@peerbit/shared-log 13.2.12 → 13.2.13

package/src/sync/simple.ts

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ import {
 import { TransportMessage } from "../message.js";
 import type { EntryReplicated } from "../ranges.js";
 import type {
-	HashSymbolResolver,
 	HashSymbolHashListResolver,
+	HashSymbolResolver,
 	RawExchangeHeadsSender,
 	RepairSession,
 	RepairSessionMode,
@@ -135,15 +135,26 @@ const getHashesFromSymbols = async (
 	coordinateToHash: Cache<string>,
 	resolveHashesForSymbols?: HashSymbolResolver,
 	resolveHashListForSymbols?: HashSymbolHashListResolver,
+	maxHashes = 10_000,
 ): Promise<Set<string> | string[]> => {
 	let queries: IntegerCompare[] = [];
 	let batchSize = 128; // TODO arg
 	let results = new Set<string>();
 	let missingSymbols: bigint[] = [];
+	const addHash = (hash: string) => {
+		if (results.has(hash)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (results.size >= maxHashes) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		results.add(hash);
+		return true;
+	};
 	const addMissingUnlessCached = (symbol: bigint) => {
 		const fromCache = coordinateToHash.get(symbol);
 		if (fromCache) {
-			results.add(fromCache);
+			addHash(fromCache);
 			return;
 		}
 		missingSymbols.push(symbol);
@@ -159,8 +170,13 @@ const getHashesFromSymbols = async (
 			queries = [];
 
 			for (const entry of entries) {
-				results.add(entry.value.hash);
+				if (!addHash(entry.value.hash)) {
+					break;
+				}
 				coordinateToHash.add(entry.value.hashNumber, entry.value.hash);
+				if (results.size >= maxHashes) {
+					break;
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	};
@@ -168,15 +184,31 @@ const getHashesFromSymbols = async (
 	if (resolveHashListForSymbols) {
 		const resolvedHashes = await resolveHashListForSymbols(symbols);
 		if (resolvedHashes) {
-			const resolvedHashList = Array.isArray(resolvedHashes)
-				? resolvedHashes
-				: [...resolvedHashes];
+			const resolvedHashList: string[] = [];
+			const iterator = resolvedHashes[Symbol.iterator]();
+			let exhausted = false;
+			try {
+				while (resolvedHashList.length < maxHashes) {
+					const next = iterator.next();
+					if (next.done) {
+						exhausted = true;
+						break;
+					}
+					resolvedHashList.push(next.value);
+				}
+			} finally {
+				if (!exhausted) {
+					iterator.return?.();
+				}
+			}
 			let mergedHashes: Set<string> | undefined;
 			for (const symbol of symbols) {
 				const fromCache = coordinateToHash.get(symbol);
 				if (fromCache) {
 					mergedHashes ??= new Set(resolvedHashList);
-					mergedHashes.add(fromCache);
+					if (mergedHashes.size < maxHashes) {
+						mergedHashes.add(fromCache);
+					}
 				}
 			}
 			return mergedHashes ?? resolvedHashList;
@@ -186,7 +218,11 @@ const getHashesFromSymbols = async (
 	if (resolveHashesForSymbols) {
 		const resolved = await resolveHashesForSymbols(symbols);
 		if (resolved) {
+			let resolvedItemCount = 0;
 			for (const symbol of symbols) {
+				if (resolvedItemCount >= maxHashes) {
+					break;
+				}
 				const hashes = resolved.get(symbol);
 				if (!hashes) {
 					addMissingUnlessCached(symbol);
@@ -194,14 +230,37 @@ const getHashesFromSymbols = async (
 				}
 				let singleHash: string | undefined;
 				let count = 0;
-				for (const hash of hashes) {
-					results.add(hash);
-					singleHash = hash;
-					count += 1;
+				let truncated = false;
+				const iterator = hashes[Symbol.iterator]();
+				let exhausted = false;
+				try {
+					while (resolvedItemCount < maxHashes) {
+						const next = iterator.next();
+						if (next.done) {
+							exhausted = true;
+							break;
+						}
+						resolvedItemCount += 1;
+						if (!addHash(next.value)) {
+							truncated = true;
+							break;
+						}
+						singleHash = next.value;
+						count += 1;
+						if (results.size >= maxHashes) {
+							truncated = true;
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+				} finally {
+					if (!exhausted) {
+						truncated = true;
+						iterator.return?.();
+					}
 				}
 				if (count === 0) {
 					addMissingUnlessCached(symbol);
-				} else if (count === 1) {
+				} else if (count === 1 && !truncated) {
 					coordinateToHash.add(symbol, singleHash!);
 				}
 			}
@@ -217,6 +276,9 @@ const getHashesFromSymbols = async (
 	}
 
 	for (const symbol of missingSymbols) {
+		if (results.size >= maxHashes) {
+			break;
+		}
 		const matchQuery = new IntegerCompare({
 			key: "hashNumber",
 			compare: Compare.Equal,
@@ -241,6 +303,10 @@ const SESSION_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 100;
 const DEFAULT_MAX_HASHES_PER_MESSAGE = 1_024;
 const DEFAULT_MAX_COORDINATES_PER_MESSAGE = 1_024;
 const DEFAULT_MAX_CONVERGENT_TRACKED_HASHES = 4_096;
+export const MAX_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_REQUEST_SYMBOLS = 1_024;
+export const MAX_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_RESPONSE_HASHES = 10_000;
+export const MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_RESPONSES_PER_PEER = 4;
+export const MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_RESPONSES_GLOBAL = 32;
 // Keep convergence sync above the default/background lane. Dropping it to the
 // background priority lets repair traffic starve behind foreground work.
 export const SYNC_MESSAGE_PRIORITY = CONVERGENCE_MESSAGE_PRIORITY;
@@ -250,6 +316,153 @@ export const SYNC_MESSAGE_PRIORITY = CONVERGENCE_MESSAGE_PRIORITY;
 const SIMPLE_SYNC_RETRY_AFTER_MS = 10_000;
 const EXCHANGE_HEAD_RESPONSE_DEDUPE_TTL_MS = SIMPLE_SYNC_RETRY_AFTER_MS - 1_000;
 const RECENT_KNOWN_EXCHANGE_HEAD_SUPPRESSION_MS = 30_000;
+const PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_TTL_MS = 30_000;
+// An incoming maybe-sync claim keeps one retry candidate in both
+// syncInFlightQueue and syncInFlightQueueInverted. Bound associations rather
+// than only unique keys: otherwise many peers can grow the claimant array for
+// the same keys without changing syncInFlightQueue.size.
+// The per-peer allowance matches one full 10,000-hash response-authorization
+// window; the global allowance lets four peers make full bounded progress.
+export const MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_KEYS_PER_PEER = 10_000;
+export const MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_KEYS_GLOBAL = 40_000;
+// Storage presence resolution is not universally abortable. Keep the number of
+// live resolver calls small even when requests use only one key each.
+export const MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_LOOKUPS_PER_PEER = 4;
+export const MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_LOOKUPS_GLOBAL = 32;
+// Retry scanning can touch persistent indexes. Bound each pass so a full
+// adversarial queue cannot force 40,000 lookups in one event-loop turn.
+export const MAX_SIMPLE_SYNC_RETRY_KEYS_PER_TICK = 4_096;
+// Late coordinate-to-hash cache fills are discovered incrementally. Keep this
+// independent of retained queue size so an empty or repeated request cannot
+// force an O(global pending keys) reverse-alias rebuild.
+const MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PER_MESSAGE = 128;
+const QUEUED_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PENDING = Symbol(
+	"queued-sync-alias-refresh-pending",
+);
+// This is an absolute first-seen lifetime. Repeated claims and additional peers
+// deliberately do not slide the deadline.
+export const PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_KEY_TTL_MS = 60_000;
+// Bound retained request/response associations globally. Ten thousand hashes
+// covers several full default-size request batches while keeping adversarial or
+// abandoned requests to a small, predictable amount of heap.
+const MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES = 10_000;
+export const MAX_ACTIVE_SIMPLE_SYNC_RESPONSES_PER_PEER = 4;
+export const MAX_ACTIVE_SIMPLE_SYNC_RESPONSES_GLOBAL = 32;
+const MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_WAITER_BYPASSES = 32;
+const MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_WAITERS = 10_000;
+
+type PendingSyncAdmissionReservation = {
+	peer: string;
+	remaining: number;
+	active: boolean;
+	released: boolean;
+	expiresAt: number;
+	identities: Set<SyncableKey>;
+	retainedSettled: number;
+};
+
+type PendingSyncExpiryNode =
+	| {
+			kind: "key";
+			key: SyncableKey;
+			expiresAt: number;
+			heapIndex: number;
+	  }
+	| {
+			kind: "admission";
+			reservation: PendingSyncAdmissionReservation;
+			expiresAt: number;
+			heapIndex: number;
+	  };
+
+type PendingMaybeSyncResponse = {
+	hashes: Set<string>;
+	target: string;
+	targetLifecycle: SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle;
+	expiresAt: number;
+	heapIndex: number;
+};
+
+type PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorizationEvent =
+	| "delivered"
+	| "fulfilled"
+	| "released";
+
+type PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization = {
+	batch: PendingMaybeSyncResponse;
+	hash: string;
+	waiters: Set<(event: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorizationEvent) => void>;
+	requestDelivered?: boolean;
+	deliveryInFlight?: boolean;
+	settled?: "fulfilled" | "released";
+	active?: boolean;
+};
+
+type PendingMaybeSyncResponseReservation = {
+	release: () => void;
+	beginDelivery: () => void;
+	finishDelivery: () => void;
+	markDelivered: () => void;
+	newlyAuthorizedByTarget: Map<string, string[]>;
+	retained: () => boolean;
+	signal: AbortSignal;
+};
+
+type PendingMaybeSyncResponseReservationAttempt =
+	| {
+			kind: "reserved";
+			reservation: PendingMaybeSyncResponseReservation;
+			conflicts: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization[];
+	  }
+	| {
+			kind: "capacity";
+			required: number;
+	  }
+	| {
+			kind: "inactive";
+	  };
+
+type PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter = {
+	required: number;
+	associations: number;
+	order: number;
+	bypasses: number;
+	heapIndex: number;
+	fitHeapIndex: number;
+	wake: () => void;
+};
+
+export type AuthorizedMaybeSyncResponseLease = {
+	hashes: string[];
+	signal: AbortSignal;
+	release: (options?: { fulfilled?: boolean }) => void;
+};
+
+type SyncDispatchLifecycle = {
+	ownershipLifecycleController: AbortController;
+	callerSignal?: AbortSignal;
+	controller: AbortController;
+	targets: Map<string, SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle>;
+	retainedWork: number;
+	onOwnerOrCallerAbort: () => void;
+	dispatchFinished: boolean;
+	disposed: boolean;
+	abortAllOnTargetDisconnect: boolean;
+};
+
+type SyncDispatchTargetEpoch = {
+	id: number;
+};
+
+type SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle = {
+	lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle;
+	target: string;
+	epoch: SyncDispatchTargetEpoch;
+	controller: AbortController;
+	batches: Set<PendingMaybeSyncResponse>;
+	responseLeases: number;
+	activeWaiters: number;
+};
 
