn convertible(active: ActivePokemon, m: Move) bool {
+    if (m == .None) return false;
+    const t = Move.get(m).type;
+    return t != .@"???" and !active.types.includes(t);
+}
+
+pub const Rolls = struct {
+    fn speedTie(battle: anytype, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const p1 = if (options.calc.overridden(.P1, .speed_tie)) |player|
+            player == .P1
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u8, 0, 2) == 0
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(50) + 1;
+
+        try options.chance.speedTie(p1);
+        return p1;
+    }
+
+    fn quickClaw(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const qkc = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .quick_claw)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, 60, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < 60;
+
+        try options.chance.quickClaw(player, qkc);
+        return qkc;
+    }
+
+    fn hit(battle: anytype, player: Player, accuracy: u8, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const ok = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .hit)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, accuracy, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < accuracy;
+
+        try options.chance.hit(player, ok, accuracy);
+        return ok;
+    }
+
+    fn criticalHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, rate: u8, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const crit = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .critical_hit)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, rate, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < rate;
+
+        try options.chance.criticalHit(player, crit, rate);
+        return crit;
+    }
+
+    fn damage(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !u8 {
+        const roll = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .damage)) |val|
+            val
+        else roll: {
+            if (showdown) break :roll battle.rng.range(u8, 217, 256);
+            while (true) {
+                const r = std.math.rotr(u8, battle.rng.next(), 1);
+                if (r >= 217) break :roll r;
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(roll >= 217 and roll <= 255);
+        try options.chance.damage(player, roll);
+        return roll;
+    }
+
+    fn confused(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const cfz = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .confused)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            !battle.rng.chance(u8, 128, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() >= Gen12.percent(50) + 1;
+
+        try options.chance.confused(player, cfz);
+        return cfz;
+    }
+
+    fn attract(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const cant = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .attract)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, 1, 2)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() > Gen12.percent(50) + 1;
+
+        try options.chance.attract(player, cant);
+        return cant;
+    }
+
+    fn paralyzed(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const par = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .paralyzed)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, 63, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(25);
+
+        try options.chance.paralyzed(player, par);
+        return par;
+    }
+
+    fn defrost(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const thaw = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .defrost)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, 25, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(10);
+
+        try options.chance.defrost(player, thaw);
+        return thaw;
+    }
+
+    fn secondaryChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, rate: u8, options: anytype) !bool {
+        // GLITCH: 100% secondary chance will still fail 1/256 of the time
+        const proc = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .secondary_chance)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, rate, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < rate;
+
+        try options.chance.secondaryChance(player, proc, rate);
+        return proc;
+    }
+
+    fn item(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const proc = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .item)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, 30, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < 30;
+
+        try options.chance.item(player, proc);
+        return proc;
+    }
+
+    fn triAttack(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !TriAttack {
+        const status: TriAttack = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .tri_attack)) |val|
+            @enumFromInt(@intFromEnum(val) - 1)
+        else if (showdown)
+            @enumFromInt(battle.rng.range(u2, 0, 2))
+        else loop: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = std.math.rotr(u8, battle.rng.next(), 4) & 3;
+                if (r != 0) break :loop @enumFromInt(r - 1);
+            }
+        };
+
+        try options.chance.triAttack(player, status);
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    fn present(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !u8 {
+        const power = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .present)) |val|
+            (val - 1) * 40
+        else if (showdown) power: {
+            const r = battle.rng.range(u8, 0, 10);
+            if (r < 2) break :power 0;
+            if (r < 6) break :power 40;
+            if (r < 9) break :power 80;
+            break :power 120;
+        } else power: {
+            const r = battle.rng.next();
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(40)) break :power 40;
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(70) + 1) break :power 80;
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(80)) break :power 120;
