@pencil-agent/nano-pencil 2.0.1 → 2.0.3

package/dist/extensions/builtin/browser/agent-workspace/domain-skills/weather/scraping.md

@@ -1,398 +1,398 @@
-# Weather APIs — Data Extraction
-
-Three free, no-auth weather APIs tested: **wttr.in** (simplest), **Open-Meteo** (most complete), **weather.gov / NWS** (US only, official).
-
-All work with `http_get` — no browser needed.
-
-## Do this first: pick your API
-
-| Goal | Best API | Latency | Notes |
-|------|----------|---------|-------|
-| Quick current + 3-day forecast, any city name | wttr.in `?format=j1` | ~800ms | US + international |
-| Rich hourly/daily/historical, any coordinates | Open-Meteo | ~700ms | 10K req/day free |
-| City name → coordinates | Open-Meteo geocoding | ~700ms | Use with Open-Meteo forecast |
-| Official US forecasts with PoP and text | weather.gov NWS | ~90ms /points + ~70ms /forecast | US only, 2-call flow |
-
-**Never use a browser for any of these APIs.** All return JSON over plain HTTP.
-
----
-
-## Fastest approach: wttr.in one-call current + 3-day forecast
-
-```python
-import json
-data = json.loads(http_get("https://wttr.in/San+Francisco?format=j1"))
-
-# Current conditions
-cc = data['current_condition'][0]
-print(cc['temp_F'], '°F /', cc['temp_C'], '°C')      # '47', '8'
-print(cc['FeelsLikeF'], '°F feels like')              # '46'
-print(cc['humidity'], '%')                            # '80'
-print(cc['windspeedMiles'], 'mph', cc['winddir16Point'])  # '3', 'SW'
-print(cc['weatherDesc'][0]['value'])                  # 'Partly cloudy'
-print(cc['precipMM'], 'mm precip')                   # '0.0'
-print(cc['visibility'], 'km', cc['visibilityMiles'], 'mi')
-print(cc['pressure'], 'hPa', cc['pressureInches'], 'inHg')
-print(cc['uvIndex'])                                  # '0'
-print(cc['cloudcover'], '%')                          # '50'
-print(cc['observation_time'])                         # '10:48 AM' (UTC)
-print(cc['localObsDateTime'])                         # '2026-04-18 03:34 AM' (local)
-
-# 3-day forecast (today + 2 more)
-for day in data['weather']:
-    print(day['date'], day['maxtempF'], '/', day['mintempF'], '°F')
-    # also: maxtempC, mintempC, avgtempF, avgtempC, sunHour, uvIndex, totalSnow_cm
-    astro = day['astronomy'][0]
-    print('  sunrise:', astro['sunrise'], 'sunset:', astro['sunset'])
-    print('  moon:', astro['moon_phase'], astro['moon_illumination'], '%')
-    # Hourly breakdown (8 entries per day, every 3 hours: time 0,300,600,...,2100)
-    for h in day['hourly']:
-        print(h['time'], h['tempF'], '°F', h['weatherDesc'][0]['value'])
-        # time is '0','300','600',...,'2100' (not HH:MM)
-        # also: chanceofrain, chanceofsnow, chanceofthunder, chanceoffog, humidity, etc.
-
-# Location info
-na = data['nearest_area'][0]
-print(na['areaName'][0]['value'])    # 'San Francisco'
-print(na['country'][0]['value'])     # 'United States of America'
-print(na['latitude'], na['longitude'])  # '37.775', '-122.418' (strings)
-print(na['region'][0]['value'])      # 'California'
-```
-
-**Works with city names, coordinates, airport codes (`~SFO`), and zip codes.**
-
----
-
-## Open-Meteo: most complete free weather API
-
-### Step 1: city name → coordinates (geocoding)
-
-```python
-import json
-geo = json.loads(http_get("https://geocoding-api.open-meteo.com/v1/search?name=Chicago&count=1"))
-city = geo['results'][0]
-lat  = city['latitude']   # 41.85003
-lon  = city['longitude']  # -87.65005
-tz   = city['timezone']   # 'America/Chicago'
-# Also available: city['elevation'], city['country'], city['country_code'],
-#                 city['admin1'] (state/province), city['population']
-```
-
-Always use `count=1` and take `results[0]` for unambiguous city names. For "San Francisco" `results[0]` is always the California city (pop 864K).
