@photivra/engine 2.19.0 → 2.20.0

package/dist/facade/simulate-capture.js

@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ import { ENGINE_API_VERSION } from "../core/version.js";
 import { GENERIC_TIER_ASSETS } from "../equipment/generic-tier-assets.js";
 import { parseCallerCameraPreset } from "./camera-preset.js";
 import { createHostYield } from "./host-yield.js";
+import { fastFormatDefault, resolveFast } from "./fast-resolution.js";
+import { SCENE_TO_SENSOR_BRIDGE_SCOPE } from "../optics/scene-to-sensor-irradiance.js";
 import { resolveGenericEquipmentExposureCapabilities } from "../equipment/exposure-capabilities.js";
 import { resolveGenericIsoSignalChain } from "../sensor/iso-signal-chain.js";
 import { meterRelativeExposure } from "../exposure/metering.js";
@@ -91,7 +93,8 @@ import { multiplyMatrices } from "../color/colorimetry-math.js";
 import { prepareRgbGamutMapping } from "../color/gamut-mapping.js";
 import { serializeNativeRawDng } from "../capture/native-raw-dng.js";
 import { correctDiffractionInPlace, defaultDiffractionCorrectionRadiusPixels, designDiffractionCorrectionFilter, parseDiffractionCorrectionSettings, parseUnsharpMaskSettings, renderSdrWithUnsharpMaskInPlace, DEVELOPMENT_DETAIL_MODEL_VERSION } from "../processing/development-detail.js";
-import { parseSensorReadoutConversionProfile, resolveSensorReadoutRegime } from "../sensor/raw-readout.js";
+import { resolveSensorReadoutRegime } from "../sensor/raw-readout.js";
+import { characterizeReadout, parseSensorCharacteristics, sensorReport, SENSOR_CHARACTERISTIC_KEYS } from "../sensor/sensor-characteristics.js";
 import { resolveChartScene, chartMaterialInputs, CHART_SCENE_PRESETS } from "./chart-scenes.js";
 import { resolveChartMaterialLayers } from "./chart-material-layers.js";
 import { resolveCaptureIlluminant, calculateIlluminantIrradianceScale, buildPlanarSceneRadianceProvider, requireCallerScene, FACADE_SPECTRAL_RANGE_NANOMETERS, resolveChartSizeOption, PHOTOPIC_MAXIMUM_LUMINOUS_EFFICACY_LM_PER_W, planarProviderMaterialOfDirection } from "./scene-radiance.js";
@@ -118,10 +121,12 @@ export const FACADE_EVIDENCE = /* @__PURE__ */ Object.freeze([/* @__PURE__ */ Ob
         sourceReference: "photivra:simulate-capture-facade", reuseStatus: "photivra-owned" })]);
 const DEFAULTS = /* @__PURE__ */ Object.freeze({ camera: "professional", fNumber: 8, shutterSeconds: 1 / 125, iso: 100, compensationStops: 0,
     subjectDistanceM: 5, width: 64, height: 64, format: "srgb-8", toneCurve: "identity", highlightMode: "clip",
-    whiteBalance: "scene-illuminant", jpegQuantizationStep: 2, pixelPitchMicrometers: 6, spectralStepNanometers: 20,
+    whiteBalance: "scene-illuminant", jpegQuantizationStep: 1, pixelPitchMicrometers: 6, spectralStepNanometers: 20,
     temporalSampleCount: 1, noiseSeed: 1, illuminantKelvin: 6500 });
 /** Standard output sensitivity S = 10 / H (CIPA DC-004-2020 §3.2): the reference exposure in lx·s is 10 / S. */
 const SOS_REFERENCE_EXPOSURE_NUMERATOR_LUX_SECONDS = 10;
+/** #565: the one-tap kernel that makes the image-space provider read each query at its lattice point. */
+const UNIT_SITE_KERNEL = /* @__PURE__ */ new Float64Array([1]);
 /** Camera equation H = 0.65·L·t/N² (CIPA DC-004-2020 §5.5 (4); 0.65 = τ·π/4 with τ = 0.828, Explanation 4). */
 const CAMERA_EQUATION_CONSTANT = 0.65;
 /** Neutral reference reflectance: DC-004 ties the SOS reference level to an 18 % grey (Explanation 1 and 2.2). */
@@ -179,15 +184,16 @@ function greyCardDeviationStops(fNumber, shutterSeconds, iso, illuminanceLux) {
  */
 export const SIMULATE_CAPTURE_DEFAULT_ILLUMINANCE_LUX = Math.PI * sosReferenceLuminance(DEFAULTS.fNumber, DEFAULTS.shutterSeconds, DEFAULTS.iso) /
     GREY_CARD_REFLECTANCE;
-/**
- * Sensitive-aperture area (µm²) at which the tier's ISO signal chain applies unchanged: the default 6 µm square
- * aperture with fill factor 1. At other areas the facade scales the electron-domain readout values by
- * area / this reference, so the same focal-plane exposure H gives the same output code (see `isoAreaScaledReadout`).
- */
 /** 2.5: the largest accepted pixel pitch, µm (44 mm ÷ 48 pixels ≈ 917 µm, a whole full-frame or larger sensor at a small output). */
 const SIMULATE_CAPTURE_PIXEL_PITCH_MAXIMUM_MICROMETERS = 1000;
 /** Pitches above this, µm, are larger than any camera photosite: the capture is a downsized whole-frame view (assumption sensor.wholeFrameView). */
 const SIMULATE_CAPTURE_PHOTOSITE_PITCH_MAXIMUM_MICROMETERS = 100;
+/**
+ * Sensitive-aperture area (µm²) at which the tier's ISO signal chain applies unchanged: the default 6 µm square
+ * aperture with fill factor 1. At other areas the facade scales the electron-domain readout values by
+ * area / this reference, so the same focal-plane exposure H gives the same output code (the `chargeScale` of
+ * `characterizeReadout`, src/sensor/sensor-characteristics.ts).
+ */
 const ISO_REFERENCE_APERTURE_AREA_SQUARE_MICROMETERS = DEFAULTS.pixelPitchMicrometers * DEFAULTS.pixelPitchMicrometers;
 /** Demosaic border, native sites per side. */
 const MARGIN = 1;
@@ -340,17 +346,6 @@ const TEXT_METADATA_LAYOUT = /* @__PURE__ */ Object.freeze({
     png: "One tEXt (printable Latin-1) or iTXt (UTF-8) chunk per field, keywords Description, Software, Copyright, Comment, before the first IDAT",
     dng: "ImageDescription (statement, then the description) and Copyright when printable ASCII; an XMP packet in tag 700 with every field"
 });
-/**
- * The readout profile with every regime's charge-domain transfer scaled by `areaScale`: system conversion gain
- * (e⁻ per code) and pre-ADC saturation (e⁻ equivalent) are multiplied by it, so codes per unit focal-plane exposure
- * stay those of the reference aperture. Read noise stays in electrons per pixel; codes, black level, ADC and digital
- * gain are unchanged. The result is re-checked by the readout parser.
