@pezkuwi/util 14.0.1 → 14.0.4

package/u8a/eq.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * @name u8aEq
+ * @summary Compares two Uint8Arrays for equality.
+ * @description
+ * For `UInt8Array` (or hex string) input values true if there is a match.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aEq } from '@polkadot/util';
+ *
+ * u8aEq(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65]), new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65])); // true
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function u8aEq(a: string | Uint8Array, b: string | Uint8Array): boolean;

package/u8a/eq.js

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { u8aToU8a } from './toU8a.js';
+/**
+ * @name u8aEq
+ * @summary Compares two Uint8Arrays for equality.
+ * @description
+ * For `UInt8Array` (or hex string) input values true if there is a match.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aEq } from '@pezkuwi/util';
+ *
+ * u8aEq(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65]), new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65])); // true
+ * ```
+ */
+export function u8aEq(a, b) {
+    const u8aa = u8aToU8a(a);
+    const u8ab = u8aToU8a(b);
+    if (u8aa.length === u8ab.length) {
+        const dvA = new DataView(u8aa.buffer, u8aa.byteOffset);
+        const dvB = new DataView(u8ab.buffer, u8ab.byteOffset);
+        const mod = (u8aa.length % 4) | 0;
+        const length = (u8aa.length - mod) | 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < length; i += 4) {
+            if (dvA.getUint32(i) !== dvB.getUint32(i)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        for (let i = length, count = u8aa.length; i < count; i++) {
+            if (u8aa[i] !== u8ab[i]) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}

package/u8a/fixLength.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/**
+ * @name u8aFixLength
+ * @summary Shifts a Uint8Array to a specific bitLength
+ * @description
+ * Returns a uint8Array with the specified number of bits contained in the return value. (If bitLength is -1, length checking is not done). Values with more bits are trimmed to the specified length.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aFixLength } from '@polkadot/util';
+ *
+ * u8aFixLength('0x12') // => 0x12
+ * u8aFixLength('0x12', 16) // => 0x0012
+ * u8aFixLength('0x1234', 8) // => 0x12
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function u8aFixLength(value: Uint8Array, bitLength?: number, atStart?: boolean): Uint8Array;

package/u8a/fixLength.js

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * @name u8aFixLength
+ * @summary Shifts a Uint8Array to a specific bitLength
+ * @description
+ * Returns a uint8Array with the specified number of bits contained in the return value. (If bitLength is -1, length checking is not done). Values with more bits are trimmed to the specified length.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aFixLength } from '@pezkuwi/util';
+ *
+ * u8aFixLength('0x12') // => 0x12
+ * u8aFixLength('0x12', 16) // => 0x0012
+ * u8aFixLength('0x1234', 8) // => 0x12
+ * ```
+ */
+export function u8aFixLength(value, bitLength = -1, atStart = false) {
+    const byteLength = Math.ceil(bitLength / 8);
+    if (bitLength === -1 || value.length === byteLength) {
+        return value;
+    }
+    else if (value.length > byteLength) {
+        return value.subarray(0, byteLength);
+    }
+    const result = new Uint8Array(byteLength);
+    result.set(value, atStart ? 0 : (byteLength - value.length));
+    return result;
+}

package/u8a/index.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/**
+ * @summary Utility methods to convert to and from `Uint8Array` objects
+ */
+export { u8aCmp } from './cmp.js';
+export { u8aConcat, u8aConcatStrict } from './concat.js';
+export { u8aEmpty } from './empty.js';
+export { u8aEq } from './eq.js';
+export { u8aFixLength } from './fixLength.js';
+export { u8aSorted } from './sorted.js';
+export { u8aToBigInt } from './toBigInt.js';
+export { u8aToBn } from './toBn.js';
+export { u8aToBuffer } from './toBuffer.js';
+export { u8aToFloat } from './toFloat.js';
+export { u8aToHex } from './toHex.js';
+export { u8aToNumber } from './toNumber.js';
+export { u8aToString } from './toString.js';
+export { u8aToU8a } from './toU8a.js';
+export { U8A_WRAP_ETHEREUM, U8A_WRAP_POSTFIX, U8A_WRAP_PREFIX, u8aIsWrapped, u8aUnwrapBytes, u8aWrapBytes } from './wrap.js';