-
-### Current conditions (extended — preferred over current_weather)
-
-```python
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    f"https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast"
-    f"?latitude={lat}&longitude={lon}"
-    f"&current=temperature_2m,relative_humidity_2m,apparent_temperature,"
-    f"precipitation,weathercode,windspeed_10m,winddirection_10m,"
-    f"uv_index,surface_pressure"
-    f"&timezone={tz}"
-))
-
-cur   = data['current']
-units = data['current_units']
-# cur keys and units (all confirmed):
-# temperature_2m        °C   (or °F with &temperature_unit=fahrenheit)
-# relative_humidity_2m  %
-# apparent_temperature  °C
-# precipitation         mm
-# weathercode           WMO code int (see table below)
-# windspeed_10m         km/h (or mph with &windspeed_unit=mph)
-# winddirection_10m     °
-# uv_index              (unitless float)
-# surface_pressure      hPa
-# time                  ISO8601 local time (e.g. '2026-04-18T10:45')
-# interval              900 (seconds — 15-min update cadence)
-
-print(cur['temperature_2m'], units['temperature_2m'])   # 8.7 °C
-print(cur['apparent_temperature'])                      # 6.6
-print(cur['relative_humidity_2m'])                      # 80
-print(cur['windspeed_10m'], cur['winddirection_10m'])   # 6.1  242
-print(cur['weathercode'])                               # 0 = clear sky
-```
-
-The older `&current_weather=true` param works too — returns `data['current_weather']` with only temperature, windspeed, winddirection, weathercode, time, is_day, interval.
-
-### Hourly forecast
-
-```python
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    f"https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast"
-    f"?latitude={lat}&longitude={lon}"
-    f"&hourly=temperature_2m,dewpoint_2m,apparent_temperature,"
-    f"precipitation_probability,precipitation,rain,showers,snowfall,snow_depth,"
-    f"weathercode,cloudcover,visibility,windspeed_10m,winddirection_10m,"
-    f"windgusts_10m,uv_index"
-    f"&forecast_days=3&timezone={tz}"
-))
-
-hourly = data['hourly']
-units  = data['hourly_units']
-# hourly is a dict of parallel arrays, all same length
-# time entries: ISO8601 strings, one per hour ('2026-04-18T00:00', etc.)
-# 3 forecast days → 72 entries
-
-for i, t in enumerate(hourly['time'][:5]):
-    print(t,
-          hourly['temperature_2m'][i], units['temperature_2m'],
-          hourly['precipitation_probability'][i], units['precipitation_probability'],
-          hourly['windspeed_10m'][i], units['windspeed_10m'])
-
-# Confirmed units (all from live response):
-# temperature_2m              °C      dewpoint_2m          °C
-# apparent_temperature        °C      precipitation_probability  %
-# precipitation               mm      rain                 mm
-# showers                     mm      snowfall             cm
-# snow_depth                  m       weathercode          wmo code
-# cloudcover                  %       visibility           m (not km!)
-# windspeed_10m               km/h    winddirection_10m    °
-# windgusts_10m               km/h    uv_index             (unitless)
-```
-
-`forecast_days` defaults to 7, max is 16.
-
-### Daily forecast
-
-```python
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    f"https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast"
-    f"?latitude={lat}&longitude={lon}"
-    f"&daily=temperature_2m_max,temperature_2m_min,apparent_temperature_max,"
-    f"apparent_temperature_min,precipitation_sum,rain_sum,snowfall_sum,"
-    f"precipitation_hours,precipitation_probability_max,"
-    f"windspeed_10m_max,windgusts_10m_max,winddirection_10m_dominant,"
-    f"shortwave_radiation_sum,uv_index_max,sunrise,sunset"
-    f"&timezone={tz}&forecast_days=7"
-))
-
-daily = data['daily']
-units = data['daily_units']
-for i, date in enumerate(daily['time']):
-    print(date,
-          daily['temperature_2m_max'][i], '/', daily['temperature_2m_min'][i], units['temperature_2m_max'],
-          f"precip={daily['precipitation_sum'][i]}{units['precipitation_sum']}",
-          f"pop={daily['precipitation_probability_max'][i]}%",
-          f"UV={daily['uv_index_max'][i]}",
-          f"sunrise={daily['sunrise'][i]}",
-          f"sunset={daily['sunset'][i]}")
-# sunrise/sunset are ISO8601 local datetimes ('2026-04-18T06:29')
-# shortwave_radiation_sum in MJ/m²
-```
-
-### Historical data (archive API)
-
-Different subdomain — `archive-api.open-meteo.com`:
-
-```python
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive"
-    "?latitude=37.7749&longitude=-122.4194"
-    "&start_date=2024-01-01&end_date=2024-01-07"
-    "&daily=temperature_2m_max,precipitation_sum"
-    "&timezone=America/Los_Angeles"
-))
-# Returns same structure as forecast — daily dict of parallel arrays
-# Hourly also works: &hourly=temperature_2m,precipitation,weathercode
-# Data goes back to 1940 for most locations
-```
-
-### Unit overrides
-
-All unit conversions are server-side — just add params:
-
-```
-&temperature_unit=fahrenheit    # default: celsius
-&windspeed_unit=mph             # default: kmh (also: ms, kn)
-&precipitation_unit=inch        # default: mm
-```
-
----
-
-## weather.gov NWS (US only — 2-call flow)
-
-Required for official NWS text forecasts with probability-of-precipitation text and storm warnings.