- */
-function isoAreaScaledReadout(profile, areaScale) {
-    return parseSensorReadoutConversionProfile({ ...profile, regimes: profile.regimes.map((regime) => ({ ...regime,
-            systemConversionGainElectronsPerCode: { ...regime.systemConversionGainElectronsPerCode, value: regime.systemConversionGainElectronsPerCode.value * areaScale },
-            preAdcSaturationElectronEquivalent: { ...regime.preAdcSaturationElectronEquivalent, value: regime.preAdcSaturationElectronEquivalent.value * areaScale } })) });
-}
 /** Diagnostic clock for the 2.1 stage timings: `performance.now()` where the host has it. Never affects output. */
 export function clockMs() { return globalThis.performance?.now() ?? Date.now(); }
 function positive(value, name) {
@@ -744,7 +739,7 @@ export async function serializeSimulatedCaptureDngFromParts(options, parts) {
     return await runCapture(options, "dng-from-parts", parts);
 }
 /** The whole frame's packed RAW from region parts (see `serializeSimulatedCaptureDngFromParts`). */
-function joinNativeRawParts(value, plan, width, height, caller) {
+function joinNativeRawParts(value, plan, width, height, caller, fast) {
     if (!Array.isArray(value) || value.length === 0)
         throw new InvalidConfigurationError(caller + " needs at least one part.");
     const parts = value, count = width * height;
@@ -755,6 +750,8 @@ function joinNativeRawParts(value, plan, width, height, caller) {
         const rect = part?.region?.nativeRect, raw = part?.raw;
         if (!rect || !raw)
             bad(k, "needs raw and region.nativeRect (a region render's result).");
+        if (part.fast === true && !fast)
+            bad(k, "a fast method rendered it, but this request resolves to the exact methods (fast: false, the default for a DNG, JPEG or PNG). Render the parts with fast: false, or pass fast: true here.");
         const { x, y, width: w, height: h } = rect;
         if (![x, y, w, h].every(Number.isSafeInteger) || x < 0 || y < 0 || w < 1 || h < 1 || x + w > width || y + h > height)
             bad(k, "its nativeRect is not inside the frame's native raster.");
@@ -1148,11 +1145,10 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
             fail("lens.defocus cannot be combined with lens.pupilSampling: the pupil rays already render defocus, so it would be counted twice.");
         if (lensPsf)
             fail("lens.defocus cannot be combined with lens.psf: a caller PSF declares its own defocus, so it could be counted twice.");
-        // #549: with a catalogue lens the disc is convolved into the lens's PSF (below), not applied by the lens.defocus paths. The bokeh
-        // options (#553) shape the lens.defocus kernel only, so they are refused rather than dropped (a follow-up for a later release).
+        // #549, #567: with a catalogue lens its own bokeh kernel is convolved into its PSF (below); it sets all three bokeh options.
         if (catalogue && defocusBokeh)
             fail("lens.defocus.blades, sphericalAberration and catsEye cannot be combined with lens.catalogue: the catalogue lens " +
-                "folds a plain disc into its own PSF. Omit the bokeh options, or use lens.focalLengthMm instead of the catalogue lens.");
+                "sets its own (lens.catalogue.character). Omit the bokeh options, or use lens.focalLengthMm instead of the catalogue lens.");
         if (!catalogue)
             defocusModel = "geometric-disc";
     }
@@ -1190,10 +1186,29 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     const format = pick(outputOptions, "format", "output.format", DEFAULTS.format, "8-bit sRGB samples.");
     if (!["srgb-8", "srgb-16", "jpeg", "png", "dng"].includes(format))
         fail("output.format must be srgb-8, srgb-16, jpeg, png or dng.");
-    let dngCapturedAtUtc;
+    const correctionSelection = (value, name) => {
+        if (value === undefined)
+            return undefined;
+        const o = allowKeys(value, name, ["distortion", "lateralColor", "vignetting"]), selection = {};
+        for (const key of ["distortion", "lateralColor", "vignetting"]) {
+            if (o[key] !== undefined && typeof o[key] !== "boolean")
+                fail(name + "." + key + " must be true or false.");
+            selection[key] = o[key] === true;
+        }
+        if (!Object.values(selection).includes(true))
+            return undefined;
+        if (!catalogue)
+            fail(name + " needs lens.catalogue: the corrections are the catalogue lens's own profile.");
+        return selection;
+    };
+    let dngCapturedAtUtc, dngOpcodeSelection;
     if (format === "dng") {
-        const d = allowKeys(outputOptions.dng, "output.dng", ["capturedAtUtc"]);
+        const d = allowKeys(outputOptions.dng, "output.dng", ["capturedAtUtc", "lensCorrectionOpcodes"]);
         dngCapturedAtUtc = d.capturedAtUtc;
+        // #587: the corrections as DNG opcodes, which apply to the whole frame's ActiveArea.
+        dngOpcodeSelection = correctionSelection(d.lensCorrectionOpcodes, "output.dng.lensCorrectionOpcodes");
+        if (dngOpcodeSelection && outputOptions.region !== undefined)
+            fail("output.dng.lensCorrectionOpcodes needs the whole frame (no output.region).");
         if (dngCapturedAtUtc === undefined)
             assume("output.dng.capturedAtUtc", "default", null, "No capture time: the DNG carries no DateTimeOriginal (the engine never invents a wall clock).");
     }
@@ -1249,10 +1264,10 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     }
     const exposureGain = exposureCompensationStops === 0 ? 1 : 2 ** exposureCompensationStops;
     const whiteBalanceOption = pick(outputOptions, "whiteBalance", "output.whiteBalance", DEFAULTS.whiteBalance, "White balance measured from a perfect white diffuser under the scene illuminant (a custom/grey-card white balance).");
-    const jpegStep = format === "jpeg" ? integerIn(pick(outputOptions, "jpegQuantizationStep", "output.jpegQuantizationStep", DEFAULTS.jpegQuantizationStep, "Constant JPEG quantization step 2 (not a manufacturer quality scale)."), "output.jpegQuantizationStep", 1, 255) : undefined;
+    const jpegStep = format === "jpeg" ? integerIn(pick(outputOptions, "jpegQuantizationStep", "output.jpegQuantizationStep", DEFAULTS.jpegQuantizationStep, "Constant JPEG quantization step 1 (not a manufacturer quality scale)."), "output.jpegQuantizationStep", 1, 255) : undefined;
     if (format !== "jpeg" && outputOptions.jpegQuantizationStep !== undefined)
         fail("output.jpegQuantizationStep applies only to output.format \"jpeg\".");
-    const sensorOptions = allowKeys(top.sensor, "sensor", ["pixelPitchMicrometers", "spectralStepNanometers", "temporalSampleCount", "noiseSeed", "antiAliasing", "pixelAperture"]);
+    const sensorOptions = allowKeys(top.sensor, "sensor", ["pixelPitchMicrometers", "spectralStepNanometers", "temporalSampleCount", "noiseSeed", "antiAliasing", "pixelAperture", ...SENSOR_CHARACTERISTIC_KEYS]);
     const pitch = positive(pick(sensorOptions, "pixelPitchMicrometers", "sensor.pixelPitchMicrometers", DEFAULTS.pixelPitchMicrometers, "6 µm pixels (about a 24 MP full-frame sensor). The simulated sensor is width × pitch wide, so small images are a central crop of a large sensor, not a downscaled full frame."), "sensor.pixelPitchMicrometers");
     if (pitch < 0.5 || pitch > SIMULATE_CAPTURE_PIXEL_PITCH_MAXIMUM_MICROMETERS)
         fail("sensor.pixelPitchMicrometers must be 0.5-" + SIMULATE_CAPTURE_PIXEL_PITCH_MAXIMUM_MICROMETERS + ".");
@@ -1261,6 +1276,7 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
         fail("sensor.spectralStepNanometers must be 1-100.");
     const temporalSampleCount = integerIn(rotating ? pick(sensorOptions, "temporalSampleCount", "sensor.temporalSampleCount", ROTATING_TEMPORAL_SAMPLE_COUNT, "Eight temporal midpoints across each site's exposure window sample the camera rotation (motion blur); raise it for long exposures or fast rotation.") :
         pick(sensorOptions, "temporalSampleCount", "sensor.temporalSampleCount", DEFAULTS.temporalSampleCount, "One temporal sample: the static scene and still camera make more samples unnecessary."), "sensor.temporalSampleCount", 1, 256);
+    const characteristics = parseSensorCharacteristics(sensorOptions);
     const noiseSeed = integerIn(pick(sensorOptions, "noiseSeed", "sensor.noiseSeed", DEFAULTS.noiseSeed, "Fixed noise seed 1 (deterministic output)."), "sensor.noiseSeed", 0, 0xffffffff);
     const antiAliasing = sensorOptions.antiAliasing === undefined ? undefined : parseAntiAliasing(sensorOptions.antiAliasing, pitch);
     const antiAliasingFast = antiAliasing ? fastOverride(sensorOptions.antiAliasing, "sensor.antiAliasing") : undefined;
@@ -1328,10 +1344,11 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     if (demosaicOption !== undefined && demosaicOption !== "bilinear" && demosaicOption !== "ahd")
         fail("output.demosaic must be bilinear or ahd.");
     const ahd = demosaicOption === "ahd";
-    // #395: exact or fast per option. Only lens.catalogue has a fast method (#568); it reports true below when it ran.