 const createDeferred = <T>() => {
 	let resolve!: (value: T | PromiseLike<T>) => void;
@@ -266,6 +479,7 @@ type RepairSessionTargetState = {
 	requestedCount: number;
 	requestedTotalCount: number;
 	attempts: number;
+	targetEpoch: SyncDispatchTargetEpoch;
 };
 
 type RepairSessionState = {
@@ -287,9 +501,50 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 	// map of hash to public keys that we can ask for entries
 	syncInFlightQueue: Map<SyncableKey, PublicSignKey[]>;
 	syncInFlightQueueInverted: Map<string, Set<SyncableKey>>;
+	private syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt: Map<SyncableKey, number>;
+	private syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
+	private pendingSyncExpiryHeap: PendingSyncExpiryNode[];
+	private pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes: Map<SyncableKey, PendingSyncExpiryNode>;
+	private pendingSyncAdmissionExpiryNodes: Map<
+		PendingSyncAdmissionReservation,
+		PendingSyncExpiryNode
+	>;
+	private syncInFlightRetryIterator?: IterableIterator<
+		[SyncableKey, PublicSignKey[]]
+	>;
+	private syncInFlightRetryRemaining = 0;
+	private syncInFlightQueueClaimants: Map<SyncableKey, Set<string>>;
+	private syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes: Map<
+		SyncableKey,
+		Map<string, number>
+	>;
+	private syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor: Map<SyncableKey, number>;
+	private syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates: Set<bigint>;
+	private syncInFlightQueuedHashByCoordinate: Map<bigint, string>;
+	private syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash: Map<string, Set<bigint>>;
+	private syncInFlightQueuedCoordinateRefreshIterator?: IterableIterator<bigint>;
+	private pendingSyncClaimCount: number;
+	private pendingSyncAdmissionCount: number;
+	private pendingSyncActiveAdmissionReservations: number;
+	private pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer: Map<string, number>;
+	private pendingSyncAdmissionIdentitiesByPeer: Map<string, Set<SyncableKey>>;
+	private pendingSyncAdmissionReservations: Set<PendingSyncAdmissionReservation>;
+	private pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer: Map<
+		string,
+		Set<PendingSyncAdmissionReservation>
+	>;
+	private pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByIdentity: Map<
+		SyncableKey,
+		Set<PendingSyncAdmissionReservation>
+	>;
+	private pendingCoordinateLookupCount: number;
+	private pendingCoordinateLookupCountByPeer: Map<string, number>;
+	private pendingCoordinateResponseCount: number;
+	private pendingCoordinateResponseCountByPeer: Map<string, number>;
 
 	// map of hash to public keys that we have asked for entries
 	syncInFlight!: Map<string, Map<SyncableKey, { timestamp: number }>>;
+	private syncInFlightTargetsByKey: Map<SyncableKey, Set<string>>;
 
 	rpc: RPC<TransportMessage, TransportMessage>;
 	log: Log<any>;
@@ -305,6 +560,27 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 	) => boolean;
 	private sendRawExchangeHeads?: RawExchangeHeadsSender;
 	private recentlySentExchangeHeads: Map<string, Map<string, number>>;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponses: Map<
+		string,
+		Map<string, PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization>
+	>;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseCount: number;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters: Set<PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter>;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter[];
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter[];
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterOrder: number;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterAssociationCount: number;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseWakeScheduled: boolean;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseConflictWaiterCount: number;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseBatches: Set<PendingMaybeSyncResponse>;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryTimer?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap: PendingMaybeSyncResponse[];
+	private activeMaybeSyncResponseCount: number;
+	private activeMaybeSyncResponseCountByPeer: Map<string, number>;
+	private syncDispatchLifecycleController: AbortController;
+	private syncDispatchTargetEpochCounter: number;
+	private syncDispatchTargetEpochs: Map<string, SyncDispatchTargetEpoch>;
+	private syncDispatchTargets: Map<string, Set<SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle>>;
 	private repairSessionCounter: number;
 	private repairSessions: Map<string, RepairSessionState>;
 
@@ -330,7 +606,30 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 	}) {
 		this.syncInFlightQueue = new Map();
 		this.syncInFlightQueueInverted = new Map();
+		this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt = new Map();
+		this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap = [];
+		this.pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes = new Map();
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionExpiryNodes = new Map();
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants = new Map();
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes = new Map();
+		this.syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor = new Map();
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates = new Set();
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedHashByCoordinate = new Map();
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash = new Map();
+		this.pendingSyncClaimCount = 0;
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionCount = 0;
+		this.pendingSyncActiveAdmissionReservations = 0;
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer = new Map();
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionIdentitiesByPeer = new Map();
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservations = new Set();
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer = new Map();
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByIdentity = new Map();
+		this.pendingCoordinateLookupCount = 0;
+		this.pendingCoordinateLookupCountByPeer = new Map();
+		this.pendingCoordinateResponseCount = 0;
+		this.pendingCoordinateResponseCountByPeer = new Map();
 		this.syncInFlight = new Map();
+		this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey = new Map();
 		this.rpc = properties.rpc;
 		this.log = properties.log;
 		this.entryIndex = properties.entryIndex;
@@ -341,6 +640,23 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		this.isEntryRecentlyKnownByPeer = properties.isEntryRecentlyKnownByPeer;
 		this.sendRawExchangeHeads = properties.sendRawExchangeHeads;
 		this.recentlySentExchangeHeads = new Map();
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses = new Map();
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseCount = 0;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters = new Set();
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap = [];
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap = [];
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterOrder = 0;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterAssociationCount = 0;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWakeScheduled = false;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseConflictWaiterCount = 0;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseBatches = new Set();
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap = [];
+		this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCount = 0;
+		this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCountByPeer = new Map();
+		this.syncDispatchLifecycleController = new AbortController();
+		this.syncDispatchTargetEpochCounter = 0;
+		this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs = new Map();
+		this.syncDispatchTargets = new Map();
 		this.repairSessionCounter = 0;
 		this.repairSessions = new Map();
 	}
@@ -389,21 +705,24 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 	private get maxHashesPerMessage() {
 		const value = this.syncOptions?.maxSimpleHashesPerMessage;
 		return value && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0
-			? Math.floor(value)
+			? Math.max(1, Math.floor(value))
 			: DEFAULT_MAX_HASHES_PER_MESSAGE;
 	}
 
 	private get maxCoordinatesPerMessage() {
 		const value = this.syncOptions?.maxSimpleCoordinatesPerMessage;
 		return value && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0
-			? Math.floor(value)
+			? Math.min(
+					MAX_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_REQUEST_SYMBOLS,
+					Math.max(1, Math.floor(value)),
+				)
 			: DEFAULT_MAX_COORDINATES_PER_MESSAGE;
 	}
 
 	private get maxConvergentTrackedHashes() {
 		const value = this.syncOptions?.maxConvergentTrackedHashes;
 		return value && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0
-			? Math.floor(value)
+			? Math.max(1, Math.floor(value))
 			: DEFAULT_MAX_CONVERGENT_TRACKED_HASHES;
 	}
 
@@ -459,493 +778,2850 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		return out;
 	}
 
-	private isRepairSessionComplete(session: RepairSessionState): boolean {
-		for (const state of session.targets.values()) {
-			if (state.unresolved.size > 0) {
-				return false;
-			}
+	private forgetRecentlySentExchangeHeads(
+		hashes: Iterable<string>,
+		peer: PublicSignKey,
+	): void {
+		const recentlySent = this.recentlySentExchangeHeads.get(peer.hashcode());
+		if (!recentlySent) {
+			return;
+		}
+		for (const hash of hashes) {
+			recentlySent.delete(hash);
+		}
+		if (recentlySent.size === 0) {
+			this.recentlySentExchangeHeads.delete(peer.hashcode());
 		}
-		return true;
 	}
 
-	private buildRepairSessionResult(
-		session: RepairSessionState,
-		completed: boolean,
-	): RepairSessionResult[] {
-		const durationMs = Date.now() - session.startedAt;
-		const out: RepairSessionResult[] = [];
-		for (const [target, state] of session.targets) {
-			const unresolved = [...state.unresolved];
-			out.push({
+	private getOrCreateSyncDispatchTargetEpoch(
+		target: string,
+	): SyncDispatchTargetEpoch {
+		let epoch = this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.get(target);
+		if (!epoch) {
+			epoch = { id: ++this.syncDispatchTargetEpochCounter };
+			this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.set(target, epoch);
+		}
+		return epoch;
+	}
+
+	private captureSyncDispatchLifecycle(
+		targets: string[],
+		callerSignal?: AbortSignal,
+		options?: {
+			abortAllOnTargetDisconnect?: boolean;
+			ownershipLifecycleController?: AbortController;
+			targetEpochs?: Map<string, SyncDispatchTargetEpoch>;
+			createTargetEpochs?: boolean;
+		},
+	): SyncDispatchLifecycle {
+		const ownershipLifecycleController =
+			options?.ownershipLifecycleController ??
+			this.syncDispatchLifecycleController;
+		const lifecycle = {
+			ownershipLifecycleController,
+			callerSignal,
+			controller: new AbortController(),
+			targets: new Map<string, SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle>(),
+			retainedWork: 0,
+			onOwnerOrCallerAbort: () => {
+				const reason =
+					callerSignal?.aborted === true
+						? callerSignal.reason
+						: ownershipLifecycleController.signal.reason;
+				this.abortSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle, reason);
+			},
+			dispatchFinished: false,
+			disposed: false,
+			abortAllOnTargetDisconnect: options?.abortAllOnTargetDisconnect === true,
+		} satisfies SyncDispatchLifecycle;
+
+		for (const target of [...new Set(targets)]) {
+			const expectedEpoch = options?.targetEpochs?.get(target);
+			const currentEpoch = this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.get(target);
+			const epoch =
+				expectedEpoch ??
+				currentEpoch ??
+				(options?.createTargetEpochs === false
+					? undefined
+					: this.getOrCreateSyncDispatchTargetEpoch(target));
+			if (!epoch) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			const targetLifecycle: SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle = {
+				lifecycle,
 				target,
-				requested: state.requestedCount,
-				resolved: state.requestedCount - unresolved.length,
-				unresolved,
-				attempts: state.attempts,
-				durationMs,
-				completed,
-				requestedTotal: state.requestedTotalCount,
-				truncated: session.truncated,
+				epoch,
+				controller: new AbortController(),
+				batches: new Set(),
+				responseLeases: 0,
+				activeWaiters: 0,
+			};
+			lifecycle.targets.set(target, targetLifecycle);
+			let activeForTarget = this.syncDispatchTargets.get(target);
+			if (!activeForTarget) {
+				activeForTarget = new Set();
+				this.syncDispatchTargets.set(target, activeForTarget);
+			}
+			activeForTarget.add(targetLifecycle);
+			if (this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.get(target) !== epoch) {
+				this.abortSyncDispatchTarget(
+					targetLifecycle,
+					new Error("sync target lifecycle is stale"),
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+		ownershipLifecycleController.signal.addEventListener(
+			"abort",
+			lifecycle.onOwnerOrCallerAbort,
+			{ once: true },
+		);
+		if (callerSignal && callerSignal !== ownershipLifecycleController.signal) {
+			callerSignal.addEventListener("abort", lifecycle.onOwnerOrCallerAbort, {
+				once: true,
 			});
 		}
-		return out;
+		if (
+			this.closed === true ||
+			ownershipLifecycleController !== this.syncDispatchLifecycleController ||
+			ownershipLifecycleController.signal.aborted ||
+			callerSignal?.aborted
+		) {
+			lifecycle.onOwnerOrCallerAbort();
+		}
+		return lifecycle;
 	}
 