-
-```python
-import json, urllib.request, gzip
-
-def nws_get(url):
-    """NWS requires a descriptive User-Agent or returns 403."""
-    h = {
-        "User-Agent": "(myapp.example.com, contact@example.com)",
-        "Accept": "application/geo+json",
-    }
-    req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=h)
-    with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=20) as r:
-        data = r.read()
-        if r.headers.get("Content-Encoding") == "gzip":
-            data = gzip.decompress(data)
-        return data.decode()
-
-# Call 1: resolve lat/lon to forecast office + grid cell (~90ms)
-pts  = json.loads(nws_get("https://api.weather.gov/points/37.7749,-122.4194"))
-prop = pts['properties']
-office = prop['gridId']    # 'MTR'
-gx     = prop['gridX']    # 85
-gy     = prop['gridY']    # 105
-forecast_url = prop['forecast']          # 7-day
-hourly_url   = prop['forecastHourly']    # hourly
-
-# Also available from /points: prop['timeZone'], prop['observationStations'],
-# prop['relativeLocation']['properties']['city'] and ['state']
-
-# Call 2: 7-day forecast (14 half-day periods) (~70ms)
-fc  = json.loads(nws_get(forecast_url))
-for p in fc['properties']['periods']:
-    print(p['name'],            # 'Saturday', 'Saturday Night', 'Sunday', ...
-          p['temperature'], p['temperatureUnit'],     # 74 F
-          p['windSpeed'], p['windDirection'],          # '6 to 14 mph' 'SW'
-          p['shortForecast'],                          # 'Mostly Sunny'
-          p['probabilityOfPrecipitation']['value'],    # 0  (integer percent)
-          p['isDaytime'])                              # True/False
-    # p['detailedForecast'] — plain English paragraph, e.g.
-    # 'Sunny, with a high near 74. Southwest wind 6 to 14 mph.'
-
-# Hourly (156 hours out — ~6.5 days)
-fch = json.loads(nws_get(hourly_url))
-for p in fch['properties']['periods'][:5]:
-    print(p['startTime'],           # '2026-04-18T03:00:00-07:00'
-          p['temperature'], '°F',
-          p['shortForecast'],
-          p['windSpeed'],
-          f"humidity={p['relativeHumidity']['value']}%",
-          f"dewpoint={p['dewpoint']['value']:.1f}°C")
-```
-
-`/points` response is cached `max-age=20500` (~5.7 hours) at the CDN — safe to call once per session and reuse grid coordinates.
-
----
-
-## WMO weather code table (Open-Meteo `weathercode`)
-
-```python
-WMO_CODES = {
-    0: "Clear sky",
-    1: "Mainly clear", 2: "Partly cloudy", 3: "Overcast",
-    45: "Fog", 48: "Icy fog",
-    51: "Light drizzle", 53: "Moderate drizzle", 55: "Dense drizzle",
-    61: "Slight rain", 63: "Moderate rain", 65: "Heavy rain",
-    71: "Slight snow", 73: "Moderate snow", 75: "Heavy snow",
-    77: "Snow grains",
-    80: "Slight rain showers", 81: "Moderate rain showers", 82: "Violent rain showers",
-    85: "Slight snow showers", 86: "Heavy snow showers",
-    95: "Thunderstorm",
-    96: "Thunderstorm with slight hail", 99: "Thunderstorm with heavy hail",
-}
-
-def wmo_desc(code):
-    return WMO_CODES.get(code, f"Unknown code {code}")
-```
-
----
-
-## Complete end-to-end pattern: city name → rich forecast
-
-```python
-import json
-
-def get_weather(city: str) -> dict:
-    """City name → current + 7-day daily forecast via Open-Meteo."""
-    # 1. Geocode
-    geo  = json.loads(http_get(
-        f"https://geocoding-api.open-meteo.com/v1/search?name={city.replace(' ', '+')}&count=1"
-    ))
-    if not geo.get('results'):
-        raise ValueError(f"City not found: {city}")
-    loc  = geo['results'][0]
-    lat, lon, tz = loc['latitude'], loc['longitude'], loc['timezone']
-
-    # 2. Forecast (single call: current + daily)
-    data = json.loads(http_get(
-        f"https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast"
-        f"?latitude={lat}&longitude={lon}"
-        f"&current=temperature_2m,relative_humidity_2m,apparent_temperature,"
-        f"precipitation,weathercode,windspeed_10m,winddirection_10m,uv_index"
-        f"&daily=temperature_2m_max,temperature_2m_min,precipitation_sum,"
-        f"precipitation_probability_max,weathercode,sunrise,sunset"
-        f"&timezone={tz}&forecast_days=7"
-    ))
-    return {"location": loc, "current": data['current'],
-            "daily": data['daily'], "units": {
-                "current": data['current_units'],
-                "daily": data['daily_units'],
-            }}
-
-result = get_weather("Tokyo")
-cur = result['current']
-print(f"{result['location']['name']}: {cur['temperature_2m']}°C feels like {cur['apparent_temperature']}°C")
-print(f"Humidity {cur['relative_humidity_2m']}%, wind {cur['windspeed_10m']} km/h")
-```
-
-Total: 2 API calls, ~1400ms combined.
