@photivra/engine 2.4.1 → 2.5.0

package/dist/optics/diffraction-psf-profile.js

@@ -26,6 +26,20 @@
  * its many-blade (circular) limit. The sum of all cells is exactly 1 (Parseval), so the energy captured by
  * the finite kernel is Σ K over its window and the truncated energy is 1 − Σ K.
  *
+ * **Cells much larger than the pattern (2.5).** The frequency-domain node counts grow with β = p·f_c (the cell
+ * side over the cut-off period), so the work grows as β². From β ≥ `AIRY_REAL_SPACE_MINIMUM_BETA` (192) the cells
+ * are integrated in real space instead, with the same model and no frequency integral: the Airy encircled energy is
+ * EE(r) = 1 − J₀(x)² − J₁(x)², x = π·r·f_c (it follows from J₀′ = −J₁ and J₁′ = J₀ − J₁/x, DLMF §10.6(i), free), so
+ * the energy of the rectangle [0, X] × [0, Y] is (1/2π)∫ EE(r_edge(θ)) dθ over its quadrant, a one-dimensional
+ * integral in θ. Every cell is a signed sum of such rectangles. x ≥ π·β/2 ≥ 301 there, where J₀ and J₁ come from
+ * the Hankel asymptotic expansion (DLMF §10.17(i), eq. 10.17.3, free) with eight terms in each of P and Q; the
+ * remainder is below the first neglected term (DLMF §10.17(iii)), under 1e-17. The θ integral uses 16-point
+ * Gauss–Legendre panels on which the phase 2x changes by at most 2 radians, so the work grows only as β. The tests
+ * check the two methods against each other where both are practical (β from 192 to 400), the real-space cells
+ * against the asymptotic leakage 8√2/(π³·β) of the centre cell, and convergence under doubled panel counts.
+ * The β threshold lies above every β a `simulateCapture` pitch up to 100 µm can reach (at most 100/(0.3805·1.4) ≈ 188),
+ * so those captures keep the frequency-domain values unchanged.
+ *
  * **Truncation and normalization.** The kernel is the (2R+1)² window of cells. The Airy tails fall only as
  * r⁻³, so a finite window always misses some energy: it is reported per wavelength, and the window is then
  * renormalized to unit sum because the sampled-profile contract requires unit-energy kernels. The missing
@@ -47,6 +61,11 @@ export const DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL = Object.freeze({
 });
 /** Input limits: at most 64 wavelengths, kernel radius 0–32 samples (the irradiance-convolution limit). */
 export const DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_LIMITS = Object.freeze({ maximumWavelengths: 64, maximumKernelRadiusSamples: 32 });
+/**
+ * Internal: β = p·f_c (cell side over the cut-off period) from which `calculateAiryCellEnergies` integrates the cells in
+ * real space (2.5). Above every β of a `simulateCapture` pitch up to 100 µm, whose captures keep the frequency-domain values.
+ */
+export const AIRY_REAL_SPACE_MINIMUM_BETA = 192;
 /** Radius of the first dark ring of the Airy pattern in units of λ·N_w: j₁,₁/π, j₁,₁ = 3.8317059702 (first zero of J₁). */
 const AIRY_FIRST_ZERO_PER_LAMBDA_N = 3.8317059702075125 / Math.PI;
 const EVIDENCE = Object.freeze([Object.freeze({ sourceOrigin: "photivra",
@@ -111,9 +130,99 @@ function sinc(x) {
 }
 /**
  * Cell energies K(i, j), 0 ≤ i, j ≤ R, of the Airy pattern for β = p·f_c (cell side in units of the cut-off
- * period). `scale` multiplies the node counts (1 in production; the tests use 2 to check convergence).
+ * period): in the frequency domain below `AIRY_REAL_SPACE_MINIMUM_BETA`, in real space from it (2.5). `scale`
+ * multiplies the node or panel counts (1 in production; the tests use 2 to check convergence).
  */
 export function calculateAiryCellEnergies(beta, radius, scale = 1) {
+    return beta >= AIRY_REAL_SPACE_MINIMUM_BETA ? { ...calculateAiryCellEnergiesInRealSpace(beta, radius, scale), radialNodes: 0, realSpace: true } :
+        { ...calculateAiryCellEnergiesInFrequencyDomain(beta, radius, scale), realSpace: false };
+}
+/** Hankel asymptotic coefficients a_k(ν) of DLMF 10.17.1 for ν = 0 and 1, k = 0..15. */
+const HANKEL = (() => {
+    const a0 = new Float64Array(16), a1 = new Float64Array(16);
+    a0[0] = 1;
+    a1[0] = 1;
+    for (let k = 1; k < 16; k++) {
+        const odd = (2 * k - 1) * (2 * k - 1);
+        a0[k] = a0[k - 1] * (0 - odd) / (8 * k);
+        a1[k] = a1[k - 1] * (4 - odd) / (8 * k);
+    }
+    return { a0, a1 };
+})();
+/** Smallest argument of `besselSquareSum`: there the 16-term expansion's remainder is below 1e-17. */
+const HANKEL_MINIMUM_ARGUMENT = 300;
+/**
+ * J₀(x)² + J₁(x)² for x ≥ 300 from the Hankel expansion J_ν(x) = √(2/(πx))·(P_ν cos ω_ν − Q_ν sin ω_ν), ω_ν = x − νπ/2 − π/4,
+ * P_ν = Σ(−1)^k a_2k(ν)/x^2k, Q_ν = Σ(−1)^k a_2k+1(ν)/x^2k+1 (DLMF 10.17.3), eight terms each. With ω₁ = ω₀ − π/2,
+ * J₁ = √(2/(πx))·(P₁ sin ω₀ + Q₁ cos ω₀). Internal.
+ */
+export function besselSquareSum(x) {
+    if (!(x >= HANKEL_MINIMUM_ARGUMENT))
+        throw new InvalidConfigurationError("The Hankel expansion of J0 and J1 needs an argument of at least 300.");
+    const { a0, a1 } = HANKEL, inverse = 1 / x;
+    let p0 = 0, q0 = 0, p1 = 0, q1 = 0, power = 1;
+    for (let k = 0; k < 16; k++) {
+        const sign = (k >> 1) % 2 === 0 ? 1 : -1;
+        if (k % 2 === 0) {
+            p0 += sign * a0[k] * power;
+            p1 += sign * a1[k] * power;
+        }
+        else {
+            q0 += sign * a0[k] * power;
+            q1 += sign * a1[k] * power;
+        }
+        power *= inverse;
+    }
+    const omega = x - Math.PI / 4, c = Math.cos(omega), s = Math.sin(omega);
+    const j0 = p0 * c - q0 * s, j1 = p1 * s + q1 * c;
+    return 2 / (Math.PI * x) * (j0 * j0 + j1 * j1);
+}
+/**
+ * Real-space cell energies (2.5): see the module comment. G(Z, φ) = ∫₀^φ [J₀² + J₁²](π·β·Z/cos θ) dθ for cell boundaries at
+ * half-integer distances Z (in cells), accumulated along θ for each Z with every needed φ = atan(W/Z) as a panel boundary.
+ * The rectangle [0, X] × [0, Y] holds 1/4 − (G(X, atan(Y/X)) + G(Y, atan(X/Y)))/(2π) of the energy. Internal.
+ */
+export function calculateAiryCellEnergiesInRealSpace(beta, radius, scale = 1) {
+    const size = radius + 1, table = new Float64Array(size * size), { nodes, weights } = gaussLegendre(16);
+    let angularNodes = 0;
+    for (let z = 0; z < size; z++) {
+        const Z = z + 0.5, k = Math.PI * beta * Z;
+        let sum = 0, t0 = 1, theta0 = 0;
+        for (let w = 0; w < size; w++) {
+            // Panels equal in t = 1/cos θ, so the phase 2x = 2kt changes by at most 2 radians on each.
+            const t1 = Math.hypot(Z, w + 0.5) / Z, theta1 = Math.atan2(w + 0.5, Z), panels = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(scale * k * (t1 - t0)));
+            let a = theta0;
+            for (let n = 1; n <= panels; n++) {
+                const b = n === panels ? theta1 : Math.acos(1 / (t0 + (t1 - t0) * n / panels)), h = b - a;
+                let panel = 0;
+                for (let g = 0; g < 16; g++)
+                    panel += weights[g] * besselSquareSum(k / Math.cos(a + h * nodes[g]));
+                sum += panel * h;
+                a = b;
+            }
+            angularNodes += 16 * panels;
+            table[z * size + w] = sum;
+            t0 = t1;
+            theta0 = theta1;
+        }
+    }
+    // Boundaries of cell i along one axis as (half-integer index, weight): the centre cell is twice [0, 1/2].
+    const bounds = (i) => i === 0 ? [[0, 2]] : [[i, 1], [i - 1, -1]];
+    const cells = new Float64Array(size * size);
+    for (let j = 0; j < size; j++)
+        for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            let constant = 0, leak = 0;
+            for (const [a, wa] of bounds(i))
+                for (const [b, wb] of bounds(j)) {
+                    constant += wa * wb;
+                    leak += wa * wb * (table[a * size + b] + table[b * size + a]);
+                }
+            cells[j * size + i] = constant / 4 - leak / (2 * Math.PI);
+        }
+    return { cells, angularNodes };
+}
+/** Frequency-domain cell energies (2.1; see the module comment). Internal. */
+export function calculateAiryCellEnergiesInFrequencyDomain(beta, radius, scale = 1) {
     // Bandwidth of the angular and radial integrands: c = π·β·(2R + 1)·√2 (the sinc factors and the highest cosine).
     const c = Math.PI * beta * (2 * radius + 1) * Math.SQRT2, margin = 10 * Math.cbrt(c) + 24;
     const quarter = Math.ceil(scale * (c + margin) / 4), radialNodes = Math.ceil(scale * (c + margin));
@@ -203,10 +312,12 @@ export function createDiffractionLimitedPsfProfile(input) {
         throw new InvalidConfigurationError("profileId must be a public opaque ID.");
     const pupilDiameterMm = focalLengthMm / fNumber, workingFNumber = distanceMm / pupilDiameterMm, size = 2 * radius + 1;
     let maximumRadialNodes = 0, maximumAngularNodes = 0, maximumTruncated = 0;
-    const records = [], kernels = [];
+    const records = [], kernels = [], realSpaceWavelengthsNm = [];
     for (const nm of wavelengths) {
         const lambdaN = nm / 1000 * workingFNumber, cutoff = 1 / lambdaN;
         const airy = calculateAiryCellEnergies(pitch * cutoff, radius);
+        if (airy.realSpace)
+            realSpaceWavelengthsNm.push(nm);
         maximumRadialNodes = Math.max(maximumRadialNodes, airy.radialNodes);
         maximumAngularNodes = Math.max(maximumAngularNodes, airy.angularNodes);
         const values = new Array(size * size);
@@ -247,6 +358,8 @@ export function createDiffractionLimitedPsfProfile(input) {
         nodes, evidence: EVIDENCE, limitations: [...LIMITATIONS] });
     return approximationResult({ profile, model: DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL, pupilDiameterMm, pupilToImageDistanceMm: distanceMm, workingFNumber,
         kernelRadiusSamples: radius, samplePitchMicrometers: pitch, wavelengths: records, maximumTruncatedEnergyFraction: maximumTruncated,
-        quadrature: { method: "polar-frequency-domain-trapezoid-gauss-legendre", maximumRadialNodes, maximumAngularNodes } }, DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelId, DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelVersion, [...LIMITATIONS]);
+        quadrature: realSpaceWavelengthsNm.length === 0 ? { method: "polar-frequency-domain-trapezoid-gauss-legendre", maximumRadialNodes, maximumAngularNodes } :
+            { method: realSpaceWavelengthsNm.length === wavelengths.length ? "real-space-encircled-energy-gauss-legendre" : "frequency-domain-and-real-space",
+                maximumRadialNodes, maximumAngularNodes, realSpaceWavelengthsNm } }, DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelId, DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelVersion, [...LIMITATIONS]);
 }
 //# sourceMappingURL=diffraction-psf-profile.js.map