-	private finalizeRepairSession(sessionId: string, completed: boolean): void {
-		const session = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
-		if (!session) {
-			return;
+	private abortSyncDispatchTarget(
+		targetLifecycle: SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle,
+		reason?: unknown,
+	): void {
+		if (!targetLifecycle.controller.signal.aborted) {
+			targetLifecycle.controller.abort(reason);
 		}
-		this.repairSessions.delete(sessionId);
-		session.cancelled = true;
-		if (session.timer) {
-			clearTimeout(session.timer);
+		for (const batch of [...targetLifecycle.batches]) {
+			this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseBatch(batch);
 		}
-		session.deferred.resolve(this.buildRepairSessionResult(session, completed));
+		this.maybeDisposeSyncDispatchLifecycle(targetLifecycle.lifecycle);
 	}
 
-	private async refreshRepairSessionState(sessionId: string): Promise<void> {
-		const session = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
-		if (!session) {
-			return;
+	private abortSyncDispatchLifecycle(
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle,
+		reason?: unknown,
+	): void {
+		if (!lifecycle.controller.signal.aborted) {
+			lifecycle.controller.abort(reason);
 		}
-		for (const state of session.targets.values()) {
-			const resolved =
-				typeof this.log.hasMany === "function"
-					? await this.log.hasMany(state.unresolved)
-					: await this.getExistingRepairHashes(state.unresolved);
-			for (const hash of resolved) {
-				state.unresolved.delete(hash);
-			}
+		for (const targetLifecycle of lifecycle.targets.values()) {
+			this.abortSyncDispatchTarget(targetLifecycle, reason);
 		}
+		this.maybeDisposeSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
 	}
 
-	private async getExistingRepairHashes(
-		hashes: Iterable<string>,
-	): Promise<Set<string>> {
-		const resolved = new Set<string>();
-		for (const hash of hashes) {
-			if (await this.log.has(hash)) {
-				resolved.add(hash);
-			}
-		}
-		return resolved;
+	private finishSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle): void {
+		lifecycle.dispatchFinished = true;
+		this.maybeDisposeSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
 	}
 
-	private markRepairSessionResolvedHashes(hashes: string[]): void {
-		if (hashes.length === 0 || this.repairSessions.size === 0) {
+	private maybeDisposeSyncDispatchLifecycle(
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle,
+	): void {
+		if (
+			lifecycle.disposed ||
+			!lifecycle.dispatchFinished ||
+			lifecycle.retainedWork > 0
+		) {
 			return;
 		}
-		for (const [sessionId, session] of this.repairSessions) {
-			for (const state of session.targets.values()) {
-				for (const hash of hashes) {
-					state.unresolved.delete(hash);
-				}
-			}
-			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(session)) {
-				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
+		lifecycle.disposed = true;
+		lifecycle.ownershipLifecycleController.signal.removeEventListener(
+			"abort",
+			lifecycle.onOwnerOrCallerAbort,
+		);
+		if (
+			lifecycle.callerSignal &&
+			lifecycle.callerSignal !== lifecycle.ownershipLifecycleController.signal
+		) {
+			lifecycle.callerSignal.removeEventListener(
+				"abort",
+				lifecycle.onOwnerOrCallerAbort,
+			);
+		}
+		for (const targetLifecycle of lifecycle.targets.values()) {
+			const activeForTarget = this.syncDispatchTargets.get(
+				targetLifecycle.target,
+			);
+			activeForTarget?.delete(targetLifecycle);
+			if (activeForTarget?.size === 0) {
+				this.syncDispatchTargets.delete(targetLifecycle.target);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	private markRepairSessionResolvedHash(hash: string): void {
-		if (this.repairSessions.size === 0) {
-			return;
+	private isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle,
+		target?: string,
+	): boolean {
+		if (
+			this.closed === true ||
+			lifecycle.disposed ||
+			lifecycle.ownershipLifecycleController !==
+				this.syncDispatchLifecycleController ||
+			lifecycle.ownershipLifecycleController.signal.aborted ||
+			lifecycle.callerSignal?.aborted ||
+			lifecycle.controller.signal.aborted
+		) {
+			return false;
 		}
-		for (const [sessionId, session] of this.repairSessions) {
-			for (const state of session.targets.values()) {
-				state.unresolved.delete(hash);
-			}
-			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(session)) {
-				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
-			}
+		if (target === undefined) {
+			return true;
 		}
+		const targetLifecycle = lifecycle.targets.get(target);
+		return (
+			targetLifecycle !== undefined &&
+			!targetLifecycle.controller.signal.aborted &&
+			this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.get(target) === targetLifecycle.epoch
+		);
 	}
 
-	private async runRepairSession(sessionId: string): Promise<void> {
-		const session = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
-		if (!session) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		let previousDelay = 0;
-		for (const delayMs of session.retryIntervalsMs) {
-			if (!this.repairSessions.has(sessionId) || this.closed) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			const waitMs = Math.max(0, delayMs - previousDelay);
-			previousDelay = delayMs;
-			if (waitMs > 0) {
-				await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-					const timer = setTimeout(resolve, waitMs);
-					timer.unref?.();
-				});
-			}
-			if (!this.repairSessions.has(sessionId) || this.closed) {
-				return;
-			}
+	private getSyncDispatchSignal(
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle,
+		target: string,
+	): AbortSignal {
+		return (
+			lifecycle.targets.get(target)?.controller.signal ??
+			lifecycle.controller.signal
+		);
+	}
 
-			await this.refreshRepairSessionState(sessionId);
-			const current = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
-			if (!current) {
-				return;
-			}
-			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(current)) {
-				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
-				return;
-			}
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterBefore(
+		left: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter,
+		right: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter,
+	): boolean {
+		return left.order < right.order;
+	}
 
-			for (const [target, state] of current.targets) {
-				if (state.unresolved.size === 0) {
-					continue;
-				}
-				state.attempts += 1;
-				try {
-					await this.requestSync([...state.unresolved], [target]);
-				} catch {
-					// Best-effort: keep unresolved and let retries/timeout determine outcome.
-				}
-			}
+	private swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters(
+		left: number,
+		right: number,
+	): void {
+		const leftWaiter = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[left]!;
+		const rightWaiter = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[right]!;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[left] = rightWaiter;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[right] = leftWaiter;
+		rightWaiter.heapIndex = left;
+		leftWaiter.heapIndex = right;
+	}
 
-			await this.refreshRepairSessionState(sessionId);
-			const afterSend = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
-			if (!afterSend) {
-				return;
-			}
-			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(afterSend)) {
-				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
-				return;
+	private pushPendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter(
+		waiter: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter,
+	): void {
+		waiter.heapIndex = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap.length;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap.push(waiter);
+		let index = waiter.heapIndex;
+		while (index > 0) {
+			const parent = Math.floor((index - 1) / 2);
+			if (
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterBefore(
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[parent]!,
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[index]!,
+				)
+			) {
+				break;
 			}
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters(parent, index);
+			index = parent;
+		}
+		this.pushPendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiter(waiter);
+	}
 
-			if (afterSend.mode === "best-effort") {
-				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, false);
-				return;
+	private removePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter(
+		waiter: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter,
+	): void {
+		this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiter(waiter);
+		const index = waiter.heapIndex;
+		if (
+			index < 0 ||
+			index >= this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap.length ||
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[index] !== waiter
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		const last = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap.pop()!;
+		waiter.heapIndex = -1;
+		if (index >= this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap.length) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[index] = last;
+		last.heapIndex = index;
+		let current = index;
+		while (current > 0) {
+			const parent = Math.floor((current - 1) / 2);
+			if (
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterBefore(
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[parent]!,
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[current]!,
+				)
+			) {
+				break;
 			}
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters(parent, current);
+			current = parent;
 		}
-
 		for (;;) {
-			if (!this.repairSessions.has(sessionId) || this.closed) {
-				return;
+			const left = current * 2 + 1;
+			const right = left + 1;
+			let smallest = current;
+			if (
+				left < this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap.length &&
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterBefore(
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[left]!,
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[smallest]!,
+				)
+			) {
+				smallest = left;
 			}
-			await this.refreshRepairSessionState(sessionId);
-			const current = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
-			if (!current) {
-				return;
+			if (
+				right < this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap.length &&
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterBefore(
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[right]!,
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[smallest]!,
+				)
+			) {
+				smallest = right;
 			}
-			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(current)) {
-				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
-				return;
+			if (smallest === current) {
+				break;
 			}
-			await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-				const timer = setTimeout(resolve, SESSION_POLL_INTERVAL_MS);
-				timer.unref?.();
-			});
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters(current, smallest);
+			current = smallest;
 		}
 	}
 