-
----
-
-## Gotchas
-
-**wttr.in returns HTML (or ANSI art) instead of JSON if you forget `?format=j1`.**
-The `?format=j1` suffix is mandatory for JSON. Without it:
-- Browser `User-Agent` → full HTML page (~21KB)
-- `curl`/`Wget` User-Agent → ANSI escape-code ASCII art (~500B)
-Neither is parseable as JSON.
-
-**wttr.in text formats require a non-browser User-Agent.**
-`http_get()` sends `Mozilla/5.0` — wttr.in responds with an HTML page for `?format=%t`, `?format=3`, `?format=4`.
-Use `Wget/1.21` (or any non-browser UA) for text format endpoints:
-```python
-import urllib.request, gzip
-
-def http_get_wttr(url):
-    req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers={"User-Agent": "Wget/1.21", "Accept": "*/*"})
-    with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=20) as r:
-        data = r.read()
-        if r.headers.get("Content-Encoding") == "gzip":
-            data = gzip.decompress(data)
-        return data.decode()
-
-# Text format tokens (URL-encode %): %25l=location, %25C=condition desc,
-# %25t=temp, %25f=feels-like, %25h=humidity, %25w=wind
-print(http_get_wttr("https://wttr.in/London?format=%25t"))           # '+55°F'
-print(http_get_wttr("https://wttr.in/Tokyo?format=3"))               # 'tokyo: ☀️   +69°F'
-print(http_get_wttr("https://wttr.in/Berlin?format=%25l:+%25C+%25t+(feels+%25f)+%25h+%25w"))
-# 'berlin: Sunny +65°F (feels +65°F) 42% ↖5mph'
-```
-
-**wttr.in `format=j1` returns only 3 days** (today + 2). Use Open-Meteo for longer forecasts (up to 16 days).
-
-**wttr.in `nearest_area.areaName` is often wrong.** The returned area name is a reverse-geocoded neighborhood, not the city you queried (`"Mccormickville"` for Chicago, `"Lomita Park"` for SFO airport). Use `request[0].query` for what was actually resolved.
-
-**wttr.in `hourly[].time` is `'0'`, `'300'`, `'600'`...`'2100'`** — not HH:MM strings. Parse as `int(time) // 100` for hours.
-
-**wttr.in `weatherDesc` is a list**: `cc['weatherDesc'][0]['value']`, not a string. Same for `areaName`, `country`, `region`, `weatherIconUrl`.
-
-**wttr.in unknown city returns HTTP 500**, not 404 or a JSON error.
-
-**Open-Meteo default timezone is GMT.** Always pass `&timezone={tz}` or daily `sunrise`/`sunset` values will be in UTC, and daily buckets will be wrong.
-
-**Open-Meteo `visibility` is in metres** (not km). Divide by 1000 to get km.
-
-**Open-Meteo returns HTTP 400 with JSON error body on bad params:**
-```json
-{"reason": "Latitude must be in range of -90 to 90°. Given: 999.0.", "error": true}
-```
-`http_get()` raises an exception on 4xx — catch `urllib.error.HTTPError` and read `e.read()` (may be gzip-compressed) for the reason.
-
-**weather.gov requires a descriptive `User-Agent`.** The NWS API blocks generic `python-urllib` or `Mozilla/5.0` agents sporadically. Always set `User-Agent: (yourapp.com, your@email.com)` or use your actual app name.
-
-**weather.gov is US-only.** `/points/{lat},{lon}` returns HTTP 404 for coordinates outside the US (including territories like Puerto Rico for some grid edges). Fall back to Open-Meteo for non-US locations.
-
-**weather.gov `windSpeed` is a string like `"6 to 14 mph"`**, not a number. Parse with regex if you need a numeric value.
-
-**weather.gov `probabilityOfPrecipitation` is a dict**: `p['probabilityOfPrecipitation']['value']`, with `p['probabilityOfPrecipitation']['unitCode']` = `'wmoUnit:percent'`.
-
-**Open-Meteo rate limit: 10,000 requests/day on the free tier.** The geocoding API and forecast API count separately. No rate limit headers are returned — track usage yourself.