package/dist/optics/diffraction-psf-profile.js.map

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SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0\n\n/**\n * Builds a `LensSampledPsfProfile` for an ideal, aberration-free, in-focus lens with a uniformly lit\n * circular pupil: the Airy pattern of scalar Fraunhofer diffraction, one unit-sum kernel per declared\n * wavelength on ONE shared sample grid (2.1.0).\n *\n * **Model.** The pupil diameter is D = f/N (entrance pupil = exit pupil, unity pupil magnification) and\n * the pupil-to-image distance z is the thin-lens image distance for the focus (f at infinity), so the\n * image-side (working) f-number is N_w = z/D. The incoherent optical transfer function (OTF) of a\n * uniform circular pupil is the normalized autocorrelation of the pupil,\n *   H(ρ) = (2/π)·(acos ρ − ρ·√(1 − ρ²)),  ρ = |f|/f_c ≤ 1,  f_c = 1/(λ·N_w),\n * and the intensity PSF is its inverse Fourier transform (the Airy pattern, first zero at 1.21967·λ·N_w)\n * (MIT OpenCourseWare 2.71 Optics, Spring 2009, lectures 21–22, free: the intensity PSF as the transform of\n * the pupil autocorrelation and the circular-pupil MTF; also see: Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics,\n * 4th ed., 2017, §6.3).\n *\n * **Cell integration (exact, no Bessel functions).** Kernel sample (i, j) is the PSF energy inside the\n * square cell of side p centred on (i·p, j·p). The cell integral is the PSF convolved with the cell's\n * indicator, evaluated at the cell centre, so in the frequency domain\n *   K(i, j) = p² ∫∫ H(|f|/f_c)·sinc(p·f_x)·sinc(p·f_y)·cos(2π·p·i·f_x)·cos(2π·p·j·f_y) d²f,\n * with sinc(x) = sin(πx)/(πx) (the sine terms vanish because H is even). It is evaluated in polar\n * coordinates: a trapezoid rule in angle (exponentially convergent for this smooth periodic integrand) and\n * Gauss–Legendre in t with ρ = 1 − t², which removes the (1 − ρ)^{3/2} edge behaviour of H. The node counts\n * follow from the integrand's bandwidth with a fixed margin; the tests check convergence by doubling them and\n * check the values against an independent real-space integration of `calculateIdealPolygonDiffractionPsf` in\n * its many-blade (circular) limit. The sum of all cells is exactly 1 (Parseval), so the energy captured by\n * the finite kernel is Σ K over its window and the truncated energy is 1 − Σ K.\n *\n * **Truncation and normalization.** The kernel is the (2R+1)² window of cells. The Airy tails fall only as\n * r⁻³, so a finite window always misses some energy: it is reported per wavelength, and the window is then\n * renormalized to unit sum because the sampled-profile contract requires unit-energy kernels. The missing\n * tail energy is thereby put back inside the window (an approximation that slightly raises low-frequency\n * contrast compared with the untruncated pattern).\n *\n * **Approximations (labelled):** scalar (no polarization), aberration-free, uniform pupil amplitude, exactly in\n * focus (no defocus), thin lens with unity pupil magnification, the on-axis PSF used across the declared field\n * (isoplanatic), PSF energy binned into the sample cells, finite window renormalized. Not a measured lens.\n * @see docs/PSF_FOUNDATION.md, \"Diffraction-limited sampled profile (2.1)\".\n */\n\nimport { approximationResult, type CalculationResult } from \"../core/calculation-result.js\";\nimport { InvalidConfigurationError } from \"../core/configuration-error.js\";\nimport { requireAllowlistedRecord } from \"../core/record-validation.js\";\nimport type { EvidenceProvenance } from \"../core/evidence-provenance.js\";\nimport type { FocusPlane } from \"./focus-state.js\";\nimport { calculateThinLensImageDistance } from \"./thin-lens.js\";\nimport { parseLensSampledPsfProfile, type LensSampledPsfProfile } from \"./lens-psf-profile.js\";\n\nexport const DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL = Object.freeze({\n  modelId: \"photivra-diffraction-limited-circular-pupil-psf\" as const, modelVersion: \"1.0.0\" as const });\n/** Input limits: at most 64 wavelengths, kernel radius 0–32 samples (the irradiance-convolution limit). */\nexport const DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_LIMITS = Object.freeze({ maximumWavelengths: 64, maximumKernelRadiusSamples: 32 });\n/** Radius of the first dark ring of the Airy pattern in units of λ·N_w: j₁,₁/π, j₁,₁ = 3.8317059702 (first zero of J₁). */\nconst AIRY_FIRST_ZERO_PER_LAMBDA_N = 3.8317059702075125 / Math.PI;\n\nexport interface CreateDiffractionLimitedPsfProfileInput {\n  /** Only `circular` in 2.1.0 (polygon pupils: `calculateIdealPolygonDiffractionPsf` gives point densities). */\n  aperture: \"circular\";\n  focalLengthMm: number;\n  apertureFNumber: number;\n  focus: FocusPlane;\n  /** Strictly increasing wavelengths, nm, in the medium of propagation (no air/vacuum conversion is applied). 1–64. */\n  wavelengthsNm: readonly number[];\n  /** Square sample pitch of every kernel, µm. */\n  samplePitchMicrometers: number;\n  /** Kernel half-width in samples; each kernel is (2R + 1)². 0–32. */\n  kernelRadiusSamples: number;\n  /** Half-extent of the image field over which the on-axis PSF is declared (profile field axes ±x, ±y), mm. */\n  fieldHalfExtentMm: { x: number; y: number };\n  profileId: string;\n}\n\nexport interface DiffractionLimitedPsfWavelength {\n  wavelengthNm: number;\n  /** f_c = 1/(λ·N_w), cycles per µm. */\n  cutoffFrequencyCyclesPerMicrometer: number;\n  /** 1.21967·λ·N_w, µm. */\n  firstZeroRadiusMicrometers: number;\n  /** Σ of the cell energies inside the window before renormalization (of a total of 1). */\n  capturedEnergyFraction: number;\n  /** 1 − capturedEnergyFraction: the Airy tail energy outside the window, put back by renormalization. */\n  truncatedEnergyFraction: number;\n  /** Fraction of the renormalized kernel in the centre sample. */\n  centreSampleFraction: number;\n}\n\nexport interface DiffractionLimitedPsfProfile {\n  profile: LensSampledPsfProfile;\n  model: typeof DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL;\n  pupilDiameterMm: number;\n  pupilToImageDistanceMm: number;\n  workingFNumber: number;\n  kernelRadiusSamples: number;\n  samplePitchMicrometers: number;\n  wavelengths: readonly DiffractionLimitedPsfWavelength[];\n  /** Largest truncated energy over the wavelengths. */\n  maximumTruncatedEnergyFraction: number;\n  quadrature: { method: \"polar-frequency-domain-trapezoid-gauss-legendre\"; maximumRadialNodes: number; maximumAngularNodes: number };\n}\n\nconst EVIDENCE: readonly EvidenceProvenance[] = Object.freeze([Object.freeze({ sourceOrigin: \"photivra\" as const,\n  sourceReference: \"photivra:diffraction-limited-psf-profile\", reuseStatus: \"photivra-owned\" as const })]);\nconst LIMITATIONS = Object.freeze([\n  \"Scalar Fraunhofer diffraction of an ideal, uniformly lit circular pupil (Airy pattern); no aberration, apodization, polarization or stray light.\",\n  \"Exactly in focus: no defocus or depth of field. Thin lens with unity pupil magnification; the pupil-to-image distance is the thin-lens image distance.\",\n  \"The on-axis PSF is declared unchanged across the field (isoplanatic); no field-dependent aberration or pupil clipping.\",\n  \"PSF energy is binned into square sample cells; the finite window misses the Airy tail energy listed per wavelength and is renormalized to unit sum.\",\n  \"Wavelengths are used as given, in the declared basis, without air/vacuum conversion.\"\n]);\n\nfunction positive(value: unknown, name: string): number {\n  if (typeof value !== \"number\" || !Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(name + \" must be a positive finite number.\");\n  return value;\n}\n\n/** Gauss–Legendre nodes and weights on [0, 1] (Newton iteration on Pₙ; DLMF §3.5(v)). Cached per n. */\nconst GAUSS_LEGENDRE = new Map<number, { nodes: Float64Array; weights: Float64Array }>();\nfunction gaussLegendre(n: number): { nodes: Float64Array; weights: Float64Array } {\n  const cached = GAUSS_LEGENDRE.get(n);\n  if (cached) return cached;\n  const nodes = new Float64Array(n), weights = new Float64Array(n);\n  for (let k = 0; k < Math.ceil(n / 2); k++) {\n    let x = Math.cos(Math.PI * (k + 0.75) / (n + 0.5));\n    for (let iteration = 0; iteration < 100; iteration++) {\n      let p0 = 1, p1 = x;\n      for (let m = 2; m <= n; m++) { const p2 = ((2 * m - 1) * x * p1 - (m - 1) * p0) / m; p0 = p1; p1 = p2; }\n      const step = p1 / (n * (x * p1 - p0) / (x * x - 1));\n      x -= step;\n      if (Math.abs(step) < 1e-16) break;\n    }\n    let p0 = 1, p1 = x;\n    for (let m = 2; m <= n; m++) { const p2 = ((2 * m - 1) * x * p1 - (m - 1) * p0) / m; p0 = p1; p1 = p2; }\n    const derivative = n * (x * p1 - p0) / (x * x - 1);\n    const w = 1 / ((1 - x * x) * derivative * derivative);\n    // Map [-1, 1] to [0, 1]: t = (1 ± x)/2, weight w (2/(1-x²)P'² halved).\n    nodes[k] = (1 - x) / 2; weights[k] = w;\n    nodes[n - 1 - k] = (1 + x) / 2; weights[n - 1 - k] = w;\n  }\n  const result = { nodes, weights };\n  if (GAUSS_LEGENDRE.size < 64) GAUSS_LEGENDRE.set(n, result);\n  return result;\n}\nfunction sinc(x: number): number {\n  if (x === 0) return 1;\n  const a = Math.PI * x;\n  return Math.sin(a) / a;\n}\n\n/**\n * Cell energies K(i, j), 0 ≤ i, j ≤ R, of the Airy pattern for β = p·f_c (cell side in units of the cut-off\n * period). `scale` multiplies the node counts (1 in production; the tests use 2 to check convergence).