package/u8a/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/**
+ * @summary Utility methods to convert to and from `Uint8Array` objects
+ */
+export { u8aCmp } from './cmp.js';
+export { u8aConcat, u8aConcatStrict } from './concat.js';
+export { u8aEmpty } from './empty.js';
+export { u8aEq } from './eq.js';
+export { u8aFixLength } from './fixLength.js';
+export { u8aSorted } from './sorted.js';
+export { u8aToBigInt } from './toBigInt.js';
+export { u8aToBn } from './toBn.js';
+export { u8aToBuffer } from './toBuffer.js';
+export { u8aToFloat } from './toFloat.js';
+export { u8aToHex } from './toHex.js';
+export { u8aToNumber } from './toNumber.js';
+export { u8aToString } from './toString.js';
+export { u8aToU8a } from './toU8a.js';
+export { U8A_WRAP_ETHEREUM, U8A_WRAP_POSTFIX, U8A_WRAP_PREFIX, u8aIsWrapped, u8aUnwrapBytes, u8aWrapBytes } from './wrap.js';

package/u8a/sorted.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * @name u8aSorted
+ * @summary Sorts an array of Uint8Arrays
+ * @description
+ * For input `UInt8Array[]` return the sorted result
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aSorted} from '@polkadot/util';
+ *
+ * u8aSorted([new Uint8Array([0x69]), new Uint8Array([0x68])]); // [0x68, 0x69]
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function u8aSorted(u8as: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array[];