-
-**weather.gov /points response is heavily cached** (`Cache-Control: public, max-age=20500`). Store the office/gridX/gridY and reuse — only call `/points` once per location.
+# Weather APIs — Data Extraction
+
+Three free, no-auth weather APIs tested: **wttr.in** (simplest), **Open-Meteo** (most complete), **weather.gov / NWS** (US only, official).
+
+All work with `http_get` — no browser needed.
+
+## Do this first: pick your API
+
+| Goal | Best API | Latency | Notes |
+|------|----------|---------|-------|
+| Quick current + 3-day forecast, any city name | wttr.in `?format=j1` | ~800ms | US + international |
+| Rich hourly/daily/historical, any coordinates | Open-Meteo | ~700ms | 10K req/day free |
+| City name → coordinates | Open-Meteo geocoding | ~700ms | Use with Open-Meteo forecast |
+| Official US forecasts with PoP and text | weather.gov NWS | ~90ms /points + ~70ms /forecast | US only, 2-call flow |
+
+**Never use a browser for any of these APIs.** All return JSON over plain HTTP.
+
+---
+
+## Fastest approach: wttr.in one-call current + 3-day forecast
+
+```python
+import json
+data = json.loads(http_get("https://wttr.in/San+Francisco?format=j1"))
+
+# Current conditions
+cc = data['current_condition'][0]
+print(cc['temp_F'], '°F /', cc['temp_C'], '°C')      # '47', '8'
+print(cc['FeelsLikeF'], '°F feels like')              # '46'
+print(cc['humidity'], '%')                            # '80'
+print(cc['windspeedMiles'], 'mph', cc['winddir16Point'])  # '3', 'SW'
+print(cc['weatherDesc'][0]['value'])                  # 'Partly cloudy'
+print(cc['precipMM'], 'mm precip')                   # '0.0'
+print(cc['visibility'], 'km', cc['visibilityMiles'], 'mi')
+print(cc['pressure'], 'hPa', cc['pressureInches'], 'inHg')
+print(cc['uvIndex'])                                  # '0'
+print(cc['cloudcover'], '%')                          # '50'
+print(cc['observation_time'])                         # '10:48 AM' (UTC)
+print(cc['localObsDateTime'])                         # '2026-04-18 03:34 AM' (local)
+
+# 3-day forecast (today + 2 more)
+for day in data['weather']:
+    print(day['date'], day['maxtempF'], '/', day['mintempF'], '°F')
+    # also: maxtempC, mintempC, avgtempF, avgtempC, sunHour, uvIndex, totalSnow_cm
+    astro = day['astronomy'][0]
+    print('  sunrise:', astro['sunrise'], 'sunset:', astro['sunset'])
+    print('  moon:', astro['moon_phase'], astro['moon_illumination'], '%')
+    # Hourly breakdown (8 entries per day, every 3 hours: time 0,300,600,...,2100)
+    for h in day['hourly']:
+        print(h['time'], h['tempF'], '°F', h['weatherDesc'][0]['value'])
+        # time is '0','300','600',...,'2100' (not HH:MM)
+        # also: chanceofrain, chanceofsnow, chanceofthunder, chanceoffog, humidity, etc.
+
+# Location info
+na = data['nearest_area'][0]
+print(na['areaName'][0]['value'])    # 'San Francisco'
+print(na['country'][0]['value'])     # 'United States of America'
+print(na['latitude'], na['longitude'])  # '37.775', '-122.418' (strings)
+print(na['region'][0]['value'])      # 'California'
+```
+
+**Works with city names, coordinates, airport codes (`~SFO`), and zip codes.**
+
+---
+
+## Open-Meteo: most complete free weather API
+
+### Step 1: city name → coordinates (geocoding)
+
+```python
+import json
+geo = json.loads(http_get("https://geocoding-api.open-meteo.com/v1/search?name=Chicago&count=1"))
+city = geo['results'][0]
+lat  = city['latitude']   # 41.85003
+lon  = city['longitude']  # -87.65005
+tz   = city['timezone']   # 'America/Chicago'
+# Also available: city['elevation'], city['country'], city['country_code'],
+#                 city['admin1'] (state/province), city['population']
+```
+
+Always use `count=1` and take `results[0]` for unambiguous city names. For "San Francisco" `results[0]` is always the California city (pop 864K).