\n */\nexport function calculateAiryCellEnergies(beta: number, radius: number, scale = 1): { cells: Float64Array; radialNodes: number; angularNodes: number } {\n  // Bandwidth of the angular and radial integrands: c = π·β·(2R + 1)·√2 (the sinc factors and the highest cosine).\n  const c = Math.PI * beta * (2 * radius + 1) * Math.SQRT2, margin = 10 * Math.cbrt(c) + 24;\n  const quarter = Math.ceil(scale * (c + margin) / 4), radialNodes = Math.ceil(scale * (c + margin));\n  const { nodes, weights } = gaussLegendre(radialNodes), size = radius + 1, cells = new Float64Array(size * size);\n  const ca = new Float64Array(size), cb = new Float64Array(size), angularStep = (Math.PI / 2) / quarter;\n  for (let r = 0; r < radialNodes; r++) {\n    const t = nodes[r]!, rho = 1 - t * t;\n    // H(1 − t²) without cancellation: acos(1 − t²) = 2·asin(t/√2), ρ·√(1 − ρ²) = ρ·t·√(2 − t²).\n    const otf = (2 / Math.PI) * (2 * Math.asin(t / Math.SQRT2) - rho * t * Math.sqrt(2 - t * t));\n    // ∫₀¹ g(ρ) dρ = ∫₀¹ g(1 − t²)·2t dt; the 4 is the four symmetric quadrants of the angular trapezoid.\n    const radialWeight = weights[r]! * 2 * t * rho * otf * 4 * angularStep;\n    for (let k = 0; k <= quarter; k++) {\n      const theta = k * angularStep, x = beta * rho * Math.cos(theta), y = beta * rho * Math.sin(theta);\n      const w = radialWeight * (k === 0 || k === quarter ? 0.5 : 1) * sinc(x) * sinc(y);\n      // cos(2π·i·x) and cos(2π·j·y) by the Chebyshev recurrence.\n      const cx = Math.cos(2 * Math.PI * x), cy = Math.cos(2 * Math.PI * y);\n      ca[0] = 1; cb[0] = 1;\n      if (size > 1) { ca[1] = cx; cb[1] = cy; }\n      for (let i = 2; i < size; i++) { ca[i] = 2 * cx * ca[i - 1]! - ca[i - 2]!; cb[i] = 2 * cy * cb[i - 1]! - cb[i - 2]!; }\n      for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {\n        const wj = w * cb[j]!;\n        for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) { const o = j * size + i; cells[o] = cells[o]! + wj * ca[i]!; }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n  const area = beta * beta;\n  for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) cells[i] = cells[i]! * area;\n  return { cells, radialNodes, angularNodes: 4 * quarter };\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a sampled lens PSF profile for an ideal diffraction-limited lens with a circular pupil: one\n * unit-sum Airy kernel per wavelength on one shared (2R+1)² grid, with the truncated energy reported per\n * wavelength. The profile declares the given focal length, f-number and focus exactly, and the field axes\n * ±`fieldHalfExtentMm` with the same kernel at every field node.\n * @param input - See `CreateDiffractionLimitedPsfProfileInput`.\n * @returns The profile and its diffraction record. An approximation; not a measured lens.\n * @see docs/PSF_FOUNDATION.md, \"Diffraction-limited sampled profile (2.1)\".\n */\nexport function createDiffractionLimitedPsfProfile(input: CreateDiffractionLimitedPsfProfileInput): CalculationResult<DiffractionLimitedPsfProfile> {\n  const r = requireAllowlistedRecord(input, [\"aperture\", \"focalLengthMm\", \"apertureFNumber\", \"focus\", \"wavelengthsNm\", \"samplePitchMicrometers\",\n    \"kernelRadiusSamples\", \"fieldHalfExtentMm\", \"profileId\"], \"Invalid diffraction-limited PSF profile input.\");\n  if (r.aperture !== \"circular\") throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"aperture must be \\\"circular\\\".\");\n  const focalLengthMm = positive(r.focalLengthMm, \"focalLengthMm\"), fNumber = positive(r.apertureFNumber, \"apertureFNumber\");\n  const pitch = positive(r.samplePitchMicrometers, \"samplePitchMicrometers\");\n  const L = DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_LIMITS;\n  const radius = r.kernelRadiusSamples;\n  if (typeof radius !== \"number\" || !Number.isSafeInteger(radius) || radius < 0 || radius > L.maximumKernelRadiusSamples) {\n    throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"kernelRadiusSamples must be an integer from 0 to \" + L.maximumKernelRadiusSamples + \".\");\n  }\n  const focus = requireAllowlistedRecord(r.focus, [\"kind\", \"distanceM\"], \"Invalid focus.\");\n  let focusDiopters: number, distanceMm: number;\n  if (focus.kind === \"infinity\") {\n    if (focus.distanceM !== undefined) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"An infinity focus has no distanceM.\");\n    focusDiopters = 0; distanceMm = focalLengthMm;\n  } else if (focus.kind === \"finite\") {\n    const distanceM = positive(focus.distanceM, \"focus.distanceM\");\n    focusDiopters = 1 / distanceM;\n    distanceMm = calculateThinLensImageDistance({ focalLengthMm, objectDistanceM: distanceM }).value.imageDistanceMm;\n  } else throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"focus.kind must be finite or infinity.\");\n  const field = requireAllowlistedRecord(r.fieldHalfExtentMm, [\"x\", \"y\"], \"Invalid fieldHalfExtentMm.\");\n  const fieldX = positive(field.x, \"fieldHalfExtentMm.x\"), fieldY = positive(field.y, \"fieldHalfExtentMm.y\");\n  const list = r.wavelengthsNm;\n  if (!Array.isArray(list) || list.length < 1 || list.length > L.maximumWavelengths) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"wavelengthsNm must list 1 to 64 wavelengths.\");\n  const wavelengths = (list as unknown[]).map((value, index) => positive(value, \"wavelengthsNm[\" + index + \"]\"));\n  for (let i = 1; i < wavelengths.length; i++) if (!(wavelengths[i]! > wavelengths[i - 1]!)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"wavelengthsNm must be strictly increasing.\");\n  if (typeof r.profileId !== \"string\" || !/^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9._:-]{0,127}$/.test(r.profileId)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"profileId must be a public opaque ID.\");\n\n  const pupilDiameterMm = focalLengthMm / fNumber, workingFNumber = distanceMm / pupilDiameterMm, size = 2 * radius + 1;\n  let maximumRadialNodes = 0, maximumAngularNodes = 0, maximumTruncated = 0;\n  const records: DiffractionLimitedPsfWavelength[] = [], kernels: number[][] = [];\n  for (const nm of wavelengths) {\n    const lambdaN = nm / 1000 * workingFNumber, cutoff = 1 / lambdaN;\n    const airy = calculateAiryCellEnergies(pitch * cutoff, radius);\n    maximumRadialNodes = Math.max(maximumRadialNodes, airy.radialNodes); maximumAngularNodes = Math.max(maximumAngularNodes, airy.angularNodes);\n    const values: number[] = new Array(size * size);\n    let captured = 0;\n    for (let ky = 0; ky < size; ky++) for (let kx = 0; kx < size; kx++) {\n      const value = airy.cells[Math.abs(ky - radius) * (radius + 1) + Math.abs(kx - radius)]!;\n      // Every cell energy of a non-negative PSF is positive; a negative value would be a quadrature failure.\n      if (!(value > -1e-13)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"Diffraction cell integration failed to converge.\");\n      values[ky * size + kx] = Math.max(0, value);\n      captured += values[ky * size + kx]!;\n    }\n    if (!(captured > 0 && captured <= 1 + 1e-9)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"Diffraction cell integration failed to converge.\");\n    const truncated = Math.max(0, 1 - captured);\n    maximumTruncated = Math.max(maximumTruncated, truncated);\n    const kernel = values.map((v) => v / captured);\n    kernels.push(kernel);\n    records.push({ wavelengthNm: nm, cutoffFrequencyCyclesPerMicrometer: cutoff, firstZeroRadiusMicrometers: AIRY_FIRST_ZERO_PER_LAMBDA_N * lambdaN,\n      capturedEnergyFraction: captured, truncatedEnergyFraction: truncated, centreSampleFraction: kernel[radius * size + radius]! });\n  }\n  const uncertainty = { kind: \"not-quantified\" as const, limitation: \"Ideal diffraction-limited model; no measured lens or quadrature error bound.\" };\n  const nodes = [-fieldX, fieldX].flatMap((fx) => [-fieldY, fieldY].flatMap((fy) => wavelengths.map((nm, index) => ({\n    nodeId: \"airy-\" + (fx < 0 ? \"xm\" : \"xp\") + \"-\" + (fy < 0 ? \"ym\" : \"yp\") + \"-\" + index,\n    coordinate: { focalLengthMm, focusDiopters, apertureFNumber: fNumber, fieldXmm: fx, fieldYmm: fy, wavelengthNm: nm, signedDefocusImagePlaneMicrometers: 0 },\n    kernel: { widthSamples: size, heightSamples: size, samplePitchMicrometersX: pitch, samplePitchMicrometersY: pitch, centerSampleX: radius, centerSampleY: radius,\n      normalizedIntensity: kernels[index]! },\n    bestFocusImagePlaneOffsetMicrometers: 0, relativePupilThroughputFactor: 1, evidence: EVIDENCE, uncertainty }))));\n  const profile = parseLensSampledPsfProfile({ schemaVersion: \"0.1.0\", profileId: r.profileId, profileVersion: DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelVersion,\n    scientificStatus: \"approximation\", opticalDomain: \"lens-primary-optical-path-only\", coordinateSystem: \"image-plane-metric\", fieldAxes: \"+X right, +Y up\",\n    kernelEnergyNormalization: \"unit-energy-shape\", interpolation: \"bounded-regular-grid-multilinear\", throughputOwnership: \"separate-relative-pupil-throughput-factor\",\n    responseIncludes: { diffraction: true, aberration: false, defocus: false, pupilClippingShape: false },\n    sensorOpticalStackIncluded: false, sensorSamplingIncluded: false, reconstructionIncluded: false, strayLightIncluded: false,\n    axes: { focalLengthMm: [focalLengthMm], focusDiopters: [focusDiopters], apertureFNumber: [fNumber], fieldXmm: [-fieldX, fieldX], fieldYmm: [-fieldY, fieldY],\n      wavelengthNm: wavelengths, signedDefocusImagePlaneMicrometers: [0] },\n    nodes, evidence: EVIDENCE, limitations: [...LIMITATIONS] });\n  return approximationResult({ profile, model: DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL, pupilDiameterMm, pupilToImageDistanceMm: distanceMm, workingFNumber,\n    kernelRadiusSamples: radius, samplePitchMicrometers: pitch, wavelengths: records, maximumTruncatedEnergyFraction: maximumTruncated,\n    quadrature: { method: \"polar-frequency-domain-trapezoid-gauss-legendre\" as const, maximumRadialNodes, maximumAngularNodes } },\n  DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelId, DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelVersion, [...LIMITATIONS]);\n}\n"]}