package/{src/u8a/sorted.ts → u8a/sorted.js}

@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
 import { u8aCmp } from './cmp.js';
-
 /**
  * @name u8aSorted
  * @summary Sorts an array of Uint8Arrays
@@ -17,6 +13,6 @@ import { u8aCmp } from './cmp.js';
  * u8aSorted([new Uint8Array([0x69]), new Uint8Array([0x68])]); // [0x68, 0x69]
  * ```
  */
-export function u8aSorted (u8as: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array[] {
-  return u8as.sort(u8aCmp);
+export function u8aSorted(u8as) {
+    return u8as.sort(u8aCmp);
 }

package/u8a/toBigInt.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import type { ToBnOptions } from '../types.js';
+/**
+ * @name u8aToBigInt
+ * @summary Creates a BigInt from a Uint8Array object.
+ */
+export declare function u8aToBigInt(value: Uint8Array, { isLe, isNegative }?: ToBnOptions): bigint;

package/u8a/toBigInt.js

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { BigInt } from '@pezkuwi/x-bigint';
+import { _1n } from '../bi/consts.js';
+const U8_MAX = BigInt(256);
+const U16_MAX = BigInt(256 * 256);
+const U64_MAX = BigInt('0x10000000000000000');
+/**
+ * @name u8aToBigInt
+ * @summary Creates a BigInt from a Uint8Array object.
+ */
+export function u8aToBigInt(value, { isLe = true, isNegative = false } = {}) {
+    // slice + reverse is expensive, however SCALE is LE by default so this is the path
+    // we are most interested in (the BE is added for the sake of being comprehensive)
+    if (!isLe) {
+        value = value.slice().reverse();
+    }
+    const count = value.length;
+    if (isNegative && count && (value[count - 1] & 0x80)) {
+        switch (count) {
+            case 0:
+                return BigInt(0);
+            case 1:
+                return BigInt(((value[0] ^ 0x0000_00ff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 2:
+                return BigInt((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8)) ^ 0x0000_ffff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 4:
+                return BigInt((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) ^ 0xffff_ffff) * -1) - 1);
+        }
+        const dvI = new DataView(value.buffer, value.byteOffset);
+        if (count === 8) {
+            return dvI.getBigInt64(0, true);
+        }
+        let result = BigInt(0);
+        const mod = count % 2;
+        for (let i = count - 2; i >= mod; i -= 2) {
+            result = (result * U16_MAX) + BigInt(dvI.getUint16(i, true) ^ 0xffff);
+        }
+        if (mod) {
+            result = (result * U8_MAX) + BigInt(value[0] ^ 0xff);
+        }
+        return (result * -_1n) - _1n;
+    }
+    switch (count) {
+        case 0:
+            return BigInt(0);
+        case 1:
+            return BigInt(value[0]);
+        case 2:
+            return BigInt(value[0] + (value[1] << 8));
+        case 4:
+            return BigInt(value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00));
+    }
+    const dvI = new DataView(value.buffer, value.byteOffset);
+    switch (count) {
+        case 8:
+            return dvI.getBigUint64(0, true);
+        case 16:
+            return (dvI.getBigUint64(8, true) * U64_MAX) + dvI.getBigUint64(0, true);
+        default: {
+            let result = BigInt(0);
+            const mod = count % 2;
+            for (let i = count - 2; i >= mod; i -= 2) {
+                result = (result * U16_MAX) + BigInt(dvI.getUint16(i, true));
+            }
+            if (mod) {
+                result = (result * U8_MAX) + BigInt(value[0]);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}

package/u8a/toBn.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import type { ToBnOptions } from '../types.js';
+import { BN } from '../bn/bn.js';
+/**
+ * @name u8aToBn
+ * @summary Creates a BN from a Uint8Array object.
+ * @description
+ * `UInt8Array` input values return the actual BN. `null` or `undefined` values returns an `0x0` value.
+ * @param value The value to convert
+ * @param options Options to pass while converting
+ * @param options.isLe Convert using Little Endian (default)
+ * @param options.isNegative Convert using two's complement
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aToBn } from '@polkadot/util';
+ *
+ * u8aToHex(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xf])); // 0x68656c0f
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function u8aToBn(value: Uint8Array, { isLe, isNegative }?: ToBnOptions): BN;

package/u8a/toBn.js

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import { BN } from '../bn/bn.js';
+/**
+ * @name u8aToBn
+ * @summary Creates a BN from a Uint8Array object.
+ * @description
+ * `UInt8Array` input values return the actual BN. `null` or `undefined` values returns an `0x0` value.
+ * @param value The value to convert
+ * @param options Options to pass while converting
+ * @param options.isLe Convert using Little Endian (default)
+ * @param options.isNegative Convert using two's complement
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aToBn } from '@pezkuwi/util';