+            break :power 0;
+        };
+
+        assert(power <= 120);
+        try options.chance.present(player, power);
+        return power;
+    }
+
+    fn magnitude(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !u8 {
+        const num: u8 = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .magnitude)) |val|
+            val + 3
+        else if (showdown) num: {
+            const r = battle.rng.range(u8, 0, 100);
+            if (r < 5) break :num 4;
+            if (r < 15) break :num 5;
+            if (r < 35) break :num 6;
+            if (r < 65) break :num 7;
+            if (r < 85) break :num 8;
+            if (r < 95) break :num 9;
+            break :num 10;
+        } else num: {
+            const r = battle.rng.next();
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(5) + 1) break :num 4;
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(15)) break :num 5;
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(35)) break :num 6;
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(65) + 1) break :num 7;
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(85) + 1) break :num 8;
+            if (r <= Gen12.percent(95)) break :num 9;
+            break :num 10;
+        };
+
+        assert(num >= 4 and num <= 10);
+        try options.chance.magnitude(player, num);
+        return num;
+    }
+
+    fn tripleKick(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !u2 {
+        const hits = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .triple_kick)) |val|
+            val
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u2, 1, 4)
+        else power: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next() & 3;
+                if (r != 0) break :power r - 1;
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(hits >= 1 and hits <= 3);
+        try options.chance.tripleKick(player, hits);
+        return hits;
+    }
+
+    fn spite(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !u8 {
+        const pp = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .spite)) |val|
+            val + 1
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u8, 2, 6)
+        else
+            (battle.rng.next() & 3) + 2;
+
+        assert(pp >= 2 and pp <= 5);
+        try options.chance.spite(player, pp);
+        return pp;
+    }
+
+    // Conversion 2 can at most choose between 7 types (vs. a Grass-type attack)
+    var CONVERSION_2: [7]Type = [_]Type{.@"???"} ** 7;
+
+    fn conversion2(battle: anytype, player: Player, mtype: Type, options: anytype) !Type {
+        var i: u8 = 0;
+        const neutral = @intFromEnum(Effectiveness.Neutral);
+        assert(mtype != .@"???");
+        const ty: Type = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .conversion_2)) |val|
+            @enumFromInt(@intFromEnum(val) - 1)
+        else if (showdown) ty: {
+            for (Type.SHOWDOWN) |t| {
+                if (@intFromEnum(mtype.effectiveness(t)) < neutral) {
+                    CONVERSION_2[i] = t;
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            assert(i > 0 and i <= 7);
+            break :ty CONVERSION_2[battle.rng.range(u8, 0, i)];
+        } else ty: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next() & 0b11111;
+                if (r == 6) continue; // BIRD
+                if (r > 9 and r < 20) continue; // UNUSED_TYPES
+                if (r > 27) continue; // TYPES_END
+
+                const t = Type.conversion2(r);
+                if (@intFromEnum(mtype.effectiveness(t)) < neutral) {
+                    break :ty t;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(ty != .@"???");
+        try options.chance.conversion2(player, ty, mtype, i);
+        return ty;
+    }
+
+    fn protect(battle: anytype, player: Player, count: u8, options: anytype) !bool {
+        assert(count <= 8);
+        const num = if (count == 8) 0 else @as(u8, 255) >> @intCast(count);
+
+        const ok = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .protect)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, num, 255)
+        else protected: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next();
+                if (r != 0) break :protected !(num <= r - 1);
+            }
+        };
+
+        try options.chance.protect(player, num, ok);
+        return ok;
+    }
+
+    fn conversion(battle: anytype, player: Player, n: u4, options: anytype) !Type {
+        assert(n > 0);
+
+        const active = battle.side(player).active;
+        const moves = active.moves;
+
+        // TODO: consider throwing error instead of rerolling?
+        const overridden = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .move_slot)) |val|
+            if (convertible(active, moves[val - 1].id)) val else null
+        else
+            null;
+
+        const slot: u4 = overridden orelse slot: {
+            if (showdown) {
+                var r = battle.rng.range(u4, 0, n) + 1;
+                var i: usize = 0;
+                while (i < moves.len and r > 0) : (i += 1) {
+                    if (convertible(active, moves[i].id)) {
+                        r -= 1;
+                        if (r == 0) break :slot @intCast(i + 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break :slot @intCast(i + 1);
+            } else {
+                while (true) {
+                    const r: u4 = @intCast(battle.rng.next() & 3);
+                    if (convertible(active, moves[r].id)) break :slot @intCast(r + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(n >= 1 and n <= 4);
+        assert(slot >= 1 and slot <= 4);
+        try options.chance.moveSlot(player, slot, n);
+        return Move.get(active.move(slot).id).type;
+    }
+
+    fn sleepTalk(battle: anytype, player: Player, n: u4, mslot: u4, options: anytype) !u4 {
+        assert(n > 0);
+
+        const active = battle.side(player).active;
+        const moves = active.moves;
+
+        // TODO: consider throwing error instead of rerolling?
