@pkmn/engine 0.1.0-dev.7f37a47c → 0.1.0-dev.7feed58c

package/src/lib/gen1/mechanics.zig

@@ -1,35 +1,29 @@
-const std = @import("std");
+const DEBUG = @import("../common/debug.zig").print;
 
+const builtin = @import("builtin");
+const chance = @import("chance.zig");
 const common = @import("../common/data.zig");
-const DEBUG = @import("../common/debug.zig").print;
-const options = @import("../common/options.zig");
+const data = @import("data.zig");
+const pkmn = @import("../pkmn.zig");
 const protocol = @import("../common/protocol.zig");
 const rng = @import("../common/rng.zig");
-
-const data = @import("data.zig");
+const std = @import("std");
 
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
-
-const expectEqual = std.testing.expectEqual;
-
-const Choice = common.Choice;
-const ID = common.ID;
-const Player = common.Player;
-const Result = common.Result;
-
-const showdown = options.showdown;
-
 const Boost = protocol.Boost;
+const Choice = common.Choice;
 const Damage = protocol.Damage;
-const Heal = protocol.Heal;
-
-const Gen12 = rng.Gen12;
-
-const ActivePokemon = data.ActivePokemon;
 const Effectiveness = data.Effectiveness;
+const expectEqual = std.testing.expectEqual;
+const Fail = protocol.Fail;
+const Gen12 = rng.Gen12;
+const Heal = protocol.Heal;
+const ID = common.ID;
 const Move = data.Move;
 const MoveSlot = data.MoveSlot;
-const Pokemon = data.Pokemon;
+const Player = common.Player;
+const Result = common.Result;
+const showdown = pkmn.options.showdown;
 const Side = data.Side;
 const Species = data.Species;
 const Stats = data.Stats;
@@ -56,50 +50,50 @@ const BOOSTS = &[_][2]u8{
 
 const MAX_STAT_VALUE = 999;
 
-pub fn update(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice, log: anytype) !Result {
+pub fn update(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice, options: anytype) !Result {
     assert(c1.type != .Pass or c2.type != .Pass or battle.turn == 0);
-    if (battle.turn == 0) return start(battle, log);
-
-    var f1: ?Move = null;
-    var f2: ?Move = null;
+    if (battle.turn == 0) return start(battle, options);
 
-    if (selectMove(battle, .P1, c1, c2, &f1)) |r| return r;
-    if (selectMove(battle, .P2, c2, c1, &f2)) |r| return r;
+    var s1 = false;
+    var s2 = false;
 
-    if (turnOrder(battle, c1, c2) == .P1) {
-        if (try doTurn(battle, .P1, c1, f1, .P2, c2, f2, log)) |r| return r;
-    } else {
-        if (try doTurn(battle, .P2, c2, f2, .P1, c1, f1, log)) |r| return r;
-    }
+    if (selectMove(battle, .P1, c1, c2, &s1)) |r| return r;
+    if (selectMove(battle, .P2, c2, c1, &s2)) |r| return r;
 
     var p1 = battle.side(.P1);
-    if (p1.active.volatiles.attacks == 0) {
-        p1.active.volatiles.Binding = false;
-    }
     var p2 = battle.side(.P2);
-    if (p2.active.volatiles.attacks == 0) {
-        p2.active.volatiles.Binding = false;
+
+    const r1 = showdown and p1.active.volatiles.Binding and c2.type == .Switch;
+    const r2 = showdown and p2.active.volatiles.Binding and c1.type == .Switch;
+
+    if (try turnOrder(battle, c1, c2, options) == .P1) {
+        if (try doTurn(battle, .P1, c1, r1, s1, .P2, c2, r2, s2, options)) |r| return r;
+    } else {
+        if (try doTurn(battle, .P2, c2, r2, s2, .P1, c1, r1, s1, options)) |r| return r;
     }
 
-    return endTurn(battle, log);
+    if (p1.active.volatiles.attacks == 0) p1.active.volatiles.Binding = false;
+    if (p2.active.volatiles.attacks == 0) p2.active.volatiles.Binding = false;
+
+    return endTurn(battle, options);
 }
 
-fn start(battle: anytype, log: anytype) !Result {
+fn start(battle: anytype, options: anytype) !Result {
     const p1 = battle.side(.P1);
     const p2 = battle.side(.P2);
 
-    var p1_slot = findFirstAlive(p1);
+    const p1_slot = findFirstAlive(p1);
     assert(!showdown or p1_slot == 1);
     if (p1_slot == 0) return if (findFirstAlive(p2) == 0) Result.Tie else Result.Lose;
 
-    var p2_slot = findFirstAlive(p2);
+    const p2_slot = findFirstAlive(p2);
     assert(!showdown or p2_slot == 1);
     if (p2_slot == 0) return Result.Win;
 
-    try switchIn(battle, .P1, p1_slot, true, log);
-    try switchIn(battle, .P2, p2_slot, true, log);
+    try switchIn(battle, .P1, p1_slot, true, options);
+    try switchIn(battle, .P2, p2_slot, true, options);
 
-    return endTurn(battle, log);
+    return endTurn(battle, options);
 }
 
 fn findFirstAlive(side: *const Side) u8 {
@@ -112,7 +106,7 @@ fn selectMove(
     player: Player,
     choice: Choice,
     foe_choice: Choice,
-    from: *?Move,
+    skip_turn: *bool,
 ) ?Result {
     if (choice.type == .Pass) return null;
 
@@ -121,20 +115,27 @@ fn selectMove(
     const stored = side.stored();
 
     assert(!isForced(side.active) or
-        (choice.type == .Move and choice.data == @boolToInt(showdown)));
+        (choice.type == .Move and choice.data == @intFromBool(showdown)));
 
     // pre-battle menu
-    if (volatiles.Recharging) return null;
+    if (volatiles.Recharging) {
+        if (showdown and battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Binding) skip_turn.* = true;
+        return null;
+    }
     if (volatiles.Rage) {
-        from.* = side.last_used_move;
-        if (showdown) saveMove(battle, player, null);
+        if (showdown) {
+            if (battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Binding) skip_turn.* = true;
+            saveMove(battle, player, null);
+        }
         return null;
     }
     // Pokémon Showdown removes Flinch at the end-of-turn in its residual handler
     if (!showdown) volatiles.Flinch = false;
     if (volatiles.Thrashing or volatiles.Charging) {
-        from.* = side.last_selected_move;
-        if (showdown) saveMove(battle, player, null);
+        if (showdown) {
+            if (battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Binding) skip_turn.* = true;
+            saveMove(battle, player, null);
+        }
         return null;
     }
 
@@ -144,37 +145,38 @@ fn selectMove(
     // pre-move select
     if (Status.is(stored.status, .FRZ) or Status.is(stored.status, .SLP) or volatiles.Bide) {
         assert(showdown or choice.data == 0);
-        if (showdown) saveMove(battle, player, choice);
+        if (showdown) {
+            if (volatiles.Bide and battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Binding) skip_turn.* = true;
+            saveMove(battle, player, choice);
+        }
         return null;
     }
     if (volatiles.Binding) {
-        from.* = side.last_used_move;
         if (showdown) {
-            if (foe_choice.type == .Switch) from.* = null;
             // Pokémon Showdown overwrites Mirror Move with whatever was selected - really this
             // should set side.last_selected_move = last.id to reuse Mirror Move and fail in order
             // to satisfy the conditions of the Desync Clause Mod. However, because Binding is still
             // set the selected move will not actually be used, it will just be reported as having
             // been used (this differs from how Pokémon Showdown works, but its impossible to
-            // replicate the incorrect behavior with the correct mechanisms).
+            // replicate the incorrect behavior with the correct mechanisms)
             saveMove(battle, player, choice);
         } else {
             assert(choice.data == 0);
             // GLITCH: https://glitchcity.wiki/Partial_trapping_move_Mirror_Move_link_battle_glitch
             if (foe_choice.type == .Switch) {
-                const slot = if (player == .P1)
-                    battle.last_selected_indexes.p1
-                else
-                    battle.last_selected_indexes.p2;
-                const last = side.active.move(@intCast(u4, slot));
+                const last = side.active.move(battle.lastMove(player).index);
                 if (last.id == .Metronome) side.last_selected_move = last.id;
-                if (last.id == .MirrorMove) return Result.Error;
+                if (last.id == .MirrorMove) {
+                    if (!pkmn.options.mod) return Result.Error;
+                    side.last_selected_move = last.id;
+                }
             }
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     if (battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Binding) {
+        skip_turn.* = true;
         if (showdown) {
             saveMove(battle, player, choice);
         } else {
@@ -185,19 +187,17 @@ fn selectMove(
     }
 
     // move select
+    volatiles.state = 0;
     if (choice.data == 0) {
         const struggle = ok: {
             for (side.active.moves, 0..) |move, i| {
-                if (move.pp > 0 and volatiles.disabled_move != i + 1) break :ok false;
+                if (move.pp > 0 and volatiles.disable_move != i + 1) break :ok false;
             }
             break :ok true;
         };
-
         assert(struggle);
-        saveMove(battle, player, choice);
-    } else {
-        saveMove(battle, player, choice);
     }
+    saveMove(battle, player, choice);
 
     return null;
 }
@@ -210,23 +210,19 @@ fn saveMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, choice: ?Choice) void {
         if (c.data == 0) {
             side.last_selected_move = .Struggle;
         } else {
-            assert(showdown or side.active.volatiles.disabled_move != c.data);
+            assert(showdown or side.active.volatiles.disable_move != c.data);
             const move = side.active.move(c.data);
             // You cannot *select* a move with 0 PP (except on Pokémon Showdown where that is
             // sometimes required...), but a 0 PP move can be used automatically
             assert(showdown or move.pp != 0);
 
             side.last_selected_move = move.id;
-            if (player == .P1) {
-                battle.last_selected_indexes.p1 = @intCast(u4, c.data);
-            } else {
-                battle.last_selected_indexes.p2 = @intCast(u4, c.data);
-            }
+            battle.lastMove(player).index = @intCast(c.data);
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn switchIn(battle: anytype, player: Player, slot: u8, initial: bool, log: anytype) !void {
+fn switchIn(battle: anytype, player: Player, slot: u8, initial: bool, options: anytype) !void {
     var side = battle.side(player);
     var foe = battle.foe(player);
     var active = &side.active;
@@ -239,11 +235,7 @@ fn switchIn(battle: anytype, player: Player, slot: u8, initial: bool, log: anyty
     side.order[0] = side.order[slot - 1];
     side.order[slot - 1] = out;
 
-    if (player == .P1) {
-        battle.last_selected_indexes.p1 = 1;
-    } else {
-        battle.last_selected_indexes.p2 = 1;
-    }
+    battle.lastMove(player).index = 1;
 
     side.last_used_move = .None;
     foe.last_used_move = .None;
@@ -256,20 +248,21 @@ fn switchIn(battle: anytype, player: Player, slot: u8, initial: bool, log: anyty
     active.moves = incoming.moves;
 
     statusModify(incoming.status, &active.stats);
+    options.chance.switched(player, slot);
 
     foe.active.volatiles.Binding = false;
 
-    try log.switched(battle.active(player), incoming);
+    try options.log.switched(.{ battle.active(player), incoming });
 
     if (showdown and incoming.status == Status.TOX) {
         incoming.status = Status.init(.PSN);
         // Technically, Pokémon Showdown adds these after *both* Pokémon have switched, but we'd
         // rather not clutter up turnOrder just for this (incorrect) log message
-        try log.status(battle.active(player), incoming.status, .Silent);
+        try options.log.status(.{ battle.active(player), incoming.status, .Silent });
     }
 }
 
-fn turnOrder(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice) Player {
+fn turnOrder(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice, options: anytype) !Player {
     assert(c1.type != .Pass or c2.type != .Pass);
 
     if (c1.type == .Pass) return .P2;
@@ -299,13 +292,11 @@ fn turnOrder(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice) Player {
     const spe2 = battle.side(.P2).active.stats.spe;
     if (spe1 == spe2) {
         // Pokémon Showdown's beforeTurnCallback shenanigans
-        if (showdown and m1 == .Counter and m2 == .Counter) battle.rng.advance(1);
-
-        const p1 = if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.range(u8, 0, 2) == 0
-        else
-            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(50) + 1;
+        if (showdown and !double_switch and m1 == .Counter and m2 == .Counter) {
+            battle.rng.advance(1);
+        }
 
+        const p1 = try Rolls.speedTie(battle, options);
         if (!showdown) return if (p1) .P1 else .P2;
 
         // Pokémon Showdown's "lockedmove" volatile's onBeforeTurn uses BattleQueue#changeAction,
@@ -315,7 +306,7 @@ fn turnOrder(battle: anytype, c1: Choice, c2: Choice) Player {
         const t1 = battle.side(.P1).active.volatiles.Thrashing;
         const t2 = battle.side(.P2).active.volatiles.Thrashing;
         // If *both* sides are thrashing it really should be another speed tie, but we've patched
-        // that out and enforce host ordering of events, so P1 just goes first reqgardless of who
+        // that out and enforce host ordering of events, so P1 just goes first regardless of who
         // won the original coin flip
         if (t1 and t2) return .P1;
         return if (p1) if (t1 and !t2) .P2 else .P1 else if (t2 and !t1) .P1 else .P2;
@@ -328,33 +319,55 @@ fn doTurn(
     battle: anytype,
     player: Player,
     player_choice: Choice,
-    player_from: ?Move,
+    player_rewrap: bool,
+    player_skip: bool,
     foe_player: Player,
     foe_choice: Choice,
-    foe_from: ?Move,
-    log: anytype,
+    foe_rewrap: bool,
+    foe_skip: bool,
+    options: anytype,
 ) !?Result {
     assert(player_choice.type != .Pass);
 
     var residual = true;
     var replace = battle.side(player).stored().hp == 0;
-    if (try executeMove(battle, player, player_choice, player_from, &residual, log)) |r| return r;
+    if (try executeMove(
+        battle,
+        player,
+        player_choice,
+        player_rewrap,
+        player_skip,
+        &residual,
+        options,
+    )) |r| return r;
     if (!replace) {
         if (player_choice.type != .Switch) {
-            if (try checkFaint(battle, foe_player, log)) |r| return r;
+            if (try checkFaint(battle, foe_player, true, options)) |r| return r;
         }
-        if (residual) try handleResidual(battle, player, log);
-        if (try checkFaint(battle, player, log)) |r| return r;
+        if (residual) try handleResidual(battle, player, options);
+        if (try checkFaint(battle, player, false, options)) |r| return r;
     } else if (foe_choice.type == .Pass) return null;
 
+    if (!showdown) options.chance.clearPending();
+
+    residual = true;
     replace = battle.side(foe_player).stored().hp == 0;
-    if (try executeMove(battle, foe_player, foe_choice, foe_from, &residual, log)) |r| return r;
+    const calc = pkmn.options.calc and foe_choice.type == .Pass;
+    if (if (calc) null else try executeMove(
+        battle,
+        foe_player,
+        foe_choice,
+        foe_rewrap,
+        foe_skip,
+        &residual,
+        options,
+    )) |r| return r;
     if (!replace) {
-        if (foe_choice.type != .Switch) {
-            if (try checkFaint(battle, player, log)) |r| return r;
+        if (!calc and foe_choice.type != .Switch) {
+            if (try checkFaint(battle, player, true, options)) |r| return r;
         }
-        if (residual) try handleResidual(battle, foe_player, log);
-        if (try checkFaint(battle, foe_player, log)) |r| return r;
+        if (residual) try handleResidual(battle, foe_player, options);
+        if (try checkFaint(battle, foe_player, false, options)) |r| return r;
     }
 
     // Flinch is bugged on Pokémon Showdown because it gets implemented with a duration which causes
@@ -371,29 +384,31 @@ fn executeMove(
     battle: anytype,
     player: Player,
     choice: Choice,
-    from: ?Move,
+    rewrap: bool,
+    skip: bool,
     residual: *bool,
-    log: anytype,
+    options: anytype,
 ) !?Result {
     var side = battle.side(player);
 
     if (choice.type == .Switch) {
-        try switchIn(battle, player, @intCast(u4, choice.data), false, log);
+        try switchIn(battle, player, choice.data, false, options);
         return null;
     }
 
+    // This is the correct place to check for SKIP_TURN and abort early, however since Pokémon
+    // Showdown overwrites the SKIP_TURN sentinel with its botched move select we need to add an
+    // additional skip boolean to accomplish the same thing in the Binding check of BeforeMove
     if (side.last_selected_move == .SKIP_TURN) {
-        // Pokémon Showdown overwrites the SKIP_TURN sentinel with its botched move select,
-        // Binding instead gets handled in beforeMove after sleep and freeze
         assert(!showdown);
         if (battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Binding) {
-            try log.cant(battle.active(player), .Bound);
+            try options.log.cant(.{ battle.active(player), .Bound });
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     assert(choice.type == .Move);
-    var mslot = @intCast(u4, choice.data);
+    var mslot: u4 = @intCast(choice.data);
     // Sadly, we can't even check `Move.get(side.last_selected_move).effect == .Binding` here
     // because Pokémon Showdown's Mirror Move implementation clobbers side.last_selected_move
     var auto = showdown and side.last_selected_move != .None;
@@ -402,17 +417,16 @@ fn executeMove(
     if (mslot == 0 and side.last_selected_move != .None and side.last_selected_move != .Struggle) {
         // choice.data == 0 only happens with Struggle on Pokémon Showdown
         assert(!showdown);
-        mslot = @intCast(u4, if (player == .P1)
-            battle.last_selected_indexes.p1
-        else
-            battle.last_selected_indexes.p2);
+        mslot = @intCast(battle.lastMove(player).index);
         const stored = side.stored();
         // GLITCH: Struggle bypass PP underflow via Hyper Beam / Trapping-switch auto selection
-        auto = side.last_selected_move == .HyperBeam or side.active.volatiles.Bide or
-            from != null or Status.is(stored.status, .FRZ) or Status.is(stored.status, .SLP);
+        auto = pkmn.options.mod or isForced(&side.active) or
+            side.active.volatiles.Binding or side.active.volatiles.Bide or
+            side.last_selected_move == .HyperBeam or
+            Status.is(stored.status, .FRZ) or Status.is(stored.status, .SLP);
         // If it wasn't Hyper Beam or the continuation of a move effect then we must have just
         // thawed, in which case we will desync unless the last_selected_move happened to be at
-        // index 1 and the current Pokémon has the same move in its first slot.
+        // index 1 and the current Pokémon has the same move in its first slot
         if (!auto) {
             // side.active.moves(slot) is safe to check even though the slot in question might not
             // technically be from this Pokémon because it must be exactly 1 to not desync and
@@ -426,15 +440,12 @@ fn executeMove(
     } else if (showdown and side.active.volatiles.Charging) {
         // Incorrect mslot with Pokémon Showdown choice semantics so we need to recover from index
         assert(mslot == 1);
-        mslot = @intCast(u4, if (player == .P1)
-            battle.last_selected_indexes.p1
-        else
-            battle.last_selected_indexes.p2);
+        mslot = @intCast(battle.lastMove(player).index);
     }
 
     var skip_can = false;
     var skip_pp = false;
-    switch (try beforeMove(battle, player, from, log)) {
+    switch (try beforeMove(battle, player, skip, residual, options)) {
         .done => return null,
         .skip_can => skip_can = true,
         .skip_pp => skip_pp = true,
@@ -442,14 +453,42 @@ fn executeMove(
         .err => return @as(?Result, Result.Error),
     }
 