-	private getQueuedSyncKey(key: SyncableKey): SyncableKey | undefined {
-		if (this.syncInFlightQueue.has(key)) {
+	private pendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiterBefore(
+		left: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter,
+		right: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter,
+	): boolean {
+		return (
+			left.required < right.required ||
+			(left.required === right.required && left.order < right.order)
+		);
+	}
+
+	private swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiters(
+		left: number,
+		right: number,
+	): void {
+		const leftWaiter = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[left]!;
+		const rightWaiter = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[right]!;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[left] = rightWaiter;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[right] = leftWaiter;
+		rightWaiter.fitHeapIndex = left;
+		leftWaiter.fitHeapIndex = right;
+	}
+
+	private pushPendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiter(
+		waiter: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter,
+	): void {
+		waiter.fitHeapIndex = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap.length;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap.push(waiter);
+		let index = waiter.fitHeapIndex;
+		while (index > 0) {
+			const parent = Math.floor((index - 1) / 2);
+			if (
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiterBefore(
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[parent]!,
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[index]!,
+				)
+			) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiters(parent, index);
+			index = parent;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private removePendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiter(
+		waiter: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter,
+	): void {
+		const index = waiter.fitHeapIndex;
+		if (
+			index < 0 ||
+			index >= this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap.length ||
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[index] !== waiter
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		const last = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap.pop()!;
+		waiter.fitHeapIndex = -1;
+		if (index >= this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap.length) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[index] = last;
+		last.fitHeapIndex = index;
+		let current = index;
+		while (current > 0) {
+			const parent = Math.floor((current - 1) / 2);
+			if (
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiterBefore(
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[parent]!,
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[current]!,
+				)
+			) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiters(parent, current);
+			current = parent;
+		}
+		for (;;) {
+			const left = current * 2 + 1;
+			const right = left + 1;
+			let smallest = current;
+			if (
+				left < this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap.length &&
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiterBefore(
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[left]!,
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[smallest]!,
+				)
+			) {
+				smallest = left;
+			}
+			if (
+				right < this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap.length &&
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiterBefore(
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[right]!,
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[smallest]!,
+				)
+			) {
+				smallest = right;
+			}
+			if (smallest === current) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseFitWaiters(current, smallest);
+			current = smallest;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private notifyPendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter(): void {
+		const waiter = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterHeap[0];
+		const available =
+			MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES -
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseCount;
+		if (!waiter) {
+			return;
+		}
+		if (waiter.required <= available) {
+			waiter.wake();
+			return;
+		}
+		if (waiter.bypasses >= MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_WAITER_BYPASSES) {
+			// Reserve newly freed capacity for the oldest large request after a
+			// bounded number of smaller requests have bypassed it.
+			return;
+		}
+		const candidate = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterFitHeap[0];
+		if (candidate && candidate.required <= available) {
+			waiter.bypasses += 1;
+			candidate.wake();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter(): void {
+		if (this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWakeScheduled) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWakeScheduled = true;
+		queueMicrotask(() => {
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWakeScheduled = false;
+			this.notifyPendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter();
+		});
+	}
+
+	private swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(
+		left: number,
+		right: number,
+	): void {
+		const leftBatch = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[left]!;
+		const rightBatch = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[right]!;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[left] = rightBatch;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[right] = leftBatch;
+		rightBatch.heapIndex = left;
+		leftBatch.heapIndex = right;
+	}
+
+	private pushPendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(
+		batch: PendingMaybeSyncResponse,
+	): void {
+		batch.heapIndex = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.length;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.push(batch);
+		let index = batch.heapIndex;
+		while (index > 0) {
+			const parent = Math.floor((index - 1) / 2);
+			if (
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[parent]!.expiresAt <=
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[index]!.expiresAt
+			) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(parent, index);
+			index = parent;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private removePendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(
+		batch: PendingMaybeSyncResponse,
+	): void {
+		const index = batch.heapIndex;
+		if (
+			index < 0 ||
+			index >= this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.length ||
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[index] !== batch
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		const last = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.pop()!;
+		batch.heapIndex = -1;
+		if (index >= this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.length) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[index] = last;
+		last.heapIndex = index;
+		let current = index;
+		while (current > 0) {
+			const parent = Math.floor((current - 1) / 2);
+			if (
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[parent]!.expiresAt <=
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[current]!.expiresAt
+			) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(parent, current);
+			current = parent;
+		}
+		for (;;) {
+			const left = current * 2 + 1;
+			const right = left + 1;
+			let smallest = current;
+			if (
+				left < this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.length &&
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[left]!.expiresAt <
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[smallest]!.expiresAt
+			) {
+				smallest = left;
+			}
+			if (
+				right < this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.length &&
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[right]!.expiresAt <
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[smallest]!.expiresAt
+			) {
+				smallest = right;
+			}
+			if (smallest === current) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.swapPendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(current, smallest);
+			current = smallest;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(): void {
+		if (
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryTimer ||
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.length === 0
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		const earliest = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[0]!.expiresAt;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryTimer = setTimeout(
+			() => {
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryTimer = undefined;
+				this.expirePendingMaybeSyncResponses();
+				this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry();
+			},
+			Math.max(0, earliest - Date.now()),
+		);
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryTimer.unref?.();
+	}
+
+	private expirePendingMaybeSyncResponses(now = Date.now()): void {
+		for (;;) {
+			const batch = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap[0];
+			if (!batch || batch.expiresAt > now) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseBatch(batch);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private settlePendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization(
+		authorization: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization,
+		fulfilled: boolean,
+	): void {
+		if (authorization.settled) {
+			return;
+		}
+		authorization.settled = fulfilled ? "fulfilled" : "released";
+		const waiters = [...authorization.waiters];
+		authorization.waiters.clear();
+		for (const waiter of waiters) {
+			waiter(fulfilled ? "fulfilled" : "released");
+		}
+	}
+
+	private doesPendingMaybeSyncResponseScopeMatch(
+		authorization: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization,
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle,
+		target: string,
+	): boolean {
+		const owner = authorization.batch.targetLifecycle;
+		return (
+			owner.epoch === lifecycle.targets.get(target)?.epoch &&
+			owner.lifecycle.ownershipLifecycleController ===
+				lifecycle.ownershipLifecycleController &&
+			owner.lifecycle.callerSignal === lifecycle.callerSignal
+		);
+	}
+
+	private waitForPendingMaybeSyncResponseConflicts(
+		conflicts: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization[],
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle,
+		target: string,
+		retainedAssociations: number,
+	): Promise<string[]> {
+		const unique = [...new Set(conflicts)];
+		if (
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterAssociationCount +
+				retainedAssociations >
+			MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES
+		) {
+			return Promise.resolve([]);
+		}
+		const available =
+			MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES -
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseConflictWaiterCount;
+		const admitted = unique.slice(0, Math.max(0, available));
+		if (admitted.length === 0) {
+			return Promise.resolve([]);
+		}
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseConflictWaiterCount += admitted.length;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterAssociationCount += retainedAssociations;
+		const targetSignal =
+			lifecycle.targets.get(target)?.controller.signal ??
+			lifecycle.controller.signal;
+		return new Promise<string[]>((resolve) => {
+			const retry = new Set<string>();
+			const callbacks = new Map<
+				PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization,
+				(event: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorizationEvent) => void
+			>();
+			let remaining = admitted.length;
+			let groupSettled = false;
+			const finishGroup = () => {
+				if (groupSettled || remaining !== 0) {
+					return;
+				}
+				groupSettled = true;
+				lifecycle.controller.signal.removeEventListener("abort", abort);
+				if (targetSignal !== lifecycle.controller.signal) {
+					targetSignal.removeEventListener("abort", abort);
+				}
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterAssociationCount -=
+					retainedAssociations;
+				resolve([...retry]);
+			};
+			const finishOne = (
+				authorization: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization,
+				event: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorizationEvent,
+			) => {
+				if (
+					event === "delivered" &&
+					(authorization.active === true ||
+						!this.doesPendingMaybeSyncResponseScopeMatch(
+							authorization,
+							lifecycle,
+							target,
+						))
+				) {
+					return;
+				}
+				const callback = callbacks.get(authorization);
+				if (!callback) {
+					return;
+				}
+				callbacks.delete(authorization);
+				authorization.waiters.delete(callback);
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseConflictWaiterCount -= 1;
+				if (
+					event === "released" &&
+					this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)
+				) {
+					retry.add(authorization.hash);