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SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0\n\n/**\n * Builds a `LensSampledPsfProfile` for an ideal, aberration-free, in-focus lens with a uniformly lit\n * circular pupil: the Airy pattern of scalar Fraunhofer diffraction, one unit-sum kernel per declared\n * wavelength on ONE shared sample grid (2.1.0).\n *\n * **Model.** The pupil diameter is D = f/N (entrance pupil = exit pupil, unity pupil magnification) and\n * the pupil-to-image distance z is the thin-lens image distance for the focus (f at infinity), so the\n * image-side (working) f-number is N_w = z/D. The incoherent optical transfer function (OTF) of a\n * uniform circular pupil is the normalized autocorrelation of the pupil,\n *   H(ρ) = (2/π)·(acos ρ − ρ·√(1 − ρ²)),  ρ = |f|/f_c ≤ 1,  f_c = 1/(λ·N_w),\n * and the intensity PSF is its inverse Fourier transform (the Airy pattern, first zero at 1.21967·λ·N_w)\n * (MIT OpenCourseWare 2.71 Optics, Spring 2009, lectures 21–22, free: the intensity PSF as the transform of\n * the pupil autocorrelation and the circular-pupil MTF; also see: Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics,\n * 4th ed., 2017, §6.3).\n *\n * **Cell integration (exact, no Bessel functions).** Kernel sample (i, j) is the PSF energy inside the\n * square cell of side p centred on (i·p, j·p). The cell integral is the PSF convolved with the cell's\n * indicator, evaluated at the cell centre, so in the frequency domain\n *   K(i, j) = p² ∫∫ H(|f|/f_c)·sinc(p·f_x)·sinc(p·f_y)·cos(2π·p·i·f_x)·cos(2π·p·j·f_y) d²f,\n * with sinc(x) = sin(πx)/(πx) (the sine terms vanish because H is even). It is evaluated in polar\n * coordinates: a trapezoid rule in angle (exponentially convergent for this smooth periodic integrand) and\n * Gauss–Legendre in t with ρ = 1 − t², which removes the (1 − ρ)^{3/2} edge behaviour of H. The node counts\n * follow from the integrand's bandwidth with a fixed margin; the tests check convergence by doubling them and\n * check the values against an independent real-space integration of `calculateIdealPolygonDiffractionPsf` in\n * its many-blade (circular) limit. The sum of all cells is exactly 1 (Parseval), so the energy captured by\n * the finite kernel is Σ K over its window and the truncated energy is 1 − Σ K.\n *\n * **Cells much larger than the pattern (2.5).** The frequency-domain node counts grow with β = p·f_c (the cell\n * side over the cut-off period), so the work grows as β². From β ≥ `AIRY_REAL_SPACE_MINIMUM_BETA` (192) the cells\n * are integrated in real space instead, with the same model and no frequency integral: the Airy encircled energy is\n * EE(r) = 1 − J₀(x)² − J₁(x)², x = π·r·f_c (it follows from J₀′ = −J₁ and J₁′ = J₀ − J₁/x, DLMF §10.6(i), free), so\n * the energy of the rectangle [0, X] × [0, Y] is (1/2π)∫ EE(r_edge(θ)) dθ over its quadrant, a one-dimensional\n * integral in θ. Every cell is a signed sum of such rectangles. x ≥ π·β/2 ≥ 301 there, where J₀ and J₁ come from\n * the Hankel asymptotic expansion (DLMF §10.17(i), eq. 10.17.3, free) with eight terms in each of P and Q; the\n * remainder is below the first neglected term (DLMF §10.17(iii)), under 1e-17. The θ integral uses 16-point\n * Gauss–Legendre panels on which the phase 2x changes by at most 2 radians, so the work grows only as β. The tests\n * check the two methods against each other where both are practical (β from 192 to 400), the real-space cells\n * against the asymptotic leakage 8√2/(π³·β) of the centre cell, and convergence under doubled panel counts.\n * The β threshold lies above every β a `simulateCapture` pitch up to 100 µm can reach (at most 100/(0.3805·1.4) ≈ 188),\n * so those captures keep the frequency-domain values unchanged.\n *\n * **Truncation and normalization.** The kernel is the (2R+1)² window of cells. The Airy tails fall only as\n * r⁻³, so a finite window always misses some energy: it is reported per wavelength, and the window is then\n * renormalized to unit sum because the sampled-profile contract requires unit-energy kernels. The missing\n * tail energy is thereby put back inside the window (an approximation that slightly raises low-frequency\n * contrast compared with the untruncated pattern).\n *\n * **Approximations (labelled):** scalar (no polarization), aberration-free, uniform pupil amplitude, exactly in\n * focus (no defocus), thin lens with unity pupil magnification, the on-axis PSF used across the declared field\n * (isoplanatic), PSF energy binned into the sample cells, finite window renormalized. Not a measured lens.\n * @see docs/PSF_FOUNDATION.md, \"Diffraction-limited sampled profile (2.1)\".\n */\n\nimport { approximationResult, type CalculationResult } from \"../core/calculation-result.js\";\nimport { InvalidConfigurationError } from \"../core/configuration-error.js\";\nimport { requireAllowlistedRecord } from \"../core/record-validation.js\";\nimport type { EvidenceProvenance } from \"../core/evidence-provenance.js\";\nimport type { FocusPlane } from \"./focus-state.js\";\nimport { calculateThinLensImageDistance } from \"./thin-lens.js\";\nimport { parseLensSampledPsfProfile, type LensSampledPsfProfile } from \"./lens-psf-profile.js\";\n\nexport const DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL = Object.freeze({\n  modelId: \"photivra-diffraction-limited-circular-pupil-psf\" as const, modelVersion: \"1.0.0\" as const });\n/** Input limits: at most 64 wavelengths, kernel radius 0–32 samples (the irradiance-convolution limit). */\nexport const DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_LIMITS = Object.freeze({ maximumWavelengths: 64, maximumKernelRadiusSamples: 32 });\n/**\n * Internal: β = p·f_c (cell side over the cut-off period) from which `calculateAiryCellEnergies` integrates the cells in\n * real space (2.5). Above every β of a `simulateCapture` pitch up to 100 µm, whose captures keep the frequency-domain values.\n */\nexport const AIRY_REAL_SPACE_MINIMUM_BETA = 192;\n/** Radius of the first dark ring of the Airy pattern in units of λ·N_w: j₁,₁/π, j₁,₁ = 3.8317059702 (first zero of J₁). */\nconst AIRY_FIRST_ZERO_PER_LAMBDA_N = 3.8317059702075125 / Math.PI;\n\nexport interface CreateDiffractionLimitedPsfProfileInput {\n  /** Only `circular` in 2.1.0 (polygon pupils: `calculateIdealPolygonDiffractionPsf` gives point densities). */\n  aperture: \"circular\";\n  focalLengthMm: number;\n  apertureFNumber: number;\n  focus: FocusPlane;\n  /** Strictly increasing wavelengths, nm, in the medium of propagation (no air/vacuum conversion is applied). 1–64. */\n  wavelengthsNm: readonly number[];\n  /** Square sample pitch of every kernel, µm. */\n  samplePitchMicrometers: number;\n  /** Kernel half-width in samples; each kernel is (2R + 1)². 0–32. */\n  kernelRadiusSamples: number;\n  /** Half-extent of the image field over which the on-axis PSF is declared (profile field axes ±x, ±y), mm. */\n  fieldHalfExtentMm: { x: number; y: number };\n  profileId: string;\n}\n\nexport interface DiffractionLimitedPsfWavelength {\n  wavelengthNm: number;\n  /** f_c = 1/(λ·N_w), cycles per µm. */\n  cutoffFrequencyCyclesPerMicrometer: number;\n  /** 1.21967·λ·N_w, µm. */\n  firstZeroRadiusMicrometers: number;\n  /** Σ of the cell energies inside the window before renormalization (of a total of 1). */\n  capturedEnergyFraction: number;\n  /** 1 − capturedEnergyFraction: the Airy tail energy outside the window, put back by renormalization. */\n  truncatedEnergyFraction: number;\n  /** Fraction of the renormalized kernel in the centre sample. */\n  centreSampleFraction: number;\n}\n\nexport interface DiffractionLimitedPsfProfile {\n  profile: LensSampledPsfProfile;\n  model: typeof DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL;\n  pupilDiameterMm: number;\n  pupilToImageDistanceMm: number;\n  workingFNumber: number;\n  kernelRadiusSamples: number;\n  samplePitchMicrometers: number;\n  wavelengths: readonly DiffractionLimitedPsfWavelength[];\n  /** Largest truncated energy over the wavelengths. */\n  maximumTruncatedEnergyFraction: number;\n  /**\n   * How the cells were integrated. 