-    if (!skip_can and !try canMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, skip_pp, from, log)) return null;
+    // Pokémon Showdown incorrectly implements PP deduction when handling the Hyper Beam automatic
+    // selection glitch - if the move was proced due to Metronome / Mirror Move it either subtracts
+    // from the Hyper Beam slot if present or skips PP deduction entirely...
+    if (showdown and !skip_pp and side.last_selected_move == .HyperBeam and
+        side.last_selected_move != side.active.move(mslot).id)
+    {
+        assert(mslot == 1);
+        const has_beam = has_beam: {
+            for (side.active.moves, 0..) |m, i| {
+                if (m.id == .HyperBeam) {
+                    mslot = @intCast(i + 1);
+                    break :has_beam true;
+                }
+            }
+            break :has_beam false;
+        };
+        if (!has_beam) skip_pp = true;
+    }
+
+    const can = skip_can or
+        try canMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, skip_pp, .None, residual, options);
+    if (!can) return null;
 
-    return doMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, residual, log);
+    return doMove(battle, player, mslot, rewrap, auto, residual, options);
 }
 
-const BeforeMove = union(enum) { done, skip_can, skip_pp, ok, err };
+const BeforeMove = enum { done, skip_can, skip_pp, ok, err };
 
-fn beforeMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, from: ?Move, log: anytype) !BeforeMove {
+fn beforeMove(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    skip: bool,
+    residual: *bool,
+    options: anytype,
+) !BeforeMove {
+    var log = options.log;
     var side = battle.side(player);
     const foe = battle.foe(player);
     var active = &side.active;
@@ -458,84 +497,106 @@ fn beforeMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, from: ?Move, log: anytype) !Befor
     var volatiles = &active.volatiles;
 
     if (Status.is(stored.status, .SLP)) {
-        const status = stored.status;
+        const before = stored.status;
+        const slf = Status.is(stored.status, .EXT);
         // Even if the EXT bit is set this will still correctly modify the sleep duration
-        stored.status -= 1;
-        if (Status.duration(stored.status) == 0) {
-            try log.curestatus(ident, status, .Message);
+        if (options.calc.overridden(player, .sleep)) |obs| switch (obs) {
+            .started, .ended => stored.status = 0,
+            .continuing => if (Status.duration(stored.status) > 1) {
+                stored.status -= 1;
+            },
+            else => unreachable,
+        } else {
+            stored.status -= 1;
+        }
+
+        const duration = Status.duration(stored.status);
+        try options.chance.sleep(player, if (slf)
+            .None
+        else if (duration == 0) .ended else .continuing);
+
+        if (duration == 0) {
+            try log.curestatus(.{ ident, before, .Message });
             stored.status = 0; // clears EXT if present
         } else {
-            try log.cant(ident, .Sleep);
+            try log.cant(.{ ident, .Sleep });
         }
         side.last_used_move = .None;
         return .done;
     }
 
     if (Status.is(stored.status, .FRZ)) {
-        try log.cant(ident, .Freeze);
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Freeze });
         side.last_used_move = .None;
         return .done;
     }
 
-    if (foe.active.volatiles.Binding) {
-        try log.cant(ident, .Bound);
+    if (skip or foe.active.volatiles.Binding) {
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Bound });
         return .done;
     }
 
-    if (!showdown and volatiles.Flinch) {
-        volatiles.Flinch = false;
-        try log.cant(ident, .Flinch);
+    if (volatiles.Flinch) {
+        // Pokémon Showdown doesn't clear Flinch until its imaginary "residual" phase, meaning
+        // Pokémon can sometimes flinch multiple times from the same original hit
+        if (!showdown) volatiles.Flinch = false;
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Flinch });
         return .done;
     }
 
     if (volatiles.Recharging) {
         volatiles.Recharging = false;
-        try log.cant(ident, .Recharge);
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Recharge });
         return .done;
     }
 
-    if (volatiles.disabled_duration > 0) {
-        volatiles.disabled_duration -= 1;
-        if (volatiles.disabled_duration == 0) {
-            volatiles.disabled_move = 0;
-            try log.end(ident, .Disable);
+    if (volatiles.disable_duration > 0) {
+        volatiles.disable_duration =
+            decrement(.disable, player, options, volatiles.disable_duration);
+        try options.chance.disable(
+            player,
+            if (volatiles.disable_duration == 0) .ended else .continuing,
+        );
+
+        if (volatiles.disable_duration == 0) {
+            volatiles.disable_move = 0;
+            try log.end(.{ ident, .Disable });
         }
     }
     // Pokémon Showdown's disable condition has a single onBeforeMove handler
-    if (showdown and try disabled(side, ident, log)) return .done;
-
-    // Pokémon Showdown checks for Flinch *after* instead of before
-    if (showdown and volatiles.Flinch) {
-        volatiles.Flinch = false;
-        try log.cant(ident, .Flinch);
-        return .done;
-    }
+    if (showdown and try disabled(side, ident, options)) return .done;
 
     // This can only happen if a Pokémon started the battle frozen/sleeping and was thawed/woken
     // before the side had a selected a move - we simply need to assume this leads to a desync
     if (side.last_selected_move == .None) {
-        assert(!showdown);
+        assert(!pkmn.options.mod);
         return .err;
     }
 
     if (volatiles.Confusion) {
         assert(volatiles.confusion > 0);
+        if (options.calc.overridden(player, .confusion)) |obs| switch (obs) {
+            .started, .ended => volatiles.confusion = 0,
+            .continuing => if (volatiles.confusion > 1) {
+                volatiles.confusion -= 1;
+            },
+            .overwritten => {},
+            else => unreachable,
+        } else {
+            volatiles.confusion -= 1;
+        }
+
+        try options.chance.confusion(player, if (volatiles.confusion == 0) .ended else .continuing);
 
-        volatiles.confusion -= 1;
         if (volatiles.confusion == 0) {
             volatiles.Confusion = false;
-            try log.end(ident, .Confusion);
+            try log.end(.{ ident, .Confusion });
         } else {
-            try log.activate(ident, .Confusion);
+            try log.activate(.{ ident, .Confusion });
 
-            const confused = if (showdown)
-                !battle.rng.chance(u8, 128, 256)
-            else
-                battle.rng.next() >= Gen12.percent(50) + 1;
-
-            if (confused) {
+            if (try Rolls.confused(battle, player, options)) {
                 assert(!volatiles.MultiHit);
-                volatiles.state = 0;
+                if (!volatiles.Rage) volatiles.state = 0;
                 volatiles.Bide = false;
                 volatiles.Thrashing = false;
                 volatiles.MultiHit = false;
@@ -543,6 +604,9 @@ fn beforeMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, from: ?Move, log: anytype) !Befor
                 volatiles.Charging = false;
                 volatiles.Binding = false;
                 volatiles.Invulnerable = false;
+
+                options.chance.observe(.attacking, player, .None);
+                options.chance.observe(.binding, player, .None);
                 {
                     // This feels (and is) disgusting but the cartridge literally just overwrites
                     // the opponent's defense with the user's defense and resets it after. As a
@@ -550,7 +614,9 @@ fn beforeMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, from: ?Move, log: anytype) !Befor
                     const def = foe.active.stats.def;
                     foe.active.stats.def = active.stats.def;
                     defer foe.active.stats.def = def;
-                    if (!calcDamage(battle, player, player.foe(), null, false)) return .err;
+                    if (!calcDamage(battle, player, player.foe(), null, false, options)) {
+                        return .err;
+                    }
                 }
                 // Pokémon Showdown incorrectly changes the "target" of the confusion self-hit based
                 // on the targeting behavior of the confused Pokémon's selected move which results
@@ -559,87 +625,124 @@ fn beforeMove(battle: anytype, player: Player, from: ?Move, log: anytype) !Befor
                     player
                 else
                     player.foe();
+
+                const uncapped = battle.last_damage;
                 // Skipping adjustDamage / randomizeDamage / checkHit
-                _ = try applyDamage(battle, player, target, .Confusion, log);
+                _ = try applyDamage(battle, player, target, .Confusion, options);
+                // Pokémon Showdown thinks that confusion damage is uncapped ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
+                if (showdown) battle.last_damage = uncapped;
 
                 return .done;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    if (!showdown and try disabled(side, ident, log)) return .done;
+    if (!showdown and try disabled(side, ident, options)) return .done;
 
-    if (Status.is(stored.status, .PAR)) {
-        const paralyzed = if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.chance(u8, 63, 256)
-        else
-            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(25);
+    if (Status.is(stored.status, .PAR) and try Rolls.paralyzed(battle, player, options)) {
+        if (!volatiles.Rage) volatiles.state = 0;
+        volatiles.Bide = false;
+        volatiles.Thrashing = false;
+        volatiles.Charging = false;
+        volatiles.Binding = false;
 
-        if (paralyzed) {
-            volatiles.state = 0;
-            volatiles.Bide = false;
-            volatiles.Thrashing = false;
-            volatiles.Charging = false;
-            volatiles.Binding = false;
-            // GLITCH: Invulnerable is not cleared, resulting in permanent Fly/Dig invulnerability
-            try log.cant(ident, .Paralysis);
-            return .done;
-        }
+        options.chance.observe(.attacking, player, .None);
+        options.chance.observe(.binding, player, .None);
+
+        // GLITCH: Invulnerable is not cleared, resulting in permanent Fly/Dig invulnerability
+        try log.cant(.{ ident, .Paralysis });
+        return .done;
     }
 
     if (volatiles.Bide) {
         assert(!volatiles.Thrashing and !volatiles.Rage);
 
-        volatiles.state +%= battle.last_damage;
+        if (showdown) {
+            // Pokémon Showdown doesn't implement Bide potentially overflowing in the event of
+            // OHKO-move damage, but we can fake this incorrect behavior by simply saturating the
+            // addition because 65535 is sufficient to faint any Pokémon anyway
+            volatiles.state +|= battle.last_damage;
+        } else {
+            volatiles.state +%= battle.last_damage;
+        }
 
-        assert(volatiles.attacks > 0);
+        volatiles.attacks = decrement(.attacking, player, options, volatiles.attacks);
+        try options.chance.attacking(player, if (volatiles.attacks == 0) .ended else .continuing);
 
-        volatiles.attacks -= 1;
         if (volatiles.attacks != 0) {
-            try log.activate(ident, .Bide);
+            try log.activate(.{ ident, .Bide });
             return .done;
         }
 
         volatiles.Bide = false;
-        try log.end(ident, .Bide);
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .Bide });
 
         battle.last_damage = volatiles.state *% 2;
         volatiles.state = 0;
 
         if (battle.last_damage == 0) {
-            try log.fail(ident, .None);
+            try log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
             return .done;
         }
 
-        _ = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, log);
+        const sub = showdown and foe.active.volatiles.Substitute;
+        _ = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, options);
+        if (foe.stored().hp > 0 and !sub) try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
+
+        // For reasons passing understanding, Pokémon Showdown still inflicts residual damage to
+        // Bide's user even if the above damage has caused the foe to faint. It's simpler to always
+        // run residual here regardless of whether the foe fainted and opt-out of the default flow
+        if (showdown) {
+            residual.* = false;
+            try handleResidual(battle, player, options);
+        }
+
         return .done;
     }
 
     if (volatiles.Thrashing) {
-        assert(volatiles.attacks > 0);
-        assert(from != null);
-        volatiles.attacks -= 1;
-        if (!showdown and handleThrashing(battle, active)) {
-            try log.start(battle.active(player), .ConfusionSilent);
-        }
-        try log.move(ident, side.last_selected_move, battle.active(player.foe()), from);
-        if (showdown and handleThrashing(battle, active)) {
-            try log.start(battle.active(player), .ConfusionSilent);
+        try log.move(.{ ident, side.last_selected_move, battle.active(player.foe()) });
+
+        volatiles.attacks = decrement(.attacking, player, options, volatiles.attacks);
+        try options.chance.attacking(player, if (volatiles.attacks == 0) .ended else .continuing);
+
+        if (volatiles.attacks == 0) {
+            const overwritten = volatiles.Confusion;
+
+            volatiles.Thrashing = false;
+            volatiles.Confusion = true;
+            volatiles.confusion = Rolls.confusionDuration(battle, player, options);
+
+            // On Pokémon Showdown this could leak information to the opponent that thrashing has
+            // ended (the engine's protocol is always from the omniscient perspective and clients
+            // can be expected to recognize this pattern and pass the information only to the
+            // correct player)
+            try log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .ConfusionSilent });
+            options.chance.observe(.confusion, player, if (overwritten)
+                if (pkmn.options.overwrite) .overwritten else .continuing
+            else
+                .started);
+            if (!overwritten) options.calc.confusion(player);
         }
+
+        // This shouldn't actually set last_used_move, but Pokémon Showdown sets last
+        // used in useMove and doesn't have the notion of skipping canMove semantics
+        if (showdown) side.last_used_move = side.last_selected_move;
+
         return .skip_can;
     }
 
     if (volatiles.Binding) {
-        assert(volatiles.attacks > 0);
-        volatiles.attacks -= 1;
-        try log.move(
-            battle.active(player),
-            side.last_selected_move,
-            battle.active(player.foe()),
-            side.last_selected_move,
-        );
+        volatiles.attacks = decrement(.binding, player, options, volatiles.attacks);
+        try options.chance.binding(player, if (volatiles.attacks == 0) .ended else .continuing);
+
+        try log.move(.{ ident, side.last_selected_move, battle.active(player.foe()) });
         if (showdown or battle.last_damage != 0) {
-            _ = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, log);
+            const sub = showdown and foe.active.volatiles.Substitute;
+            _ = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, options);
+            if (battle.foe(player).stored().hp > 0 and !sub) {
+                try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
+            }
         }
         return .done;
     }
@@ -653,55 +756,62 @@ fn canMove(
     mslot: u4,
     auto: bool,
     skip_pp: bool,
-    from: ?Move,
-    log: anytype,
+    from: Move,
+    residual: *bool,
+    options: anytype,
 ) !bool {
     var side = battle.side(player);
     const player_ident = battle.active(player);
     const move = Move.get(side.last_selected_move);
 
-    const foe_last = battle.foe(player).last_used_move;
-    const special = from != null and (from.? == .Metronome and
-        (from.? == .MirrorMove and !(foe_last == .None or foe_last == .MirrorMove)));
-
-    var skip = skip_pp;
     if (side.active.volatiles.Charging) {
         side.active.volatiles.Charging = false;
         side.active.volatiles.Invulnerable = false;
     } else if (move.effect == .Charge) {
-        try log.move(player_ident, side.last_selected_move, .{}, from);
-        try Effects.charge(battle, player, log);
+        try options.log.move(.{ player_ident, side.last_selected_move, ID{}, from });
+        setCounterable(battle, player, side, move);
+        try Effects.charge(battle, player, options);
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (!showdown or !special) side.last_used_move = side.last_selected_move;
-    if (!skip) decrementPP(side, mslot, auto);
+    side.last_used_move = side.last_selected_move;
+    if (!skip_pp) decrementPP(side, mslot, auto);
 
     const target = if (move.target == .Self) player else player.foe();
-    // Pokémon Showdown's protocol for Rage and Binding moves should come with a [from], though we
-    // don't have space to be able to track it in all circumstances and thus usually try to infer it
-    // from side.last_used_move. However, this gets reset by the opponent switching or fainting,
-    // meaning sometimes we lose this information. from is still set because it not being null is
-    // relevant for control flow, but we don't have anything useful to put in the log. This is
-    // regrettable, but this information is more "nice to have" than required
-    const f = if (from != null and from.? == .None) null else from;
-    try log.move(player_ident, side.last_selected_move, battle.active(target), f);
+    try options.log.move(.{ player_ident, side.last_selected_move, battle.active(target), from });
+    setCounterable(battle, player, side, move);
 
     if (move.effect.onBegin()) {
-        try onBegin(battle, player, move, mslot, log);
+        try onBegin(battle, player, move, mslot, residual, options);
         return false;
     }
 
     if (move.effect == .Thrashing) {
-        Effects.thrashing(battle, player);
-    } else if (!showdown and move.effect == .Binding) {
-        // Pokémon Showdown handles this after hit/miss checks and damage calculation
-        Effects.binding(battle, player);
+        Effects.thrashing(battle, player, options);
+    } else if (move.effect == .Binding) {
+        // Pokémon Showdown handles this after hit/miss checks and damage calculation, though clears
+        // Recharging in onTryMove (required for the Hyper Beam automatic selection glitch)
+        if (showdown) {
+            battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Recharging = false;
+        } else {
+            try Effects.binding(battle, player, false, options);
+        }
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
+fn setCounterable(battle: anytype, player: Player, side: *Side, move: Move.Data) void {
+    // The Counter desync is caused by the cartridge not calling GetCurrentMove until now, meaning
+    // in cases where an early return happens the data for a players last selected move does not get
+    // reloaded and HandleCounterMove actually bases its success/failure off of stale information.
+    // This boolean state we track here doesn't exist on the cartridge because it instead manifests
+    // as the desync results from actually having two separate battle states that subtly disagree
+    const counterable = side.last_selected_move != .Counter and move.bp > 0 and
+        (move.type == .Normal or move.type == .Fighting);
+    battle.lastMove(player).counterable = @intFromBool(counterable);
+}
+
 fn decrementPP(side: *Side, mslot: u4, auto: bool) void {
     if (side.last_selected_move == .Struggle) return;
 