+    // #395: exact or fast per option: the option record's `fast`, else the top-level one, else (2.20.0) the format's default: fast for
+    // sRGB samples and the display view, exact for the exports (DNG, JPEG, PNG) and the ideal reference. Fast methods report true when they run.
     if (top.fast !== undefined && typeof top.fast !== "boolean")
         fail("fast must be true or false.");
-    const fastTop = top.fast === true;
+    const fastTop = resolveFast(top.fast, fastFormatDefault(format, displayView ? "display-view" : idealReference ? "ideal-reference" : "capture"));
     const fastInUse = [["lens.diffraction", diffractionRadiusOption !== undefined, diffractionFast],
         ["lens.catalogue", catalogue !== undefined, catalogueFast],
         ["sensor.antiAliasing", antiAliasing !== undefined, antiAliasingFast], ["sensor.pixelAperture.box", boxAperture, boxFast], ["output.demosaic.ahd", ahd, demosaicFast]];
@@ -1340,11 +1357,15 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
         if (used)
             fastApplied[option] = false;
     // #568: the catalogue's fast method, when requested (its record's flag, else the top-level one); whether it runs is decided with the RAW path.
-    const catalogueFastRequested = catalogue !== undefined && (catalogueFast ?? fastTop);
+    const catalogueFastRequested = catalogue !== undefined && resolveFast(catalogueFast, fastTop);
     let fastReport = Object.freeze({
         requested: fastTop || [diffractionFast, catalogueFast, antiAliasingFast, boxFast, demosaicFast].some((value) => value === true),
-        applied: Object.freeze({ ...fastApplied }), assurance: "engine-reference"
+        defaultedFrom: top.fast === undefined ? "format" : "request", applied: Object.freeze({ ...fastApplied }), assurance: "engine-reference"
     });
+    const markFast = (option) => {
+        fastApplied[option] = true;
+        fastReport = Object.freeze({ ...fastReport, applied: Object.freeze({ ...fastApplied }), assurance: "approximation-with-a-priori-bound" });
+    };
     if (borderOption !== undefined && borderOption !== "margin" && borderOption !== "mirror")
         fail("output.borderHandling must be margin or mirror.");
     const builtInDemosaic = demosaicOption === undefined ? undefined : createBuiltInBayerDemosaicProfiles({ kernel: "bilinear",
@@ -1358,22 +1379,12 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     // Geometry: the demosaic border (if any) on each side; output crop is the active area.
     const nativeWidth = width + 2 * margin, nativeHeight = height + 2 * margin;
     // Lens corrections (#570): the catalogue lens's corrections on the developed linear colour; all off is no option at all.
-    let lensCorrection, lensCorrectionSelection;
-    if (outputOptions.lensCorrections !== undefined) {
-        const keys = ["distortion", "lateralColor", "vignetting"], o = allowKeys(outputOptions.lensCorrections, "output.lensCorrections", keys), selection = {};
-        for (const key of keys) {
-            if (o[key] !== undefined && typeof o[key] !== "boolean")
-                fail("output.lensCorrections." + key + " must be true or false.");
-            selection[key] = o[key] === true;
-        }
-        if (keys.some((key) => selection[key])) {
-            if (idealReference)
-                fail("simulateIdealReference does not take output.lensCorrections: a reference has no camera development.");
-            if (!catalogue || !lensKit)
-                fail("output.lensCorrections needs lens.catalogue: the corrections are the catalogue lens's own profile.");
-            lensCorrectionSelection = selection;
-            lensCorrection = lensKit.prepareDevelopedLensCorrection(catalogue, selection, width, height, pitch / 1000, lensKit.genericLensDispersion);
-        }
+    let lensCorrection;
+    const lensCorrectionSelection = correctionSelection(outputOptions.lensCorrections, "output.lensCorrections");
+    if (lensCorrectionSelection) {
+        if (idealReference)
+            fail("simulateIdealReference does not take output.lensCorrections: a reference has no camera development.");
+        lensCorrection = lensKit.prepareDevelopedLensCorrection(catalogue, lensCorrectionSelection, width, height, pitch / 1000, lensKit.genericLensDispersion);
     }
     // Region (2.3): a rectangle of the whole frame. Its native sites are the region plus the demosaic reach on each side
     // (clipped to the raster, where mirror borders apply exactly as in the whole render), with the origin rounded down to
@@ -1746,7 +1757,7 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     // its distortion and vignetting profiles over the field the PSF and the queries reach, and its PSF profile.
     let catalogueTaps, catalogueDefocusApplied = false, catalogueKernelRadius = 0;
     if (catalogue && lensKit) {
-        const { GENERIC_LENS_EVIDENCE, genericLensDistortionProfile, genericLensVignettingProfile, resolveGenericLens, simulateGenericLensFocusError, createGenericLensPsfProfile, genericLensPsfKernelRadius, GENERIC_LENS_PSF_MAXIMUM_COMBINED_RADIUS_SITES } = lensKit;
+        const { GENERIC_LENS_EVIDENCE, genericLensDistortionProfile, genericLensVignettingProfile, resolveGenericLens, simulateGenericLensFocusError, createGenericLensPsfProfile, genericLensPsfKernelRadius, GENERIC_LENS_PSF_MAXIMUM_COMBINED_RADIUS_SITES, genericLensBokehKernel } = lensKit;
         checkFNumber();
         if (lensOptions.focusScatter !== undefined) {
             const scatterOptions = allowKeys(lensOptions.focusScatter, "lens.focusScatter", ["seed", "shotIndex"]);
@@ -1768,16 +1779,25 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
             catch {
                 fail("lens.defocus: " + defocusDiscLimitMessage(disc.diameterSites, disc.diameterMicrometers));
             }
-            const kernel = run === "ideal-reference" ? null : createDefocusDiscSiteKernel(disc.diameterSites);
-            if (kernel) {
-                extraKernel = { weights: kernel.weights, radius: kernel.radius };
+            // #567: the lens's bokeh kernel (blades, its W040, a cat's eye) instead of the plain disc.