+
+### Current conditions (extended — preferred over current_weather)
+
+```python
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    f"https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast"
+    f"?latitude={lat}&longitude={lon}"
+    f"&current=temperature_2m,relative_humidity_2m,apparent_temperature,"
+    f"precipitation,weathercode,windspeed_10m,winddirection_10m,"
+    f"uv_index,surface_pressure"
+    f"&timezone={tz}"
+))
+
+cur   = data['current']
+units = data['current_units']
+# cur keys and units (all confirmed):
+# temperature_2m        °C   (or °F with &temperature_unit=fahrenheit)
+# relative_humidity_2m  %
+# apparent_temperature  °C
+# precipitation         mm
+# weathercode           WMO code int (see table below)
+# windspeed_10m         km/h (or mph with &windspeed_unit=mph)
+# winddirection_10m     °
+# uv_index              (unitless float)
+# surface_pressure      hPa
+# time                  ISO8601 local time (e.g. '2026-04-18T10:45')
+# interval              900 (seconds — 15-min update cadence)
+
+print(cur['temperature_2m'], units['temperature_2m'])   # 8.7 °C
+print(cur['apparent_temperature'])                      # 6.6
+print(cur['relative_humidity_2m'])                      # 80
+print(cur['windspeed_10m'], cur['winddirection_10m'])   # 6.1  242
+print(cur['weathercode'])                               # 0 = clear sky
+```
+
+The older `&current_weather=true` param works too — returns `data['current_weather']` with only temperature, windspeed, winddirection, weathercode, time, is_day, interval.
+
+### Hourly forecast
+
+```python
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    f"https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast"
+    f"?latitude={lat}&longitude={lon}"
+    f"&hourly=temperature_2m,dewpoint_2m,apparent_temperature,"
+    f"precipitation_probability,precipitation,rain,showers,snowfall,snow_depth,"
+    f"weathercode,cloudcover,visibility,windspeed_10m,winddirection_10m,"
+    f"windgusts_10m,uv_index"
+    f"&forecast_days=3&timezone={tz}"
+))
+
+hourly = data['hourly']
+units  = data['hourly_units']
+# hourly is a dict of parallel arrays, all same length
+# time entries: ISO8601 strings, one per hour ('2026-04-18T00:00', etc.)
+# 3 forecast days → 72 entries
+
+for i, t in enumerate(hourly['time'][:5]):
+    print(t,
+          hourly['temperature_2m'][i], units['temperature_2m'],
+          hourly['precipitation_probability'][i], units['precipitation_probability'],
+          hourly['windspeed_10m'][i], units['windspeed_10m'])
+
+# Confirmed units (all from live response):
+# temperature_2m              °C      dewpoint_2m          °C
+# apparent_temperature        °C      precipitation_probability  %
+# precipitation               mm      rain                 mm
+# showers                     mm      snowfall             cm
+# snow_depth                  m       weathercode          wmo code
+# cloudcover                  %       visibility           m (not km!)
+# windspeed_10m               km/h    winddirection_10m    °
+# windgusts_10m               km/h    uv_index             (unitless)
+```
+
+`forecast_days` defaults to 7, max is 16.
+
+### Daily forecast
+
+```python
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    f"https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast"
+    f"?latitude={lat}&longitude={lon}"
+    f"&daily=temperature_2m_max,temperature_2m_min,apparent_temperature_max,"
+    f"apparent_temperature_min,precipitation_sum,rain_sum,snowfall_sum,"
+    f"precipitation_hours,precipitation_probability_max,"
+    f"windspeed_10m_max,windgusts_10m_max,winddirection_10m_dominant,"
+    f"shortwave_radiation_sum,uv_index_max,sunrise,sunset"
+    f"&timezone={tz}&forecast_days=7"
+))
+
+daily = data['daily']
+units = data['daily_units']
+for i, date in enumerate(daily['time']):
+    print(date,
+          daily['temperature_2m_max'][i], '/', daily['temperature_2m_min'][i], units['temperature_2m_max'],
+          f"precip={daily['precipitation_sum'][i]}{units['precipitation_sum']}",
+          f"pop={daily['precipitation_probability_max'][i]}%",
+          f"UV={daily['uv_index_max'][i]}",
+          f"sunrise={daily['sunrise'][i]}",
+          f"sunset={daily['sunset'][i]}")
+# sunrise/sunset are ISO8601 local datetimes ('2026-04-18T06:29')
+# shortwave_radiation_sum in MJ/m²
+```
+
+### Historical data (archive API)
+
+Different subdomain — `archive-api.open-meteo.com`:
+
+```python
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive"
+    "?latitude=37.7749&longitude=-122.4194"
+    "&start_date=2024-01-01&end_date=2024-01-07"
+    "&daily=temperature_2m_max,precipitation_sum"
+    "&timezone=America/Los_Angeles"
+))
+# Returns same structure as forecast — daily dict of parallel arrays
+# Hourly also works: &hourly=temperature_2m,precipitation,weathercode
+# Data goes back to 1940 for most locations
+```
+
+### Unit overrides
+
+All unit conversions are server-side — just add params:
+
+```
+&temperature_unit=fahrenheit    # default: celsius
+&windspeed_unit=mph             # default: kmh (also: ms, kn)
+&precipitation_unit=inch        # default: mm
+```
+
+---
+
+## weather.gov NWS (US only — 2-call flow)
+
+Required for official NWS text forecasts with probability-of-precipitation text and storm warnings.