@@ -711,25 +821,30 @@ fn decrementPP(side: *Side, mslot: u4, auto: bool) void {
     assert(!volatiles.Rage and !volatiles.Thrashing and !volatiles.MultiHit);
     if (volatiles.Bide) return;
 
-    assert(active.move(mslot).pp > 0 or auto);
-    active.move(mslot).pp = @intCast(u6, active.move(mslot).pp) -% 1;
+    var move_slot = active.move(mslot);
+    assert(move_slot.pp > 0 or auto);
+    move_slot.pp = @as(u6, @intCast(move_slot.pp)) -% 1;
     if (volatiles.Transform) return;
 
-    assert(side.stored().move(mslot).pp > 0 or auto);
-    side.stored().move(mslot).pp = @intCast(u6, side.stored().move(mslot).pp) -% 1;
+    move_slot = side.stored().move(mslot);
+    assert(move_slot.pp > 0 or auto);
+    move_slot.pp = @as(u6, @intCast(move_slot.pp)) -% 1;
     assert(active.move(mslot).pp == side.stored().move(mslot).pp);
 }
 
-fn incrementPP(side: *Side, mslot: u4) void {
+fn incrementPP(side: *Side, player: Player, mslot: u4, options: anytype) void {
     var active = &side.active;
     const volatiles = &active.volatiles;
 
-    active.move(mslot).pp = @intCast(u6, active.move(mslot).pp) +% 1;
+    active.move(mslot).pp = @as(u6, @intCast(active.move(mslot).pp)) +% 1;
     // GLITCH: No check for Transform means an empty/incorrect stored slot can get incremented
     if (showdown and volatiles.Transform) return;
 
+    const n = options.calc.overridden(player, .pp) orelse 1;
+    if (volatiles.Transform and !options.chance.pp(player, n)) return;
+
     assert(mslot > 0 and mslot <= 4);
-    side.stored().moves[mslot - 1].pp = @intCast(u6, side.stored().moves[mslot - 1].pp) +% 1;
+    side.stored().moves[mslot - 1].pp = @as(u6, @intCast(side.stored().moves[mslot - 1].pp)) +% n;
 }
 
 // Pokémon Showdown does hit/multi/crit/damage instead of crit/damage/hit/multi
@@ -737,10 +852,12 @@ fn doMove(
     battle: anytype,
     player: Player,
     mslot: u4,
+    rewrap: bool,
     auto: bool,
     residual: *bool,
-    log: anytype,
+    options: anytype,
 ) !?Result {
+    var log = options.log;
     var side = battle.side(player);
     const foe = battle.foe(player);
 
@@ -755,35 +872,44 @@ fn doMove(
     var hits: u4 = 1;
     var effectiveness = Effectiveness.neutral;
 
+    // Due to control flow shenanigans we need to clear last_damage for Pokémon Showdown
+    if (showdown and !counter) battle.last_damage = 0;
+
     // The cartridge handles set damage moves in applyDamage but we short circuit to simplify things
     if (move.effect == .SuperFang or move.effect == .SpecialDamage) {
-        return specialDamage(battle, player, move, log);
+        return specialDamage(battle, player, move, options);
     }
 
     // Pokémon Showdown runs invulnerability / immunity checks before checking accuracy - simply
     // calling moveHit early covers most of that but we also need to check type immunity first
     var miss = showdown and miss: {
         immune = move.target != .Self and !status and !counter and
-            (@enumToInt(move.type.effectiveness(foe.active.types.type1)) == 0 or
-            @enumToInt(move.type.effectiveness(foe.active.types.type2)) == 0);
+            (@intFromEnum(move.type.effectiveness(foe.active.types.type1)) == 0 or
+            @intFromEnum(move.type.effectiveness(foe.active.types.type2)) == 0);
         if (immune and move.effect != .Binding) break :miss true;
-        if (move.effect == .OHKO and side.active.stats.spe < foe.active.stats.spe) break :miss true;
-        break :miss move.target != .Self and !moveHit(battle, player, move, &immune, &mist);
+        if (move.effect == .OHKO and side.active.stats.spe < foe.active.stats.spe) {
+            battle.last_damage = 0;
+            break :miss true;
+        }
+        break :miss (move.target != .Self and
+            !try moveHit(battle, player, move, &immune, &mist, options));
     };
     assert(!immune or miss or (showdown and move.effect == .Binding));
 
+    var late = showdown and move.effect != .Explode;
     const skip = status or immune;
-    if ((!showdown or (!skip or counter)) and !miss) blk: {
+    if ((!showdown or (!skip or counter)) and !miss) damage: {
         if (showdown and move.effect.isMulti()) {
-            Effects.multiHit(battle, player, move);
+            try Effects.multiHit(battle, player, move, options);
             hits = side.active.volatiles.attacks;
+            late = false;
         }
 
         // Cartridge rolls for crit even for moves that can't crit (Counter/Metronome/status/OHKO)
         const check = !showdown or (!counter and move.effect != .OHKO);
-        if (check) crit = checkCriticalHit(battle, player, move);
+        if (check) crit = try checkCriticalHit(battle, player, move, options);
 
-        if (counter) return counterDamage(battle, player, move, log);
+        if (counter) return counterDamage(battle, player, move, options);
 
         battle.last_damage = 0;
 
@@ -794,8 +920,9 @@ fn doMove(
                 ohko = if (!showdown) side.active.stats.spe >= foe.active.stats.spe else true;
                 // This can overflow after adjustDamage, but will still be sufficient to OHKO
                 battle.last_damage = if (ohko) 65535 else 0;
-                if (showdown) break :blk; // skip adjustDamage / randomizeDamage
-            } else if (!calcDamage(battle, player, player.foe(), move, crit)) {
+                if (showdown) break :damage; // skip adjustDamage / randomizeDamage
+            } else if (!calcDamage(battle, player, player.foe(), move, crit, options)) {
+                if (!showdown) try options.chance.commit(player, .err);
                 return @as(?Result, Result.Error);
             }
             if (battle.last_damage == 0) {
@@ -805,17 +932,16 @@ fn doMove(
                 effectiveness = adjustDamage(battle, player);
                 immune = effectiveness == 0;
             }
-            randomizeDamage(battle);
+            try randomizeDamage(battle, player, options);
         }
     }
 
-    // Due to control flow shenanigans we need to clear last_damage for Pokémon Showdown
-    if (showdown and skip and move.effect != .Bide) battle.last_damage = 0;
-
-    miss = if (showdown or skip)
-        miss
-    else
-        (!moveHit(battle, player, move, &immune, &mist) or battle.last_damage == 0);
+    var missed: bool = undefined;
+    const zero = battle.last_damage == 0;
+    if (!showdown and !skip) {
+        missed = !try moveHit(battle, player, move, &immune, &mist, options);
+        miss = missed or zero;
+    }
 
     assert(showdown or miss or battle.last_damage > 0 or skip);
     assert((!showdown and miss) or !(ohko and immune));
@@ -823,11 +949,11 @@ fn doMove(
 
     if (!showdown or !miss) {
         if (move.effect == .MirrorMove) {
-            return mirrorMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, residual, log);
+            return mirrorMove(battle, player, mslot, rewrap, auto, residual, options);
         } else if (move.effect == .Metronome) {
-            return metronome(battle, player, mslot, auto, residual, log);
+            return metronome(battle, player, mslot, rewrap, auto, residual, options);
         } else if (move.effect.onEnd()) {
-            try onEnd(battle, player, move, log);
+            try onEnd(battle, player, move, options);
             return null;
         }
     }
@@ -839,62 +965,83 @@ fn doMove(
         ohko = (!showdown or (!immune and !invulnerable)) and
             move.effect == .OHKO and side.active.stats.spe < foe.active.stats.spe;
         if (ohko) {
-            try log.immune(foe_ident, .OHKO);
-        } else if (immune and !invulnerable) {
-            try log.immune(foe_ident, .None);
+            try log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .OHKO });
+        } else if (immune and !invulnerable and (!showdown or move.effect != .Binding)) {
+            try log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+            if (!showdown) {
+                if (move.effect == .Binding) {
+                    // Rather obnoxiously, the cartridge sets the Binding volatile in canMove and
+                    // then simply clears it later on if the move happens to miss in moveHit.
+                    // However, moveHit can return true and we'll still end up in the outer miss
+                    // handling block because attacking into an immune Pokemon does zero damage
+                    // (considered missing)
+                    assert(zero);
+                    // Thus we still need to actually save the hit result (but not the crit roll).
+                    // Using .miss for this commit would accomplish what we want, but is somewhat
+                    // misleading as its entirely possible the move actually did hit (and the target
+                    // is now trapped) so we use the .binding value instead which is effectively
+                    // identical, just doesn't claim to know about the actual results of the hit
+                    // roll)
+                    try options.chance.commit(player, .binding);
+                } else {
+                    // The .glitch option allows for conditionally committing if we are in a
+                    // division-by-zero freeze alternative timeline scenario
+                    try options.chance.commit(player, .glitch);
+                }
+            }
         } else if (mist) {
-            if (!foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) try log.activate(foe_ident, .Mist);
-            try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+            if (!foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) try log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .Mist });
+            try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
         } else {
-            try log.lastmiss();
-            try log.miss(battle.active(player));
+            if (!showdown) try options.chance.commit(player, if (zero and !missed) .hit else .miss);
+            try log.lastmiss(.{});
+            try log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
         }
         if (move.effect == .JumpKick) {
             // Recoil is supposed to be damage/8 but damage will always be 0 here
-            assert(battle.last_damage == 0);
+            assert(showdown or battle.last_damage == 0);
             battle.last_damage = 1;
-            _ = try applyDamage(battle, player, player.foe(), .None, log);
+            _ = try applyDamage(battle, player, player.foe(), .None, options);
             if (showdown and side.stored().hp == 0) residual.* = false;
         } else if (move.effect == .Explode) {
             try Effects.explode(battle, player);
-            if (foe.active.volatiles.Rage and foe.active.boosts.atk < 6) {
-                try Effects.boost(battle, player.foe(), Move.get(.Rage), log);
-            }
-        } else if (showdown) {
-            if (move.effect == .Disable) {
-                if (foe.active.volatiles.Rage and foe.active.boosts.atk < 6) {
-                    try Effects.boost(battle, player.foe(), Move.get(.Rage), log);
-                }
-            }
+            try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
+        } else if (showdown and move.effect == .Disable) {
+            try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
         }
         return null;
+    } else if (!showdown) {
+        try options.chance.commit(player, .hit);
     }
 
     // On the cartridge MultiHit doesn't get set up until after damage has been applied for the
     // first time but its more convenient and efficient to set it up here (Pokémon Showdown sets
-    // it up above before damage calculation).
+    // it up above before damage calculation)
     if (!showdown and move.effect.isMulti()) {
-        Effects.multiHit(battle, player, move);
+        try Effects.multiHit(battle, player, move, options);
         hits = side.active.volatiles.attacks;
     }
 
+    // Pokémon Showdown only builds Rage for Disable/Explosion (hit/miss) when attacking into a sub
+    const sub = showdown and foe.active.volatiles.Substitute;
+
     var nullified = false;
     var hit: u4 = 0;
     while (hit < hits) {
         if (hit == 0) {
-            if (crit) try log.crit(battle.active(player.foe()));
+            if (crit) try log.crit(.{battle.active(player.foe())});
             if (effectiveness > Effectiveness.neutral) {
-                try log.supereffective(battle.active(player.foe()));
+                try log.supereffective(.{battle.active(player.foe())});
             } else if (effectiveness < Effectiveness.neutral) {
-                try log.resisted(battle.active(player.foe()));
+                try log.resisted(.{battle.active(player.foe())});
             }
         }
-        if (!skip) nullified = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, log);
-        if (hit == 0 and ohko) try log.ohko();
+        if (!skip) nullified = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, options);
+        if (hit == 0 and ohko) try log.ohko(.{});
         hit += 1;
         if (foe.stored().hp == 0) break;
-        if (foe.active.volatiles.Rage and foe.active.boosts.atk < 6) {
-            try Effects.boost(battle, player.foe(), Move.get(.Rage), log);
+        if (!late and (!sub or move.effect == .Explode)) {
+            try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
         }
         // If the substitute breaks during a multi-hit attack, the attack ends
         if (nullified) break;
@@ -905,33 +1052,40 @@ fn doMove(
         assert(nullified or foe.stored().hp == 0 or side.active.volatiles.attacks - hit == 0);
         side.active.volatiles.attacks = 0;
         if (showdown and move.effect == .Twineedle and !nullified and foe.stored().hp > 0) {
-            try Effects.poison(battle, player, Move.get(.PoisonSting), log);
+            try Effects.poison(battle, player, Move.get(.PoisonSting), options);
         }
-        try log.hitcount(battle.active(player.foe()), hit);
-    } else if (showdown) {
+        try log.hitcount(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), hit });
+    } else if (showdown and move.effect == .Binding) {
         // This should be handled much earlier but Pokémon Showdown does it here... ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
-        if (move.effect == .Binding) {
-            Effects.binding(battle, player);
-            if (immune) {
-                battle.last_damage = 0;
-                // Pokémon Showdown logs |-damage| here instead of |-immune| because logic...
-                try log.damage(battle.active(player.foe()), foe.stored(), .None);
-                return null;
+        try Effects.binding(battle, player, rewrap, options);
+        if (immune) {
+            battle.last_damage = 0;
+            assert(foe.stored().hp > 0);
+            // Pokémon Showdown logs |-damage| here instead of |-immune| because logic...
+            if (sub) {
+                try log.activate(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .Substitute });
+            } else {
+                try log.damage(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), foe.stored(), .None });
+                try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
             }
+            return null;
         }
     }
 
     // Substitute being broken nullifies the move's effect completely so even
-    // if an effect was intended to "always happen" it will still get skipped.
+    // if an effect was intended to "always happen" it will still get skipped
     if (nullified) return null;
 
     // On the cartridge, "always happen" effect handlers are called in the applyDamage loop above,
     // but this is only done to setup the MultiHit looping in the first place. Moving the MultiHit
-    // setup before the loop means we can avoid having to waste time doing no-op handler searches.
-    if (move.effect.alwaysHappens()) try alwaysHappens(battle, player, move, residual, log);
+    // setup before the loop means we can avoid having to waste time doing no-op handler searches
+    if (move.effect.alwaysHappens()) try alwaysHappens(battle, player, move, residual, options);
 
     if (foe.stored().hp == 0) return null;
 
+    // Pokémon Showdown builds Rage at the wrong time for non-MultiHit move
+    if (late and !sub and move.effect != .Disable) try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
+
     if (!move.effect.isSpecial()) {
         // On the cartridge Rage is not considered to be "special" and thus gets executed for a
         // second time here (after being executed in the "always happens" block above) but that
@@ -939,30 +1093,33 @@ fn doMove(
         // below). For Twineedle we change the data to that of one with PoisonChance1 given its
         // MultiHit behavior is complete after the loop above, though Pokémon Showdown handles the
         // Twineedle secondary effect in the MultiHit cleanup block above because it incorrectly
-        // puts the |-status| message before |-hitcount| instead of after.
+        // puts the |-status| message before |-hitcount| instead of after
         if (move.effect == .Twineedle) {
-            if (!showdown) try Effects.poison(battle, player, Move.get(.PoisonSting), log);
+            if (!showdown) try Effects.poison(battle, player, Move.get(.PoisonSting), options);
         } else if (move.effect == .Disable) {
-            return Effects.disable(battle, player, move, log);
+            const result = try Effects.disable(battle, player, move, options);
+            if (showdown) try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
+            return result;
         } else {
-            try moveEffect(battle, player, move, log);
+            try moveEffect(battle, player, move, options);
         }
     }
 
     return null;
 }
 
-fn checkCriticalHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data) bool {
+fn checkCriticalHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !bool {
     const side = battle.side(player);
 
     // Base speed is used for the critical hit calculation, even when Transform-ed
-    var chance = @as(u16, Species.chance(side.stored().species));
-    // GLITCH: Focus Energy reduces critical hit chance instead of increasing it
-    chance = if (side.active.volatiles.FocusEnergy) chance / 2 else @min(chance * 2, 255);
-    chance = if (move.effect == .HighCritical) @min(chance * 4, 255) else chance / 2;
-
-    if (showdown) return battle.rng.chance(u8, @intCast(u8, chance), 256);
-    return std.math.rotl(u8, battle.rng.next(), 3) < chance;
+    var rate: u16 = Species.chance(side.stored().species);
+    // GLITCH: Focus Energy reduces critical hit rate instead of increasing it
+    rate = if (side.active.volatiles.FocusEnergy) rate / 2 else @min(rate * 2, 255);
+    rate = if (move.effect == .HighCritical) @min(rate * 4, 255) else rate / 2;
+
+    const spurious =
+        !showdown and ((move.bp == 0 and move.effect != .OHKO) or move.target == .Depends);
+    return Rolls.criticalHit(battle, player, @intCast(rate), spurious, options);
 }
 
 fn calcDamage(
@@ -971,6 +1128,7 @@ fn calcDamage(
     target_player: Player,
     m: ?Move.Data,
     crit: bool,
+    options: anytype,
 ) bool {
     // Confusion (indicated when m == null) just needs a 40 BP physical move
     const cfz = m == null;
@@ -982,28 +1140,8 @@ fn calcDamage(
 
     const special = move.type.special();
 
-    // zig fmt: off
-    var atk: u32 =
-        if (crit)
-            if (special) side.stored().stats.spc
-            else side.stored().stats.atk
-        else
-            if (special) side.active.stats.spc
-            else side.active.stats.atk;
-    var def: u32 =
-        if (crit)
-            if (special) target.stored().stats.spc
-            else target.stored().stats.def
-        else
-            // GLITCH: not capped to MAX_STAT_VALUE, can be 999 * 2 = 1998
-            if (special)
-                target.active.stats.spc *
-                    @as(u2, if (target.active.volatiles.LightScreen) 2 else 1)
-            // Pokémon Showdown doesn't apply the opponent's Reflect to confusion's self-hit
-            else
-                target.active.stats.def *
-                    @as(u2, if ((!showdown or !cfz) and target.active.volatiles.Reflect) 2 else 1);
-    // zig fmt: on
+    var atk = attack(side, crit, special);
+    var def = defense(target, crit, special, cfz);
 