2.5: wavelengths with β = p·f_c ≥ 192 (cells far larger than the pattern) use the real-space\n   * encircled-energy method; `realSpaceWavelengthsNm` lists them, and `method` is `\"frequency-domain-and-real-space\"` when both ran.\n   * `maximumRadialNodes` counts frequency-domain radial nodes (0 when only the real-space method ran); `maximumAngularNodes` the\n   * angular nodes of either method (for the real-space method, all θ nodes of one wavelength).\n   */\n  quadrature: { method: \"polar-frequency-domain-trapezoid-gauss-legendre\" | \"real-space-encircled-energy-gauss-legendre\" | \"frequency-domain-and-real-space\";\n    maximumRadialNodes: number; maximumAngularNodes: number; realSpaceWavelengthsNm?: readonly number[] };\n}\n\nconst EVIDENCE: readonly EvidenceProvenance[] = Object.freeze([Object.freeze({ sourceOrigin: \"photivra\" as const,\n  sourceReference: \"photivra:diffraction-limited-psf-profile\", reuseStatus: \"photivra-owned\" as const })]);\nconst LIMITATIONS = Object.freeze([\n  \"Scalar Fraunhofer diffraction of an ideal, uniformly lit circular pupil (Airy pattern); no aberration, apodization, polarization or stray light.\",\n  \"Exactly in focus: no defocus or depth of field. Thin lens with unity pupil magnification; the pupil-to-image distance is the thin-lens image distance.\",\n  \"The on-axis PSF is declared unchanged across the field (isoplanatic); no field-dependent aberration or pupil clipping.\",\n  \"PSF energy is binned into square sample cells; the finite window misses the Airy tail energy listed per wavelength and is renormalized to unit sum.\",\n  \"Wavelengths are used as given, in the declared basis, without air/vacuum conversion.\"\n]);\n\nfunction positive(value: unknown, name: string): number {\n  if (typeof value !== \"number\" || !Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(name + \" must be a positive finite number.\");\n  return value;\n}\n\n/** Gauss–Legendre nodes and weights on [0, 1] (Newton iteration on Pₙ; DLMF §3.5(v)). Cached per n. */\nconst GAUSS_LEGENDRE = new Map<number, { nodes: Float64Array; weights: Float64Array }>();\nfunction gaussLegendre(n: number): { nodes: Float64Array; weights: Float64Array } {\n  const cached = GAUSS_LEGENDRE.get(n);\n  if (cached) return cached;\n  const nodes = new Float64Array(n), weights = new Float64Array(n);\n  for (let k = 0; k < Math.ceil(n / 2); k++) {\n    let x = Math.cos(Math.PI * (k + 0.75) / (n + 0.5));\n    for (let iteration = 0; iteration < 100; iteration++) {\n      let p0 = 1, p1 = x;\n      for (let m = 2; m <= n; m++) { const p2 = ((2 * m - 1) * x * p1 - (m - 1) * p0) / m; p0 = p1; p1 = p2; }\n      const step = p1 / (n * (x * p1 - p0) / (x * x - 1));\n      x -= step;\n      if (Math.abs(step) < 1e-16) break;\n    }\n    let p0 = 1, p1 = x;\n    for (let m = 2; m <= n; m++) { const p2 = ((2 * m - 1) * x * p1 - (m - 1) * p0) / m; p0 = p1; p1 = p2; }\n    const derivative = n * (x * p1 - p0) / (x * x - 1);\n    const w = 1 / ((1 - x * x) * derivative * derivative);\n    // Map [-1, 1] to [0, 1]: t = (1 ± x)/2, weight w (2/(1-x²)P'² halved).\n    nodes[k] = (1 - x) / 2; weights[k] = w;\n    nodes[n - 1 - k] = (1 + x) / 2; weights[n - 1 - k] = w;\n  }\n  const result = { nodes, weights };\n  if (GAUSS_LEGENDRE.size < 64) GAUSS_LEGENDRE.set(n, result);\n  return result;\n}\nfunction sinc(x: number): number {\n  if (x === 0) return 1;\n  const a = Math.PI * x;\n  return Math.sin(a) / a;\n}\n\n/**\n * Cell energies K(i, j), 0 ≤ i, j ≤ R, of the Airy pattern for β = p·f_c (cell side in units of the cut-off\n * period): in the frequency domain below `AIRY_REAL_SPACE_MINIMUM_BETA`, in real space from it (2.5). `scale`\n * multiplies the node or panel counts (1 in production; the tests use 2 to check convergence).\n */\nexport function calculateAiryCellEnergies(beta: number, radius: number, scale = 1): { cells: Float64Array; radialNodes: number; angularNodes: number; realSpace: boolean } {\n  return beta >= AIRY_REAL_SPACE_MINIMUM_BETA ? { ...calculateAiryCellEnergiesInRealSpace(beta, radius, scale), radialNodes: 0, realSpace: true } :\n    { ...calculateAiryCellEnergiesInFrequencyDomain(beta, radius, scale), realSpace: false };\n}\n\n/** Hankel asymptotic coefficients a_k(ν) of DLMF 10.17.1 for ν = 0 and 1, k = 0..15. */\nconst HANKEL = ((): { a0: Float64Array; a1: Float64Array } => {\n  const a0 = new Float64Array(16), a1 = new Float64Array(16);\n  a0[0] = 1; a1[0] = 1;\n  for (let k = 1; k < 16; k++) {\n    const odd = (2 * k - 1) * (2 * k - 1);\n    a0[k] = a0[k - 1]! * (0 - odd) / (8 * k);\n    a1[k] = a1[k - 1]! * (4 - odd) / (8 * k);\n  }\n  return { a0, a1 };\n})();\n/** Smallest argument of `besselSquareSum`: there the 16-term expansion's remainder is below 1e-17. */\nconst HANKEL_MINIMUM_ARGUMENT = 300;\n\n/**\n * J₀(x)² + J₁(x)² for x ≥ 300 from the Hankel expansion J_ν(x) = √(2/(πx))·(P_ν cos ω_ν − Q_ν sin ω_ν), ω_ν = x − νπ/2 − π/4,\n * P_ν = Σ(−1)^k a_2k(ν)/x^2k, Q_ν = Σ(−1)^k a_2k+1(ν)/x^2k+1 (DLMF 10.17.3), eight terms each. With ω₁ = ω₀ − π/2,\n * J₁ = √(2/(πx))·(P₁ sin ω₀ + Q₁ cos ω₀). Internal.\n */\nexport function besselSquareSum(x: number): number {\n  if (!(x >= HANKEL_MINIMUM_ARGUMENT)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"The Hankel expansion of J0 and J1 needs an argument of at least 300.\");\n  const { a0, a1 } = HANKEL, inverse = 1 / x;\n  let p0 = 0, q0 = 0, p1 = 0, q1 = 0, power = 1;\n  for (let k = 0; k < 16; k++) {\n    const sign = (k >> 1) % 2 === 0 ? 1 : -1;\n    if (k % 2 === 0) { p0 += sign * a0[k]! * power; p1 += sign * a1[k]! * power; } else { q0 += sign * a0[k]! * power; q1 += sign * a1[k]! * power; }\n    power *= inverse;\n  }\n  const omega = x - Math.PI / 4, c = Math.cos(omega), s = Math.sin(omega);\n  const j0 = p0 * c - q0 * s, j1 = p1 * s + q1 * c;\n  return 2 / (Math.PI * x) * (j0 * j0 + j1 * j1);\n}\n\n/**\n * Real-space cell energies (2.5): see the module comment. G(Z, φ) = ∫₀^φ [J₀² + J₁²](π·β·Z/cos θ) dθ for cell boundaries at\n * half-integer distances Z (in cells), accumulated along θ for each Z with every needed φ = atan(W/Z) as a panel boundary.\n * The rectangle [0, X] × [0, Y] holds 1/4 − (G(X, atan(Y/X)) + G(Y, atan(X/Y)))/(2π) of the energy. Internal.\n */\nexport function calculateAiryCellEnergiesInRealSpace(beta: number, radius: number, scale = 1): { cells: Float64Array; angularNodes: number } {\n  const size = radius + 1, table = new Float64Array(size * size), { nodes, weights } = gaussLegendre(16);\n  let angularNodes = 0;\n  for (let z = 0; z < size; z++) {\n    const Z = z + 0.5, k = Math.PI * beta * Z;\n    let sum = 0, t0 = 1, theta0 = 0;\n    for (let w = 0; w < size; w++) {\n      // Panels equal in t = 1/cos θ, so the phase 2x = 2kt changes by at most 2 radians on each.\n      const t1 = Math.hypot(Z, w + 0.5) / Z, theta1 = Math.atan2(w + 0.5, Z), panels = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(scale * k * (t1 - t0)));\n      let a = theta0;\n      for (let n = 1; n <= panels; n++) {\n        const b = n === panels ? theta1 : Math.acos(1 / (t0 + (t1 - t0) * n / panels)), h = b - a;\n        let panel = 0;\n        for (let g = 0; g < 16; g++) panel += weights[g]! * besselSquareSum(k / Math.cos(a + h * nodes[g]!));\n        sum += panel * h;\n        a = b;\n      }\n      angularNodes += 16 * panels;\n      table[z * size + w] = sum;\n      t0 = t1; theta0 = theta1;\n    }\n  }\n  // Boundaries of cell i along one axis as (half-integer index, weight): the centre cell is twice [0, 1/2].\n  const bounds = (i: number): [number, number][] => i === 0 ? [[0, 2]] : [[i, 1], [i - 1, -1]];\n  const cells = new Float64Array(size * size);\n  for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {\n    let constant = 0, leak = 0;\n    for (const [a, wa] of bounds(i)) for (const [b, wb] of bounds(j)) {\n      constant += wa * wb;\n      leak += wa * wb * (table[a * size + b]! + table[b * size + a]!);\n    }\n    cells[j * size + i] = constant / 4 - leak / (2 * Math.PI);\n  }\n  return { cells, angularNodes };\n}\n\n/** Frequency-domain cell energies (2.1; see the module comment). Internal. */\nexport function calculateAiryCellEnergiesInFrequencyDomain(beta: number, radius: number, scale = 1): { cells: Float64Array; radialNodes: number; angularNodes: number } {\n  // Bandwidth of the angular and radial integrands: c = π·β·(2R + 1)·√2 (the sinc factors and the highest cosine).\n  const c = Math.PI * beta * (2 * radius + 1) * Math.SQRT2, margin = 10 * Math.cbrt(c) + 24;\n  const quarter = Math.ceil(scale * (c + margin) / 4), radialNodes = Math.ceil(scale * (c + margin));\n  const { nodes, weights } = gaussLegendre(radialNodes), size = radius + 1, cells = new Float64Array(size * size);\n  const ca = new Float64Array(size), cb = new Float64Array(size), angularStep = (Math.PI / 2) / quarter;\n  for (let r = 0; r < radialNodes; r++) {\n    const t = nodes[r]!, rho = 1 - t * t;\n    // H(1 − t²) without cancellation: acos(1 − t²) = 2·asin(t/√2), ρ·√(1 − ρ²) = ρ·t·√(2 − t²).\n    const otf = (2 / Math.PI) * (2 * Math.asin(t / Math.SQRT2) - rho * t * Math.sqrt(2 - t * t));\n    // ∫₀¹ g(ρ) dρ = ∫₀¹ g(1 − t²)·2t dt; the 4 is the four symmetric quadrants of the angular trapezoid.\n    const radialWeight = weights[r]! * 2 * t * rho * otf * 4 * angularStep;\n    for (let k = 0; k <= quarter; k++) {\n      const theta = k * angularStep, x = beta * rho * Math.cos(theta), y = beta * rho * Math.sin(theta);\n      const w = radialWeight * (k === 0 || k === quarter ? 