+ *
+ * u8aToHex(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xf])); // 0x68656c0f
+ * ```
+ */
+export function u8aToBn(value, { isLe = true, isNegative = false } = {}) {
+    // slice + reverse is expensive, however SCALE is LE by default so this is the path
+    // we are most interested in (the BE is added for the sake of being comprehensive)
+    if (!isLe) {
+        value = value.slice().reverse();
+    }
+    const count = value.length;
+    // shortcut for <= u48 values - in this case the manual conversion
+    // here seems to be more efficient than passing the full array
+    if (isNegative && count && (value[count - 1] & 0x80)) {
+        // Most common case i{8, 16, 32} default LE SCALE-encoded
+        // For <= 32, we also optimize the xor to a single op
+        switch (count) {
+            case 0:
+                return new BN(0);
+            case 1:
+                return new BN(((value[0] ^ 0x0000_00ff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 2:
+                return new BN((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8)) ^ 0x0000_ffff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 3:
+                return new BN((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16)) ^ 0x00ff_ffff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 4:
+                // for the 3rd byte, we don't << 24 - since JS converts all bitwise operators to
+                // 32-bit, in the case where the top-most bit is set this yields a negative value
+                return new BN((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) ^ 0xffff_ffff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 5:
+                return new BN(((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) ^ 0xffff_ffff) + ((value[4] ^ 0xff) * 0x1_00_00_00_00)) * -1) - 1);
+            case 6:
+                return new BN(((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) ^ 0xffff_ffff) + (((value[4] + (value[5] << 8)) ^ 0x0000_ffff) * 0x1_00_00_00_00)) * -1) - 1);
+            default:
+                return new BN(value, 'le').fromTwos(count * 8);
+        }
+    }
+    // Most common case - u{8, 16, 32} default LE SCALE-encoded
+    //
+    // There are some slight benefits in unrolling this specific loop,
+    // however it comes with diminishing returns since here the actual
+    // `new BN` does seem to take up the bulk of the time
+    switch (count) {
+        case 0:
+            return new BN(0);
+        case 1:
+            return new BN(value[0]);
+        case 2:
+            return new BN(value[0] + (value[1] << 8));
+        case 3:
+            return new BN(value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16));
+        case 4:
+            // for the 3rd byte, we don't << 24 - since JS converts all bitwise operators to
+            // 32-bit, in the case where the top-most bit is set this yields a negative value
+            return new BN(value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00));
+        case 5:
+            return new BN(value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + ((value[3] + (value[4] << 8)) * 0x1_00_00_00));
+        case 6:
+            return new BN(value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + ((value[3] + (value[4] << 8) + (value[5] << 16)) * 0x1_00_00_00));
+        default:
+            return new BN(value, 'le');
+    }
+}

package/u8a/toBuffer.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import type { BufferObject } from '../types.js';
+/**
+ * @name u8aToBuffer
+ * @summary Creates a Buffer object from a hex string.
+ * @description
+ * `null` inputs returns an empty `Buffer` result. `UInt8Array` input values return the actual bytes value converted to a `Buffer`. Anything that is not a `UInt8Array` throws an error.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aToBuffer } from '@polkadot/util';
+ *
+ * console.log('Buffer', u8aToBuffer(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])));
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function u8aToBuffer<T = BufferObject>(value?: Uint8Array | null): T;

package/{src/u8a/toBuffer.ts → u8a/toBuffer.js}

@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-import type { BufferClass, BufferObject } from '../types.js';
-
 import { xglobal } from '@pezkuwi/x-global';
-
 import { hasBuffer } from '../has.js';
-
 /**
  * @name u8aToBuffer
  * @summary Creates a Buffer object from a hex string.
@@ -21,8 +14,8 @@ import { hasBuffer } from '../has.js';
  * console.log('Buffer', u8aToBuffer(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])));
  * ```
  */
-export function u8aToBuffer <T = BufferObject> (value?: Uint8Array | null): T {
-  return hasBuffer
-    ? (xglobal.Buffer as unknown as BufferClass).from(value || [])
-    : new Uint8Array(value || []) as T;
+export function u8aToBuffer(value) {
+    return hasBuffer
+        ? xglobal.Buffer.from(value || [])
+        : new Uint8Array(value || []);
 }