     // Pokémon Showdown erroneously skips this for confusion's self-hit damage, but thankfully we
     // will not overflow because the hit is only 40 BP and unboosted (the highest legal unboosted
@@ -1011,12 +1149,12 @@ fn calcDamage(
     if ((!showdown or !cfz) and (atk > 255 or def > 255)) {
         atk = @max((atk / 4) & 255, 1);
         // GLITCH: not adjusted to be a min of 1 on cartridge (can lead to division-by-zero freeze)
-        def = @max((def / 4) & 255, if (showdown) 1 else 0);
+        def = @max((def / 4) & 255, if (pkmn.options.mod) 1 else 0);
     }
 
-    const lvl = @as(u32, side.stored().level * @as(u2, if (crit) 2 else 1));
+    const lvl: u32 = side.stored().level * @as(u2, if (crit) 2 else 1);
 
-    def = @as(u32, if (move.effect == .Explode) @max(def / 2, 1) else def);
+    def = if (move.effect == .Explode) @max(def / 2, 1) else def;
 
     if (def == 0) return false;
 
@@ -1028,11 +1166,41 @@ fn calcDamage(
     d = @min(997, d);
     d += 2;
 
-    battle.last_damage = @intCast(u16, d);
+    // Whether or not a critical hit occurred can change whether a division-by-zero freeze is
+    // encountered so we need to make sure that in the event of a miss we commit the status of the
+    // crit roll. The alternative to doing this extra work is to *always* commit the crit roll but
+    // that results in counter intuitive probabilities in the common case
+    if (pkmn.options.chance and !pkmn.options.mod and move.effect != .Explode) {
+        atk = attack(side, !crit, special);
+        def = defense(target, !crit, special, false);
+        if ((atk > 255 or def > 255) and (def / 4) & 255 == 0) options.chance.glitch();
+    }
+
+    battle.last_damage = @intCast(d);
 
     return true;
 }
 
+fn attack(side: *Side, crit: bool, special: bool) u32 {
+    return if (crit)
+        if (special) side.stored().stats.spc else side.stored().stats.atk
+    else if (special) side.active.stats.spc else side.active.stats.atk;
+}
+
+fn defense(target: *Side, crit: bool, special: bool, cfz: bool) u32 {
+    return if (crit)
+        if (special) target.stored().stats.spc else target.stored().stats.def
+    else
+    // GLITCH: not capped to MAX_STAT_VALUE, can be 999 * 2 = 1998
+    if (special)
+        target.active.stats.spc *
+            @as(u2, if (target.active.volatiles.LightScreen) 2 else 1)
+    else
+        // Pokémon Showdown doesn't apply the opponent's Reflect to confusion's self-hit
+        target.active.stats.def *
+            @as(u2, if ((!showdown or !cfz) and target.active.volatiles.Reflect) 2 else 1);
+}
+
 fn adjustDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player) u16 {
     const side = battle.side(player);
     const foe = battle.foe(player);
@@ -1042,9 +1210,9 @@ fn adjustDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player) u16 {
     var d = battle.last_damage;
     if (side.active.types.includes(move.type)) d +%= d / 2;
 
-    const neutral = @enumToInt(Effectiveness.Neutral);
-    const eff1: u16 = @enumToInt(move.type.effectiveness(types.type1));
-    const eff2: u16 = @enumToInt(move.type.effectiveness(types.type2));
+    const neutral = @intFromEnum(Effectiveness.Neutral);
+    const eff1: u16 = @intFromEnum(move.type.effectiveness(types.type1));
+    const eff2: u16 = @intFromEnum(move.type.effectiveness(types.type2));
 
     // Type effectiveness matchup precedence only matters with (NVE, SE)
     if (!showdown and (eff1 + eff2) == Effectiveness.mismatch and
@@ -1064,99 +1232,89 @@ fn adjustDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player) u16 {
     return if (types.type1 == types.type2) eff1 * neutral else eff1 * eff2;
 }
 
-fn randomizeDamage(battle: anytype) void {
+fn randomizeDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
     if (battle.last_damage <= 1) return;
-
-    const random = if (showdown)
-        battle.rng.range(u8, 217, 256)
-    else loop: {
-        while (true) {
-            const r = std.math.rotr(u8, battle.rng.next(), 1);
-            if (r >= 217) break :loop r;
-        }
-    };
-
-    battle.last_damage = @intCast(u16, @as(u32, battle.last_damage) *% random / 255);
+    const random = try Rolls.damage(battle, player, options);
+    options.calc.base(player.foe(), battle.last_damage);
+    battle.last_damage = @intCast(@as(u32, battle.last_damage) *% random / 255);
+    options.calc.final(player.foe(), battle.last_damage);
 }
 
-fn specialDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !?Result {
+fn specialDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !?Result {
     const side = battle.side(player);
+    const foe = battle.foe(player);
 
-    if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return null;
+    if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return null;
 
     battle.last_damage = switch (side.last_selected_move) {
-        .SuperFang => @max(battle.foe(player).stored().hp / 2, 1),
+        .SuperFang => @max(foe.stored().hp / 2, 1),
         .SeismicToss, .NightShade => side.stored().level,
         .SonicBoom => 20,
         .DragonRage => 40,
         // GLITCH: if power = 0 then a desync occurs (or a miss on Pokémon Showdown)
         .Psywave => power: {
-            const max = @intCast(u8, @as(u16, side.stored().level) * 3 / 2);
-            if (showdown) {
-                break :power battle.rng.range(u8, 0, max);
-            } else {
-                // GLITCH: Psywave infinite glitch loop
-                if (max <= 1) return Result.Error;
-                while (true) {
-                    const r = battle.rng.next();
-                    if (r < max) break :power r;
-                }
-            }
+            const max: u8 = @intCast(@as(u16, side.stored().level) * 3 / 2);
+            // GLITCH: Psywave infinite glitch loop
+            if (!pkmn.options.mod and max <= 1) return Result.Error;
+            break :power try Rolls.psywave(battle, player, max, options);
         },
         else => unreachable,
     };
 
-    if (battle.last_damage == 0) return if (showdown) null else Result.Error;
+    if (battle.last_damage == 0) return if (pkmn.options.mod) null else Result.Error;
+
+    const sub = showdown and foe.active.volatiles.Substitute;
+    _ = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, options);
+    if (battle.foe(player).stored().hp > 0 and !sub) try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
 
-    _ = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, log);
     return null;
 }
 
-fn counterDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !?Result {
+fn counterDamage(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !?Result {
     const foe = battle.foe(player);
 
     if (battle.last_damage == 0) {
-        try log.fail(battle.active(player), .None);
+        try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
         return null;
     }
 
-    // Pretend Counter was used as a stand-in when no move has been used to fail below with 0 BP
-    const foe_last_used_move =
-        Move.get(if (foe.last_used_move == .None) .Counter else foe.last_used_move);
+    // Pretend Splash was used as a stand-in when no move has been used to fail below with 0 BP
     const foe_last_selected_move =
         Move.get(if (foe.last_selected_move == .None or foe.last_selected_move == .SKIP_TURN)
-        .Counter
+        .Splash
     else
         foe.last_selected_move);
 
-    const used = foe_last_used_move.bp > 0 and
-        foe.last_used_move != .Counter and
-        (foe_last_used_move.type == .Normal or
-        foe_last_used_move.type == .Fighting);
-
+    const used = battle.lastMove(player.foe()).counterable != 0;
     const selected = foe_last_selected_move.bp > 0 and
         foe.last_selected_move != .Counter and
         (foe_last_selected_move.type == .Normal or
         foe_last_selected_move.type == .Fighting);
 
     if (!used and !selected) {
-        try log.fail(battle.active(player), .None);
+        try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
         return null;
     }
 
     if (!used or !selected) {
         // GLITCH: Counter desync (covered by Desync Clause Mod on Pokémon Showdown)
-        if (!showdown) return Result.Error;
-        try log.fail(battle.active(player), .None);
+        if (!pkmn.options.mod) return Result.Error;
+        try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
         return null;
     }
 
-    battle.last_damage = if (battle.last_damage > 0x7FFF) 0xFFFF else battle.last_damage * 2;
+    // NOTE: llvm/llvm-project#58557
+    battle.last_damage = if (comptime builtin.target.isWasm())
+        @max(battle.last_damage *% 2, std.math.maxInt(u16))
+    else
+        battle.last_damage *| 2;
 
-    // Pokémon Showdown calls checkHit before Counter
-    if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return null;
+    // Pokémon Showdown calls moveHit before Counter
+    if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return null;
 
-    _ = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, log);
+    const sub = showdown and foe.active.volatiles.Substitute;
+    _ = try applyDamage(battle, player.foe(), player.foe(), .None, options);
+    if (battle.foe(player).stored().hp > 0 and !sub) try buildRage(battle, player.foe(), options);
     return null;
 }
 
@@ -1165,7 +1323,7 @@ fn applyDamage(
     target_player: Player,
     sub_player: Player,
     reason: Damage,
-    log: anytype,
+    options: anytype,
 ) !bool {
     assert(showdown or battle.last_damage != 0);
 
@@ -1180,19 +1338,20 @@ fn applyDamage(
             subbed.active.volatiles.substitute = 0;
             subbed.active.volatiles.Substitute = false;
             // battle.last_damage is not updated with the amount of HP the Substitute had
-            try log.end(battle.active(sub_player), .Substitute);
+            try options.log.end(.{ battle.active(sub_player), .Substitute });
+            if (reason != .Confusion) options.calc.capped(sub_player);
             return true;
         } else {
             // Safe to truncate since less than subbed.volatiles.substitute which is a u8
-            subbed.active.volatiles.substitute -= @intCast(u8, battle.last_damage);
-            try log.activate(battle.active(sub_player), .Substitute);
+            subbed.active.volatiles.substitute -= @intCast(battle.last_damage);
+            try options.log.activate(.{ battle.active(sub_player), .Substitute });
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (battle.last_damage > target.stored().hp) battle.last_damage = target.stored().hp;
     target.stored().hp -= battle.last_damage;
-    try log.damage(battle.active(target_player), target.stored(), reason);
+    try options.log.damage(.{ battle.active(target_player), target.stored(), reason });
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -1200,73 +1359,81 @@ fn mirrorMove(
     battle: anytype,
     player: Player,
     mslot: u4,
+    rewrap: bool,
     auto: bool,
     residual: *bool,
-    log: anytype,
-) !?Result {
+    options: anytype,
+) anyerror!?Result {
     var side = battle.side(player);
     const foe = battle.foe(player);
 
     side.last_selected_move = foe.last_used_move;
 
     if (foe.last_used_move == .None or foe.last_used_move == .MirrorMove) {
-        try log.fail(battle.active(player), .None);
+        try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
         return null;
+    } else if (!showdown or foe.last_used_move != .Struggle) {
+        incrementPP(side, player, mslot, options);
     }
 
-    incrementPP(side, mslot);
-
-    if (!try canMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, false, .MirrorMove, log)) return null;
-    return doMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, residual, log);
+    if (!try canMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, false, .MirrorMove, residual, options)) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    return doMove(battle, player, mslot, rewrap, auto, residual, options);
 }
 
 fn metronome(
     battle: anytype,
     player: Player,
     mslot: u4,
+    rewrap: bool,
     auto: bool,
     residual: *bool,
-    log: anytype,
-) !?Result {
+    options: anytype,
+) anyerror!?Result {
     var side = battle.side(player);
 
-    side.last_selected_move = if (showdown) blk: {
-        const r = battle.rng.range(u8, 0, @enumToInt(Move.Struggle) - 2);
-        const mod = @as(u2, (if (r < @enumToInt(Move.Metronome) - 1) 1 else 2));
-        break :blk @intToEnum(Move, r + mod);
-    } else loop: {
-        while (true) {
-            const r = battle.rng.next();
-            if (r == 0 or r == @enumToInt(Move.Metronome)) continue;
-            if (r >= @enumToInt(Move.Struggle)) continue;
-            break :loop @intToEnum(Move, r);
-        }
-    };
-
-    incrementPP(side, mslot);
+    side.last_selected_move = try Rolls.metronome(battle, player, options);
+    incrementPP(side, player, mslot, options);
 
-    if (!try canMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, false, .Metronome, log)) return null;
-    return doMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, residual, log);
+    if (!try canMove(battle, player, mslot, auto, false, .Metronome, residual, options)) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    return doMove(battle, player, mslot, rewrap, auto, residual, options);
 }
 
-fn checkHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !bool {
+fn checkHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !bool {
     var immune = false;
     var mist = false;
-    if (moveHit(battle, player, move, &immune, &mist)) return true;
+
+    if (try moveHit(battle, player, move, &immune, &mist, options)) {
+        if (!showdown) try options.chance.commit(player, .hit);
+        return true;
+    }
+
     assert(!immune);
     if (mist) {
         assert(!showdown);
         const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
-        try log.activate(foe_ident, .Mist);
-        try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+        try options.log.activate(.{ foe_ident, .Mist });
+        try options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
     } else {
-        try log.lastmiss();
-        try log.miss(battle.active(player));
+        try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+        try options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
     }
+
+    if (!showdown) try options.chance.commit(player, .miss);
     return false;
 }
 
-fn moveHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, immune: *bool, mist: *bool) bool {
+fn moveHit(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    move: Move.Data,
+    immune: *bool,
+    mist: *bool,
+    options: anytype,
+) !bool {
     var side = battle.side(player);
     const foe = battle.foe(player);
 
@@ -1278,7 +1445,9 @@ fn moveHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, immune: *bool, mist
             if (move.effect == .Swift) return true;
             if (foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable) break :miss true;
         }
-        if (move.effect == .DreamEater and !Status.is(foe.stored().status, .SLP)) {
+        if (move.effect == .DreamEater and (!Status.is(foe.stored().status, .SLP) or
+            (showdown and foe.active.volatiles.Substitute)))
+        {
             immune.* = true;
             if (showdown) return false;
             break :miss true;
@@ -1298,23 +1467,24 @@ fn moveHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, immune: *bool, mist
         }
 
         // GLITCH: Thrash / Petal Dance / Rage get their accuracy overwritten on subsequent hits
-        var state = &side.active.volatiles.state;
-        const overwritten = (move.effect == .Thrashing or move.effect == .Rage) and state.* > 0;
-        assert(!overwritten or (0 < state.* and state.* <= 255 and !side.active.volatiles.Bide));
-        var accuracy = if (overwritten) state.* else @as(u16, Gen12.percent(move.accuracy));
-        var boost = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, side.active.boosts.accuracy) + 6)];
+        const state = side.active.volatiles.state;
+        var overwrite = move.effect == .Rage or move.effect == .Thrashing;
+        const overwritten = overwrite and state > 0;
+        assert(!overwritten or (0 < state and state <= 255 and !side.active.volatiles.Bide));
+
+        var accuracy: u16 = if (overwritten) state else move.accuracy;
+        var boost = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, side.active.boosts.accuracy) + 6))];
         accuracy = accuracy * boost[0] / boost[1];
-        boost = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, -foe.active.boosts.evasion) + 6)];
+        boost = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, -foe.active.boosts.evasion) + 6))];
         accuracy = accuracy * boost[0] / boost[1];
         accuracy = @min(255, @max(1, accuracy));
 
-        if (move.effect == .Thrashing or move.effect == .Rage) state.* = accuracy;
+        // Pokémon Showdown only overwrites if the volatile is present
+        if (showdown) overwrite = side.active.volatiles.Rage or side.active.volatiles.Thrashing;
+        if (overwrite) side.active.volatiles.state = accuracy;
 
         // GLITCH: max accuracy is 255 so 1/256 chance of miss
-        break :miss if (showdown)
-            !battle.rng.chance(u8, @intCast(u8, accuracy), 256)
-        else
-            battle.rng.next() >= accuracy;
+        break :miss !try Rolls.hit(battle, player, @intCast(accuracy), options);
     };
 
     // Pokémon Showdown reports miss instead of fail for moves blocked by Mist that 1/256 miss
@@ -1324,16 +1494,20 @@ fn moveHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, immune: *bool, mist
     }
 
     if (!miss) return true;
-    battle.last_damage = 0;
+    if (!showdown or !foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable) battle.last_damage = 0;
+
     side.active.volatiles.Binding = false;
+    options.chance.observe(.binding, player, .None);
+
     return false;
 }
 
 fn checkFaint(
     battle: anytype,
     player: Player,
-    log: anytype,
-) @TypeOf(log).Error!?Result {
+    cap: bool,
+    options: anytype,
+) @TypeOf(options.log).Error!?Result {
     const side = battle.side(player);
     if (side.stored().hp > 0) return null;
 
@@ -1341,33 +1515,32 @@ fn checkFaint(
     const foe_fainted = foe.stored().hp == 0;
 
     const player_out = findFirstAlive(side) == 0;
-    const foe_out = findFirstAlive(foe) == 0;
-    const tie = player_out and foe_out;
-    const more = tie or player_out or foe_out;
+    const foe_out = foe_fainted and findFirstAlive(foe) == 0;
+    const more = player_out or foe_out;
 
-    if (try faint(battle, player, log, !(more or foe_fainted))) |r| return r;
-    if (foe_fainted) if (try faint(battle, player.foe(), log, !more)) |r| return r;
+    if (try faint(battle, player, !(more or foe_fainted), cap, options)) |r| return r;
+    if (foe_fainted) if (try faint(battle, player.foe(), !more, false, options)) |r| return r;
 
     assert(!side.active.volatiles.MultiHit);
     assert(!foe.active.volatiles.MultiHit);
 
-    if (tie) {
-        try log.tie();
+    if (player_out and foe_out) {
+        try options.log.tie(.{});
         return Result.Tie;
     } else if (player_out) {
-        try log.win(player.foe());
+        try options.log.win(.{player.foe()});
         return if (player == .P1) Result.Lose else Result.Win;
     } else if (foe_out) {
-        try log.win(player);
+        try options.log.win(.{player});
         return if (player == .P1) Result.Win else Result.Lose;
     }
 
     const foe_choice: Choice.Type = if (foe_fainted) .Switch else .Pass;
-    if (player == .P1) return Result{ .p1 = .Switch, .p2 = foe_choice };
-    return Result{ .p1 = foe_choice, .p2 = .Switch };
+    if (player == .P1) return .{ .p1 = .Switch, .p2 = foe_choice };
+    return .{ .p1 = foe_choice, .p2 = .Switch };
 }
 