0.5 : 1) * sinc(x) * sinc(y);\n      // cos(2π·i·x) and cos(2π·j·y) by the Chebyshev recurrence.\n      const cx = Math.cos(2 * Math.PI * x), cy = Math.cos(2 * Math.PI * y);\n      ca[0] = 1; cb[0] = 1;\n      if (size > 1) { ca[1] = cx; cb[1] = cy; }\n      for (let i = 2; i < size; i++) { ca[i] = 2 * cx * ca[i - 1]! - ca[i - 2]!; cb[i] = 2 * cy * cb[i - 1]! - cb[i - 2]!; }\n      for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {\n        const wj = w * cb[j]!;\n        for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) { const o = j * size + i; cells[o] = cells[o]! + wj * ca[i]!; }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n  const area = beta * beta;\n  for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) cells[i] = cells[i]! * area;\n  return { cells, radialNodes, angularNodes: 4 * quarter };\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a sampled lens PSF profile for an ideal diffraction-limited lens with a circular pupil: one\n * unit-sum Airy kernel per wavelength on one shared (2R+1)² grid, with the truncated energy reported per\n * wavelength. The profile declares the given focal length, f-number and focus exactly, and the field axes\n * ±`fieldHalfExtentMm` with the same kernel at every field node.\n * @param input - See `CreateDiffractionLimitedPsfProfileInput`.\n * @returns The profile and its diffraction record. An approximation; not a measured lens.\n * @see docs/PSF_FOUNDATION.md, \"Diffraction-limited sampled profile (2.1)\".\n */\nexport function createDiffractionLimitedPsfProfile(input: CreateDiffractionLimitedPsfProfileInput): CalculationResult<DiffractionLimitedPsfProfile> {\n  const r = requireAllowlistedRecord(input, [\"aperture\", \"focalLengthMm\", \"apertureFNumber\", \"focus\", \"wavelengthsNm\", \"samplePitchMicrometers\",\n    \"kernelRadiusSamples\", \"fieldHalfExtentMm\", \"profileId\"], \"Invalid diffraction-limited PSF profile input.\");\n  if (r.aperture !== \"circular\") throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"aperture must be \\\"circular\\\".\");\n  const focalLengthMm = positive(r.focalLengthMm, \"focalLengthMm\"), fNumber = positive(r.apertureFNumber, \"apertureFNumber\");\n  const pitch = positive(r.samplePitchMicrometers, \"samplePitchMicrometers\");\n  const L = DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_LIMITS;\n  const radius = r.kernelRadiusSamples;\n  if (typeof radius !== \"number\" || !Number.isSafeInteger(radius) || radius < 0 || radius > L.maximumKernelRadiusSamples) {\n    throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"kernelRadiusSamples must be an integer from 0 to \" + L.maximumKernelRadiusSamples + \".\");\n  }\n  const focus = requireAllowlistedRecord(r.focus, [\"kind\", \"distanceM\"], \"Invalid focus.\");\n  let focusDiopters: number, distanceMm: number;\n  if (focus.kind === \"infinity\") {\n    if (focus.distanceM !== undefined) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"An infinity focus has no distanceM.\");\n    focusDiopters = 0; distanceMm = focalLengthMm;\n  } else if (focus.kind === \"finite\") {\n    const distanceM = positive(focus.distanceM, \"focus.distanceM\");\n    focusDiopters = 1 / distanceM;\n    distanceMm = calculateThinLensImageDistance({ focalLengthMm, objectDistanceM: distanceM }).value.imageDistanceMm;\n  } else throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"focus.kind must be finite or infinity.\");\n  const field = requireAllowlistedRecord(r.fieldHalfExtentMm, [\"x\", \"y\"], \"Invalid fieldHalfExtentMm.\");\n  const fieldX = positive(field.x, \"fieldHalfExtentMm.x\"), fieldY = positive(field.y, \"fieldHalfExtentMm.y\");\n  const list = r.wavelengthsNm;\n  if (!Array.isArray(list) || list.length < 1 || list.length > L.maximumWavelengths) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"wavelengthsNm must list 1 to 64 wavelengths.\");\n  const wavelengths = (list as unknown[]).map((value, index) => positive(value, \"wavelengthsNm[\" + index + \"]\"));\n  for (let i = 1; i < wavelengths.length; i++) if (!(wavelengths[i]! > wavelengths[i - 1]!)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"wavelengthsNm must be strictly increasing.\");\n  if (typeof r.profileId !== \"string\" || !/^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9._:-]{0,127}$/.test(r.profileId)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"profileId must be a public opaque ID.\");\n\n  const pupilDiameterMm = focalLengthMm / fNumber, workingFNumber = distanceMm / pupilDiameterMm, size = 2 * radius + 1;\n  let maximumRadialNodes = 0, maximumAngularNodes = 0, maximumTruncated = 0;\n  const records: DiffractionLimitedPsfWavelength[] = [], kernels: number[][] = [], realSpaceWavelengthsNm: number[] = [];\n  for (const nm of wavelengths) {\n    const lambdaN = nm / 1000 * workingFNumber, cutoff = 1 / lambdaN;\n    const airy = calculateAiryCellEnergies(pitch * cutoff, radius);\n    if (airy.realSpace) realSpaceWavelengthsNm.push(nm);\n    maximumRadialNodes = Math.max(maximumRadialNodes, airy.radialNodes); maximumAngularNodes = Math.max(maximumAngularNodes, airy.angularNodes);\n    const values: number[] = new Array(size * size);\n    let captured = 0;\n    for (let ky = 0; ky < size; ky++) for (let kx = 0; kx < size; kx++) {\n      const value = airy.cells[Math.abs(ky - radius) * (radius + 1) + Math.abs(kx - radius)]!;\n      // Every cell energy of a non-negative PSF is positive; a negative value would be a quadrature failure.\n      if (!(value > -1e-13)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"Diffraction cell integration failed to converge.\");\n      values[ky * size + kx] = Math.max(0, value);\n      captured += values[ky * size + kx]!;\n    }\n    if (!(captured > 0 && captured <= 1 + 1e-9)) throw new InvalidConfigurationError(\"Diffraction cell integration failed to converge.\");\n    const truncated = Math.max(0, 1 - captured);\n    maximumTruncated = Math.max(maximumTruncated, truncated);\n    const kernel = values.map((v) => v / captured);\n    kernels.push(kernel);\n    records.push({ wavelengthNm: nm, cutoffFrequencyCyclesPerMicrometer: cutoff, firstZeroRadiusMicrometers: AIRY_FIRST_ZERO_PER_LAMBDA_N * lambdaN,\n      capturedEnergyFraction: captured, truncatedEnergyFraction: truncated, centreSampleFraction: kernel[radius * size + radius]! });\n  }\n  const uncertainty = { kind: \"not-quantified\" as const, limitation: \"Ideal diffraction-limited model; no measured lens or quadrature error bound.\" };\n  const nodes = [-fieldX, fieldX].flatMap((fx) => [-fieldY, fieldY].flatMap((fy) => wavelengths.map((nm, index) => ({\n    nodeId: \"airy-\" + (fx < 0 ? \"xm\" : \"xp\") + \"-\" + (fy < 0 ? \"ym\" : \"yp\") + \"-\" + index,\n    coordinate: { focalLengthMm, focusDiopters, apertureFNumber: fNumber, fieldXmm: fx, fieldYmm: fy, wavelengthNm: nm, signedDefocusImagePlaneMicrometers: 0 },\n    kernel: { widthSamples: size, heightSamples: size, samplePitchMicrometersX: pitch, samplePitchMicrometersY: pitch, centerSampleX: radius, centerSampleY: radius,\n      normalizedIntensity: kernels[index]! },\n    bestFocusImagePlaneOffsetMicrometers: 0, relativePupilThroughputFactor: 1, evidence: EVIDENCE, uncertainty }))));\n  const profile = parseLensSampledPsfProfile({ schemaVersion: \"0.1.0\", profileId: r.profileId, profileVersion: DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelVersion,\n    scientificStatus: \"approximation\", opticalDomain: \"lens-primary-optical-path-only\", coordinateSystem: \"image-plane-metric\", fieldAxes: \"+X right, +Y up\",\n    kernelEnergyNormalization: \"unit-energy-shape\", interpolation: \"bounded-regular-grid-multilinear\", throughputOwnership: \"separate-relative-pupil-throughput-factor\",\n    responseIncludes: { diffraction: true, aberration: false, defocus: false, pupilClippingShape: false },\n    sensorOpticalStackIncluded: false, sensorSamplingIncluded: false, reconstructionIncluded: false, strayLightIncluded: false,\n    axes: { focalLengthMm: [focalLengthMm], focusDiopters: [focusDiopters], apertureFNumber: [fNumber], fieldXmm: [-fieldX, fieldX], fieldYmm: [-fieldY, fieldY],\n      wavelengthNm: wavelengths, signedDefocusImagePlaneMicrometers: [0] },\n    nodes, evidence: EVIDENCE, limitations: [...LIMITATIONS] });\n  return approximationResult({ profile, model: DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL, pupilDiameterMm, pupilToImageDistanceMm: distanceMm, workingFNumber,\n    kernelRadiusSamples: radius, samplePitchMicrometers: pitch, wavelengths: records, maximumTruncatedEnergyFraction: maximumTruncated,\n    quadrature: realSpaceWavelengthsNm.length === 0 ? { method: \"polar-frequency-domain-trapezoid-gauss-legendre\" as const, maximumRadialNodes, maximumAngularNodes } :\n      { method: realSpaceWavelengthsNm.length === wavelengths.length ? \"real-space-encircled-energy-gauss-legendre\" as const : \"frequency-domain-and-real-space\" as const,\n        maximumRadialNodes, maximumAngularNodes, realSpaceWavelengthsNm } },\n  DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelId, DIFFRACTION_LIMITED_PSF_PROFILE_MODEL.modelVersion, [...LIMITATIONS]);\n}\n"]}