package/u8a/toFloat.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+interface Options {
+    bitLength?: 32 | 64;
+    isLe?: boolean;
+}
+/**
+ * @name u8aToFloat
+ * @description Converts a Uint8Array value into the float (either 32 or 64-bit)
+ * representation.
+ */
+export declare function u8aToFloat(value: Uint8Array, { bitLength, isLe }?: Options): number;
+export {};

package/u8a/toFloat.js

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/**
+ * @name u8aToFloat
+ * @description Converts a Uint8Array value into the float (either 32 or 64-bit)
+ * representation.
+ */
+export function u8aToFloat(value, { bitLength = 32, isLe = true } = {}) {
+    if (bitLength !== 32 && bitLength !== 64) {
+        throw new Error('Invalid bitLength provided, expected 32 or 64');
+    }
+    else if (value.length < (bitLength / 8)) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid input buffer provided, expected at least ${bitLength / 8} bytes, found ${value.length}`);
+    }
+    const dv = new DataView(value.buffer, value.byteOffset);
+    return bitLength === 32
+        ? dv.getFloat32(0, isLe)
+        : dv.getFloat64(0, isLe);
+}

package/u8a/toHex.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import type { HexString } from '../types.js';
+/**
+ * @name u8aToHex
+ * @summary Creates a hex string from a Uint8Array object.
+ * @description
+ * `UInt8Array` input values return the actual hex string. `null` or `undefined` values returns an `0x` string.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aToHex } from '@polkadot/util';
+ *
+ * u8aToHex(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xf])); // 0x68656c0f
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function u8aToHex(value?: Uint8Array | null, bitLength?: number, isPrefixed?: boolean): HexString;

package/u8a/toHex.js

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+const U8 = new Array(256);
+const U16 = new Array(256 * 256);
+for (let n = 0; n < 256; n++) {
+    U8[n] = n.toString(16).padStart(2, '0');
+}
+for (let i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    const s = i << 8;
+    for (let j = 0; j < 256; j++) {
+        U16[s | j] = U8[i] + U8[j];
+    }
+}
+/** @internal */
+function hex(value, result) {
+    const mod = (value.length % 2) | 0;
+    const length = (value.length - mod) | 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; i += 2) {
+        result += U16[(value[i] << 8) | value[i + 1]];
+    }
+    if (mod) {
+        result += U8[value[length] | 0];
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+/**
+ * @name u8aToHex
+ * @summary Creates a hex string from a Uint8Array object.
+ * @description
+ * `UInt8Array` input values return the actual hex string. `null` or `undefined` values returns an `0x` string.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aToHex } from '@pezkuwi/util';
+ *
+ * u8aToHex(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xf])); // 0x68656c0f
+ * ```
+ */
+export function u8aToHex(value, bitLength = -1, isPrefixed = true) {
+    // this is not 100% correct sinmce we support isPrefixed = false....
+    const empty = isPrefixed
+        ? '0x'
+        : '';
+    if (!value?.length) {
+        return empty;
+    }
+    else if (bitLength > 0) {
+        const length = Math.ceil(bitLength / 8);
+        if (value.length > length) {
+            return `${hex(value.subarray(0, length / 2), empty)}…${hex(value.subarray(value.length - length / 2), '')}`;
+        }
+    }
+    return hex(value, empty);
+}

package/u8a/toHexBuffer.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import type { HexString } from '../types.js';
+/**
+ * @name u8aToHex
+ * @summary Creates a hex string from a Uint8Array object.
+ * @description
+ * `UInt8Array` input values return the actual hex string. `null` or `undefined` values returns an `0x` string.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aToHex } from '@polkadot/util';
+ *
+ * u8aToHex(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xf])); // 0x68656c0f
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function u8aToHex(value?: Uint8Array | null, bitLength?: number, isPrefixed?: boolean): HexString;

package/u8a/toHexBuffer.js

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/**
+ * @name u8aToHex
+ * @summary Creates a hex string from a Uint8Array object.
+ * @description
+ * `UInt8Array` input values return the actual hex string. `null` or `undefined` values returns an `0x` string.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aToHex } from '@pezkuwi/util';
+ *
+ * u8aToHex(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xf])); // 0x68656c0f
+ * ```
+ */
+export function u8aToHex(value, bitLength = -1, isPrefixed = true) {
+    const length = Math.ceil(bitLength / 8);
+    return `${isPrefixed ? '0x' : ''}${!value?.length
+        ? ''
+        : (bitLength > 0 && value.length > length)
+            ? `${Buffer.from(value.subarray(0, length / 2)).toString('hex')}…${Buffer.from(value.subarray(value.length - length / 2)).toString('hex')}`
+            : Buffer.from(value).toString('hex')}`;
+}