-fn faint(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype, done: bool) !?Result {
+fn faint(battle: anytype, player: Player, done: bool, cap: bool, options: anytype) !?Result {
     var side = battle.side(player);
     var foe = battle.foe(player);
     assert(side.stored().hp == 0);
@@ -1376,7 +1549,7 @@ fn faint(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype, done: bool) !?Result {
     assert(!foe_volatiles.MultiHit);
     if (foe_volatiles.Bide) {
         assert(!foe_volatiles.Thrashing and !foe_volatiles.Rage);
-        foe_volatiles.state = if (showdown) 0 else foe_volatiles.state & 255;
+        foe_volatiles.state = if (pkmn.options.mod) 0 else foe_volatiles.state & 255;
         if (foe_volatiles.state != 0) return Result.Error;
     }
 
@@ -1400,35 +1573,45 @@ fn faint(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype, done: bool) !?Result {
             side.stored().stats.spe;
     }
 
-    try log.faint(battle.active(player), done);
+    try options.log.faint(.{ battle.active(player), done });
+    // We can only safely set capped if the faint occured as the direct result of an opponent's
+    // move (as opposed to due to residual damage, recoil, Explosion, etc)
+    if (cap) options.calc.capped(player);
     return null;
 }
 
-fn handleResidual(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+fn handleResidual(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
     var side = battle.side(player);
     var stored = side.stored();
     const ident = battle.active(player);
     var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
 
     const brn = Status.is(stored.status, .BRN);
-    if (brn or Status.is(stored.status, .PSN)) blk: {
+    if (brn or Status.is(stored.status, .PSN)) {
         var damage = @max(stored.stats.hp / 16, 1);
-
         if (volatiles.Toxic) {
             volatiles.toxic += 1;
             damage *= volatiles.toxic;
         }
+        damage = @min(damage, stored.hp);
 
-        const amount = @min(damage, stored.hp);
-        if (showdown and amount == 0) break :blk;
-
-        stored.hp -= amount;
-
-        // Pokémon Showdown uses damageOf here but its not relevant in Generation I
-        try log.damage(ident, stored, if (brn) Damage.Burn else Damage.Poison);
+        if (!showdown or damage > 0) {
+            stored.hp -= damage;
+            // Pokémon Showdown uses damage [of] here but its not relevant in Generation I
+            try options.log.damage(.{ ident, stored, if (brn) Damage.Burn else Damage.Poison });
+        }
     }
 
     if (volatiles.LeechSeed) {
+        var foe = battle.foe(player);
+        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
+        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+
+        if (foe_stored.hp == 0) {
+            assert(showdown);
+            return;
+        }
+
         var damage = @max(stored.stats.hp / 16, 1);
 
         // GLITCH: Leech Seed + Toxic glitch
@@ -1440,56 +1623,56 @@ fn handleResidual(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
         const amount = @min(damage, stored.hp);
         stored.hp -= amount;
 
-        var foe = battle.foe(player);
-        var foe_stored = foe.stored();
-        const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
-
-        // As above, Pokémon Showdown uses damageOf but its not relevant
-        if (amount > 0) try log.damage(ident, stored, .LeechSeed);
+        // As above, Pokémon Showdown uses damage [of] but its not relevant
+        if (amount > 0) try options.log.damage(.{ ident, stored, .LeechSeed });
 
         const before = foe_stored.hp;
         // Uncapped damage is added back to the foe
         foe_stored.hp = @min(foe_stored.hp + damage, foe_stored.stats.hp);
         // Pokémon Showdown uses the less specific heal here instead of drain... because reasons?
-        if (foe_stored.hp > before) try log.heal(foe_ident, foe_stored, .Silent);
+        if (foe_stored.hp > before) try options.log.heal(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored, .Silent });
     }
 }
 
-fn endTurn(battle: anytype, log: anytype) @TypeOf(log).Error!Result {
+fn endTurn(battle: anytype, options: anytype) @TypeOf(options.log).Error!Result {
     assert(!battle.side(.P1).active.volatiles.MultiHit);
     assert(!battle.side(.P2).active.volatiles.MultiHit);
 
-    if (showdown and options.ebc and checkEBC(battle)) {
-        try log.tie();
+    battle.turn += 1;
+
+    if (pkmn.options.mod and pkmn.options.ebc and checkEBC(battle)) {
+        try options.log.tie(.{});
         return Result.Tie;
     }
 
-    battle.turn += 1;
-
-    if (showdown and battle.turn >= 1000) {
-        try log.tie();
+    if (pkmn.options.mod and battle.turn >= 1000) {
+        try options.log.tie(.{});
         return Result.Tie;
     } else if (battle.turn >= 65535) {
         return Result.Error;
     }
 
-    try log.turn(battle.turn);
+    try options.log.turn(.{battle.turn});
 
     return Result.Default;
 }
 
 fn checkEBC(battle: anytype) bool {
     for (battle.sides, 0..) |side, i| {
+        const foe = battle.sides[~@as(u1, @intCast(i))];
+
         var foe_all_ghosts = true;
         var foe_all_transform = true;
+        for (foe.order, 0..) |id, j| {
+            if (id == 0) break;
+            const active = j == 0;
+            const pokemon = foe.pokemon[id - 1];
 
-        for (battle.sides[~@intCast(u1, i)].pokemon) |pokemon| {
-            if (pokemon.species == .None) continue;
-
-            const ghost = pokemon.hp == 0 or pokemon.types.includes(.Ghost);
+            const ghost = pokemon.hp == 0 or
+                (if (active) foe.active.types else pokemon.types).includes(.Ghost);
             foe_all_ghosts = foe_all_ghosts and ghost;
             foe_all_transform = foe_all_transform and pokemon.hp == 0 or transform: {
-                for (pokemon.moves) |m| {
+                for (if (active) foe.active.moves else pokemon.moves) |m| {
                     if (m.id == .None) break :transform true;
                     if (m.id != .Transform) break :transform false;
                 }
@@ -1497,10 +1680,14 @@ fn checkEBC(battle: anytype) bool {
             };
         }
 
-        for (side.pokemon) |pokemon| {
+        for (side.order, 0..) |id, j| {
+            if (id == 0) break;
+            const active = j == 0;
+            const pokemon = side.pokemon[id - 1];
+
             if (pokemon.hp == 0 or Status.is(pokemon.status, .FRZ)) continue;
             const transform = foe_all_transform and transform: {
-                for (pokemon.moves) |m| {
+                for (if (active) side.active.moves else pokemon.moves) |m| {
                     if (m.id == .None) break :transform true;
                     if (m.id != .Transform) break :transform false;
                 }
@@ -1508,7 +1695,7 @@ fn checkEBC(battle: anytype) bool {
             };
             if (transform) continue;
             const no_pp = foe_all_ghosts and no_pp: {
-                for (pokemon.moves) |m| {
+                for (if (active) side.active.moves else pokemon.moves) |m| {
                     if (m.pp != 0) break :no_pp false;
                 }
                 break :no_pp true;
@@ -1524,98 +1711,126 @@ fn checkEBC(battle: anytype) bool {
     return false;
 }
 
-inline fn onBegin(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, mslot: u8, log: anytype) !void {
-    assert(move.effect.onBegin());
+fn disabled(side: *Side, ident: ID, options: anytype) !bool {
+    if (side.active.volatiles.disable_move != 0) {
+        // A Pokémon that transforms after being disabled may end up with less move slots
+        const m = side.active.moves[side.active.volatiles.disable_move - 1].id;
+        // side.last_selected_move can be Struggle here on Pokemon Showdown we need an extra check
+        const last = if (showdown and m == .Bide and side.active.volatiles.Bide)
+            m
+        else
+            side.last_selected_move;
+        if (m != .None and m == last) {
+            side.active.volatiles.Charging = false;
+            try options.log.cant(.{ ident, .Disable, last });
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+fn buildRage(battle: anytype, who: Player, options: anytype) !void {
+    const side = battle.side(who);
+    if (side.active.volatiles.Rage and side.active.boosts.atk < 6) {
+        try Effects.boost(battle, who, Move.get(.Rage), options);
+    }
+}
+
+fn onBegin(
+    battle: anytype,
+    player: Player,
+    move: Move.Data,
+    mslot: u8,
+    residual: *bool,
+    options: anytype,
+) !void {
     return switch (move.effect) {
-        .Confusion => Effects.confusion(battle, player, move, log),
-        .Conversion => Effects.conversion(battle, player, log),
-        .FocusEnergy => Effects.focusEnergy(battle, player, log),
-        .Haze => Effects.haze(battle, player, log),
-        .Heal => Effects.heal(battle, player, log),
-        .LeechSeed => Effects.leechSeed(battle, player, move, log),
-        .LightScreen => Effects.lightScreen(battle, player, log),
-        .Mimic => Effects.mimic(battle, player, move, mslot, log),
-        .Mist => Effects.mist(battle, player, log),
-        .Paralyze => Effects.paralyze(battle, player, move, log),
-        .Poison => Effects.poison(battle, player, move, log),
-        .Reflect => Effects.reflect(battle, player, log),
-        .Splash => Effects.splash(battle, player, log),
-        .Substitute => Effects.substitute(battle, player, log),
-        .SwitchAndTeleport => Effects.switchAndTeleport(battle, player, move, log),
-        .Transform => Effects.transform(battle, player, log),
+        .Confusion => Effects.confusion(battle, player, move, options),
+        .Conversion => Effects.conversion(battle, player, options),
+        .FocusEnergy => Effects.focusEnergy(battle, player, options),
+        .Haze => Effects.haze(battle, player, options),
+        .Heal => Effects.heal(battle, player, options),
+        .LeechSeed => Effects.leechSeed(battle, player, move, options),
+        .LightScreen => Effects.lightScreen(battle, player, options),
+        .Mimic => Effects.mimic(battle, player, move, mslot, options),
+        .Mist => Effects.mist(battle, player, options),
+        .Paralyze => Effects.paralyze(battle, player, move, options),
+        .Poison => Effects.poison(battle, player, move, options),
+        .Reflect => Effects.reflect(battle, player, options),
+        .Splash => Effects.splash(battle, player, options),
+        .Substitute => Effects.substitute(battle, player, residual, options),
+        .SwitchAndTeleport => Effects.switchAndTeleport(battle, player, move, options),
+        .Transform => Effects.transform(battle, player, options),
         else => unreachable,
     };
 }
 
-inline fn onEnd(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
-    assert(move.effect.onEnd());
+fn onEnd(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
     return switch (move.effect) {
-        .Bide => Effects.bide(battle, player, log),
+        .Bide => Effects.bide(battle, player, options),
         // zig fmt: off
         .AttackUp1, .AttackUp2, .DefenseUp1, .DefenseUp2,
         .EvasionUp1, .SpecialUp1, .SpecialUp2, .SpeedUp2 =>
-            Effects.boost(battle, player, move, log),
+            Effects.boost(battle, player, move, options),
         .AccuracyDown1, .AttackDown1, .DefenseDown1, .DefenseDown2, .SpeedDown1 =>
-            Effects.unboost(battle, player, move, log),
+            Effects.unboost(battle, player, move, options),
         // zig fmt: on
-        .Sleep => Effects.sleep(battle, player, move, log),
+        .Sleep => Effects.sleep(battle, player, move, options),
         else => unreachable,
     };
 }
 
-inline fn alwaysHappens(
+fn alwaysHappens(
     battle: anytype,
     player: Player,
     move: Move.Data,
     residual: *bool,
-    log: anytype,
+    options: anytype,
 ) !void {
-    assert(move.effect.alwaysHappens());
     return switch (move.effect) {
-        .DrainHP, .DreamEater => Effects.drainHP(battle, player, log),
+        .DrainHP, .DreamEater => Effects.drainHP(battle, player, options),
         .Explode => Effects.explode(battle, player),
-        .PayDay => Effects.payDay(battle, player, log),
+        .PayDay => Effects.payDay(battle, player, options),
         .Rage => Effects.rage(battle, player),
-        .Recoil => Effects.recoil(battle, player, residual, log),
+        .Recoil => Effects.recoil(battle, player, residual, options),
         .JumpKick, .Binding => {},
         else => unreachable,
     };
 }
 
-inline fn moveEffect(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+fn moveEffect(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
     return switch (move.effect) {
-        .BurnChance1, .BurnChance2 => Effects.burnChance(battle, player, move, log),
-        .ConfusionChance => Effects.confusion(battle, player, move, log),
-        .FlinchChance1, .FlinchChance2 => Effects.flinchChance(battle, player, move),
-        .FreezeChance => Effects.freezeChance(battle, player, move, log),
-        .HyperBeam => Effects.hyperBeam(battle, player, log),
+        .BurnChance1, .BurnChance2 => Effects.burnChance(battle, player, move, options),
+        .ConfusionChance => Effects.confusion(battle, player, move, options),
+        .FlinchChance1, .FlinchChance2 => Effects.flinchChance(battle, player, move, options),
+        .FreezeChance => Effects.freezeChance(battle, player, move, options),
+        .HyperBeam => Effects.hyperBeam(battle, player, options),
         .MultiHit, .DoubleHit, .Twineedle => unreachable,
-        .ParalyzeChance1, .ParalyzeChance2 => Effects.paralyzeChance(battle, player, move, log),
-        .PoisonChance1, .PoisonChance2 => Effects.poison(battle, player, move, log),
+        .ParalyzeChance1, .ParalyzeChance2 => Effects.paralyzeChance(battle, player, move, options),
+        .PoisonChance1, .PoisonChance2 => Effects.poison(battle, player, move, options),
         // zig fmt: off
         .AttackDownChance, .DefenseDownChance, .SpecialDownChance, .SpeedDownChance =>
-            Effects.unboost(battle, player, move, log),
+            Effects.unboost(battle, player, move, options),
         // zig fmt: on
         else => {},
     };
 }
 
 pub const Effects = struct {
-    fn bide(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn bide(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
 
         side.active.volatiles.Bide = true;
         assert(!side.active.volatiles.Thrashing and !side.active.volatiles.Rage);
+
         side.active.volatiles.state = 0;
-        side.active.volatiles.attacks = @intCast(u3, if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.range(u4, 2, 4)
-        else
-            (battle.rng.next() & 1) + 2);
+        side.active.volatiles.attacks = Rolls.attackingDuration(battle, player, options);
+        options.chance.observe(.attacking, player, .started);
 
-        try log.start(battle.active(player), .Bide);
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .Bide });
     }
 
-    fn burnChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn burnChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         var foe_stored = foe.stored();
 
@@ -1626,96 +1841,91 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
             // GLITCH: Freeze top move selection desync can occur if thawed Pokémon is slower
             if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .FRZ)) {
                 assert(move.type == .Fire);
-                try log.curestatus(battle.active(player.foe()), foe_stored.status, .Message);
+                try options.log.curestatus(.{
+                    battle.active(player.foe()),
+                    foe_stored.status,
+                    .Message,
+                });
                 foe_stored.status = 0;
             }
             return;
         }
 
-        const chance = !foe.active.types.includes(move.type) and if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.chance(u8, @as(u8, if (move.effect == .BurnChance1) 26 else 77), 256)
-        else
-            battle.rng.next() < 1 + (if (move.effect == .BurnChance1)
-                Gen12.percent(10)
-            else
-                Gen12.percent(30));
-        if (!chance) return;
+        if (foe.active.types.includes(move.type)) return;
+        if (!try Rolls.secondaryChance(battle, player, move.effect == .BurnChance1, options)) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         foe_stored.status = Status.init(.BRN);
         foe.active.stats.atk = @max(foe.active.stats.atk / 2, 1);
 
-        try log.status(battle.active(player.foe()), foe_stored.status, .None);
+        try options.log.status(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), foe_stored.status, .None });
     }
 
-    fn charge(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn charge(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
         var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
 
         volatiles.Charging = true;
         const move = side.last_selected_move;
         if (move == .Fly or move == .Dig) volatiles.Invulnerable = true;
-        try log.laststill();
-        try log.prepare(battle.active(player), move);
+        try options.log.laststill(.{});
+        try options.log.prepare(.{ battle.active(player), move });
     }
 
-    fn confusion(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn confusion(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         const sub = foe.active.volatiles.Substitute;
 
         if (move.effect == .ConfusionChance) {
-            const chance = if (showdown)
-                battle.rng.chance(u8, 25, 256)
-            else
-                battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(10);
-            if (!chance) return;
+            if (!try Rolls.confusionChance(battle, player, options)) return;
         } else {
             if (showdown) {
-                if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) {
-                    return;
-                } else if (sub) {
-                    return log.fail(battle.active(player.foe()), .None);
-                }
+                if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
+                if (sub) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
             } else {
-                if (sub) {
-                    return log.fail(battle.active(player.foe()), .None);
-                } else if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) {
-                    return;
-                }
+                if (sub) return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
+                if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
             }
         }
 
         if (foe.active.volatiles.Confusion) return;
         foe.active.volatiles.Confusion = true;
-        foe.active.volatiles.confusion = @intCast(u3, if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.range(u8, 2, 6)
-        else
-            (battle.rng.next() & 3) + 2);
 
-        try log.start(battle.active(player.foe()), .Confusion);
+        foe.active.volatiles.confusion = Rolls.confusionDuration(battle, player, options);
+        options.chance.observe(.confusion, player.foe(), .started);
+        options.calc.confusion(player.foe());
+
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .Confusion });
     }
 
-    fn conversion(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn conversion(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         const foe = battle.foe(player);
 
         if (foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable) {
-            try log.lastmiss();
-            return log.miss(battle.active(player));
+            try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+            return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
         }
 
         battle.side(player).active.types = foe.active.types;
-        return log.typechange(battle.active(player), foe.active.types, battle.active(player.foe()));
+        return options.log.start(.{
+            battle.active(player),
+            .TypeChange,
+            foe.active.types,
+            battle.active(player.foe()),
+        });
     }
 