+        const overridden = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .move_slot)) |val|
+            if (val != mslot and Move.get(moves[val - 1].id).extra.sleep_talk) val else null
+        else
+            null;
+
+        const slot: u4 = overridden orelse slot: {
+            if (showdown) {
+                var r = battle.rng.range(u4, 0, n) + 1;
+                var i: usize = 0;
+                while (i < moves.len and r > 0) : (i += 1) {
+                    if (i + 1 != mslot and Move.get(moves[i].id).extra.sleep_talk) {
+                        r -= 1;
+                        if (r == 0) break :slot @intCast(i + 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break :slot @intCast(i + 1);
+            } else {
+                while (true) {
+                    const r: u4 = @intCast(battle.rng.next() & 3);
+                    if (r + 1 == mslot or !Move.get(moves[r].id).extra.sleep_talk) continue;
+                    break :slot @intCast(r + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(n >= 1 and n <= 4);
+        assert(slot >= 1 and slot <= 4);
+        try options.chance.moveSlot(player, slot, n);
+        return slot;
+    }
+
+    fn forceSwitch(
+        battle: anytype,
+        player: Player,
+        slots: []u4,
+        n: u4,
+        options: anytype,
+    ) !u4 {
+        const foe = battle.foe(player);
+
+        assert(slots.len < 5);
+        assert(n > 0 and n <= 6);
+
+        // TODO: consider throwing error instead of rerolling?
+        const overridden = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .force_switch)) |val| val: {
+            for (slots) |slot| if (slot == val) break :val if (foe.get(slot).hp > 0) val else null;
+            break :val null;
+        } else null;
+
+        const slot: u4 = overridden orelse slot: {
+            if (showdown) {
+                break :slot slots[battle.rng.range(u4, 0, @as(u4, @intCast(slots.len)))];
+            } else {
+                while (true) {
+                    const r = battle.rng.next() & 7;
+                    if (r > n or r == 1) continue;
+                    if (foe.get(r).hp > 0) break :slot @intCast(r);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(n >= 1 and n <= 6);
+        assert(slot >= 1 and slot <= 6);
+        try options.chance.forceSwitch(player, slot, n);
+        return slot;
+    }
+
+    const DISTRIBUTION = [_]u3{ 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5 };
+
+    fn multiHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !u3 {
+        const n: u3 = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .multi_hit)) |val|
+            @intCast(val)
+        else if (showdown)
+            DISTRIBUTION[battle.rng.range(u3, 0, DISTRIBUTION.len)]
+        else n: {
+            const r = (battle.rng.next() & 3);
+            break :n @intCast((if (r < 2) r else battle.rng.next() & 3) + 2);
+        };
+
+        assert(n >= 2 and n <= 5);
+        try options.chance.multiHit(player, n);
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    fn psywave(battle: anytype, player: Player, max: u8, options: anytype) !u8 {
+        const power = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .psywave)) |val|
+            val
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u8, 1, max)
+        else power: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next();
+                if (r != 0 and r < max) break :power r;
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(power != 0 and power < max);
+        try options.chance.psywave(player, power, max);
+        return power;
+    }
+
+    fn metronome(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !Move {
+        const moves = battle.side(player).active.moves;
+
+        var n: u2 = 0;
+        for (moves) |m| {
+            if (m.id == .None) break;
+            if (Move.get(m.id).extra.metronome) n += 1;
+        }
+
+        // TODO: consider throwing error instead of rerolling?
+        const overridden = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .metronome)) |val| val: {
+            for (moves) |m| if (m.id == val) break :val null;
+            break :val val;
+        } else null;
+
+        const move: Move = overridden orelse move: {
+            if (showdown) {
+                var r = battle.rng.range(u8, 0, @as(u8, @intCast(Move.METRONOME.len - n)));
+                for (moves) |m| {
+                    if (m.id == .None) break;
+                    if (@intFromEnum(m.id) > @intFromEnum(Move.METRONOME[r])) break;
+                    if (Move.get(m.id).extra.metronome) r -= 1;
+                }
+                break :move Move.METRONOME[r];
+            } else {
+                outer: while (true) {
+                    const r = battle.rng.next();
+                    if (r == 0 or r >= Move.size) continue;
+                    const selected: Move = @enumFromInt(r);
+                    if (!Move.get(selected).extra.metronome) continue;
+                    for (moves) |m| if (m.id == selected) continue :outer;
+                    break :move selected;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(Move.get(move).extra.metronome);
+        try options.chance.metronome(player, move, n);
+        return move;
+    }
+
+    fn sleepDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u3 {
+        const duration: u3 = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            @intCast(val)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u3, 1, 7)
+        else duration: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next() & 7;
+                if (r != 0 and r != 7) break :duration @intCast(r);