+            // The cat's eye (its finer fast grid) is lens.catalogue's exact method; fast leaves it out.
+            const catsEye = !catalogueFastRequested;
+            if (run !== "ideal-reference" && disc.diameterSites > 0) {
+                extraKernel = genericLensBokehKernel(character, disc.diameterSites, subjectDistanceM > focusDistanceM ? 1 : -1, pitch, catsEye);
                 catalogueDefocusApplied = true;
+                if (!catsEye && character.character.bokeh.catsEye) {
+                    markFast("lens.catalogue");
+                    assume("fast.lens.catalogue.catsEye", "model", { method: "bokeh-without-cats-eye" }, "Fast: the lens's bokeh leaves out its cat's eye (the pupil clipped by field position), " +
+                        "so the kernel is the axis kernel everywhere; the exact method (fast: false, the default for DNG, JPEG and PNG) shapes it at each field point.");
+                }
             }
+            const k = extraKernel?.axis;
             assume("lens.defocus", "model", { model: "geometric-disc", scientificStatus: "approximation", diameterMicrometers: disc.diameterMicrometers, diameterSites: disc.diameterSites,
-                kernelRadiusSites: disc.diameterSites === 0 ? null : discRadius, fNumber, focusDistanceM, subjectDistanceM, samplePitchMicrometers: pitch,
-                defocusCircleModel: { id: "thin-lens-defocus-circle", version: "1.1.0" }, execution: "catalogue-lens-psf" }, "Geometric defocus of the flat scene plane (an approximation): the thin-lens blur circle c = f²·|s − d| / (N·d·(s − f)) (calculateDefocusCircle 1.1.0) as a uniform disc sampled on the site lattice. " +
+                kernelRadiusSites: disc.diameterSites === 0 ? null : k ? k.radius : discRadius, fNumber, focusDistanceM, subjectDistanceM, samplePitchMicrometers: pitch,
+                defocusCircleModel: { id: "thin-lens-defocus-circle", version: "1.1.0" }, execution: "catalogue-lens-psf",
+                ...(k ? { bokeh: { catsEye: catsEye && !!character.character.bokeh.catsEye, method: k.method, sphericalAberrationSites: k.sphericalAberrationSites, axisOpenAreaRatio: k.openAreaRatio } } : {}) }, "Geometric defocus of the flat scene plane (an approximation): the thin-lens blur circle c = f²·|s − d| / (N·d·(s − f)) (calculateDefocusCircle 1.1.0) as a uniform disc sampled on the site lattice. " +
                 (disc.diameterSites === 0 ? "In focus: no disc is applied." : run === "ideal-reference" ? "Resolved but not applied: the ideal reference has no camera effects." :
-                    "With the catalogue lens the disc is convolved into every node of the lens's PSF (a further approximation: the defocused aberrated wave PSF is not exactly the in-focus PSF convolved with the disc) and applied through the environment PSF quadrature."));
+                    "With the catalogue lens the disc is shaped by the lens's bokeh (#567, #553's kernel; see lens.catalogue.character) and convolved into every node of the lens's PSF (a further approximation: the defocused aberrated wave PSF is not exactly the in-focus PSF convolved with the disc) and applied through the environment PSF quadrature."));
         }
         // An upper bound of the PSF's radius (the built window may be narrower): the field reach below uses it.
         const kernelRadius = genericLensPsfKernelRadius({ lens: character, focusDistanceM, sitePitchMicrometers: pitch }) + (extraKernel ? extraKernel.radius : 0);
@@ -1821,23 +1841,32 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
         }
         assume("lens.catalogue.character", "model", { lensId: catalogue.lensId, fNumber, focusDistanceM, magnification: c.magnification, closeFocusGain: c.closeFocusGain, pupilScale: c.pupilScale,
             aberrationsWaves550: { ...c.aberrations }, lateralColor: { ...c.lateralColor }, distortionCorner: c.distortion.corner, vignettingCornerStops: c.vignetting.cornerStops,
-            notRendered: { strayLight: { ...c.strayLight }, breathing: { ...c.breathing }, focusScatterDepthOfFocusFraction: c.focusScatterDepthOfFocusFraction, bokeh: "disc (#553)" },
+            bokeh: c.bokeh, notRendered: { strayLight: { ...c.strayLight }, breathing: { ...c.breathing }, focusScatterDepthOfFocusFraction: c.focusScatterDepthOfFocusFraction },
             psf: psfReport, profiles: { vignetting, distortion: distortion.profile, maximumNormalizedRadius: reachRadius } }, "The catalogue lens's character, a labelled approximation of a generic lens (docs/LENS_CATALOGUE.md): Seidel wave aberrations at the frame corner (spherical, balanced by defocus; coma; astigmatism; field curvature), " +
             "scaled from the widest aperture by the pupil ratio a = N0/N (a⁴, a³, a², a²) and by the close-focus factor; axial colour as a defocus and lateral colour as a radial shift, both with the normalised Cauchy dispersion. " +
             (run === "ideal-reference" ? "Not applied: the ideal reference has no camera effects. " :
                 "Rendered as a sampled PSF (scalar Fraunhofer diffraction of the aberrated circular pupil, integrated over each site cell, on a 5 × 5 field grid × 5 wavelengths with centroid-aligned interpolation) " +
                     "through the environment PSF quadrature (one scene query per kernel tap), with the lens's radial distortion (r_d = r·(1 + k1ρ²)) and relative illumination (E = (1 − bρ²)²) as lens field mapping and field throughput" +
                     (catalogue.kind === "fisheye" ? ", and the equisolid projection; directions at or beyond 90° see no scene (zero radiance), so a circular fisheye's image ends at its 180° circle" : "") + ". ") +
-            "Flare, focus breathing and bokeh shape are reported, not rendered; ρ is normalised to the frame's half-diagonal, so the lens is scaled to the simulated frame like lens.prime.");
+            "Flare and focus breathing are reported, not rendered; the bokeh shapes lens.defocus; ρ is normalised to the frame's half-diagonal, so the lens is scaled to the simulated frame like lens.prime.");
     }
     // #492: the capture applies the disc as an object-space convolution, which needs every disc point a site sees to be another site's scene point.