-    fn disable(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !?Result {
+    fn disable(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !?Result {
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         var volatiles = &foe.active.volatiles;
         const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
 
         // Pokémon Showdown handles hit/miss earlier in doMove
-        if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return null;
+        if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return null;
 
-        if (volatiles.disabled_move != 0) {
-            try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+        if (volatiles.disable_move != 0) {
+            try options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
             return null;
         }
 
@@ -1730,28 +1940,32 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
 
         // Technically this is still considered simply a "miss" on the cartridge,
         // but diverging from Pokémon Showdown here would mostly just be pedantic
-        if (n == 0) {
-            try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+        if (n == 0 or (pkmn.options.mod and err)) {
+            try options.log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
             return null;
         } else if (err) {
             // GLITCH: Transform + Mirror Move / Metronome PP softlock
-            assert(!showdown);
             return Result.Error;
         }
 
-        volatiles.disabled_move = @intCast(u3, randomMoveSlot(&battle.rng, &foe.active.moves, n));
-        volatiles.disabled_duration = @intCast(u4, if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.range(u8, 1, 9)
-        else
-            (battle.rng.next() & 7) + 1);
+        volatiles.disable_move =
+            @intCast(try Rolls.moveSlot(battle, player, &foe.active.moves, n, options));
+        volatiles.disable_duration = Rolls.disableDuration(battle, player, options);
+        options.chance.observe(.disable, player.foe(), .started);
 
-        try log.startEffect(foe_ident, .Disable, foe.active.move(volatiles.disabled_move).id);
+        const id = foe.active.move(volatiles.disable_move).id;
+        try options.log.start(.{ foe_ident, .Disable, id });
         return null;
     }
 
-    fn drainHP(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
-        var side = battle.side(player);
-        var stored = side.stored();
+    fn drainHP(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
+        var stored = battle.side(player).stored();
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
+
+        if (battle.last_damage == 0) {
+            assert(showdown);
+            if (!battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Substitute) return;
+        }
 
         const drain = @max(battle.last_damage / 2, 1);
         battle.last_damage = drain;
@@ -1759,7 +1973,7 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
         if (stored.hp == stored.stats.hp) return;
         stored.hp = @min(stored.stats.hp, stored.hp + drain);
 
-        try log.drain(battle.active(player), stored, battle.active(player.foe()));
+        try options.log.heal(.{ ident, stored, .Drain, battle.active(player.foe()) });
     }
 
     fn explode(battle: anytype, player: Player) !void {
@@ -1773,34 +1987,28 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
         side.active.volatiles.LeechSeed = false;
     }
 
-    fn flinchChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data) void {
+    fn flinchChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
         var volatiles = &battle.foe(player).active.volatiles;
 
         if (volatiles.Substitute) return;
-
-        const chance = if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.chance(u8, @as(u8, if (move.effect == .FlinchChance1) 26 else 77), 256)
-        else
-            battle.rng.next() < 1 + (if (move.effect == .FlinchChance1)
-                Gen12.percent(10)
-            else
-                Gen12.percent(30));
-        if (!chance) return;
+        if (!try Rolls.secondaryChance(battle, player, move.effect == .FlinchChance1, options)) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         volatiles.Flinch = true;
         volatiles.Recharging = false;
     }
 
-    fn focusEnergy(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn focusEnergy(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
 
         if (side.active.volatiles.FocusEnergy) return;
         side.active.volatiles.FocusEnergy = true;
 
-        try log.start(battle.active(player), .FocusEnergy);
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .FocusEnergy });
     }
 
-    fn freezeChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn freezeChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         var foe_stored = foe.stored();
         const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
@@ -1811,26 +2019,23 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
             return if (showdown and !foe.active.types.includes(move.type)) battle.rng.advance(1);
         }
 
-        const chance = !foe.active.types.includes(move.type) and if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.chance(u8, 26, 256)
-        else
-            battle.rng.next() < 1 + Gen12.percent(10);
-        if (!chance) return;
-
+        if (foe.active.types.includes(move.type)) return;
+        if (!try Rolls.secondaryChance(battle, player, true, options)) return;
         // Freeze Clause Mod
-        if (showdown) for (foe.pokemon) |p| if (Status.is(p.status, .FRZ)) return;
+        if (pkmn.options.mod) for (foe.pokemon) |p| if (Status.is(p.status, .FRZ)) return;
 
         foe_stored.status = Status.init(.FRZ);
         // GLITCH: Hyper Beam recharging status is not cleared
 
-        try log.status(foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .None);
+        try options.log.status(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .None });
     }
 
-    fn haze(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn haze(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
+        var log = options.log;
         var side = battle.side(player);
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
 
-        var side_stored = side.stored();
+        const side_stored = side.stored();
         var foe_stored = foe.stored();
 
         const player_ident = battle.active(player);
@@ -1842,96 +2047,101 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
         side.active.stats = side_stored.stats;
         foe.active.stats = foe_stored.stats;
 
-        try log.activate(player_ident, .Haze);
-        try log.clearallboost();
+        try log.activate(.{ player_ident, .Haze });
+        try log.clearallboost(.{});
 
         // Pokémon Showdown clears P1 then P2 instead of status -> side -> foe
         if (showdown) {
             for (&battle.sides, 0..) |*s, i| {
-                const p = @intToEnum(Player, i);
+                const p: Player = @enumFromInt(i);
                 // Pokémon Showdown incorrectly does not prevent sleep/freeze from moving
                 if (p != player and Status.any(s.stored().status)) {
-                    try log.curestatus(foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .Silent);
+                    try log.curestatus(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .Silent });
                     s.stored().status = 0;
+                    options.chance.observe(.sleep, p, .None);
                 } else if (showdown and s.stored().status == Status.TOX) {
                     s.stored().status = Status.init(.PSN);
-                    try log.status(battle.active(p), s.stored().status, .None);
+                    try log.status(.{ battle.active(p), s.stored().status, .None });
                 }
-                try clearVolatiles(battle, p, log);
+                try clearVolatiles(battle, p, options);
             }
         } else {
             if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) {
                 if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .FRZ) or Status.is(foe_stored.status, .SLP)) {
                     foe.last_selected_move = .SKIP_TURN;
+                    options.chance.observe(.sleep, player.foe(), .None);
                 }
-                try log.curestatus(foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .Silent);
+                try log.curestatus(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .Silent });
                 foe_stored.status = 0;
             }
-            try clearVolatiles(battle, player, log);
-            try clearVolatiles(battle, player.foe(), log);
+            try clearVolatiles(battle, player, options);
+            try clearVolatiles(battle, player.foe(), options);
         }
     }
 
-    fn heal(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn heal(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
         var stored = side.stored();
         const ident = battle.active(player);
 
         // GLITCH: HP recovery move failure glitches
         const delta = stored.stats.hp - stored.hp;
-        if (delta == 0 or delta & 255 == 255) return try log.fail(ident, .None);
+        if (delta == 0 or (delta & 255 == 255 and stored.hp % 256 != 0)) {
+            return options.log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+        }
 
         const rest = side.last_selected_move == .Rest;
         if (rest) {
             // Adding the sleep status runs the sleep condition handler to roll duration
             if (showdown) battle.rng.advance(1);
             stored.status = Status.slf(2);
-            try log.statusFrom(ident, stored.status, Move.Rest);
+            try options.log.status(.{ ident, stored.status, .From, Move.Rest });
             stored.hp = stored.stats.hp;
         } else {
             stored.hp = @min(stored.stats.hp, stored.hp + (stored.stats.hp / 2));
         }
-        try log.heal(ident, stored, if (rest) Heal.Silent else Heal.None);
+        try options.log.heal(.{ ident, stored, if (rest) Heal.Silent else Heal.None });
     }
 
-    fn hyperBeam(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn hyperBeam(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         battle.side(player).active.volatiles.Recharging = true;
-        try log.mustrecharge(battle.active(player));
+        try options.log.mustrecharge(.{battle.active(player)});
     }
 
-    fn leechSeed(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn leechSeed(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
 
         if (showdown) {
             // Invulnerability trumps type immunity on Pokémon Showdown
             if (!foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable and foe.active.types.includes(.Grass)) {
-                return log.immune(battle.active(player.foe()), .None);
+                return options.log.immune(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
             }
-            if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return;
+            if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
             if (foe.active.volatiles.LeechSeed) return;
         } else {
-            if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return;
+            if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
             if (foe.active.types.includes(.Grass) or foe.active.volatiles.LeechSeed) {
-                try log.lastmiss();
-                return log.miss(battle.active(player));
+                try options.log.lastmiss(.{});
+                return options.log.miss(.{battle.active(player)});
             }
         }
 
         foe.active.volatiles.LeechSeed = true;
 
-        try log.start(battle.active(player.foe()), .LeechSeed);
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .LeechSeed });
     }
 
-    fn lightScreen(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn lightScreen(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
 
-        if (side.active.volatiles.LightScreen) return log.fail(battle.active(player), .None);
+        if (side.active.volatiles.LightScreen) return options.log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
         side.active.volatiles.LightScreen = true;
 
-        try log.start(battle.active(player), .LightScreen);
+        try options.log.start(.{ ident, .LightScreen });
     }
 
-    fn mimic(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, mslot: u8, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn mimic(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, mslot: u8, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
 
@@ -1947,45 +2157,49 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
             const has_mimic = has_mimic: {
                 for (side.active.moves, 0..) |m, i| {
                     if (m.id == .Mimic) {
-                        oslot = @intCast(u8, i + 1);
+                        oslot = @intCast(i + 1);
                         break :has_mimic true;
                     }
                 }
                 break :has_mimic false;
             };
-            // If the foe is Invulnerable we still want to fall through to checkHit to be able to
-            // trigger |-miss| instead of |-fail|
-            if (!has_mimic and !foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable) {
-                return try log.fail(battle.active(player.foe()), .None);
+            if (!has_mimic) {
+                // Invulnerable foes or 1/256 miss can trigger |-miss| instead of |-fail|
+                if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
+                return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), .None });
             }
         }
-        if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return;
+        if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
 
-        const rslot = randomMoveSlot(&battle.rng, &foe.active.moves, 0);
+        const rslot = try Rolls.moveSlot(battle, player, &foe.active.moves, 0, options);
         side.active.move(oslot).id = foe.active.move(rslot).id;
 
-        try log.startEffect(battle.active(player), .Mimic, side.active.move(oslot).id);
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .Mimic, side.active.move(oslot).id });
     }
 
-    fn mist(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn mist(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
 
         if (side.active.volatiles.Mist) return;
         side.active.volatiles.Mist = true;
 
-        try log.start(battle.active(player), .Mist);
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .Mist });
     }
 
-    fn multiHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data) void {
+    fn multiHit(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
 
         assert(!side.active.volatiles.MultiHit);
         side.active.volatiles.MultiHit = true;
 
-        side.active.volatiles.attacks = if (move.effect == .MultiHit) distribution(battle) else 2;
+        side.active.volatiles.attacks = if (move.effect == .MultiHit)
+            try Rolls.distribution(battle, .MultiHit, player, options)
+        else
+            2;
     }
 
-    fn paralyze(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn paralyze(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
+        var log = options.log;
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         var foe_stored = foe.stored();
         const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
@@ -1995,27 +2209,28 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
 
         if (showdown) {
             // Invulnerability trumps type immunity on Pokémon Showdown
-            if (immune and !foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable) return log.immune(foe_ident, .None);
-            if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return;
+            if (immune and !foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable) {
+                return log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+            } else if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
         }
         if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) {
-            return log.fail(
+            return log.fail(.{
                 foe_ident,
-                if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .PAR)) .Paralysis else .None,
-            );
+                if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .PAR)) Fail.Paralysis else Fail.None,
+            });
         }
         if (!showdown) {
-            if (immune) return log.immune(foe_ident, .None);
-            if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return;
+            if (immune) return log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+            if (!try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
         }
 
         foe_stored.status = Status.init(.PAR);
         foe.active.stats.spe = @max(foe.active.stats.spe / 4, 1);
 
-        try log.status(foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .None);
+        try log.status(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .None });
     }
 
-    fn paralyzeChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn paralyzeChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         var foe_stored = foe.stored();
 
@@ -2026,65 +2241,59 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
         }
 
         // Body Slam can't paralyze a Normal type Pokémon
-        const chance = !foe.active.types.includes(move.type) and if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.chance(u8, @as(u8, if (move.effect == .ParalyzeChance1) 26 else 77), 256)
-        else
-            battle.rng.next() < 1 + (if (move.effect == .ParalyzeChance1)
-                Gen12.percent(10)
-            else
-                Gen12.percent(30));
-        if (!chance) return;
+        if (foe.active.types.includes(move.type)) return;
+        if (!try Rolls.secondaryChance(battle, player, move.effect == .ParalyzeChance1, options)) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         foe_stored.status = Status.init(.PAR);
         foe.active.stats.spe = @max(foe.active.stats.spe / 4, 1);
 
-        try log.status(battle.active(player.foe()), foe_stored.status, .None);
+        try options.log.status(.{ battle.active(player.foe()), foe_stored.status, .None });
     }
 
-    fn payDay(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
-        if (!showdown or !battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Substitute) try log.fieldactivate();
+    fn payDay(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
+        if (!showdown or !battle.foe(player).active.volatiles.Substitute) {
+            try options.log.fieldactivate(.{});
+        }
     }
 
-    fn poison(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn poison(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
+        var log = options.log;
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         var foe_stored = foe.stored();
         const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
         const toxic = battle.side(player).last_selected_move == .Toxic;
 
-        if (showdown and move.effect == .Poison and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) {
+        if (showdown and move.effect == .Poison and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) {
             return;
         } else if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
             if (move.effect != .Poison) return;
-            return log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+            return log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
         } else if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) {
             if (move.effect != .Poison) return if (showdown) battle.rng.advance(1);
             // Pokémon Showdown considers Toxic to be a status even in Generation I and so
             // will not include a fail reason for Toxic vs. Poison or vice-versa...
-            return log.fail(foe_ident, if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .PSN))
+            return log.fail(.{ foe_ident, if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .PSN))
                 if (!showdown)
-                    .Poison
-                else if (toxic == foe.active.volatiles.Toxic)
-                    if (toxic) .Toxic else .Poison
+                    Fail.Poison
+                else if (toxic == (foe_stored.status == Status.TOX))
+                    if (toxic) Fail.Toxic else Fail.Poison
                 else
-                    .None
+                    Fail.None
             else
-                .None);
+                Fail.None });
         } else if (foe.active.types.includes(.Poison)) {
             if (move.effect != .Poison) return if (showdown) battle.rng.advance(1);
-            return log.immune(foe_ident, .None);
+            return log.immune(.{ foe_ident, .None });
         }
 
         if (move.effect == .Poison) {
-            if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return;
+            if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
         } else {
-            const chance = if (showdown)
-                battle.rng.chance(u8, @as(u8, if (move.effect == .PoisonChance1) 52 else 103), 256)
-            else
-                battle.rng.next() < 1 + (if (move.effect == .PoisonChance1)
-                    Gen12.percent(20)
-                else
-                    Gen12.percent(40));
-            if (!chance) return;
+            if (!try Rolls.poisonChance(battle, player, move.effect == .PoisonChance1, options)) {
+                return;
+            }
         }
 
         foe_stored.status = Status.init(.PSN);
@@ -2094,39 +2303,46 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
             foe.active.volatiles.toxic = 0;
         }
 
-        try log.status(foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .None);
+        try log.status(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .None });
     }
 
     fn rage(battle: anytype, player: Player) !void {
         var volatiles = &battle.side(player).active.volatiles;
-        if (volatiles.Rage) return;
-        volatiles.Rage = true;
         assert(!volatiles.Bide);
-        volatiles.state = 0;
+        volatiles.Rage = true;
     }
 
-    fn recoil(battle: anytype, player: Player, residual: *bool, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn recoil(battle: anytype, player: Player, residual: *bool, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
         var stored = side.stored();
 
-        const damage = @intCast(i16, @max(battle.last_damage /
+        assert(showdown or battle.last_damage > 0);
+        if (showdown and battle.last_damage == 0) return;
+
+        const damage: i16 = @intCast(@max(battle.last_damage /
             @as(u8, if (side.last_selected_move == .Struggle) 2 else 4), 1));
-        stored.hp = @intCast(u16, @max(@intCast(i16, stored.hp) - damage, 0));
+        stored.hp = @intCast(@max(@as(i16, @intCast(stored.hp)) - damage, 0));
 
-        try log.damageOf(battle.active(player), stored, .RecoilOf, battle.active(player.foe()));
+        try options.log.damage(.{
+            battle.active(player),
+            stored,
+            .RecoilOf,
+            battle.active(player.foe()),
+        });
         if (showdown and stored.hp == 0) residual.* = false;
     }
 
-    fn reflect(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn reflect(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
+        const ident = battle.active(player);
 
-        if (side.active.volatiles.Reflect) return log.fail(battle.active(player), .None);
+        if (side.active.volatiles.Reflect) return options.log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
         side.active.volatiles.Reflect = true;
 
-        try log.start(battle.active(player), .Reflect);
+        try options.log.start(.{ ident, .Reflect });
     }
 
-    fn sleep(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn sleep(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         var foe_stored = foe.stored();
         const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
@@ -2137,89 +2353,87 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
             // the Sleep Clause Mod might activate, causing us to not actually bypass
         } else {
             if (Status.any(foe_stored.status)) {
-                return log.fail(
+                return options.log.fail(.{
                     foe_ident,
-                    if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .SLP)) .Sleep else .None,
-                );
+                    if (Status.is(foe_stored.status, .SLP)) Fail.Sleep else Fail.None,
+                });
             }
-            // If checkHit in doMove didn't return true Pokémon Showdown wouldn't be in here
-            if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) return;
+            // If moveHit in doMove didn't return true Pokémon Showdown wouldn't be in here
+            if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
         }
 
         // Sleep Clause Mod
-        if (showdown) {
+        if (pkmn.options.mod) {
             for (foe.pokemon) |p| {
                 if (Status.is(p.status, .SLP) and !Status.is(p.status, .EXT)) return;
             }
         }
         foe.active.volatiles.Recharging = false;
 