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(duration >= 1 and duration <= 6);
+        options.chance.duration(.sleep, player, player.foe(), duration);
+        return duration + 1;
+    }
+
+    fn confusionDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, self: bool, options: anytype) u3 {
+        const duration: u3 = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            @intCast(val)
+        else if (showdown)
+            // Pokémon Showdown incorrectly uses the same duration for self-confusion
+            battle.rng.range(u3, 2, 6)
+        else
+            @intCast((battle.rng.next() & if (self) 1 else 3) + 2);
+
+        assert(duration >= 2 and duration <= if (!showdown and self) 3 else 5);
+        options.chance.duration(.confusion, player, if (self) player else player.foe(), duration);
+        return duration;
+    }
+
+    fn disableDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u4 {
+        const duration: u4 = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            @intCast(val)
+        else if (showdown)
+            // Pokémon Showdown incorrectly inherits Generation III's Disable duration
+            battle.rng.range(u4, 2, 6)
+        else duration: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next() & 7;
+                if (r != 0) break :duration @intCast(r + 1);
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(duration >= 2 and duration <= (if (showdown) 5 else 7));
+        options.chance.duration(.disable, player, player.foe(), duration);
+        return duration;
+    }
+
+    fn attackingDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u3 {
+        const duration: u3 = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            @intCast(val)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u3, 2, 4)
+        else
+            @intCast((battle.rng.next() & 1) + 2); // BUG: thrash is + 1 not +2
+
+        assert(duration >= 2 and duration <= 3);
+        options.chance.duration(.attacking, player, player, duration);
+        return duration;
+    }
+
+    fn bindingDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u3 {
+        const duration: u3 = (if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            @intCast(val)
+        else if (showdown)
+            // TODO: PS does range(3, 6) here which after subtracting 1 is actually 2-4 not 2-5!
+            battle.rng.range(u3, 2, 5)
+        else
+            @intCast(battle.rng.next() & 3 + 2));
+
+        assert(duration >= 2 and duration <= 5);
+        options.chance.duration(.binding, player, player.foe(), duration);
+        return duration + 1;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: consider sharing implementation with bindingDuration
+    fn encoreDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u3 {
+        const duration: u3 = (if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            @intCast(val)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u3, 2, 6)
+        else
+            @intCast(battle.rng.next() & 3 + 2));
+
+        assert(duration >= 2 and duration <= 5);
+        options.chance.duration(.encore, player, player.foe(), duration);
+        return duration + 1;
+    }
+};
+
+test "RNG agreement" {
+    if (!showdown) return;
+    var expected: [256]u32 = undefined;
+    for (0..expected.len) |i| {
+        expected[i] = @intCast(i * 0x1000000);
+    }
+
+    var spe: rng.FixedRNG(2, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var qkc: rng.FixedRNG(2, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var cfz: rng.FixedRNG(2, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var atr: rng.FixedRNG(2, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var frz: rng.FixedRNG(2, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var fcb: rng.FixedRNG(2, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+
+    for (0..expected.len) |i| {
+        try expectEqual(spe.range(u8, 0, 2) == 0, i < Gen12.percent(50) + 1);
+        try expectEqual(qkc.chance(u8, 60, 256), i < 60);
+        try expectEqual(!cfz.chance(u8, 128, 256), i >= Gen12.percent(50) + 1);
+        try expectEqual(atr.chance(u8, 1, 2), i < Gen12.percent(50) + 1);
+        try expectEqual(frz.chance(u8, 25, 256), i < Gen12.percent(10));
+        try expectEqual(fcb.chance(u8, 30, 256), !(30 <= i));
+    }
+}
+
+test "Roll probabilities" {
+    if (showdown) return;
+
+    var present = [4]u8{ 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+    var magnitude = [7]u8{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+    for (0..256) |i| {
+        present[
+            if (i <= Gen12.percent(40))
+                1
+            else if (i <= Gen12.percent(70) + 1)
+                2
+            else if (i <= Gen12.percent(80))
+                3
+            else
+                0
+        ] += 1;
+        magnitude[
+            if (i <= Gen12.percent(5) + 1)
+                0
+            else if (i <= Gen12.percent(15) + 1)
+                1
+            else if (i <= Gen12.percent(35))
+                2
+            else if (i <= Gen12.percent(65) + 1)
+                3
+            else if (i <= Gen12.percent(85) + 1)
+                4
+            else if (i <= Gen12.percent(95))
+                5
+            else
+                6
+        ] += 1;
+    }
+
+    try expectEqualSlices(u8, &.{ 51, 103, 77, 25 }, &present);
+    try expectEqualSlices(u8, &.{ 14, 26, 50, 77, 51, 25, 13 }, &magnitude);
+}
+
+test "Reasons" {
+    const moves = [_]Move{ .Bind, .Wrap, .FireSpin, .Clamp, .Whirlpool };
+    for (moves) |move| {
+        const reason = Move.get(move).extra.protocol - 1;
+