+				}
+				remaining -= 1;
+				finishGroup();
+			};
+			const abort = () => {
+				for (const authorization of [...callbacks.keys()]) {
+					finishOne(authorization, "fulfilled");
+				}
+			};
+			lifecycle.controller.signal.addEventListener("abort", abort, {
+				once: true,
+			});
+			if (targetSignal !== lifecycle.controller.signal) {
+				targetSignal.addEventListener("abort", abort, { once: true });
+			}
+			for (const authorization of admitted) {
+				const callback = (event: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorizationEvent) =>
+					finishOne(authorization, event);
+				callbacks.set(authorization, callback);
+				authorization.waiters.add(callback);
+				if (authorization.settled) {
+					callback(authorization.settled);
+				} else if (
+					authorization.requestDelivered === true &&
+					authorization.active !== true
+				) {
+					callback("delivered");
+				}
+			}
+			if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)) {
+				abort();
+			}
+		});
+	}
+
+	private removePendingMaybeSyncResponseBatch(
+		batch: PendingMaybeSyncResponse,
+	): void {
+		const pendingForTarget = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.get(batch.target);
+		let removed = 0;
+		if (pendingForTarget) {
+			for (const hash of batch.hashes) {
+				const authorization = pendingForTarget.get(hash);
+				if (authorization?.batch !== batch) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				this.settlePendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization(authorization, false);
+				pendingForTarget.delete(hash);
+				if (authorization.deliveryInFlight !== true) {
+					removed += 1;
+				}
+			}
+			if (pendingForTarget.size === 0) {
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.delete(batch.target);
+			}
+		}
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseCount -= removed;
+		this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseBatches.delete(batch);
+		this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(batch);
+		if (batch.targetLifecycle.batches.delete(batch)) {
+			batch.targetLifecycle.lifecycle.retainedWork -= 1;
+		}
+		batch.hashes.clear();
+		if (
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryHeap.length === 0 &&
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryTimer
+		) {
+			clearTimeout(this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryTimer);
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiryTimer = undefined;
+		}
+		if (removed > 0) {
+			this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter();
+		}
+		this.maybeDisposeSyncDispatchLifecycle(batch.targetLifecycle.lifecycle);
+	}
+
+	private clearPendingMaybeSyncResponses(target?: string): void {
+		const batches =
+			target === undefined
+				? [...this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseBatches]
+				: [
+						...new Set(
+							[
+								...(this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.get(target)?.values() ?? []),
+							].map((authorization) => authorization.batch),
+						),
+					];
+		for (const batch of batches) {
+			this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseBatch(batch);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private tryReservePendingMaybeSyncResponse(properties: {
+		hashes: Iterable<string>;
+		targets: string[];
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle;
+	}): PendingMaybeSyncResponseReservationAttempt {
+		// Timers are only a cleanup aid. Enforce absolute deadlines at the
+		// admission boundary as well, including for unrelated fresh hashes.
+		this.expirePendingMaybeSyncResponses();
+		const hashes = [...new Set(properties.hashes)];
+		const targets = [...new Set(properties.targets)];
+		if (
+			!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(properties.lifecycle) ||
+			targets.some(
+				(target) =>
+					!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(properties.lifecycle, target),
+			)
+		) {
+			return { kind: "inactive" };
+		}
+
+		const hashesToAddByTarget = new Map<string, string[]>();
+		const conflicts: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization[] = [];
+		let required = 0;
+		for (const target of targets) {
+			const hashesToAdd: string[] = [];
+			for (const hash of hashes) {
+				let existing = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.get(target)?.get(hash);
+				if (
+					existing &&
+					existing.active !== true &&
+					(existing.batch.expiresAt <= Date.now() ||
+						!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(
+							existing.batch.targetLifecycle.lifecycle,
+							target,
+						))
+				) {
+					this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseBatch(existing.batch);
+					existing = undefined;
+				}
+				if (existing) {
+					const existingTarget = existing.batch.targetLifecycle;
+					if (
+						existingTarget.lifecycle === properties.lifecycle ||
+						(existing.active !== true &&
+							existing.requestDelivered === true &&
+							this.doesPendingMaybeSyncResponseScopeMatch(
+								existing,
+								properties.lifecycle,
+								target,
+							))
+					) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					// Another live caller already owns the authorization for this
+					// exact target/hash. Send unrelated hashes now, then wait for this
+					// authorization to be fulfilled or released before deciding
+					// whether this caller must retry it.
+					conflicts.push(existing);
+					continue;
+				}
+				hashesToAdd.push(hash);
+			}
+			if (hashesToAdd.length > 0) {
+				hashesToAddByTarget.set(target, hashesToAdd);
+				required += hashesToAdd.length;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (
+			required >
+			MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES -
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseCount
+		) {
+			return { kind: "capacity", required };
+		}
+
+		const addedBatches: PendingMaybeSyncResponse[] = [];
+		const addedAuthorizations: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization[] = [];
+		for (const [target, hashesToAdd] of hashesToAddByTarget) {
+			const targetLifecycle = properties.lifecycle.targets.get(target)!;
+			const batch: PendingMaybeSyncResponse = {
+				hashes: new Set(hashesToAdd),
+				target,
+				targetLifecycle,
+				// Start the response deadline only after rpc.send succeeds. Keeping
+				// pre-delivery work charged prevents a slow/non-abortable transport
+				// from rolling over an unbounded number of sends.
+				expiresAt: Infinity,
+				heapIndex: -1,
+			};
+			let pendingForTarget = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.get(target);
+			if (!pendingForTarget) {
+				pendingForTarget = new Map();
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.set(target, pendingForTarget);
+			}
+			for (const hash of hashesToAdd) {
+				const authorization: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization = {
+					batch,
+					hash,
+					waiters: new Set(),
+				};
+				pendingForTarget.set(hash, authorization);
+				addedAuthorizations.push(authorization);
+			}
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseCount += hashesToAdd.length;
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseBatches.add(batch);
+			targetLifecycle.batches.add(batch);
+			targetLifecycle.lifecycle.retainedWork += 1;
+			addedBatches.push(batch);
+		}
+		this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry();
+		if (this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters.size > 0) {
+			this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter();
+		}
+
+		let released = false;
+		const release = () => {
+			if (released) {
+				return;
+			}
+			released = true;
+			for (const batch of addedBatches) {
+				this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseBatch(batch);
+			}
+		};
+		const retained = () =>
+			this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(properties.lifecycle) &&
+			addedBatches.every(
+				(batch) =>
+					this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseBatches.has(batch) &&
+					batch.expiresAt > Date.now() &&
+					batch.hashes.size > 0,
+			);
+		if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(properties.lifecycle)) {
+			release();
+			return { kind: "inactive" };
+		}
+		return {
+			kind: "reserved",
+			reservation: {
+				release,
+				beginDelivery: () => {
+					for (const authorization of addedAuthorizations) {
+						if (!authorization.settled) {
+							authorization.deliveryInFlight = true;
+						}
+					}
+				},
+				finishDelivery: () => {
+					let releasedCount = 0;
+					for (const authorization of addedAuthorizations) {
+						if (authorization.deliveryInFlight !== true) {
+							continue;
+						}
+						authorization.deliveryInFlight = false;
+						if (
+							authorization.settled ||
+							this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses
+								.get(authorization.batch.target)
+								?.get(authorization.hash) !== authorization
+						) {
+							releasedCount += 1;
+						}
+					}
+					if (releasedCount > 0) {
+						this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseCount -= releasedCount;
+						this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter();
+					}
+				},
+				markDelivered: () => {
+					const delivered: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization[] = [];
+					const deliveredBatches = new Set<PendingMaybeSyncResponse>();
+					for (const authorization of addedAuthorizations) {
+						if (
+							authorization.settled ||
+							authorization.active === true ||
+							this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses
+								.get(authorization.batch.target)
+								?.get(authorization.hash) !== authorization ||
+							!this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseBatches.has(authorization.batch)
+						) {
+							continue;
+						}
+						authorization.requestDelivered = true;
+						delivered.push(authorization);
+						deliveredBatches.add(authorization.batch);
+					}
+					const expiresAt = Date.now() + PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_TTL_MS;
+					for (const batch of deliveredBatches) {
+						if (batch.heapIndex >= 0) {
+							this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(batch);
+						}
+						batch.expiresAt = expiresAt;
+						this.pushPendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry(batch);
+					}
+					this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseExpiry();
+					for (const authorization of delivered) {
+						if (authorization.settled || authorization.active === true) {
+							continue;
+						}
+						for (const waiter of [...authorization.waiters]) {
+							waiter("delivered");
+						}
+					}
+				},
+				newlyAuthorizedByTarget: hashesToAddByTarget,
+				retained,
+				signal: properties.lifecycle.controller.signal,
+			},
+			conflicts,
+		};
+	}
+
+	private waitForPendingMaybeSyncResponseChange(
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle,
+		targets: string[],
+		required: number,
+		associations: number,
+	): Promise<void> {
+		if (
+			!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle) ||
+			targets.some(
+				(target) => !this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target),
+			)
+		) {
+			return Promise.resolve();
+		}
+		const targetLifecycles = targets
+			.map((target) => lifecycle.targets.get(target))
+			.filter(
+				(target): target is SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle => target !== undefined,
+			);
+		for (const targetLifecycle of targetLifecycles) {
+			targetLifecycle.activeWaiters += 1;
+			targetLifecycle.lifecycle.retainedWork += 1;
+		}
+		return new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+			let settled = false;
+			let waiter!: PendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter;
+			const abortSignals = [
+				lifecycle.controller.signal,
+				...targetLifecycles.map(
+					(targetLifecycle) => targetLifecycle.controller.signal,
+				),
+			];
+			const wake = () => {
+				if (settled) {
+					return;
+				}
+				const advanceWaiters =
+					!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle) ||
+					targets.some(
+						(target) => !this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target),
+					);
+				settled = true;
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters.delete(waiter);
+				this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter(waiter);
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterAssociationCount -=
+					waiter.associations;
+				for (const signal of abortSignals) {
+					signal.removeEventListener("abort", wake);
+				}
+				for (const targetLifecycle of targetLifecycles) {
+					targetLifecycle.activeWaiters -= 1;
+					targetLifecycle.lifecycle.retainedWork -= 1;
+				}
+				resolve();
+				this.maybeDisposeSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
+				if (advanceWaiters) {