+
+```python
+import json, urllib.request, gzip
+
+def nws_get(url):
+    """NWS requires a descriptive User-Agent or returns 403."""
+    h = {
+        "User-Agent": "(myapp.example.com, contact@example.com)",
+        "Accept": "application/geo+json",
+    }
+    req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=h)
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=20) as r:
+        data = r.read()
+        if r.headers.get("Content-Encoding") == "gzip":
+            data = gzip.decompress(data)
+        return data.decode()
+
+# Call 1: resolve lat/lon to forecast office + grid cell (~90ms)
+pts  = json.loads(nws_get("https://api.weather.gov/points/37.7749,-122.4194"))
+prop = pts['properties']
+office = prop['gridId']    # 'MTR'
+gx     = prop['gridX']    # 85
+gy     = prop['gridY']    # 105
+forecast_url = prop['forecast']          # 7-day
+hourly_url   = prop['forecastHourly']    # hourly
+
+# Also available from /points: prop['timeZone'], prop['observationStations'],
+# prop['relativeLocation']['properties']['city'] and ['state']
+
+# Call 2: 7-day forecast (14 half-day periods) (~70ms)
+fc  = json.loads(nws_get(forecast_url))
+for p in fc['properties']['periods']:
+    print(p['name'],            # 'Saturday', 'Saturday Night', 'Sunday', ...
+          p['temperature'], p['temperatureUnit'],     # 74 F
+          p['windSpeed'], p['windDirection'],          # '6 to 14 mph' 'SW'
+          p['shortForecast'],                          # 'Mostly Sunny'
+          p['probabilityOfPrecipitation']['value'],    # 0  (integer percent)
+          p['isDaytime'])                              # True/False
+    # p['detailedForecast'] — plain English paragraph, e.g.
+    # 'Sunny, with a high near 74. Southwest wind 6 to 14 mph.'
+
+# Hourly (156 hours out — ~6.5 days)
+fch = json.loads(nws_get(hourly_url))
+for p in fch['properties']['periods'][:5]:
+    print(p['startTime'],           # '2026-04-18T03:00:00-07:00'
+          p['temperature'], '°F',
+          p['shortForecast'],
+          p['windSpeed'],
+          f"humidity={p['relativeHumidity']['value']}%",
+          f"dewpoint={p['dewpoint']['value']:.1f}°C")
+```
+
+`/points` response is cached `max-age=20500` (~5.7 hours) at the CDN — safe to call once per session and reuse grid coordinates.
+
+---
+
+## WMO weather code table (Open-Meteo `weathercode`)
+
+```python
+WMO_CODES = {
+    0: "Clear sky",
+    1: "Mainly clear", 2: "Partly cloudy", 3: "Overcast",
+    45: "Fog", 48: "Icy fog",
+    51: "Light drizzle", 53: "Moderate drizzle", 55: "Dense drizzle",
+    61: "Slight rain", 63: "Moderate rain", 65: "Heavy rain",
+    71: "Slight snow", 73: "Moderate snow", 75: "Heavy snow",
+    77: "Snow grains",
+    80: "Slight rain showers", 81: "Moderate rain showers", 82: "Violent rain showers",
+    85: "Slight snow showers", 86: "Heavy snow showers",
+    95: "Thunderstorm",
+    96: "Thunderstorm with slight hail", 99: "Thunderstorm with heavy hail",
+}
+
+def wmo_desc(code):
+    return WMO_CODES.get(code, f"Unknown code {code}")
+```
+
+---
+
+## Complete end-to-end pattern: city name → rich forecast
+
+```python
+import json
+
+def get_weather(city: str) -> dict:
+    """City name → current + 7-day daily forecast via Open-Meteo."""
+    # 1. Geocode
+    geo  = json.loads(http_get(
+        f"https://geocoding-api.open-meteo.com/v1/search?name={city.replace(' ', '+')}&count=1"
+    ))
+    if not geo.get('results'):
+        raise ValueError(f"City not found: {city}")
+    loc  = geo['results'][0]
+    lat, lon, tz = loc['latitude'], loc['longitude'], loc['timezone']
+
+    # 2. Forecast (single call: current + daily)
+    data = json.loads(http_get(
+        f"https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast"
+        f"?latitude={lat}&longitude={lon}"
+        f"&current=temperature_2m,relative_humidity_2m,apparent_temperature,"
+        f"precipitation,weathercode,windspeed_10m,winddirection_10m,uv_index"
+        f"&daily=temperature_2m_max,temperature_2m_min,precipitation_sum,"
+        f"precipitation_probability_max,weathercode,sunrise,sunset"
+        f"&timezone={tz}&forecast_days=7"
+    ))
+    return {"location": loc, "current": data['current'],
+            "daily": data['daily'], "units": {
+                "current": data['current_units'],
+                "daily": data['daily_units'],
+            }}
+
+result = get_weather("Tokyo")
+cur = result['current']
+print(f"{result['location']['name']}: {cur['temperature_2m']}°C feels like {cur['apparent_temperature']}°C")
+print(f"Humidity {cur['relative_humidity_2m']}%, wind {cur['windspeed_10m']} km/h")
+```
+
+Total: 2 API calls, ~1400ms combined.