+        const activate: Activate = @enumFromInt(@intFromEnum(Activate.Bind) + reason);
+        try expectEqualStrings(@tagName(move), @tagName(activate));
+
+        const damage: Damage = @enumFromInt(@intFromEnum(Damage.Bind) + reason);
+        try expectEqualStrings(@tagName(move), @tagName(damage));
+
+        const end: End = @enumFromInt(@intFromEnum(End.Bind) + reason);
+        try expectEqualStrings(@tagName(move), @tagName(end));
+    }
+
+    const perish_song = [_]Start{ .PerishSong0, .PerishSong1, .PerishSong2, .PerishSong3 };
+    for (perish_song, 0..) |ps, i| {
+        const reason: Start = @enumFromInt(@intFromEnum(Start.PerishSong0) + i);
+        try expectEqualStrings(@tagName(ps), @tagName(reason));
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn choices(battle: anytype, player: Player, request: Choice.Type, out: []Choice) u8 {
+    var n: u8 = 0;
+    switch (request) {
+        .Pass => {
+            out[n] = .{};
+            n += 1;
+        },
+        .Switch => {
+            const side = battle.side(player);
+            var slot: u4 = 2;
+            while (slot <= 6) : (slot += 1) {
+                const id = side.order[slot - 1];
+                if (id == 0 or side.pokemon[id - 1].hp == 0) continue;
+                out[n] = .{ .type = .Switch, .data = slot };
+                n += 1;
+            }
+            if (n == 0) {
+                out[n] = .{};
+                n += 1;
+            }
+        },
+        .Move => {
+            const side = battle.side(player);
+
+            const active = &side.active;
+            const stored = side.stored();
+
+            // While players are not given any input options on the cartridge in these cases,
+            // Pokémon Showdown instead produces a list with a single move that must be chosen.
+            //
+            // Given that no input is allowed on the cartridge 'Pass' seems like it would be logical
+            // here when not in compatibility mode, but the engine needs to be able to differentiate
+            // between passing while waiting for an opponent's forced switch after fainting and
+            // passing due to being forced into using a move. Instead of introducing another option
+            // we simply repurpose Move with no move slot, even though pedantically this is not
+            // strictly correct as the player would not have been presented the option to move or
+            // switch at all.
+            if (isForced(active)) {
+                out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = @intFromBool(showdown) };
+                n += 1;
+                return n;
+            }
+
+            var slot: u4 = 2;
+            while (!active.volatiles.Trapped and slot <= 6) : (slot += 1) {
+                const id = side.order[slot - 1];
+                if (id == 0 or side.pokemon[id - 1].hp == 0) continue;
+                out[n] = .{ .type = .Switch, .data = slot };
+                n += 1;
+            }
+
+            const limited = active.volatiles.Bide or active.volatiles.bind > 0;
+            // On the cartridge, all of these happen after "FIGHT" (indicating you are not
+            // switching) but before you are allowed to select a move. Pokémon Showdown instead
+            // either disables all other moves in the case of limited or requires you to select a
+            // move normally if sleeping/frozen/bound.
+            if (!showdown and (limited or
+                Status.is(stored.status, .FRZ) or Status.is(stored.status, .SLP)))
+            {
+                out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = 0 };
+                n += 1;
+                return n;
+            }
+
+            slot = 1;
+            // Pokémon Showdown handles Bide and Binding moves by checking if the move in question
+            // is present in the Pokémon's moveset (which means moves called via Metronome / Mirror
+            // Move will not result in forcing the subsequent use unless the user also had the
+            // proc-ed move in their moveset) and disabling all other moves.
+            if (limited) {
+                assert(showdown);
+                assert(side.last_selected_move != .None);
+                while (slot <= 4) : (slot += 1) {
+                    const m = active.moves[slot - 1];
+                    if (m.id == .None) break;
+                    if (m.id == if (active.volatiles.Bide) .Bide else side.last_selected_move) {
+                        // Pokémon Showdown displays Struggle if limited to Bide but unable to pick
+                        const struggle =
+                            m.id == .Bide and (m.pp == 0 or active.volatiles.disable.move == slot);
+                        const s = if (struggle) 0 else slot;
+                        out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = s };
+                        n += 1;
+                        return n;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            const before = n;
+            slot = 1;
+            while (slot <= 4) : (slot += 1) {
+                const m = active.moves[slot - 1];
+                if (m.id == .None) break;
+                if (m.pp == 0) continue;
+                if (active.volatiles.disable.move == slot) continue;
+                out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = slot };
+                n += 1;
+            }
+            // Struggle (Pokémon Showdown would use 'move 1' here)
+            if (n == before) {
+                out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = 0 };
+                n += 1;
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    return n;
 }