package/docs/API_REFERENCE.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Public API reference
 
-Generated from the exact root exports for **@photivra/engine 2.4.1 / root contract 2.4.1** by `node scripts/generate-api-reference.mjs`. No module deep import is supported.
+Generated from the exact root exports for **@photivra/engine 2.5.0 / root contract 2.5.0** by `node scripts/generate-api-reference.mjs`. No module deep import is supported.
 
 Use [the developer guide](https://github.com/Photivra/photivra/blob/main/docs/DEVELOPERS.md) for executable paths and scientific boundaries. Types are contracts, not runtime validation: parse untrusted data, preserve units/reference frames, read assessment blockers, and retain evidence/limitations. Optional properties do not imply a universal default. Model/schema IDs remain independent of the distribution.
 
@@ -1208,8 +1208,11 @@ Start here to find a function by task. [Using Photivra from an agent](AGENT_GUID
 
 | Export | Kind |
 | --- | --- |
+| [`calculateChartFraming`](api/facade-subject-framing.md#calculatechartframing) | Runtime |
+| [`CalculateChartFramingInput`](api/facade-subject-framing.md#calculatechartframinginput) | Type |
 | [`calculateSubjectDistanceForFraming`](api/facade-subject-framing.md#calculatesubjectdistanceforframing) | Runtime |
 | [`CalculateSubjectDistanceForFramingInput`](api/facade-subject-framing.md#calculatesubjectdistanceforframinginput) | Type |
+| [`ChartFraming`](api/facade-subject-framing.md#chartframing) | Type |
 | [`SubjectFraming`](api/facade-subject-framing.md#subjectframing) | Type |
 | [`SubjectFramingFit`](api/facade-subject-framing.md#subjectframingfit) | Type |
 

package/docs/QUICK_START.md

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ modelling choices (such as "no lens PSF") as `kind: "model"`.
 | `output.highlightMode` | `"clip"` | Or `"reconstruct"`. |
 | `output.whiteBalance` | `"scene-illuminant"` | Also `"auto"`, `"none"`, `{ kelvin, tint? }` and `{ channelGains }`. |
 | `output.jpegQuantizationStep` | 2 | JPEG only: constant step 1–255, not a manufacturer quality scale. |
-| `sensor.pixelPitchMicrometers` | 6 | 0.5–100. The sensor is `width × pitch` wide (see [Geometry](#geometry)); the ISO readout scales with the pixel area (see [ISO and pixel size](#iso-and-pixel-size)). |
+| `sensor.pixelPitchMicrometers` | 6 | 0.5–1000 (2.5; 0.5–100 before). The sensor is `width × pitch` wide (see [Geometry](#geometry)); the ISO readout scales with the pixel area (see [ISO and pixel size](#iso-and-pixel-size)). Above 100 µm the capture is a downsized view of a whole frame (see [Whole-frame views](#whole-frame-views-25)). |
 | `sensor.spectralStepNanometers` | 20 | Spectral quadrature over 380–780 nm. |
 | `sensor.temporalSampleCount` | 1, or 8 when the camera rotates | Midpoints across each site's exposure window. |
 | `sensor.noiseSeed` | 1 | Output is deterministic for a given seed. |
@@ -151,7 +151,8 @@ console.log(a3.scene.chart?.frameWidthFraction, a3.scene.chart?.magnification, a
 The simulated sensor has real pixels of `sensor.pixelPitchMicrometers`. A 64 × 64 capture with 6 µm
 pixels is therefore a 0.38 mm crop of a large sensor, not a downscaled full frame. This keeps the
 signal per pixel, and so the noise and the ISO behaviour, physically consistent with the tier's
-sensor values.
+sensor values. To see a whole frame at a small output size instead, raise the pitch (see
+[Whole-frame views](#whole-frame-views-25)).
 
 ### Generic prime lenses (2.3)
 
@@ -162,7 +163,8 @@ real products, and carry no brand:
 
 - **Focal length** = equivalent ÷ the diagonal crop factor of the sensor (`calculateEquivalentFocalLength35Mm`,
   36 × 24 mm reference). In `simulateCapture` the sensor is the simulated frame, output width × height ×
-  pixel pitch: to simulate a whole full-frame sensor at 768 × 512, set the pitch to 36 mm / 768 = 46.875 µm.
+  pixel pitch: to simulate a whole full-frame sensor at 768 × 512, set the pitch to 36 mm / 768 = 46.875 µm (or 750 µm at
+  48 × 32, see [Whole-frame views](#whole-frame-views-25)).
 - **Aperture range:** widest f/2.8 (10–16 mm), f/1.8 (20–28 mm), f/1.4 (35–85 mm), f/2 (105–135 mm),
   f/2.8 (200–300 mm), f/4 (400–600 mm), f/5.6 (800 mm), f/8 (1200 mm); narrowest f/16 up to 16 mm, f/22 up
   to 135 mm, f/32 beyond. Any f-number inside the range is accepted; `fNumbers` lists the marked
@@ -190,7 +192,8 @@ cropped on its other side). The result reports the magnification, image distance
 `coverage` (the fraction of the frame width and height the chart covers), the generic prime of that
 equivalent focal length if there is one, the prime family's minimum focus distance at that focal length
 and `belowMinimumFocus`, plus assumptions in the same form as `simulateCapture`. It is the same framing
-`simulateCapture` uses, so `chartSize` at the returned distance gives `frameWidthFraction` 1 (tested).
+`simulateCapture` uses, so `chartSize` at the returned distance gives `frameWidthFraction` 1 (tested). For the coverage at any other distance, see
+[Chart coverage at any distance](#chart-coverage-at-any-distance-25).
 