     // #548: a lens field mapping, vignetting or camera rotation breaks that, so the capture then applies the disc in image space, on the sensor's
     // site lattice (defocus-image-space-provider.ts). #563: the display view reads the same geometry in any focus (display-view-lens-signal.ts).
     const imageSpaceOptions = [...(lensFieldMapping ? [lensOptions.distortion !== undefined ? (lensOptions.projection !== undefined ? "lens.projection, lens.distortion" : "lens.distortion") : "lens.projection"] : []),
         ...(vignetting ? ["lens.vignetting"] : []), ...(rotating ? ["camera rotation"] : [])];
-    const lensGeometry = (defocusModel !== undefined || displayView) && imageSpaceOptions.length > 0 ? prepareDefocusImageSpaceGeometry({ focalLengthMm, focusDistanceM,
+    const lensGeometry = (defocusModel !== undefined || displayView || diffractionRadiusOption !== undefined) && imageSpaceOptions.length > 0 ? prepareDefocusImageSpaceGeometry({ focalLengthMm, focusDistanceM,
         angularVelocityRadPerSec: angular, ...(lensFieldMapping ? { lensMapping: prepareEnvironmentLensFieldMapping(lensFieldMapping) } : {}), ...(vignetting ? { vignetting } : {}) }) : undefined;
     const defocusGeometry = defocusModel !== undefined ? lensGeometry : undefined;
+    // #565: the in-focus PSF quadrature reads each tap's source on this lattice; with rotation under a rolling shutter (each row has its own
+    // instants, so a band per instant, about 1.2× the time) that is lens.diffraction's exact method, and each tap's own point its fast one.
+    const rollingFastTaps = !displayView && rotating && shutterKind === "rolling" && diffractionRadiusOption !== undefined && lensGeometry !== undefined && resolveFast(diffractionFast, fastTop);
+    if (rollingFastTaps) {
+        markFast("lens.diffraction");
+        assume("fast.lens.diffraction", "model", { method: "per-tap-source-points" }, "Fast: under rolling-shutter rotation each PSF tap reads the scene at its own source point, " +
+            "not at its site-lattice point, so a tap exactly on a chart boundary can resolve to the other material (#565); elsewhere the values agree to rounding. The exact method is fast: false.");
+    }
+    const latticeTaps = lensGeometry && !rollingFastTaps;
     // #553: the shaped kernel (on axis) and, with a cat's eye, its field zones; built when the disc is resolved out of focus.
     let bokehAxisKernel, bokehZones;
     const bokehSummary = defocusBokeh === undefined ? undefined : (disc) => {
@@ -1912,18 +1941,23 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     // (EMVA 1288 Release 4.0, Eq. 3). The tier's signal chain is anchored to the 6 µm aperture; at another area the
     // charge-domain readout scales with the area so the same H gives the same code. At 6 µm nothing is changed.
     const areaScale = pitch * pitch / ISO_REFERENCE_APERTURE_AREA_SQUARE_MICROMETERS;
+    // #555: a full well replaces the area-scaled base-ISO saturation; the charge-domain transfer scales by the same rule.
+    const fullWell = characteristics?.fullWell, fullWellElectrons = fullWell && (fullWell.link === "none" ? fullWell.electrons : fullWell.electrons * (pitch / (fullWell.referencePixelPitchMicrometers ?? 6)) ** 2);
+    if (fullWellElectrons !== undefined && !(fullWellElectrons >= 100 && fullWellElectrons <= 1e10))
+        fail("sensor.fullWell must give 100 to 1e10 electrons at the pixel pitch (" + fullWellElectrons + ").");
+    const chargeScale = fullWellElectrons === undefined ? areaScale : fullWellElectrons / body.readout[0].profile.regimes[0].preAdcSaturationElectronEquivalent.value;
     const regimeByChannel = {};
     for (const channel of CHANNELS) {
         const asset = body.readout.find((a) => a.profile.channelId === channel) ?? fail("Camera readout lacks channel " + channel + ".");
         const chain = resolveGenericIsoSignalChain({ profile: body.signalChain, isoCapability: body.iso, requestedIsoSetting: { kind: "standard", exposureIndex: resolvedIso },
             captureModeId: IDS.mode, readoutProfile: asset.profile });
-        regimeByChannel[channel] = { readoutProfile: areaScale === 1 ? asset.profile : isoAreaScaledReadout(asset.profile, areaScale), regimeId: chain.readout.regime.regimeId };
+        regimeByChannel[channel] = { readoutProfile: characterizeReadout(asset.profile, chargeScale, characteristics), regimeId: chain.readout.regime.regimeId };
     }
-    const capacityRegimes = (areaScale === 1 ? body.readout[0].profile : isoAreaScaledReadout(body.readout[0].profile, areaScale)).regimes;
+    const capacityRegimes = characterizeReadout(body.readout[0].profile, chargeScale, characteristics).regimes;
     const baseRegime = capacityRegimes[0];
     const capacityElectrons = Math.max(...capacityRegimes.map((r) => r.preAdcSaturationElectronEquivalent.value), baseRegime.preAdcSaturationElectronEquivalent.value);
     assume("sensor.capacityElectrons", "derived", capacityElectrons, "Physical charge capacity set to the body's largest declared pre-ADC saturation (its base-ISO saturation signal), so storage never clips before the declared readout white.");
-    if (areaScale !== 1) {
+    if (areaScale !== 1 && !fullWell) {
         assume("sensor.isoAreaNormalization", "model", { referenceApertureAreaSquareMicrometers: ISO_REFERENCE_APERTURE_AREA_SQUARE_MICROMETERS,
             apertureAreaSquareMicrometers: pitch * pitch, areaScale }, "Approximation. The tier's ISO signal chain is declared for a 6 µm square aperture. Standard output sensitivity S = 10/H (CIPA DC-004-2020 §3.2) is defined at the output, " +
             "independent of pixel size, and the collected charge is proportional to the aperture area (EMVA 1288 Release 4.0, Eq. 3), so the system conversion gain (e⁻ per code) and the " +
@@ -1932,6 +1966,15 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
             "the aperture area: a design consequence of holding the tier's ISO rating and highlight headroom fixed, not a measured full-well model (published sensor data grow less than " +
             "proportionally with area across technologies).");
     }
+    if (characteristics) {
+        const density = capacityElectrons / (pitch * pitch);
+        assume("sensor.characteristics", "model", { ...Object.fromEntries(SENSOR_CHARACTERISTIC_KEYS.filter((k) => sensorOptions[k] !== undefined).map((k) => [k, sensorOptions[k]])),
+            chargeScale, sensitivityOffsetStops: Math.log2(characteristics.qeScale * areaScale / chargeScale) }, "Approximation (#555), not a measured sensor: these replace the body's values. The full well is the base-ISO charge at the RAW white level (EMVA 1288 Release 4.0 saturation capacity); " +
+            "every ISO regime's conversion gain and pre-ADC saturation are multiplied by chargeScale. Each ISO keeps its regime, so the output per unit exposure changes by 2^sensitivityOffsetStops: " +
+            "the rating S = 10/H (CIPA DC-004-2020 §3.2) holds only if peak QE × pixel area / full well is the body's. Read noise replaces each regime's; the high gain's smaller storage is not modelled. " +
+            "A bit depth scales the black and saturation codes by 2^Δbits." + (density < 200 || density > 1e4 ? " Unusual for the pitch: " + density +
+            " e⁻/µm², outside 200–10 000 (a design range around the tiers' 556–1 667, not a published bound)." : ""));
+    }
     // Whole-frame views (2.5): a pitch above 100 µm is larger than any camera photosite, so the capture is a downsized view of a frame width × pitch wide.