+					this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter();
+				}
+			};
+			waiter = {
+				required,
+				associations,
+				order: ++this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterOrder,
+				bypasses: 0,
+				heapIndex: -1,
+				fitHeapIndex: -1,
+				wake,
+			};
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters.add(waiter);
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterAssociationCount += associations;
+			this.pushPendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter(waiter);
+			// This exact request does not fit, but an older/stale requirement may
+			// have changed and another smaller waiter can still use the capacity.
+			this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter();
+			for (const signal of abortSignals) {
+				signal.addEventListener("abort", wake, { once: true });
+			}
+			if (
+				!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle) ||
+				targets.some(
+					(target) => !this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target),
+				)
+			) {
+				wake();
+			}
+		});
+	}
+
+	private async reservePendingMaybeSyncResponse(properties: {
+		hashes: Iterable<string>;
+		targets: string[];
+		lifecycle: SyncDispatchLifecycle;
+	}): Promise<
+		| {
+				reservation: PendingMaybeSyncResponseReservation;
+				conflicts: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization[];
+		  }
+		| undefined
+	> {
+		const hashes = [...new Set(properties.hashes)];
+		const targets = [...new Set(properties.targets)];
+		const associations = Math.max(
+			1,
+			Math.min(MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES, hashes.length) *
+				Math.min(MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES, targets.length),
+		);
+		while (
+			this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(properties.lifecycle) &&
+			targets.every((target) =>
+				this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(properties.lifecycle, target),
+			)
+		) {
+			const attempt = this.tryReservePendingMaybeSyncResponse({
+				hashes,
+				targets,
+				lifecycle: properties.lifecycle,
+			});
+			if (attempt.kind === "reserved") {
+				return {
+					reservation: attempt.reservation,
+					conflicts: attempt.conflicts,
+				};
+			}
+			if (attempt.kind !== "capacity") {
+				this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter();
+				return undefined;
+			}
+			if (
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiters.size >=
+					MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_WAITERS ||
+				this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiterAssociationCount + associations >
+					MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES
+			) {
+				return undefined;
+			}
+			await this.waitForPendingMaybeSyncResponseChange(
+				properties.lifecycle,
+				targets,
+				attempt.required,
+				associations,
+			);
+		}
+		return undefined;
+	}
+
+	expectMaybeSyncResponse(properties: {
+		hashes: Iterable<string>;
+		targets: string[];
+		signal?: AbortSignal;
+	}): PendingMaybeSyncResponseReservation | undefined {
+		const targets = [...new Set(properties.targets)];
+		const lifecycle = this.captureSyncDispatchLifecycle(
+			targets,
+			properties.signal,
+			{ abortAllOnTargetDisconnect: true },
+		);
+		const attempt = this.tryReservePendingMaybeSyncResponse({
+			hashes: properties.hashes,
+			targets,
+			lifecycle,
+		});
+		const reservation =
+			attempt.kind === "reserved" ? attempt.reservation : undefined;
+		let retainedReservation: PendingMaybeSyncResponseReservation | undefined;
+		if (reservation) {
+			// This synchronous helper represents an already-issued request.
+			reservation.markDelivered();
+			const leasedTargets = [...lifecycle.targets.values()];
+			for (const targetLifecycle of leasedTargets) {
+				targetLifecycle.responseLeases += 1;
+				targetLifecycle.lifecycle.retainedWork += 1;
+			}
+			let released = false;
+			retainedReservation = {
+				...reservation,
+				release: () => {
+					if (released) {
+						return;
+					}
+					released = true;
+					reservation.release();
+					for (const targetLifecycle of leasedTargets) {
+						targetLifecycle.responseLeases -= 1;
+						targetLifecycle.lifecycle.retainedWork -= 1;
+					}
+					this.maybeDisposeSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
+				},
+			};
+		}
+		this.finishSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
+		return retainedReservation;
+	}
+
+	consumeAuthorizedMaybeSyncResponse(
+		hashes: Iterable<string>,
+		from: PublicSignKey,
+	): AuthorizedMaybeSyncResponseLease[] {
+		const fromHash = from.hashcode();
+		const pendingForTarget = this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.get(fromHash);
+		if (!pendingForTarget) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		if (
+			this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCount >=
+				MAX_ACTIVE_SIMPLE_SYNC_RESPONSES_GLOBAL ||
+			(this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCountByPeer.get(fromHash) ?? 0) >=
+				MAX_ACTIVE_SIMPLE_SYNC_RESPONSES_PER_PEER
+		) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		const acceptedByLifecycle = new Map<
+			SyncDispatchTargetLifecycle,
+			{
+				hashes: string[];
+				authorizations: PendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization[];
+			}
+		>();
+		const seen = new Set<string>();
+		let inspected = 0;
+		const iterator = hashes[Symbol.iterator]();
+		let exhausted = false;
+		try {
+			while (
+				inspected < MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES &&
+				pendingForTarget.size > 0
+			) {
+				const next = iterator.next();
+				if (next.done) {
+					exhausted = true;
+					break;
+				}
+				inspected += 1;
+				const hash = next.value;
+				if (seen.has(hash)) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				seen.add(hash);
+				const authorization = pendingForTarget.get(hash);
+				if (!authorization || authorization.active === true) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				const batch = authorization.batch;
+				const targetLifecycle = batch.targetLifecycle;
+				if (
+					batch.expiresAt <= Date.now() ||
+					!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(
+						targetLifecycle.lifecycle,
+						fromHash,
+					)
+				) {
+					this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseBatch(batch);
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (pendingForTarget.get(hash)?.batch !== batch) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				let accepted = acceptedByLifecycle.get(targetLifecycle);
+				if (!accepted) {
+					accepted = { hashes: [], authorizations: [] };
+					acceptedByLifecycle.set(targetLifecycle, accepted);
+					targetLifecycle.responseLeases += 1;
+					targetLifecycle.lifecycle.retainedWork += 1;
+				}
+				authorization.active = true;
+				batch.hashes.delete(hash);
+				accepted.hashes.push(hash);
+				accepted.authorizations.push(authorization);
+				if (batch.hashes.size === 0) {
+					this.removePendingMaybeSyncResponseBatch(batch);
+				}
+			}
+		} finally {
+			if (!exhausted) {
+				iterator.return?.();
+			}
+		}
+		if (pendingForTarget.size === 0) {
+			this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.delete(fromHash);
+		}
+		if (acceptedByLifecycle.size === 0) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCount += 1;
+		this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCountByPeer.set(
+			fromHash,
+			(this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCountByPeer.get(fromHash) ?? 0) + 1,
+		);
+		let remainingLeases = acceptedByLifecycle.size;
+		return [...acceptedByLifecycle].map(
+			([targetLifecycle, { hashes: acceptedHashes, authorizations }]) => {
+				let released = false;
+				return {
+					hashes: acceptedHashes,
+					signal: targetLifecycle.controller.signal,
+					release: (options?: { fulfilled?: boolean }) => {
+						if (released) {
+							return;
+						}
+						released = true;
+						const pendingForTarget =
+							this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.get(fromHash);
+						for (const authorization of authorizations) {
+							this.settlePendingMaybeSyncResponseAuthorization(
+								authorization,
+								options?.fulfilled === true,
+							);
+							if (pendingForTarget?.get(authorization.hash) === authorization) {
+								pendingForTarget.delete(authorization.hash);
+							}
+						}
+						if (pendingForTarget?.size === 0) {
+							this.pendingMaybeSyncResponses.delete(fromHash);
+						}
+						this.pendingMaybeSyncResponseCount -= authorizations.filter(
+							(authorization) => authorization.deliveryInFlight !== true,
+						).length;
+						targetLifecycle.responseLeases -= 1;
+						targetLifecycle.lifecycle.retainedWork -= 1;
+						remainingLeases -= 1;
+						if (remainingLeases === 0) {
+							this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCount -= 1;
+							const activeForPeer =
+								(this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCountByPeer.get(fromHash) ?? 1) -
+								1;
+							if (activeForPeer === 0) {
+								this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCountByPeer.delete(fromHash);
+							} else {
+								this.activeMaybeSyncResponseCountByPeer.set(
+									fromHash,
+									activeForPeer,
+								);
+							}
+						}
+						this.schedulePendingMaybeSyncResponseWaiter();
+						this.maybeDisposeSyncDispatchLifecycle(targetLifecycle.lifecycle);
+					},
+				};
+			},
+		);
+	}
+
+	private isRepairSessionComplete(session: RepairSessionState): boolean {
+		for (const state of session.targets.values()) {
+			if (state.unresolved.size > 0) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	private buildRepairSessionResult(
+		session: RepairSessionState,
+		completed: boolean,
+	): RepairSessionResult[] {
+		const durationMs = Date.now() - session.startedAt;
+		const out: RepairSessionResult[] = [];
+		for (const [target, state] of session.targets) {
+			const unresolved = [...state.unresolved];
+			out.push({
+				target,
+				requested: state.requestedCount,
+				resolved: state.requestedCount - unresolved.length,
+				unresolved,
+				attempts: state.attempts,
+				durationMs,
+				completed,
+				requestedTotal: state.requestedTotalCount,
+				truncated: session.truncated,
+			});
+		}
+		return out;
+	}
+
+	private finalizeRepairSession(sessionId: string, completed: boolean): void {
+		const session = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
+		if (!session) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.repairSessions.delete(sessionId);
+		session.cancelled = true;
+		if (session.timer) {
+			clearTimeout(session.timer);
+		}
+		session.deferred.resolve(this.buildRepairSessionResult(session, completed));
+	}
+
+	private async refreshRepairSessionState(sessionId: string): Promise<void> {
+		const session = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
+		if (!session) {
+			return;
+		}
+		for (const state of session.targets.values()) {
+			const resolved =
+				typeof this.log.hasMany === "function"
+					? await this.log.hasMany(state.unresolved)
+					: await this.getExistingRepairHashes(state.unresolved);
+			for (const hash of resolved) {
+				state.unresolved.delete(hash);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private async getExistingRepairHashes(
+		hashes: Iterable<string>,
+	): Promise<Set<string>> {
+		const resolved = new Set<string>();
+		for (const hash of hashes) {
+			if (await this.log.has(hash)) {
+				resolved.add(hash);
+			}
+		}
+		return resolved;
+	}
+
+	private markRepairSessionResolvedHashes(hashes: string[]): void {
+		if (hashes.length === 0 || this.repairSessions.size === 0) {
+			return;
+		}
+		for (const [sessionId, session] of this.repairSessions) {
+			for (const state of session.targets.values()) {
+				for (const hash of hashes) {
+					state.unresolved.delete(hash);
+				}
+			}
+			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(session)) {
+				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private markRepairSessionResolvedHash(hash: string): void {
+		if (this.repairSessions.size === 0) {
+			return;
+		}
+		for (const [sessionId, session] of this.repairSessions) {
+			for (const state of session.targets.values()) {
+				state.unresolved.delete(hash);
+			}
+			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(session)) {
+				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private async runRepairSession(sessionId: string): Promise<void> {
+		const session = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
+		if (!session) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		let previousDelay = 0;
+		for (const delayMs of session.retryIntervalsMs) {
+			if (!this.repairSessions.has(sessionId) || this.closed) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const waitMs = Math.max(0, delayMs - previousDelay);
+			previousDelay = delayMs;
+			if (waitMs > 0) {