-        const duration = @intCast(u3, if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.range(u8, 1, 8)
-        else loop: {
-            while (true) {
-                const r = battle.rng.next() & 7;
-                if (r != 0) break :loop r;
-            }
-        });
+        foe_stored.status = Status.slp(Rolls.sleepDuration(battle, player, options));
+        options.chance.observe(.sleep, player.foe(), .started);
 
-        foe_stored.status = Status.slp(duration);
-        try log.statusFrom(foe_ident, foe_stored.status, battle.side(player).last_selected_move);
+        const last = battle.side(player).last_selected_move;
+        try options.log.status(.{ foe_ident, foe_stored.status, .From, last });
     }
 
-    fn splash(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
-        try log.activate(battle.active(player), .Splash);
+    fn splash(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
+        try options.log.activate(.{ battle.active(player), .Splash });
     }
 
-    fn substitute(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn substitute(battle: anytype, player: Player, residual: *bool, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
         if (side.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
-            try log.fail(battle.active(player), .Substitute);
-            return;
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .Substitute });
         }
 
         assert(side.stored().stats.hp <= 1023);
         // Will be 0 if HP is <= 3 meaning that the user gets a 1 HP Substitute for "free"
-        const hp = @intCast(u8, side.stored().stats.hp / 4);
+        const hp: u8 = @intCast(side.stored().stats.hp / 4);
         // Pokénon Showdown incorrectly checks for 1/4 HP based on `target.maxhp / 4` which returns
         // a floating point value and thus only correctly implements the Substitute 1/4 glitch when
         // the target's HP is exactly divisible by 4 (here we're using an inlined divCeil routine to
         // avoid having to convert to floating point)
         const required_hp = if (showdown) @divFloor(side.stored().stats.hp - 1, 4) + 1 else hp;
         if (side.stored().hp < required_hp) {
-            try log.fail(battle.active(player), .Weak);
-            return;
+            return options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .Weak });
         }
 
         // GLITCH: can leave the user with 0 HP (faints later) because didn't check '<=' above
         side.stored().hp -= hp;
         side.active.volatiles.substitute = hp + 1;
         side.active.volatiles.Substitute = true;
-        try log.start(battle.active(player), .Substitute);
-        if (hp > 0) try log.damage(battle.active(player), side.stored(), .None);
+        try options.log.start(.{ battle.active(player), .Substitute });
+        if (hp > 0) {
+            try options.log.damage(.{ battle.active(player), side.stored(), .None });
+            if (showdown and side.stored().hp == 0) residual.* = false;
+        }
     }
 
-    fn switchAndTeleport(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
-        if (!showdown or battle.side(player).last_selected_move == .Teleport) return;
-
-        // Whirlwind/Roar should not roll to hit but Pokémon Showdown does anyway
-        _ = try checkHit(battle, player, move, log);
+    fn switchAndTeleport(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
+        // Whirlwind/Roar should not roll to hit/reset damage but Pokémon Showdown does anyway
+        if (showdown) {
+            if (battle.side(player).last_selected_move == .Teleport) return;
+            _ = try checkHit(battle, player, move, options);
+            battle.last_damage = 0;
+        } else {
+            try options.log.fail(.{ battle.active(player), .None });
+            try options.log.laststill(.{});
+        }
     }
 
-    fn thrashing(battle: anytype, player: Player) void {
+    fn thrashing(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) void {
         var volatiles = &battle.side(player).active.volatiles;
         assert(!volatiles.Thrashing);
         assert(!volatiles.Bide);
 
         volatiles.Thrashing = true;
-        volatiles.state = 0;
-        volatiles.attacks = @intCast(u3, if (showdown)
-            battle.rng.range(u8, 2, 4)
-        else
-            (battle.rng.next() & 1) + 2);
+        volatiles.attacks = Rolls.attackingDuration(battle, player, options);
+
+        options.chance.observe(.attacking, player, .started);
     }
 
-    fn transform(battle: anytype, player: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn transform(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
         const foe = battle.foe(player);
         const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
@@ -2245,23 +2459,28 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
             side.active.moves[i].pp = if (m.id != .None) 5 else 0;
         }
 
-        try log.transform(battle.active(player), foe_ident);
+        try options.log.transform(.{ battle.active(player), foe_ident });
     }
 
-    fn binding(battle: anytype, player: Player) void {
+    fn binding(battle: anytype, player: Player, rewrap: bool, options: anytype) !void {
         var side = battle.side(player);
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
 
         if (side.active.volatiles.Binding) return;
         side.active.volatiles.Binding = true;
         // GLITCH: Hyper Beam automatic selection glitch if Recharging gets cleared on miss
-        // (Pokémon Showdown unitentionally patches this glitch, preventing automatic selection)
-        if (!showdown) foe.active.volatiles.Recharging = false;
+        // (Pokémon Showdown clears Recharging in onTryMove instead)
+        if (!showdown) {
+            foe.active.volatiles.Recharging = false;
+        } else if (foe.stored().hp == 0) return if (!rewrap) battle.rng.advance(1);
 
-        side.active.volatiles.attacks = distribution(battle) - 1;
+        side.active.volatiles.attacks =
+            try Rolls.distribution(battle, .Binding, player, options) - 1;
+        options.chance.observe(.binding, player, .started);
     }
 
-    fn boost(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn boost(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
+        var log = options.log;
         var side = battle.side(player);
         const ident = battle.active(player);
 
@@ -2271,85 +2490,87 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
         switch (move.effect) {
             .AttackUp1, .AttackUp2, .Rage => {
                 assert(boosts.atk >= -6 and boosts.atk <= 6);
-                if (boosts.atk == 6) return try log.fail(ident, .None);
+                if (boosts.atk == 6) return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
                 const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .AttackUp2) 2 else 1;
-                boosts.atk = @intCast(i4, @min(6, @as(i8, boosts.atk) + n));
-                const reason = if (move.effect == .Rage) Boost.Rage else Boost.Attack;
+                boosts.atk = @as(i4, @intCast(@min(6, @as(i8, boosts.atk) + n)));
+                const reason: Boost = if (move.effect == .Rage) .Rage else .Attack;
                 if (stats.atk == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
                     boosts.atk -= 1;
                     if (showdown) {
-                        try log.boost(ident, reason, n);
-                        try log.boost(ident, Boost.Attack, -1);
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, reason, n });
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .Attack, -1 });
                         if (move.effect == .Rage) return;
                     }
-                    return try log.fail(ident, .None);
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
                 }
-                var mod = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, boosts.atk) + 6)];
-                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, player).atk;
+                const mod = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, boosts.atk) + 6))];
+                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, side).atk;
                 stats.atk = @min(MAX_STAT_VALUE, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
-                try log.boost(ident, reason, n);
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, reason, n });
+                // Pokémon Showdown doesn't re-apply status modifiers after Rage boosts
+                if (showdown and move.effect == .Rage) return;
             },
             .DefenseUp1, .DefenseUp2 => {
                 assert(boosts.def >= -6 and boosts.def <= 6);
-                if (boosts.def == 6) return try log.fail(ident, .None);
+                if (boosts.def == 6) return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
                 const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .DefenseUp2) 2 else 1;
-                boosts.def = @intCast(i4, @min(6, @as(i8, boosts.def) + n));
+                boosts.def = @intCast(@min(6, @as(i8, boosts.def) + n));
                 if (stats.def == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
                     boosts.def -= 1;
                     if (showdown) {
-                        try log.boost(ident, .Defense, n);
-                        try log.boost(ident, .Defense, -1);
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .Defense, n });
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .Defense, -1 });
                     }
-                    return try log.fail(ident, .None);
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
                 }
-                var mod = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, boosts.def) + 6)];
-                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, player).def;
+                const mod = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, boosts.def) + 6))];
+                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, side).def;
                 stats.def = @min(MAX_STAT_VALUE, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
-                try log.boost(ident, .Defense, n);
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .Defense, n });
             },
             .SpeedUp2 => {
                 assert(boosts.spe >= -6 and boosts.spe <= 6);
-                if (boosts.spe == 6) return try log.fail(ident, .None);
-                boosts.spe = @intCast(i4, @min(6, @as(i8, boosts.spe) + 2));
+                if (boosts.spe == 6) return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+                boosts.spe = @intCast(@min(6, @as(i8, boosts.spe) + 2));
                 if (stats.spe == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
                     boosts.spe -= 1;
                     if (showdown) {
-                        try log.boost(ident, .Speed, 2);
-                        try log.boost(ident, .Speed, -1);
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .Speed, 2 });
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .Speed, -1 });
                     }
-                    return try log.fail(ident, .None);
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
                 }
-                var mod = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, boosts.spe) + 6)];
-                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, player).spe;
+                const mod = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, boosts.spe) + 6))];
+                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, side).spe;
                 stats.spe = @min(MAX_STAT_VALUE, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
-                try log.boost(ident, .Speed, 2);
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .Speed, 2 });
             },
             .SpecialUp1, .SpecialUp2 => {
                 assert(boosts.spc >= -6 and boosts.spc <= 6);
-                if (boosts.spc == 6) return try log.fail(ident, .None);
+                if (boosts.spc == 6) return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
                 const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .SpecialUp2) 2 else 1;
-                boosts.spc = @intCast(i4, @min(6, @as(i8, boosts.spc) + n));
+                boosts.spc = @intCast(@min(6, @as(i8, boosts.spc) + n));
                 if (stats.spc == MAX_STAT_VALUE) {
                     boosts.spc -= 1;
                     if (showdown) {
-                        try log.boost(ident, .SpecialAttack, n);
-                        try log.boost(ident, .SpecialAttack, -1);
-                        try log.boost(ident, .SpecialDefense, n);
-                        try log.boost(ident, .SpecialDefense, -1);
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .SpecialAttack, n });
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .SpecialAttack, -1 });
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .SpecialDefense, n });
+                        try log.boost(.{ ident, .SpecialDefense, -1 });
                     }
-                    return try log.fail(ident, .None);
+                    return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
                 }
-                var mod = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, boosts.spc) + 6)];
-                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, player).spc;
+                const mod = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, boosts.spc) + 6))];
+                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, side).spc;
                 stats.spc = @min(MAX_STAT_VALUE, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
-                try log.boost(ident, .SpecialAttack, n);
-                try log.boost(ident, .SpecialDefense, n);
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .SpecialAttack, n });
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .SpecialDefense, n });
             },
             .EvasionUp1 => {
                 assert(boosts.evasion >= -6 and boosts.evasion <= 6);
-                if (boosts.evasion == 6) return try log.fail(ident, .None);
-                boosts.evasion = @intCast(i4, @min(6, @as(i8, boosts.evasion) + 1));
-                try log.boost(ident, .Evasion, 1);
+                if (boosts.evasion == 6) return log.fail(.{ ident, .None });
+                boosts.evasion = @intCast(@min(6, @as(i8, boosts.evasion) + 1));
+                try log.boost(.{ ident, .Evasion, 1 });
             },
             else => unreachable,
         }
@@ -2358,106 +2579,105 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
         statusModify(battle.foe(player).stored().status, &battle.foe(player).active.stats);
     }
 
-    fn unboost(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, log: anytype) !void {
+    fn unboost(battle: anytype, player: Player, move: Move.Data, options: anytype) !void {
+        var log = options.log;
         var foe = battle.foe(player);
         const foe_ident = battle.active(player.foe());
+        const secondary = move.effect.isStatDownChance();
 
-        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) {
-            return if (!move.effect.isStatDownChance()) log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
-        }
+        if (foe.active.volatiles.Substitute) return if (!secondary) log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
 
-        if (move.effect.isStatDownChance()) {
-            const chance = if (showdown)
-                battle.rng.chance(u8, 85, 256)
-            else
-                battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(33) + 1;
-            if (!chance or foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable) return;
-        } else if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, log)) {
-            return; // checkHit already checks for Invulnerable
+        if (secondary) {
+            const proc = try Rolls.unboost(battle, player, options);
+            if (!proc or foe.active.volatiles.Invulnerable) return;
+        } else {
+            // checkHit already checks for Invulnerable
+            if (!showdown and !try checkHit(battle, player, move, options)) return;
         }
 
         var stats = &foe.active.stats;
         var boosts = &foe.active.boosts;
+        const fail = showdown or !secondary;
 
         switch (move.effect) {
             .AttackDown1, .AttackDownChance => {
                 assert(boosts.atk >= -6 and boosts.atk <= 6);
-                if (boosts.atk == -6) return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
-                boosts.atk = @intCast(i4, @max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.atk) - 1));
+                if (boosts.atk == -6) return if (fail) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+                boosts.atk = @intCast(@max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.atk) - 1));
                 if (stats.atk == 1) {
                     boosts.atk += 1;
                     if (showdown) {
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .Attack, -1);
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .Attack, 1);
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Attack, -1 });
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Attack, 1 });
                     }
-                    return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+                    return log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
                 }
-                var mod = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, boosts.atk) + 6)];
-                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, player.foe()).atk;
+                const mod = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, boosts.atk) + 6))];
+                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, foe).atk;
                 stats.atk = @max(1, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
-                try log.boost(foe_ident, .Attack, -1);
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Attack, -1 });
             },
             .DefenseDown1, .DefenseDown2, .DefenseDownChance => {
                 assert(boosts.def >= -6 and boosts.def <= 6);
-                if (boosts.def == -6) return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+                if (boosts.def == -6) return if (fail) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
                 const n: u2 = if (move.effect == .DefenseDown2) 2 else 1;
-                boosts.def = @intCast(i4, @max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.def) - n));
+                boosts.def = @intCast(@max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.def) - n));
                 if (stats.def == 1) {
                     boosts.def += 1;
                     if (showdown) {
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .Defense, -@as(i8, n));
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .Defense, 1);
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Defense, -@as(i8, n) });
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Defense, 1 });
                     }
-                    return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+                    return log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
                 }
-                var mod = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, boosts.def) + 6)];
-                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, player.foe()).def;
+                const mod = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, boosts.def) + 6))];
+                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, foe).def;
                 stats.def = @max(1, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
-                try log.boost(foe_ident, .Defense, -@as(i8, n));
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Defense, -@as(i8, n) });
             },
             .SpeedDown1, .SpeedDownChance => {
                 assert(boosts.spe >= -6 and boosts.spe <= 6);
-                if (boosts.spe == -6) return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
-                boosts.spe = @intCast(i4, @max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.spe) - 1));
+                if (boosts.spe == -6) return if (fail) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+                boosts.spe = @intCast(@max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.spe) - 1));
                 if (stats.spe == 1) {
                     boosts.spe += 1;
                     if (showdown) {
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .Speed, -1);
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .Speed, 1);
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Speed, -1 });
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Speed, 1 });
                     }
-                    return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+                    return log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
                 }
-                var mod = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, boosts.spe) + 6)];
-                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, player.foe()).spe;
+                const mod = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, boosts.spe) + 6))];
+                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, foe).spe;
                 stats.spe = @max(1, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
-                try log.boost(foe_ident, .Speed, -1);
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Speed, -1 });
                 assert(boosts.spe >= -6);
             },
             .SpecialDownChance => {
                 assert(boosts.spc >= -6 and boosts.spc <= 6);
-                if (boosts.spc == -6) return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
-                boosts.spc = @intCast(i4, @max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.spc) - 1));
+                if (boosts.spc == -6) return if (fail) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+                boosts.spc = @intCast(@max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.spc) - 1));
                 if (stats.spc == 1) {
                     boosts.spc += 1;
                     if (showdown) {
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .SpecialAttack, -1);
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .SpecialAttack, 1);
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .SpecialDefense, -1);
-                        try log.boost(foe_ident, .SpecialDefense, 1);
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .SpecialAttack, -1 });
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .SpecialAttack, 1 });
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .SpecialDefense, -1 });
+                        try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .SpecialDefense, 1 });
                     }
-                    return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
+                    return log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
                 }
-                var mod = BOOSTS[@intCast(u4, @as(i8, boosts.spc) + 6)];
-                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, player.foe()).spc;
+                const mod = BOOSTS[@as(u4, @intCast(@as(i8, boosts.spc) + 6))];
+                const stat = unmodifiedStats(battle, foe).spc;
                 stats.spc = @max(1, stat * mod[0] / mod[1]);
-                try log.boost(foe_ident, .SpecialAttack, -1);
-                try log.boost(foe_ident, .SpecialDefense, -1);
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .SpecialAttack, -1 });
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .SpecialDefense, -1 });
             },
             .AccuracyDown1 => {
                 assert(boosts.accuracy >= -6 and boosts.accuracy <= 6);
-                if (boosts.accuracy == -6) return try log.fail(foe_ident, .None);
-                boosts.accuracy = @intCast(i4, @max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.accuracy) - 1));
-                try log.boost(foe_ident, .Accuracy, -1);
+                if (boosts.accuracy == -6) return if (fail) try log.fail(.{ foe_ident, .None });
+                boosts.accuracy = @intCast(@max(-6, @as(i8, boosts.accuracy) - 1));
+                try log.boost(.{ foe_ident, .Accuracy, -1 });
             },
             else => unreachable,
         }
@@ -2467,8 +2687,7 @@ pub const Effects = struct {
     }
 };
 
-fn unmodifiedStats(battle: anytype, who: Player) *Stats(u16) {
-    const side = battle.side(who);
+fn unmodifiedStats(battle: anytype, side: *Side) *Stats(u16) {
     if (!side.active.volatiles.Transform) return &side.stored().stats;
     const id = ID.from(side.active.volatiles.transform);
     return &battle.side(id.player).pokemon[id.id - 1].stats;
@@ -2482,131 +2701,429 @@ fn statusModify(status: u8, stats: *Stats(u16)) void {
     }
 }
 
-fn isForced(active: ActivePokemon) bool {
+fn isForced(active: anytype) bool {
     return active.volatiles.Recharging or active.volatiles.Rage or
         active.volatiles.Thrashing or active.volatiles.Charging;
 }
 
-fn clearVolatiles(battle: anytype, who: Player, log: anytype) !void {
+fn clearVolatiles(battle: anytype, who: Player, options: anytype) !void {
+    var log = options.log;
     var side = battle.side(who);
     var volatiles = &side.active.volatiles;
     const ident = battle.active(who);
 