     if (pitch > SIMULATE_CAPTURE_PHOTOSITE_PITCH_MAXIMUM_MICROMETERS) {
         assume("sensor.wholeFrameView", "model", { pixelPitchMicrometers: pitch, frameWidthMm: width * pitch / 1000, frameHeightMm: height * pitch / 1000 }, "A pixel pitch above 100 µm is larger than any camera photosite, so each output pixel stands for a " + pitch + " µm square of a " + width * pitch / 1000 + " × " + height * pitch / 1000 +
@@ -1965,7 +2008,10 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     // Shutter (2.0): the electronic rolling-shutter schedule derived from the body's rolling readout declaration.
     let rollingSchedule;
     if (shutterKind === "rolling") {
-        const declared = body.rollingReadoutTiming?.profile;
+        const bodyReadout = body.rollingReadoutTiming?.profile;
+        // #555: sensor.readoutSeconds replaces the body's readout time and skew.
+        const seconds = characteristics?.readoutSeconds, declared = bodyReadout && seconds ? { ...bodyReadout, captureReadoutDurationSeconds: { ...bodyReadout.captureReadoutDurationSeconds, value: seconds },
+            spatialSamplingSkewSeconds: { ...bodyReadout.spatialSamplingSkewSeconds, value: seconds } } : bodyReadout;
         if (!declared || declared.readoutMode !== "rolling")
             fail("motion.shutter \"rolling\" needs a camera body with a rolling readout timing declaration.");
         const readout = rollingSkewOption === undefined ? declared : { ...declared, spatialSamplingSkewSeconds: { value: rollingSkewOption, unit: "s", evidence: FACADE_EVIDENCE } };
@@ -2074,7 +2120,7 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     const eqeSamples = (channel) => {
         const out = [];
         for (let nm = range.minimum; nm <= range.maximum + 1e-9; nm += eqeSpacing)
-            out.push({ nm, value: EQE_SCALE[channel] * estimateCie1931ColorMatchingFunctions(nm)[CMF_KEY[channel]] * 555 / nm });
+            out.push({ nm, value: EQE_SCALE[channel] * estimateCie1931ColorMatchingFunctions(nm)[CMF_KEY[channel]] * 555 / nm * (characteristics?.qeScale ?? 1) });
         return out;
     };
     const operatingConditions = { temperatureC: 25, incidenceAngleDegreesFromNormal: 0, polarization: "unpolarized" };
@@ -2138,9 +2184,7 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
             samples: { value: [{ wavelengthNanometers: range.minimum, linearTransmissionFactor: lens.matchedReference.transmission },
                     { wavelengthNanometers: range.maximum, linearTransmissionFactor: lens.matchedReference.transmission }], evidence: preset.evidence },
             uncertainty: { kind: "not-quantified", limitation: "Synthetic spectrally flat transmission from the tier preset." } },
-        distortionAreaMappingOwnership: "not-applied-by-bridge", psfRedistributionOwnership: "downstream-normalized-energy-redistribution",
-        sensorOpticalStackIncluded: false, strayLightIncluded: false, polarizationModeled: false, wavelengthChangingBehaviorModeled: false, volumetricScatteringModeled: false,
-        evidence: preset.evidence, limitations: [...lens.limitations, "Flat transmission applied across the lens capability by the capture facade."] };
+        ...SCENE_TO_SENSOR_BRIDGE_SCOPE, evidence: preset.evidence, limitations: [...lens.limitations, "Flat transmission applied across the lens capability by the capture facade."] };
     const optics = { profile: opticsProfile, focalLengthMm, nominalFNumber: fNumber,
         focus: { kind: "ideal-symmetric-thin-lens", objectDistanceM: focusDistanceM, pupilMagnificationAssumption: "unity" } };
     const motion = { angularVelocityRadPerSec: angular, timeReference: "first-opening-boundary-phase", environmentDirectionConvention: "outgoing-radiance-toward-camera" };
@@ -2185,7 +2229,7 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
             (diffractionObjectSpace ? "Applied as an object-space convolution: the scene radiance on the site lattice is convolved once per spectral node (calculateIrradianceConvolution) and the provider answers each site query with it, so the site inputs declare no PSF; this equals the per-tap environment PSF quadrature for this still, distortion-free planar scene (request.diffraction.psf). " :
                 defocusImageSpace ? "Applied with lens.defocus as one image-space kernel per spectral node (the diffraction kernel convolved with the disc) on the sensor's site lattice (#548; see the lens.defocus assumption), " +
                     "the same sum as the environment PSF quadrature with that kernel. " :
-                    "Applied through the environment PSF quadrature (one scene query per kernel tap), because camera rotation, a lens field mapping or vignetting moves the taps off the site lattice. ") +
+                    "Applied through the environment PSF quadrature (one scene query per kernel tap), because camera rotation, a lens field mapping or vignetting moves the taps off the site lattice" + (latticeTaps ? "; each tap reads the scene at its lattice point (#565). " : ". ")) +
             "No defocus, aberration or pupil clipping; " + (boxAperture ? "the pixel aperture is integrated as declared by sensor.pixelAperture." : "the sensor pixel aperture is still point-sampled at the site centre."));
     }
     // #492: each spectral node's kernel for lens.defocus out of focus: the disc, or with lens.diffraction the node's diffraction kernel convolved
@@ -2258,6 +2302,10 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
         limitation: "Ideal uniform circular pupil; finite ray sampling, no convergence claim." } : undefined;
     const chargeSamplingProfile = { schemaVersion: "0.1.0", profileId: IDS.chargeSampling, completenessProfileId: IDS.completeness, scientificStatus: "approximation",
         photoShotNoiseModel: "poisson", darkShotNoiseModel: "poisson", additionalComponentPolicies: [], evidence, limitations: ["Poisson photo and dark shot noise."] };
+    // #555: the body's fixed-pattern noise profile, opt-in; the display view's expected-value estimate has no fixed pattern.