package/u8a/toNumber.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import type { ToBnOptions } from '../types.js';
+/**
+ * @name u8aToNumber
+ * @summary Creates a number from a Uint8Array object.
+ */
+export declare function u8aToNumber(value: Uint8Array, { isLe, isNegative }?: ToBnOptions): number;

package/u8a/toNumber.js

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/**
+ * @name u8aToNumber
+ * @summary Creates a number from a Uint8Array object.
+ */
+export function u8aToNumber(value, { isLe = true, isNegative = false } = {}) {
+    // slice + reverse is expensive, however SCALE is LE by default so this is the path
+    // we are most interested in (the BE is added for the sake of being comprehensive)
+    if (!isLe) {
+        value = value.slice().reverse();
+    }
+    const count = value.length;
+    // When the value is a i{8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 40} values and the top-most bit
+    // indicates a signed value, we use a two's complement conversion. If one of these
+    // flags are not set, we just do a normal unsigned conversion (the same shortcut
+    // applies in both the u8aTo{BigInt, Bn} conversions as well)
+    if (isNegative && count && (value[count - 1] & 0x80)) {
+        switch (count) {
+            case 0:
+                return 0;
+            case 1:
+                return (((value[0] ^ 0x0000_00ff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 2:
+                return ((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8)) ^ 0x0000_ffff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 3:
+                return ((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16)) ^ 0x00ff_ffff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 4:
+                // for the 3rd byte, we don't << 24 - since JS converts all bitwise operators to
+                // 32-bit, in the case where the top-most bit is set this yields a negative value
+                return ((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) ^ 0xffff_ffff) * -1) - 1);
+            case 5:
+                return (((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) ^ 0xffff_ffff) + ((value[4] ^ 0xff) * 0x1_00_00_00_00)) * -1) - 1);
+            case 6:
+                return (((((value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00)) ^ 0xffff_ffff) + (((value[4] + (value[5] << 8)) ^ 0x0000_ffff) * 0x1_00_00_00_00)) * -1) - 1);
+            default:
+                throw new Error('Value more than 48-bits cannot be reliably converted');
+        }
+    }
+    switch (count) {
+        case 0:
+            return 0;
+        case 1:
+            return value[0];
+        case 2:
+            return value[0] + (value[1] << 8);
+        case 3:
+            return value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16);
+        case 4:
+            // for the 3rd byte, we don't << 24 - since JS converts all bitwise operators to
+            // 32-bit, in the case where the top-most bit is set this yields a negative value
+            return value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + (value[3] * 0x1_00_00_00);
+        case 5:
+            return value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + ((value[3] + (value[4] << 8)) * 0x1_00_00_00);
+        case 6:
+            return value[0] + (value[1] << 8) + (value[2] << 16) + ((value[3] + (value[4] << 8) + (value[5] << 16)) * 0x1_00_00_00);
+        default:
+            throw new Error('Value more than 48-bits cannot be reliably converted');
+    }
+}

package/u8a/toString.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * @name u8aToString
+ * @summary Creates a utf-8 string from a Uint8Array object.
+ * @description
+ * `UInt8Array` input values return the actual decoded utf-8 string. `null` or `undefined` values returns an empty string.
+ * @example
+ * <BR>
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * import { u8aToString } from '@polkadot/util';
+ *
+ * u8aToString(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f])); // hello
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function u8aToString(value?: Uint8Array | null): string;

package/{src/u8a/toString.ts → u8a/toString.js}

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
 import { TextDecoder } from '@pezkuwi/x-textdecoder';
-
 const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
-
 /**
  * @name u8aToString
  * @summary Creates a utf-8 string from a Uint8Array object.
@@ -19,8 +14,8 @@ const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
  * u8aToString(new Uint8Array([0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f])); // hello
  * ```
  */
-export function u8aToString (value?: Uint8Array | null): string {
-  return value
-    ? decoder.decode(value)
-    : '';
+export function u8aToString(value) {
+    return value
+        ? decoder.decode(value)
+        : '';
 }