-    if (volatiles.disabled_move != 0) {
-        volatiles.disabled_move = 0;
-        volatiles.disabled_duration = 0;
-        try log.end(ident, .DisableSilent);
+    if (volatiles.disable_move != 0) {
+        volatiles.disable_move = 0;
+        volatiles.disable_duration = 0;
+        options.chance.observe(.disable, who, .None);
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .DisableSilent });
     }
     if (volatiles.Confusion) {
         // volatiles.confusion is left unchanged
         volatiles.Confusion = false;
-        try log.end(ident, .ConfusionSilent);
+        options.chance.observe(.confusion, who, .None);
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .ConfusionSilent });
     }
     if (volatiles.Mist) {
         volatiles.Mist = false;
-        try log.end(ident, .Mist);
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .MistSilent });
     }
     if (volatiles.FocusEnergy) {
         volatiles.FocusEnergy = false;
-        try log.end(ident, .FocusEnergy);
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .FocusEnergySilent });
     }
     if (volatiles.LeechSeed) {
         volatiles.LeechSeed = false;
-        try log.end(ident, .LeechSeed);
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .LeechSeedSilent });
     }
-    if (volatiles.Toxic) {
+    if (!showdown and volatiles.Toxic) {
         volatiles.Toxic = false;
-        // volatiles.toxic is left unchanged, except on Pokémon Showdown which clears it
-        if (showdown) {
-            volatiles.toxic = 0;
-            try log.end(ident, .Toxic);
-        }
+        // volatiles.toxic is left unchanged, except on Pokémon Showdown which clears it (below)
     }
     if (volatiles.LightScreen) {
         volatiles.LightScreen = false;
-        try log.end(ident, .LightScreen);
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .LightScreenSilent });
     }
     if (volatiles.Reflect) {
         volatiles.Reflect = false;
-        try log.end(ident, .Reflect);
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .ReflectSilent });
+    }
+    if (showdown and volatiles.Toxic) {
+        volatiles.Toxic = false;
+        // Pokémon Showdown erroneously clears the toxic counter
+        volatiles.toxic = 0;
+        try log.end(.{ ident, .ToxicSilent });
     }
 }
 
-fn disabled(side: *Side, ident: ID, log: anytype) !bool {
-    if (side.active.volatiles.disabled_move != 0) {
-        // A Pokémon that transforms after being disabled may end up with less move slots
-        const m = side.active.moves[side.active.volatiles.disabled_move - 1].id;
-        if (m != .None and m == side.last_selected_move) {
-            side.active.volatiles.Charging = false;
-            try log.disabled(ident, side.last_selected_move);
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
+fn decrement(
+    comptime field: chance.Action.Field,
+    player: Player,
+    options: anytype,
+    n: anytype,
+) @TypeOf(n) {
+    return if (options.calc.overridden(player, field)) |obs| switch (obs) {
+        .started, .ended => 0,
+        .continuing => if (n > 1) n - 1 else n,
+        else => unreachable,
+    } else n - 1;
 }
 
-fn handleThrashing(battle: anytype, active: *ActivePokemon) bool {
-    var volatiles = &active.volatiles;
-    assert(volatiles.Thrashing);
-    if (volatiles.attacks > 0) return false;
+pub const Rolls = struct {
+    fn speedTie(battle: anytype, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const p1 = if (options.calc.overridden(.P1, .speed_tie)) |player|
+            player == .P1
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "speedTie"))
+            battle.rng.speedTie()
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u8, 0, 2) == 0
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(50) + 1;
 
-    volatiles.Thrashing = false;
-    volatiles.Confusion = true;
-    volatiles.confusion = @intCast(u3, if (showdown)
-        battle.rng.range(u8, 2, 6)
-    else
-        (battle.rng.next() & 3) + 2);
+        try options.chance.speedTie(p1);
+        return p1;
+    }
+
+    fn criticalHit(
+        battle: anytype,
+        player: Player,
+        rate: u8,
+        spurious: bool,
+        options: anytype,
+    ) !bool {
+        const crit = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .critical_hit)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "criticalHit"))
+            battle.rng.criticalHit(player, rate)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, rate, 256)
+        else
+            std.math.rotl(u8, battle.rng.next(), 3) < rate;
 
-    return true;
-}
+        if (!spurious) try options.chance.criticalHit(player, crit, rate);
+        return crit;
+    }
 
-const DISTRIBUTION = [_]u3{ 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5 };
+    fn damage(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !u8 {
+        const roll = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .damage)) |val|
+            val
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "damage"))
+            battle.rng.damage(player)
+        else roll: {
+            if (showdown) break :roll battle.rng.range(u8, 217, 256);
+            while (true) {
+                const r = std.math.rotr(u8, battle.rng.next(), 1);
+                if (r >= 217) break :roll r;
+            }
+        };
 
-fn distribution(battle: anytype) u3 {
-    if (showdown) return DISTRIBUTION[battle.rng.range(u8, 0, DISTRIBUTION.len)];
-    const r = (battle.rng.next() & 3);
-    return @intCast(u3, (if (r < 2) r else battle.rng.next() & 3) + 2);
-}
+        assert(roll >= 217 and roll <= 255);
+        try options.chance.damage(player, roll);
+        return roll;
+    }
 
-fn randomMoveSlot(rand: anytype, moves: []MoveSlot, check_pp: u4) u4 {
-    if (showdown) {
-        if (check_pp == 0) {
-            var i: usize = moves.len;
-            while (i > 0) {
-                i -= 1;
-                if (moves[i].id != .None) return rand.range(u4, 0, @intCast(u4, i + 1)) + 1;
+    const uN = if (pkmn.options.miss) u8 else u9;
+    fn hit(battle: anytype, player: Player, accuracy: u8, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const acc: uN = if (pkmn.options.miss) accuracy else @as(uN, accuracy) + 1;
+        const ok = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .hit)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "hit"))
+            battle.rng.hit(player, acc)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(uN, acc, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < acc;
+
+        try options.chance.hit(player, ok, acc);
+        return ok;
+    }
+
+    fn confused(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const cfz = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .confused)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "confused"))
+            battle.rng.confused(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            !battle.rng.chance(u8, 128, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() >= Gen12.percent(50) + 1;
+
+        try options.chance.confused(player, cfz);
+        return cfz;
+    }
+
+    fn paralyzed(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const par = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .paralyzed)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "paralyzed"))
+            battle.rng.paralyzed(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, 63, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(25);
+
+        try options.chance.paralyzed(player, par);
+        return par;
+    }
+
+    fn confusionChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const proc = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .secondary_chance)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "secondaryChance"))
+            battle.rng.secondaryChance(player, 25)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, 25, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(10);
+
+        try options.chance.secondaryChance(player, proc, 25);
+        return proc;
+    }
+
+    fn secondaryChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, low: bool, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const rate: u8 = if (low) 26 else 77;
+
+        const proc = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .secondary_chance)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "secondaryChance"))
+            battle.rng.secondaryChance(player, rate)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, rate, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < 1 + (if (low) Gen12.percent(10) else Gen12.percent(30));
+
+        try options.chance.secondaryChance(player, proc, rate);
+        return proc;
+    }
+
+    fn poisonChance(battle: anytype, player: Player, low: bool, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const rate: u8 = if (low) 52 else 103;
+
+        const proc = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .secondary_chance)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "secondaryChance"))
+            battle.rng.secondaryChance(player, rate)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, rate, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < 1 + (if (low) Gen12.percent(20) else Gen12.percent(40));
+
+        try options.chance.secondaryChance(player, proc, rate);
+        return proc;
+    }
+
+    fn unboost(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !bool {
+        const proc = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .secondary_chance)) |val|
+            val == .true
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "secondaryChance"))
+            battle.rng.secondaryChance(player, 85)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.chance(u8, 85, 256)
+        else
+            battle.rng.next() < Gen12.percent(33) + 1;
+
+        try options.chance.secondaryChance(player, proc, 85);
+        return proc;
+    }
+
+    fn metronome(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) !Move {
+        const move: Move = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .metronome)) |val|
+            val
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "metronome"))
+            battle.rng.metronome(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            Move.METRONOME[battle.rng.range(u8, 0, Move.METRONOME.len)]
+        else move: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next();
+                if (r == 0 or r == @intFromEnum(Move.Metronome)) continue;
+                if (r >= @intFromEnum(Move.Struggle)) continue;
+                break :move @enumFromInt(r);
+            }
+        };
+
+        try options.chance.metronome(player, move);
+        return move;
+    }
+
+    fn psywave(battle: anytype, player: Player, max: u8, options: anytype) !u8 {
+        const power = if (options.calc.overridden(player, .psywave)) |val|
+            val - 1
+        else if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "psywave"))
+            battle.rng.psywave(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u8, 0, max)
+        else power: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next();
+                if (r < max) break :power r;
+            }
+        };
+
+        assert(power < max);
+        try options.chance.psywave(player, power, max);
+        return power;
+    }
+
+    fn sleepDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u3 {
+        const duration: u3 = (if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            if (val >= 1 and val <= 7) @as(u3, @intCast(val)) else null
+        else
+            null) orelse if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "sleepDuration"))
+            battle.rng.sleepDuration(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u3, 1, 8)
+        else duration: {
+            while (true) {
+                const r = battle.rng.next() & 7;
+                if (r != 0) break :duration @intCast(r);
             }
+        };
+
+        assert(duration >= 1 and duration <= 7);
+        options.chance.duration(player, duration);
+        return duration;
+    }
+
+    fn disableDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u4 {
+        const duration: u4 = (if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            if (val >= 1 and val <= 8) val else null
+        else
+            null) orelse if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "disableDuration"))
+            battle.rng.disableDuration(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u4, 1, 9)
+        else
+            @intCast((battle.rng.next() & 7) + 1);
+
+        assert(duration >= 1 and duration <= 8);
+        options.chance.duration(player, duration);
+        return duration;
+    }
+
+    fn confusionDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u3 {
+        const duration: u3 = (if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            if (val >= 2 and val <= 5) @as(u3, @intCast(val)) else null
+        else
+            null) orelse if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "confusionDuration"))
+            battle.rng.confusionDuration(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u3, 2, 6)
+        else
+            @intCast((battle.rng.next() & 3) + 2);
+
+        assert(duration >= 2 and duration <= 5);
+        options.chance.duration(player, duration);
+        return duration;
+    }
+
+    fn attackingDuration(battle: anytype, player: Player, options: anytype) u3 {
+        const duration: u3 = (if (options.calc.overridden(player, .duration)) |val|
+            if (val >= 2 and val <= 3) @as(u3, @intCast(val)) else null
+        else
+            null) orelse if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "attackingDuration"))
+            battle.rng.attackingDuration(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            battle.rng.range(u3, 2, 4)
+        else
+            @intCast((battle.rng.next() & 1) + 2);
+
+        assert(duration >= 2 and duration <= 3);
+        options.chance.duration(player, duration);
+        return duration;
+    }
+
+    const DISTRIBUTION = [_]u3{ 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5 };
+
+    fn distribution(
+        battle: anytype,
+        comptime effect: Move.Effect,
+        player: Player,
+        options: anytype,
+    ) !u3 {
+        const roll = if (effect == .Binding) .duration else .multi_hit;
+        const n: u3 = (if (options.calc.overridden(player, roll)) |val|
+            if (val >= 2 and val <= 5) @as(u3, @intCast(val)) else null
+        else
+            null) orelse if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "distribution"))
+            battle.rng.distribution(player)
+        else if (showdown)
+            DISTRIBUTION[battle.rng.range(u3, 0, DISTRIBUTION.len)]
+        else n: {
+            const r = (battle.rng.next() & 3);
+            break :n @intCast((if (r < 2) r else battle.rng.next() & 3) + 2);
+        };
+
+        assert(n >= 2 and n <= 5);
+        if (effect == .Binding) {
+            options.chance.duration(player, n);
         } else {
-            var r = rand.range(u4, 0, @intCast(u4, check_pp)) + 1;
-            var i: usize = 0;
-            while (i < moves.len and r > 0) : (i += 1) {
-                if (moves[i].pp > 0) {
-                    r -= 1;
-                    if (r == 0) break;
+            try options.chance.multiHit(player, n);
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    fn moveSlot(
+        battle: anytype,
+        player: Player,
+        moves: []MoveSlot,
+        check_pp: u4,
+        options: anytype,
+    ) !u4 {
+        // TODO: consider throwing error instead of rerolling?
+        const slot: u4 = (if (options.calc.overridden(player, .move_slot)) |val|
+            if (moves[val - 1].id != .None and (check_pp == 0 or moves[val - 1].pp > 0))
+                val
+            else
+                null
+        else
+            null) orelse if (@hasDecl(@TypeOf(battle.rng), "moveSlot"))
+            battle.rng.moveSlot(player, moves, check_pp)
+        else slot: {
+            if (showdown) {
+                if (check_pp == 0) {
+                    var i: usize = moves.len;
+                    while (i > 0) {
+                        i -= 1;
+                        if (moves[i].id != .None) {
+                            break :slot battle.rng.range(u4, 0, @as(u4, @intCast(i + 1))) + 1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    var r = battle.rng.range(u4, 0, check_pp) + 1;
+                    var i: usize = 0;
+                    while (i < moves.len and r > 0) : (i += 1) {
+                        if (moves[i].pp > 0) {
+                            r -= 1;
+                            if (r == 0) break :slot @intCast(i + 1);
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
-            return @intCast(u4, i + 1);
-        }
-    }
 
-    while (true) {
-        const r = @intCast(u4, rand.next() & 3);
-        if (moves[r].id != .None and (check_pp == 0 or moves[r].pp > 0)) return r + 1;
+            while (true) {
+                const r: u4 = @intCast(battle.rng.next() & 3);
+                if (moves[r].id != .None and (check_pp == 0 or moves[r].pp > 0)) break :slot r + 1;
+            }
+        };
+
+        try options.chance.moveSlot(player, slot, moves, check_pp);
+        return slot;
     }
-}
+};
 
 test "RNG agreement" {
     if (!showdown) return;
     var expected: [256]u32 = undefined;
     for (0..expected.len) |i| {
-        expected[i] = @intCast(u32, i * 0x1000000);
+        expected[i] = @intCast(i * 0x1000000);
     }
 
-    var spe = rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len){ .rolls = expected };
-    var cfz = rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len){ .rolls = expected };
-    var par = rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len){ .rolls = expected };
-    var brn = rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len){ .rolls = expected };
-    var eff = rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len){ .rolls = expected };
+    var spe: rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var cfz: rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var par: rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var brn: rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
+    var eff: rng.FixedRNG(1, expected.len) = .{ .rolls = expected };
 
     for (0..expected.len) |i| {
         try expectEqual(spe.range(u8, 0, 2) == 0, i < Gen12.percent(50) + 1);
@@ -2642,11 +3159,11 @@ pub fn choices(battle: anytype, player: Player, request: Choice.Type, out: []Cho
             const side = battle.side(player);
             const foe = battle.foe(player);
 
-            var active = side.active;
+            const active = &side.active;
             const stored = side.stored();
 
             // While players are not given any input options on the cartridge in these cases,
-            // Pokémon Showdown instead produces a list with a single move that must be chosen.
+            // Pokémon Showdown instead produces a list with a single move that must be chosen
             //
             // Given that no input is allowed on the cartridge 'Pass' seems like it would be logical
             // here when not in compatibility mode, but the engine needs to be able to differentiate
@@ -2654,9 +3171,9 @@ pub fn choices(battle: anytype, player: Player, request: Choice.Type, out: []Cho
             // passing due to being forced into using a move. Instead of introducing another option
             // we simply repurpose Move with no move slot, even though pedantically this is not
             // strictly correct as the player would not have been presented the option to move or
-            // switch at all.
+            // switch at all
             if (isForced(active)) {
-                out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = @boolToInt(showdown) };
+                out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = @intFromBool(showdown) };
                 n += 1;
                 return n;
             }
@@ -2673,7 +3190,7 @@ pub fn choices(battle: anytype, player: Player, request: Choice.Type, out: []Cho
             // On the cartridge, all of these happen after "FIGHT" (indicating you are not
             // switching) but before you are allowed to select a move. Pokémon Showdown instead
             // either disables all other moves in the case of limited or requires you to select a
-            // move normally if sleeping/frozen/bound.
+            // move normally if sleeping/frozen/bound
             if (!showdown and (limited or foe.active.volatiles.Binding or
                 Status.is(stored.status, .FRZ) or Status.is(stored.status, .SLP)))
             {
@@ -2686,16 +3203,18 @@ pub fn choices(battle: anytype, player: Player, request: Choice.Type, out: []Cho
             // Pokémon Showdown handles Bide and Binding moves by checking if the move in question
             // is present in the Pokémon's moveset (which means moves called via Metronome / Mirror
             // Move will not result in forcing the subsequent use unless the user also had the
-            // proc-ed move in their moveset) and disabling all other moves.
+            // proc-ed move in their moveset) and disabling all other moves
             if (limited) {
                 assert(showdown);
                 assert(side.last_selected_move != .None);
                 while (slot <= 4) : (slot += 1) {
                     const m = active.moves[slot - 1];
                     if (m.id == .None) break;
-                    if (m.id == side.last_selected_move) {
-                        // Pokémon Showdown displays Struggle if limited to Bide when out of PP
-                        const s = if (m.pp == 0 and m.id == .Bide) 0 else slot;
+                    if (m.id == if (active.volatiles.Bide) .Bide else side.last_selected_move) {
+                        // Pokémon Showdown displays Struggle if limited to Bide but unable to pick
+                        const struggle =
+                            m.id == .Bide and (m.pp == 0 or active.volatiles.disable_move == slot);
+                        const s = if (struggle) 0 else slot;
                         out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = s };
                         n += 1;
                         return n;
@@ -2709,14 +3228,14 @@ pub fn choices(battle: anytype, player: Player, request: Choice.Type, out: []Cho
                 const m = active.moves[slot - 1];
                 if (m.id == .None) break;
                 if (m.pp == 0) continue;
-                if (active.volatiles.disabled_move == slot) continue;
+                if (active.volatiles.disable_move == slot) continue;
                 out[n] = .{ .type = .Move, .data = slot };
                 n += 1;
             }
             // Struggle (Pokémon Showdown would use 'move 1' here)
             if (n == before) {
                 // GLITCH: Transform + Mirror Move / Metronome PP softlock
-                if (!showdown) {
+                if (!pkmn.options.mod) {
                     while (slot <= 4) : (slot += 1) {
                         if (active.moves[slot - 1].pp != 0) return n;
                     }