+    const fixedPattern = characteristics?.fixedPatternNoise ? body.fixedPatternNoise.profile : undefined;
+    if (fixedPattern && displayView)
+        fail("simulateDisplayView does not render sensor.fixedPatternNoise; use simulateCapture.");
     const channelAt = (x, y) => ["red", "green", "green", "blue"][(y % 2) * 2 + (x % 2)];
     function siteInput(index) {
         if (!Number.isSafeInteger(index) || index < 0 || index >= nativeWidth * nativeHeight)
@@ -2285,7 +2333,7 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
                     capacityMeaning: "physical-charge-storage-capacity-electrons", capacityElectrons, scientificStatus: "approximation",
                     uncertainty: { kind: "not-quantified", limitation: "Derived from the tier's declared saturation signal." }, evidence, siteApplicability: { kind: "exact-site", site },
                     operatingState: { stateId: IDS.operatingState, evidence }, temperatureApplicability: { kind: "exact-reference-temperature", temperatureC: OPERATING_TEMPERATURE_C } },
-                operatingStateId: IDS.operatingState, readoutProfile: r.readoutProfile, regimeId: r.regimeId } };
+                operatingStateId: IDS.operatingState, readoutProfile: r.readoutProfile, regimeId: r.regimeId, ...(fixedPattern ? { fixedPatternNoise: fixedPattern } : {}) } };
     }
     const readTile = async (request) => ({ ...request, sites: Array.from({ length: request.width }, (_, j) => siteInput(request.y * nativeWidth + request.x + j)) });
     const yieldControl = createHostYield().yieldControl;
@@ -2302,14 +2350,19 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
             wavelengthsNm: defocusSiteKernels.wavelengthsNm, kernelRadius: defocusSiteKernels.radius, nativeWidth, nativeHeight, outputWidth: width,
             sitePitchMicrometers: pitch, distanceM: subjectDistanceM, metresPerFrameUnit, onConvolution: (ms) => { defocusMs += ms; },
             ...(window ? { window } : {}), ...(bokehZones ? { fieldZones: bokehZones.zones } : {}),
-            ...(antiAliasing || boxSamples > 1 ? { queryOffsetsSites: apertureNodeOffsets(boxSamples).flatMap((node) => (antiAliasing ? antiAliasing.components : [{ offsetMicrometers: { x: 0, y: 0 } }]).map((c) => ({ x: node.x - c.offsetMicrometers.x / pitch, y: node.y - c.offsetMicrometers.y / pitch }))) } : {}) }) :
+            ...(antiAliasing || boxSamples > 1 ? { queryOffsetsSites } : {}) }) :
             diffraction && diffractionObjectSpace ? createDiffractedPlanarProvider({ base: provider, psf: diffractionPsf.configuration.psf,
                 wavelengthsNm: diffraction.profile.axes.wavelengthNm, kernelRadius: diffraction.kernelRadiusSamples, nativeWidth, nativeHeight, outputWidth: width,
                 sitePitchMicrometers: pitch, distanceM: subjectDistanceM, metresPerFrameUnit, onConvolution: (ms) => { diffractionMs += ms; },
                 // Region (2.6): convolve only the lattice the region's native sites query; the values are the whole render's.
                 ...(window ? { window } : {}),
                 // The environment queries each site at each aperture node minus each split offset (sites, +x right, +y down).
-                ...(antiAliasing || boxSamples > 1 ? { queryOffsetsSites: apertureNodeOffsets(boxSamples).flatMap((node) => (antiAliasing ? antiAliasing.components : [{ offsetMicrometers: { x: 0, y: 0 } }]).map((c) => ({ x: node.x - c.offsetMicrometers.x / pitch, y: node.y - c.offsetMicrometers.y / pitch }))) } : {}) }) : provider;
+                ...(antiAliasing || boxSamples > 1 ? { queryOffsetsSites } : {}) }) :
+                // #565: the PSF quadrature reads each tap's source at its lattice point (a unit kernel on #548's lattice), so ties resolve as on the lattice.
+                diffraction && latticeTaps ? createDefocusImageSpaceProvider({ base: provider, geometry: lensGeometry, siteKernels: () => UNIT_SITE_KERNEL,
+                    kernelRadius: 0, wavelengthsNm: diffraction.profile.axes.wavelengthNm, nativeWidth, nativeHeight, sitePitchMicrometers: pitch, distanceM: subjectDistanceM, metresPerFrameUnit,
+                    queryOffsetsSites: [-1, 0, 1].flatMap((k) => queryOffsetsSites.map((o) => ({ x: o.x + k * diffraction.kernelRadiusSamples, y: o.y + k * diffraction.kernelRadiusSamples }))),
+                    timesPerBand: temporalSampleCount, ...(window ? { window } : {}) }) : provider;
     // Built on first use: a capture that takes the tabulated path (#394 step 2) never queries it, and its kernels cost a setup.
     let rawProviderBuilt;
     const rawProvider = () => (rawProviderBuilt ??= diffractedProvider(regionNative));
@@ -2387,16 +2440,30 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     // site centre plus the kernel radius and the largest query offset.
     // #569: a catalogue lens's field-dependent PSF, read per field zone by the lens signal (display-view-lens-signal.ts, loaded on demand).
     const viewLensKit = displayView && lensGeometry ? await import("./display-view-lens-signal.js") : undefined;
+    // 2.20.0: the field zones are lens.catalogue's fast method in the view; exact resolves the PSF at every site (zones of one site).
     const displayViewLensPsf = viewLensKit && catalogue && lensPsf ?
-        viewLensKit.createDisplayViewLensPsf(lensPsf.configuration.psf, catalogueKernelRadius, nativeWidth, nativeHeight, pitch) : undefined;
+        viewLensKit.createDisplayViewLensPsf(lensPsf.configuration.psf, catalogueKernelRadius, nativeWidth, nativeHeight, pitch, catalogueFastRequested ? undefined : Math.max(nativeWidth, nativeHeight)) : undefined;
+    if (displayViewLensPsf && displayViewLensPsf.zoneSites > 1)
+        markFast("lens.catalogue");
+    const viewAhdFast = ahd && resolveFast(demosaicFast, fastTop);
+    if (displayView && viewAhdFast)
+        markFast("output.demosaic.ahd");
     if (displayViewLensPsf)
         assume("view.lensPsf", "model", { method: "piecewise-constant-field-zones", zoneSites: displayViewLensPsf.zoneSites, kernelRadiusSites: catalogueKernelRadius, scientificStatus: "approximation" }, "Each site takes the lens PSF at its field zone's centre, where the capture resolves it at each query point (docs/DISPLAY_VIEW.md, \"Catalogue lenses\").");
     const lensSignal = viewLensKit ? viewLensKit.prepareDisplayViewLensSignal({ geometry: lensGeometry,
         times: rotating ? Array.from({ length: temporalSampleCount }, (_, i) => (i + 0.5) * (shutterSeconds / temporalSampleCount)) : [0], distanceM: subjectDistanceM, metresPerFrameUnit,
         pitch, imagingArea, boxSamples, spots: antiAliasing ? antiAliasing.components : [{ offsetMicrometers: { x: 0, y: 0 } }], psf: displayViewLensPsf, zeroBeyondHorizon: catalogue?.kind === "fisheye" }, nativeWidth, nativeHeight, (diffraction ? diffraction.kernelRadiusSamples : 0) + (displayViewDefocus ? (bokehAxisKernel?.radius ?? defocusDiscKernelRadius(displayViewDefocus.diameterSites)) : 0) + catalogueKernelRadius +
         Math.max(0, ...queryOffsetsSites.map((o) => Math.max(Math.abs(o.x), Math.abs(o.y)))) - 0.5, catalogue ? "lens.catalogue" : imageSpaceOptions.join(", ")) : undefined;
+    // #535: the green channel's expected charge from an 18 % Lambertian grey patch (radiance 0.18·E·S(λ)/π) next to the axis, and the sensor report;
+    // the mid-grey figure only when the request resolves to exact (fast: false, the exports' default): it costs about 0.3 ms.