+				await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+					const timer = setTimeout(resolve, waitMs);
+					timer.unref?.();
+				});
+			}
+			if (!this.repairSessions.has(sessionId) || this.closed) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			await this.refreshRepairSessionState(sessionId);
+			const current = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
+			if (!current) {
+				return;
+			}
+			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(current)) {
+				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			for (const [target, state] of current.targets) {
+				if (state.unresolved.size === 0) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				state.attempts += 1;
+				try {
+					await this.requestSync([...state.unresolved], [target], {
+						targetEpochs: new Map([[target, state.targetEpoch]]),
+						createTargetEpochs: false,
+					});
+				} catch {
+					// Best-effort: keep unresolved and let retries/timeout determine outcome.
+				}
+			}
+
+			await this.refreshRepairSessionState(sessionId);
+			const afterSend = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
+			if (!afterSend) {
+				return;
+			}
+			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(afterSend)) {
+				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (afterSend.mode === "best-effort") {
+				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, false);
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		for (;;) {
+			if (!this.repairSessions.has(sessionId) || this.closed) {
+				return;
+			}
+			await this.refreshRepairSessionState(sessionId);
+			const current = this.repairSessions.get(sessionId);
+			if (!current) {
+				return;
+			}
+			if (this.isRepairSessionComplete(current)) {
+				this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, true);
+				return;
+			}
+			await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+				const timer = setTimeout(resolve, SESSION_POLL_INTERVAL_MS);
+				timer.unref?.();
+			});
+		}
+	}
+
+	private getQueuedSyncKey(key: SyncableKey): SyncableKey | undefined {
+		if (this.syncInFlightQueue.has(key)) {
+			return key;
+		}
+		if (typeof key === "string") {
+			for (const queuedKey of this.syncInFlightQueue.keys()) {
+				if (
+					typeof queuedKey === "bigint" &&
+					this.coordinateToHash.get(queuedKey) === key
+				) {
+					return queuedKey;
+				}
+			}
+			return undefined;
+		}
+		const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(key);
+		return hash && this.syncInFlightQueue.has(hash) ? hash : undefined;
+	}
+
+	startRepairSession(properties: {
+		entries: Map<string, SyncEntryCoordinates<R>>;
+		targets: string[];
+		mode?: RepairSessionMode;
+		timeoutMs?: number;
+		retryIntervalsMs?: number[];
+	}): RepairSession {
+		const mode = properties.mode ?? "best-effort";
+		const startedAt = Date.now();
+		const timeoutMs = Math.max(
+			1,
+			Math.floor(
+				properties.timeoutMs ??
+					(mode === "convergent"
+						? DEFAULT_CONVERGENT_REPAIR_TIMEOUT_MS
+						: DEFAULT_CONVERGENT_REPAIR_TIMEOUT_MS),
+			),
+		);
+		const retryIntervalsMs = this.normalizeRetryIntervals(
+			mode,
+			properties.retryIntervalsMs,
+		);
+		const allHashes = this.getPrioritizedHashes(properties.entries);
+		const trackedHashes =
+			mode === "convergent" &&
+			allHashes.length > this.maxConvergentTrackedHashes
+				? allHashes.slice(0, this.maxConvergentTrackedHashes)
+				: allHashes;
+		const truncated = trackedHashes.length < allHashes.length;
+		const targets = [...new Set(properties.targets)];
+		const id = `repair-${++this.repairSessionCounter}`;
+		const deferred = createDeferred<RepairSessionResult[]>();
+
+		const targetStates = new Map<string, RepairSessionTargetState>();
+		for (const target of targets) {
+			targetStates.set(target, {
+				unresolved: new Set(trackedHashes),
+				requestedCount: trackedHashes.length,
+				requestedTotalCount: allHashes.length,
+				attempts: 0,
+				targetEpoch: this.getOrCreateSyncDispatchTargetEpoch(target),
+			});
+		}
+
+		const session: RepairSessionState = {
+			id,
+			mode,
+			startedAt,
+			timeoutMs,
+			retryIntervalsMs,
+			targets: targetStates,
+			truncated,
+			deferred,
+			cancelled: false,
+		};
+
+		if (allHashes.length === 0 || targets.length === 0) {
+			deferred.resolve(this.buildRepairSessionResult(session, true));
+			return {
+				id,
+				done: deferred.promise,
+				cancel: () => {
+					// no-op
+				},
+			};
+		}
+
+		// For capped convergent sessions, still dispatch the full set once so large
+		// repairs are not limited to tracked hashes.
+		if (mode === "convergent" && truncated) {
+			void this.onMaybeMissingEntries({
+				entries: properties.entries,
+				targets,
+			}).catch(() => {
+				// Best-effort: retries on tracked hashes continue via runRepairSession.
+			});
+		}
+
+		session.timer = setTimeout(() => {
+			this.finalizeRepairSession(id, false);
+		}, timeoutMs);
+		session.timer.unref?.();
+
+		this.repairSessions.set(id, session);
+		void this.runRepairSession(id).catch(() => {
+			this.finalizeRepairSession(id, false);
+		});
+
+		return {
+			id,
+			done: deferred.promise,
+			cancel: () => {
+				this.finalizeRepairSession(id, false);
+			},
+		};
+	}
+
+	async onMaybeMissingEntries(properties: {
+		entries: Map<string, SyncEntryCoordinates<R>>;
+		targets: string[];
+		signal?: AbortSignal;
+	}): Promise<void> {
+		if (properties.signal?.aborted) {
+			return;
+		}
+		await this.onMaybeMissingHashes({
+			hashes: this.getPrioritizedHashes(properties.entries),
+			targets: properties.targets,
+			signal: properties.signal,
+		});
+	}
+
+	async onMaybeMissingHashes(properties: {
+		hashes: Iterable<string>;
+		targets: string[];
+		signal?: AbortSignal;
+	}): Promise<void> {
+		const targets = [...new Set(properties.targets)];
+		const lifecycle = this.captureSyncDispatchLifecycle(
+			targets,
+			properties.signal,
+		);
+		if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle)) {
+			this.finishSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
+			return;
+		}
+		const profile = this.syncOptions?.profile;
+		const startedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
+		const hashes = [...new Set(properties.hashes)];
+		const targetsPerAuthorizationWindow = Math.max(
+			1,
+			Math.min(targets.length, MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES),
+		);
+		const chunks = this.chunk(
+			hashes,
+			Math.max(
+				1,
+				Math.min(
+					this.maxHashesPerMessage,
+					Math.floor(
+						MAX_PENDING_MAYBE_SYNC_RESPONSE_HASHES /
+							targetsPerAuthorizationWindow,
+					),
+				),
+			),
+		);
+		let messages = 0;
+		try {
+			for (const chunk of chunks) {
+				if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle)) {
+					break;
+				}
+				for (const target of targets) {
+					if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					let hashesToAuthorize = chunk;
+					while (
+						hashesToAuthorize.length > 0 &&
+						this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)
+					) {
+						const reserved = await this.reservePendingMaybeSyncResponse({
+							hashes: hashesToAuthorize,
+							targets: [target],
+							lifecycle,
+						});
+						if (
+							!reserved ||
+							!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)
+						) {
+							break;
+						}
+						const { reservation, conflicts } = reserved;
+						const hashesToSend =
+							reservation.newlyAuthorizedByTarget.get(target) ?? [];
+						if (!reservation.retained()) {
+							reservation.release();
+							break;
+						}
+						if (hashesToSend.length > 0) {
+							reservation.beginDelivery();
+							try {
+								await this.rpc.send(
+									new RequestMaybeSync({ hashes: hashesToSend }),
+									{
+										priority: SYNC_MESSAGE_PRIORITY,
+										mode: new SilentDelivery({
+											to: [target],
+											redundancy: 1,
+										}),
+										signal: this.getSyncDispatchSignal(lifecycle, target),
+									},
+								);
+								reservation.markDelivered();
+								messages += 1;
+							} catch (error) {
+								reservation.release();
+								if (
+									!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle) ||
+									!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)
+								) {
+									break;
+								}
+								throw error;
+							} finally {
+								reservation.finishDelivery();
+							}
+						}
+						hashesToAuthorize =
+							await this.waitForPendingMaybeSyncResponseConflicts(
+								conflicts,
+								lifecycle,
+								target,
+								hashesToAuthorize.length,
+							);
+					}
+				}
+				if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle)) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		} finally {
+			this.finishSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
+			if (profile) {
+				emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, startedAt, {
+					name: "simple.onMaybeMissingEntries",
+					entries: hashes.length,
+					messages,
+					targets: targets.length,
+					details: !this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle)
+						? { cancelled: true }
+						: undefined,
+				});
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Ship exchange heads to one peer: the fused native raw path when the
+	 * peer advertised raw capability and the shared log provided a fused
+	 * sender, otherwise the TS message path (raw or plain by capability).
+	 * Returns the number of messages sent and whether the fused path ran.
+	 */
+	private async shipExchangeHeads(
+		hashes: string[],
+		to: PublicSignKey,
+		canReceiveRaw: boolean,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<{ messages: number; fused: boolean }> {
+		if (signal?.aborted) {
+			return { messages: 0, fused: false };
+		}
+		if (canReceiveRaw && this.sendRawExchangeHeads) {
+			let sentMessages: number | undefined;
+			try {
+				sentMessages = await this.sendRawExchangeHeads(
+					hashes,
+					[to.hashcode()],
+					{ signal },
+				);
+			} catch (error) {
+				if (signal?.aborted) {
+					return { messages: 0, fused: true };
+				}
+				throw error;
+			}
+			if (sentMessages !== undefined) {
+				return { messages: sentMessages, fused: true };
+			}
+		}
+		let messages = 0;
+		const messageGenerator = canReceiveRaw
+			? createRawExchangeHeadsMessages(
+					this.log,
+					hashes,
+					this.syncOptions?.profile,
+				)
+			: createExchangeHeadsMessages(this.log, hashes);
+		for await (const message of messageGenerator) {
+			if (signal?.aborted) {
+				break;
+			}
+			try {
+				await this.rpc.send(message, {
+					mode: new SilentDelivery({ to: [to], redundancy: 1 }),
+					signal,
+				});
+				messages += 1;
+			} catch (error) {
+				if (signal?.aborted) {
+					break;
+				}
+				throw error;
+			}
+		}
+		return { messages, fused: false };
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Ships hashes that the caller has already authorized for this exact sender.
+	 *
+	 * This deliberately does not consult or extend Simple's bounded pending-response
+	 * window. Rateless sync owns a separate, target-scoped authorization lifecycle
+	 * and uses this helper only after intersecting the response with that process's
+	 * exact advertised hash set.
+	 */
+	async shipAuthorizedMaybeSyncResponse(properties: {
+		hashes: string[];
+		from: PublicSignKey;
+		response: ResponseMaybeSync | ResponseMaybeSyncCapabilities;
+		signal: AbortSignal;
+	}): Promise<{ messages: number; fused: boolean; entries: number }> {
+		const hashes = this.filterRecentlySentExchangeHeads(
+			properties.hashes,
+			properties.from,
+		);
+		try {
+			const shipped = await this.shipExchangeHeads(
+				hashes,
+				properties.from,
+				canReceiveRawExchangeHeads(properties.response),
+				properties.signal,
+			);
+			return {
+				...shipped,
+				entries: hashes.length,
+			};
+		} catch (error) {
+			this.forgetRecentlySentExchangeHeads(hashes, properties.from);
+			throw error;
+		} finally {
+			if (properties.signal.aborted) {
+				this.forgetRecentlySentExchangeHeads(hashes, properties.from);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	async shipAuthorizedMaybeSyncResponseLeases(properties: {
+		leases: AuthorizedMaybeSyncResponseLease[];
+		from: PublicSignKey;
+		response: ResponseMaybeSync | ResponseMaybeSyncCapabilities;
+		source?: string;
+	}): Promise<{ messages: number; fused: boolean; entries: number }> {
+		if (properties.leases.length === 0) {
+			return { messages: 0, fused: false, entries: 0 };
+		}
+		const profile = this.syncOptions?.profile;
+		const startedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
+		let messages = 0;
+		let fused = false;
+		let entries = 0;
+		let firstError: unknown;
+		for (const lease of properties.leases) {
+			let fulfilled = false;
+			try {
+				const shipped = await this.shipAuthorizedMaybeSyncResponse({
+					hashes: lease.hashes,
+					from: properties.from,
+					response: properties.response,
+					signal: lease.signal,