 An A3 chart (0.42 × 0.28 m) on a full-frame sensor: 0.127 m at 10 mm, 0.633 m at 50 mm, 2.53 m at
 200 mm and 15.2 m at 1200 mm (magnification 0.0857, minimum focus 0.10, 0.38, 1.53 and 9.2 m). On a
@@ -208,6 +211,87 @@ const capture = await simulateCapture({ scene: { preset: "siemens-star" }, lens:
 console.log(capture.scene.chart?.frameWidthFraction);
 ```
 
+### Chart coverage at any distance (2.5)
+
+`calculateChartFraming({ sensor, focalLengthMm | equivalentFocalLengthMm, chart, subjectDistanceM, focusDistanceM? })`
+answers the inverse question: how much of the frame does a chart of physical size `chart` (`{ widthM, heightM? }`, as
+for `chartSize`) cover at a given distance? It uses the facade's own thin-lens framing: image distance
+v = f·s/(s − f) at the focus distance s (default: the subject distance), magnification m = v/d on the chart plane at
+d, and a frame that spans sensor side ÷ m. The result reports the magnification, image distance, framed plane size,
+`coverage` (`frameWidthFraction` and `frameHeightFraction`; above 1 when the chart is larger than the frame and
+cropped), the chart's image size in millimetres, the generic prime of that equivalent focal length if there is one,
+the prime family's minimum focus distance and `belowMinimumFocus` (the subject or focus distance is closer than it,
+which `simulateCapture` with `lens.prime` refuses), plus assumptions.
+
+An A3 chart (0.42 × 0.28 m) with the 50 mm full-frame prime covers 130 % of the frame width at 0.5 m (cropped),
+61.4 % at 1 m, 29.9 % at 2 m and 11.8 % at 5 m (magnification 0.111, 0.0526, 0.0256 and 0.0101).
+
+```ts
+import { calculateChartFraming } from "@photivra/engine";
+
+const coverage = calculateChartFraming({ sensor: { widthMm: 36, heightMm: 24 }, equivalentFocalLengthMm: 50, chart: { widthM: 0.42, heightM: 0.28 }, subjectDistanceM: 2 });
+console.log(coverage.coverage.frameWidthFraction, coverage.magnification, coverage.belowMinimumFocus);
+```
+
+Tests check that at `calculateSubjectDistanceForFraming`'s distance the coverage is 1 on the fitted side (every fit,
+three sensor shapes, four primes), and that at any distance it equals `result.scene.chart` from `simulateCapture` with
+`chartSize` (magnification, both coverage fractions, the chart's image size and the framed size, within 1e-12
+relative), including a separate `lens.focusDistanceM`.
+
+### Whole-frame views (2.5)
+
+To render the whole sensor frame at a small output size, set the pitch to sensor width ÷ output width:
+36 mm at 48 pixels is 750 µm, 44 mm at 48 pixels 917 µm. From 2.5 the pitch may be up to 1000 µm. The
+frame is then the real sensor's size, so `lens.prime` (its crop factor and minimum focus),
+`calculateSubjectDistanceForFraming` and `chartSize` all match that sensor, and the image is a shrunk view of
+the whole frame. No new option is needed: the facade has always simulated a sensor `width × pitch` wide.
+
+```ts
+import { simulateCapture } from "@photivra/engine";
+
+const view = await simulateCapture({ scene: { preset: "dead-leaves" }, lens: { prime: 35, fNumber: 2.8 }, subjectDistanceM: 3,
+  sensor: { pixelPitchMicrometers: 36000 / 48, pixelAperture: "box" }, output: { width: 48, height: 32 } });
+console.log(view.assumptions.find((a) => a.id === "sensor.wholeFrameView")?.value); // { pixelPitchMicrometers: 750, frameWidthMm: 36, frameHeightMm: 24 }
+```
+
+Above 100 µm (larger than any camera photosite) the assumption `sensor.wholeFrameView` records the frame size.
+What changes and what does not:
+
+- **Brightness is the same as at any pitch.** The ISO area normalization (below) multiplies the conversion gain
+  and saturation by the area ratio, up to 27 778 at 1000 µm, so the RAW codes and the image are those of a small
+  pitch. Tested at 150–1000 µm against 6 µm: every CFA channel's mean RAW code within half a code (plus the 6 µm
+  reference's own noise), the 8-bit sRGB mean within one code, and a 64× overexposure clipping at the same white
+  code. Charge counts reach 1.7 × 10⁹ e⁻; the Poisson sampler's normal branch above 10⁹ keeps variance/mean at 1.
+- **Noise is that of a binned, downsized view, not the real sensor's per-pixel noise.** Each output pixel
+  collects the charge of its whole square, so its shot noise equals that of all the real photosites in the
+  square summed (Poisson counts add) or averaged, and its SNR √N_e grows in proportion to the pitch. On an 18 %
+  card at f/8, 1/125 s, ISO 100 a 917 µm pixel collects about 1.6 × 10⁸ e⁻ (SNR about 12 700): under a fifth of a
+  RAW code, so the image looks noise-free, as a downsized photograph does. Read noise and dark current are applied
+  once per output pixel, not once per real photosite, so in deep shadows the noise is lower than a real sensor's
+  binned sum (√n times the read noise for n photosites). Tested by photon transfer at 150, 458 and 917 µm, ISO
+  12 800: the code variance matches N_e/K² + σ_read²/K² + 1/12 within 12 % (EMVA 1288 Release 4.0, §2, free).
+- **Sampling.** The default point aperture samples one point of each square, so detail finer than the pitch
+  aliases at full contrast. Use `sensor.pixelAperture: "box"` (or `{ kind: "box", samplesPerAxis }` up to 16) to
+  average over the square, or the four-spot filter, whose separation scales with the pitch.
+- **Diffraction.** The Airy pattern (a few µm) is far smaller than a pixel. The default kernel is 3 × 3 sites and
+  the centre site keeps 1 − 8√2/(π³β) of the energy, β = pitch/(λ·N_w): 99.96 % at 780 nm, f/1.4 and 917 µm.
+  Cells larger than 192 cut-off periods are integrated in real space (see [PSF foundation](https://github.com/Photivra/photivra/blob/main/docs/PSF_FOUNDATION.md#diffraction-limited-sampled-profile-21)),
+  so a 48 × 32 view of a 44 mm frame with `lens.diffraction` at f/1.4 took 1.0 s (the frequency-domain cells took
+  296 s there; both measured on the same machine in Node).
+- **Motion, rolling shutter, anti-aliasing filter, AHD and the box aperture** follow the same angles at any pitch:
+  a yaw of ω moves the image ω·f/pitch pixels per second. A test renders each of them at 917 µm and at 9.17 µm with
+  the same 50 mm-equivalent prime (so f scales with the frame) and finds the same image within the small pitch's
+  own noise (mean difference under 1 code; AHD under 2.5).
+- **Region tiles** stay byte-identical to the whole render (tested with diffraction, the four-spot filter, the box
+  aperture, AHD, rotation and a rolling shutter at 640 and 917 µm).
+- **WebGPU.** `simulateCapture` runs on the CPU. The optional `webgpu-f32` sensor stage of
+  `createImageKernelAccelerator` handles capacities up to 2^24 e⁻, which the tier's 60 000 e⁻ reach at 100 µm; above
+  that it fails closed with `unsupported-float32-domain` (see [WebGPU backend](https://github.com/Photivra/photivra/blob/main/docs/WEBGPU.md)). The `cpu-reference`
+  backend runs it. The convolution, temporal-sum and chart stages work in sites and frame units, so the pitch does
+  not enter them.
+
+Requests at 0.5–100 µm are byte-identical to 2.4.1.
+
 ### ISO and pixel size
 
 The tier's ISO signal chain (conversion gain, saturation signal and read noise per ISO setting) is
@@ -226,7 +310,8 @@ independent of pixel size, so the same exposure gives the same image brightness
 What you see: brightness stays the same, and per-pixel noise rises as pixels shrink, because a
 smaller pixel collects fewer electrons for the same exposure (shot-noise SNR = √N_e). At f/8, 1/125 s,
 ISO 100 on an 18 % grey card, the 8-bit sRGB mean is 101.2 at 30, 6 and 3 µm, and the green standard
-deviation is 0.18, 0.93 and 1.83 codes. Below about 1 µm the 8-bit sRGB mean falls slightly (about 1 code at 0.55 µm)
+deviation is 0.18, 0.93 and 1.83 codes. At whole-frame pitches (above 100 µm) the per-pixel noise falls below one
+code; see [Whole-frame views](#whole-frame-views-25). Below about 1 µm the 8-bit sRGB mean falls slightly (about 1 code at 0.55 µm)
 although the linear RAW mean is unchanged (within 0.3 %): strong noise passed through the concave
 sRGB curve lowers the mean of the encoded values.
 

package/docs/api/core-version.md

@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ version they were made with. Proof-of-concept (POC), schema and model contracts
 own versions. Release checks confirm it matches package.json and the packed package.
 
 ```ts
-ENGINE_API_VERSION = "2.4.1" as const
+ENGINE_API_VERSION = "2.5.0" as const
 ```

package/docs/api/exports.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
-  "packageVersion": "2.4.1",
-  "engineApiVersion": "2.4.1",
+  "packageVersion": "2.5.0",
+  "engineApiVersion": "2.5.0",
   "exports": [
     {
       "name": "AbsoluteUncertaintyEstimate",
@@ -437,6 +437,16 @@
       "source": "src/output/crop.ts",
       "kind": "type"
     },
+    {
+      "name": "calculateChartFraming",
+      "source": "src/facade/subject-framing.ts",
+      "kind": "runtime"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "CalculateChartFramingInput",
+      "source": "src/facade/subject-framing.ts",
+      "kind": "type"
+    },
     {
       "name": "calculateChartRadianceBatch",
       "source": "src/facade/chart-radiance-batch.ts",
@@ -1842,6 +1852,11 @@
       "source": "src/facade/chart-scenes.ts",
       "kind": "type"
     },
+    {
+      "name": "ChartFraming",
+      "source": "src/facade/subject-framing.ts",
+      "kind": "type"
+    },
     {
       "name": "ChartRadianceBatchInput",
       "source": "src/facade/chart-radiance-batch.ts",

package/docs/api/facade-simulate-capture.md

@@ -292,7 +292,11 @@ export interface SimulateCaptureOptions {
   /** Camera motion and shutter type. Default: still camera, global electronic shutter. */
   motion?: SimulateCaptureMotion;
   sensor?: {
-    /** Pixel pitch in micrometres. Default 6. */
+    /**
+     * Pixel pitch in micrometres, 0.5–1000. Default 6. The simulated sensor is output width × pitch wide. 2.5: above 100 µm the
+     * capture is a downsized view of a whole frame (for example 36 mm / 48 pixels = 750 µm), recorded in the assumption
+     * `sensor.wholeFrameView`: brightness is unchanged and the noise is that of a binned view, not of the real sensor's pixels.
+     */
     pixelPitchMicrometers?: number;
     /** Maximum spectral quadrature subinterval in nm. Default 20. */
     spectralStepNanometers?: number;