+    let greyElectrons = fastTop ? undefined : 0;
+    if (!idealReference && greyElectrons !== undefined)
+        for (const [nm, a] of axisChannelResponse(displayView ? "simulateDisplayView" : "simulateCapture").electronsPerRadiance.green)
+            greyElectrons += a * GREY_CARD_REFLECTANCE * irradianceScale * illuminant.shape.evaluate(nm) / Math.PI;
+    const sensor = sensorReport(regimeByChannel.green.readoutProfile, regimeByChannel.green.regimeId, capacityElectrons, greyElectrons, DARK_CURRENT_ELECTRONS_PER_SECOND * shutterSeconds, { pixelPitchMicrometers: pitch, peakQuantumEfficiency: 0.5 * (characteristics?.qeScale ?? 1),
+        readoutSeconds: characteristics?.readoutSeconds ?? body.rollingReadoutTiming?.profile.spatialSamplingSkewSeconds?.value ?? null }, fixedPattern);
     if (displayView)
-        return await renderView({ lens: lensSignal, lensPsf: displayViewLensPsf, ahd, fastReport, antiAliasing, aspect, assume, assumptions, axisChannelResponse, boxSamples, buildProvider, callerScene, chart, materialLayers, chartReport, chartSize, diffraction, defocus: displayViewDefocus, diffractionPsf, fNumber, focalLengthMm, focusDistanceM, height, highlightMode, exposureGain, illuminanceLux, illuminant, illuminantOption, imagingArea, intentOf, metresPerFrameUnit, noiseSeed, outputOptions, parsedView, pitch, preset, provider, regimeByChannel, resolvedIso, isoReport, standardExposureDeviationStops: exposureDeviationStops, standardExposureIlluminanceLux: exposureIlluminanceLux, greyCardDeviationStops: exposureGreyCardDeviationStops, metering, sceneOption, scenePreset, shutterSeconds, started, subjectDistanceM, toneCurve, whiteBalanceOption, whiteBalanceState, width, checkAbort, margin, mode, nativeHeight, nativeWidth, sourceSha256, yieldControl, kelvinWhiteBalanceInput });
+        return await renderView({ sensor, viewFast: { ahd: viewAhdFast, uniformSampling: fastTop }, lens: lensSignal, lensPsf: displayViewLensPsf, ahd, fastReport, antiAliasing, aspect, assume, assumptions, axisChannelResponse, boxSamples, buildProvider, callerScene, chart, materialLayers, chartReport, chartSize, diffraction, defocus: displayViewDefocus, diffractionPsf, fNumber, focalLengthMm, focusDistanceM, height, highlightMode, exposureGain, illuminanceLux, illuminant, illuminantOption, imagingArea, intentOf, metresPerFrameUnit, noiseSeed, outputOptions, parsedView, pitch, preset, provider, regimeByChannel, resolvedIso, isoReport, standardExposureDeviationStops: exposureDeviationStops, standardExposureIlluminanceLux: exposureIlluminanceLux, greyCardDeviationStops: exposureGreyCardDeviationStops, metering, sceneOption, scenePreset, shutterSeconds, started, subjectDistanceM, toneCurve, whiteBalanceOption, whiteBalanceState, width, checkAbort, margin, mode, nativeHeight, nativeWidth, sourceSha256, yieldControl, kelvinWhiteBalanceInput });
     // Ideal reference (2.3): the scene without camera effects, at the capture's own exposure, white balance and encoding.
     if (idealReference) {
         const referenceStarted = clockMs();
@@ -2577,14 +2644,13 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
     }
     let rawOutput;
     if (dngParts !== undefined) {
-        rawOutput = { raw: joinNativeRawParts(dngParts, plan, nativeWidth, nativeHeight, partsCaller), providerEvaluationCount: 0 };
+        rawOutput = { raw: joinNativeRawParts(dngParts, plan, nativeWidth, nativeHeight, partsCaller, fastReport.requested), providerEvaluationCount: 0 };
         if (run === "develop-from-parts")
             assume("parts", "model", { partCount: dngParts.length }, "The whole render's RAW, joined from region renders of this request (#571); how they were rendered is in their results.");
     }
     else if (tabulated && catalogueFastRun) {
         rawOutput = { raw: tabulated.raw, providerEvaluationCount: tabulated.providerEvaluationCount };
-        fastApplied["lens.catalogue"] = true;
-        fastReport = Object.freeze({ ...fastReport, applied: Object.freeze({ ...fastApplied }), assurance: "approximation-with-a-priori-bound" });
+        markFast("lens.catalogue");
         for (const a of lensKit.catalogueFastAssumptions(catalogueFastRun))
             assume(a.id, "model", a.value, a.explanation);
     }
@@ -2668,9 +2734,11 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
             return [channel, { conversionGainElectronsPerCode: resolved.regime.systemConversionGainElectronsPerCode.value / (resolved.regime.adc.digitalGain ?? 1),
                     readNoiseRmsElectrons: resolved.combinedReadNoiseRmsElectrons }];
         }));
-        const dngStarted = clockMs();
+        const dngStarted = clockMs(), opcodes = dngOpcodeSelection && lensKit.createDngLensCorrectionOpcodes(lensKit.resolveGenericLens({ lensId: catalogue.lensId, activeImagingArea: catalogueFrame, fNumber }), dngOpcodeSelection, width, height, pitch / 1000, lensKit.genericLensDispersion);
         dng = await serializeNativeRawDng({ raw: rawOutput.raw, colorProfile, noise, ...(dngCapturedAtUtc === undefined ? {} : { capturedAtUtc: dngCapturedAtUtc }),
-            ...(textMetadata ? { textMetadata } : {}) });
+            ...(textMetadata ? { textMetadata } : {}), ...(opcodes ? { opcodeList3: opcodes.opcodeList3 } : {}) });
+        if (opcodes)
+            assume("output.dng.lensCorrectionOpcodes", "model", { tag: 51022, opcodes: opcodes.opcodes }, "output.lensCorrections' profile as optional DNG opcodes, in order (docs/NATIVE_RAW_AND_PRINT.md, \"Lens-correction opcodes\"); the RAW is unchanged.");
         encodeMs = clockMs() - dngStarted;
         assumeTextMetadata(TEXT_METADATA_LAYOUT.dng);
         checkAbort();
@@ -2880,6 +2948,7 @@ export async function runCapture(options, run, viewOption, renderView) {
         request: { environmentRaw: finalRawInput, siteInput, development, whiteBalanceState,
             ...(diffraction ? { diffraction: { profile: diffraction, psf: diffractionPsf, execution: diffractionObjectSpace ? "object-space-convolution" :
                         defocusImageSpace ? "image-space-convolution" : "environment-psf-quadrature" } } : {}) },
+        sensor,
         exposure: { mode, settings: { fNumber, shutterSeconds, iso: resolvedIso }, ev100: Math.log2(fNumber ** 2 / shutterSeconds), ...isoReport,
             metering, meteredSceneLuminanceCdPerSquareMeter: meteredLuminance, standardExposureDeviationStops: exposureDeviationStops,
             standardExposureIlluminanceLux: exposureIlluminanceLux, greyCardDeviationStops: exposureGreyCardDeviationStops, resolution },