+
+---
+
+## Gotchas
+
+**wttr.in returns HTML (or ANSI art) instead of JSON if you forget `?format=j1`.**
+The `?format=j1` suffix is mandatory for JSON. Without it:
+- Browser `User-Agent` → full HTML page (~21KB)
+- `curl`/`Wget` User-Agent → ANSI escape-code ASCII art (~500B)
+Neither is parseable as JSON.
+
+**wttr.in text formats require a non-browser User-Agent.**
+`http_get()` sends `Mozilla/5.0` — wttr.in responds with an HTML page for `?format=%t`, `?format=3`, `?format=4`.
+Use `Wget/1.21` (or any non-browser UA) for text format endpoints:
+```python
+import urllib.request, gzip
+
+def http_get_wttr(url):
+    req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers={"User-Agent": "Wget/1.21", "Accept": "*/*"})
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=20) as r:
+        data = r.read()
+        if r.headers.get("Content-Encoding") == "gzip":
+            data = gzip.decompress(data)
+        return data.decode()
+
+# Text format tokens (URL-encode %): %25l=location, %25C=condition desc,
+# %25t=temp, %25f=feels-like, %25h=humidity, %25w=wind
+print(http_get_wttr("https://wttr.in/London?format=%25t"))           # '+55°F'
+print(http_get_wttr("https://wttr.in/Tokyo?format=3"))               # 'tokyo: ☀️   +69°F'
+print(http_get_wttr("https://wttr.in/Berlin?format=%25l:+%25C+%25t+(feels+%25f)+%25h+%25w"))
+# 'berlin: Sunny +65°F (feels +65°F) 42% ↖5mph'
+```
+
+**wttr.in `format=j1` returns only 3 days** (today + 2). Use Open-Meteo for longer forecasts (up to 16 days).
+
+**wttr.in `nearest_area.areaName` is often wrong.** The returned area name is a reverse-geocoded neighborhood, not the city you queried (`"Mccormickville"` for Chicago, `"Lomita Park"` for SFO airport). Use `request[0].query` for what was actually resolved.
+
+**wttr.in `hourly[].time` is `'0'`, `'300'`, `'600'`...`'2100'`** — not HH:MM strings. Parse as `int(time) // 100` for hours.
+
+**wttr.in `weatherDesc` is a list**: `cc['weatherDesc'][0]['value']`, not a string. Same for `areaName`, `country`, `region`, `weatherIconUrl`.
+
+**wttr.in unknown city returns HTTP 500**, not 404 or a JSON error.
+
+**Open-Meteo default timezone is GMT.** Always pass `&timezone={tz}` or daily `sunrise`/`sunset` values will be in UTC, and daily buckets will be wrong.
+
+**Open-Meteo `visibility` is in metres** (not km). Divide by 1000 to get km.
+
+**Open-Meteo returns HTTP 400 with JSON error body on bad params:**
+```json
+{"reason": "Latitude must be in range of -90 to 90°. Given: 999.0.", "error": true}
+```
+`http_get()` raises an exception on 4xx — catch `urllib.error.HTTPError` and read `e.read()` (may be gzip-compressed) for the reason.
+
+**weather.gov requires a descriptive `User-Agent`.** The NWS API blocks generic `python-urllib` or `Mozilla/5.0` agents sporadically. Always set `User-Agent: (yourapp.com, your@email.com)` or use your actual app name.
+
+**weather.gov is US-only.** `/points/{lat},{lon}` returns HTTP 404 for coordinates outside the US (including territories like Puerto Rico for some grid edges). Fall back to Open-Meteo for non-US locations.
+
+**weather.gov `windSpeed` is a string like `"6 to 14 mph"`**, not a number. Parse with regex if you need a numeric value.
+
+**weather.gov `probabilityOfPrecipitation` is a dict**: `p['probabilityOfPrecipitation']['value']`, with `p['probabilityOfPrecipitation']['unitCode']` = `'wmoUnit:percent'`.
+
+**Open-Meteo rate limit: 10,000 requests/day on the free tier.** The geocoding API and forecast API count separately. No rate limit headers are returned — track usage yourself.
+
+**weather.gov /points response is heavily cached** (`Cache-Control: public, max-age=20500`). Store the office/gridX/gridY and reuse — only call `/points` once per location.