+				});
+				messages += shipped.messages;
+				fused ||= shipped.fused;
+				entries += shipped.entries;
+				fulfilled = !lease.signal.aborted;
+			} catch (error) {
+				firstError ??= error;
+			} finally {
+				lease.release({ fulfilled });
+			}
+		}
+		if (profile) {
+			emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, startedAt, {
+				name: "simple.exchangeHeads",
+				entries,
+				messages,
+				targets: 1,
+				details: {
+					source: properties.source ?? "responseMaybeSync",
+					fused,
+				},
+			});
+		}
+		if (firstError !== undefined) {
+			throw firstError;
+		}
+		return { messages, fused, entries };
+	}
+
+	async onMessage(
+		msg: TransportMessage,
+		context: RequestContext,
+	): Promise<boolean> {
+		const from = context.from!;
+		if (msg instanceof RequestMaybeSync) {
+			await this.queueSync(msg.hashes, from);
+			return true;
+		} else if (
+			msg instanceof ResponseMaybeSync ||
+			msg instanceof ResponseMaybeSyncCapabilities
+		) {
+			// TODO perhaps send less messages to more receivers for performance reasons?
+			// TODO wait for previous send to target before trying to send more?
+
+			const pending = this.consumeAuthorizedMaybeSyncResponse(msg.hashes, from);
+			if (pending.length === 0) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			await this.shipAuthorizedMaybeSyncResponseLeases({
+				leases: pending,
+				from,
+				response: msg,
+			});
+			return true;
+		} else if (
+			msg instanceof RequestMaybeSyncCoordinate ||
+			msg instanceof RequestMaybeSyncCoordinateCapabilities
+		) {
+			if (
+				msg.hashNumbers.length === 0 ||
+				msg.hashNumbers.length > MAX_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_REQUEST_SYMBOLS
+			) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			const target = from.hashcode();
+			const releaseLookup = this.tryAcquireCoordinateLookup(target);
+			if (!releaseLookup) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			const lifecycle = this.captureSyncDispatchLifecycle([target]);
+			let lookupReleased = false;
+			const finishLookup = () => {
+				if (lookupReleased) {
+					return;
+				}
+				lookupReleased = true;
+				releaseLookup();
+			};
+			try {
+				if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				const symbols = [...new Set(msg.hashNumbers)];
+				const profile = this.syncOptions?.profile;
+				const lookupStartedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
+				const hashes = await getHashesFromSymbols(
+					symbols,
+					this.entryIndex,
+					this.coordinateToHash,
+					this.resolveHashesForSymbols,
+					this.resolveHashListForSymbols,
+					MAX_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_RESPONSE_HASHES,
+				);
+				finishLookup();
+				if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				if (profile) {
+					emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, lookupStartedAt, {
+						name: "simple.coordinateLookup",
+						entries: hashLookupResultSize(hashes),
+						symbols: symbols.length,
+					});
+				}
+
+				const releaseResponse = this.tryAcquireCoordinateResponse(target);
+				if (!releaseResponse) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				const exchangeStartedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
+				let hashesToSend: string[] = [];
+				let messages = 0;
+				let fused = false;
+				try {
+					hashesToSend = this.filterRecentlySentExchangeHeads(hashes, from);
+					// dont set priority 1 here because this will block other messages that should higher priority
+					({ messages, fused } = await this.shipExchangeHeads(
+						hashesToSend,
+						context.from!,
+						canReceiveRawExchangeHeads(msg),
+						this.getSyncDispatchSignal(lifecycle, target),
+					));
+				} finally {
+					releaseResponse();
+					if (profile) {
+						emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, exchangeStartedAt, {
+							name: "simple.exchangeHeads",
+							entries: hashesToSend.length,
+							messages,
+							targets: 1,
+							details: {
+								source: "requestMaybeSyncCoordinate",
+								fused,
+							},
+						});
+					}
+				}
+
+				return true;
+			} finally {
+				finishLookup();
+				this.finishSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
+			}
+		} else {
+			return false; // no message was consumed
+		}
+	}
+
+	onReceivedEntries(properties: {
+		entries: EntryWithRefs<any>[];
+		from: PublicSignKey;
+	}): Promise<void> | void {
+		return this.onReceivedEntryHashes({
+			hashes: properties.entries.map((entry) => entry.entry.hash),
+			from: properties.from,
+		});
+	}
+
+	onReceivedEntryHashes(properties: {
+		hashes: string[];
+		from: PublicSignKey;
+	}): Promise<void> | void {
+		this.clearSyncInFlightForPeerHashes(
+			properties.from.hashcode(),
+			properties.hashes,
+		);
+		this.markRepairSessionResolvedHashes(properties.hashes);
+	}
+
+	private getPendingSyncKeyIdentity(key: SyncableKey): SyncableKey {
+		if (typeof key === "string") {
+			return key;
+		}
+		const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(key);
+		return hash ?? key;
+	}
+
+	private removeQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(key: bigint): void {
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates.delete(key);
+		if (this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates.size === 0) {
+			this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinateRefreshIterator = undefined;
+		}
+		const previousHash = this.syncInFlightQueuedHashByCoordinate.get(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedHashByCoordinate.delete(key);
+		if (previousHash != null) {
+			const coordinates =
+				this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.get(previousHash);
+			coordinates?.delete(key);
+			if (coordinates?.size === 0) {
+				this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.delete(previousHash);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(key: bigint): void {
+		if (!this.syncInFlightQueue.has(key)) {
+			this.removeQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(key);
+			return;
+		}
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates.add(key);
+		const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(key) ?? undefined;
+		const previousHash = this.syncInFlightQueuedHashByCoordinate.get(key);
+		if (previousHash !== hash) {
+			if (previousHash != null) {
+				const coordinates =
+					this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.get(previousHash);
+				coordinates?.delete(key);
+				if (coordinates?.size === 0) {
+					this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.delete(previousHash);
+				}
+			}
+			if (hash == null) {
+				this.syncInFlightQueuedHashByCoordinate.delete(key);
+			} else {
+				this.syncInFlightQueuedHashByCoordinate.set(key, hash);
+			}
+		}
+		if (hash != null) {
+			let coordinates = this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.get(hash);
+			if (!coordinates) {
+				coordinates = new Set();
+				this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.set(hash, coordinates);
+			}
+			coordinates.add(key);
+			this.reconcileQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(key, hash);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private reconcileQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(
+		coordinate: bigint,
+		hash: string,
+	): void {
+		const now = Date.now();
+		const coordinateExpiresAt = this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(coordinate);
+		if (coordinateExpiresAt != null && coordinateExpiresAt <= now) {
+			this.clearSyncProcessKey(coordinate);
+			return;
+		}
+		const hashExpiresAt = this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(hash);
+		if (hashExpiresAt != null && hashExpiresAt <= now) {
+			this.clearSyncProcessKey(hash);
+			return;
+		}
+		const hashClaimants = this.syncInFlightQueue.get(hash);
+		if (!hashClaimants || !this.syncInFlightQueue.has(coordinate)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		const expiresAt = Math.min(
+			this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(coordinate) ?? Infinity,
+			this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(hash) ?? Infinity,
+		);
+		for (const claimant of [...hashClaimants]) {
+			this.addPendingSyncClaim(coordinate, claimant, expiresAt);
+		}
+		if (Number.isFinite(expiresAt)) {
+			this.movePendingSyncKeyExpiryEarlier(coordinate, expiresAt);
+		}
+		for (const target of [...(this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.get(hash) ?? [])]) {
+			const state = this.syncInFlight.get(target)?.get(hash);
+			if (state) {
+				this.setSyncInFlightTargetKey(target, coordinate, state.timestamp);
+			}
+		}
+		this.clearSyncProcessKey(hash);
+	}
+
+	private refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAliases(): void {
+		if (
+			this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates.size === 0 &&
+			this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.size < this.syncInFlightQueue.size
+		) {
+			// Defensive compatibility for callers/tests that seed the public queue
+			// directly. Keep hydration bounded; internal writes register coordinates
+			// when the key is first admitted.
+			let inspected = 0;
+			for (const key of this.syncInFlightQueue.keys()) {
+				if (typeof key === "bigint") {
+					this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates.add(key);
+				}
+				inspected += 1;
+				if (inspected >= MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PER_MESSAGE) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates.size === 0) {
+			this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinateRefreshIterator = undefined;
+			return;
+		}
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinateRefreshIterator ??=
+			this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates.values();
+		for (
+			let refreshed = 0;
+			refreshed < MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PER_MESSAGE;
+			refreshed += 1
+		) {
+			const next = this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinateRefreshIterator.next();
+			if (next.done) {
+				this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinateRefreshIterator = undefined;
+				break;
+			}
+			this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(next.value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private getQueuedSyncKeyForAdmission(
+		key: SyncableKey,
+	): SyncableKey | typeof QUEUED_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PENDING | undefined {
+		const getValidQueuedKey = (
+			candidate: SyncableKey,
+		): SyncableKey | undefined => {
+			if (!this.syncInFlightQueue.has(candidate)) {
+				return undefined;
+			}
+			const expiresAt = this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(candidate);
+			if (expiresAt != null && expiresAt <= Date.now()) {
+				this.clearSyncProcessKey(candidate);
+				return undefined;
+			}
+			return candidate;
+		};
+		if (getValidQueuedKey(key) != null) {
+			if (typeof key === "bigint") {
+				this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(key);
+				return getValidQueuedKey(key);
+			}
 			return key;
 		}
 		if (typeof key === "string") {
-			for (const queuedKey of this.syncInFlightQueue.keys()) {
+			const aliases = this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.get(key);
+			if (aliases) {
+				let inspected = 0;
+				for (const alias of aliases) {
+					if (inspected >= MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PER_MESSAGE) {
+						return QUEUED_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PENDING;
+					}
+					inspected += 1;
+					this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(alias);
+					if (
+						this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.get(key)?.has(alias) ===
+						true
+					) {
+						const validAlias = getValidQueuedKey(alias);
+						if (validAlias != null) {
+							return validAlias;
+						}
+					}
+				}
 				if (
-					typeof queuedKey === "bigint" &&
-					this.coordinateToHash.get(queuedKey) === key
+					(this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.get(key)?.size ?? 0) > 0
 				) {
-					return queuedKey;
+					return QUEUED_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PENDING;
 				}
 			}
 			return undefined;
 		}
 		const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(key);
-		return hash && this.syncInFlightQueue.has(hash) ? hash : undefined;
+		return hash != null ? getValidQueuedKey(hash) : undefined;
 	}
 
-	startRepairSession(properties: {
-		entries: Map<string, SyncEntryCoordinates<R>>;
-		targets: string[];
-		mode?: RepairSessionMode;
-		timeoutMs?: number;
-		retryIntervalsMs?: number[];
-	}): RepairSession {
-		const mode = properties.mode ?? "best-effort";
-		const startedAt = Date.now();
-		const timeoutMs = Math.max(
-			1,
-			Math.floor(
-				properties.timeoutMs ??
-					(mode === "convergent"
-						? DEFAULT_CONVERGENT_REPAIR_TIMEOUT_MS
-						: DEFAULT_CONVERGENT_REPAIR_TIMEOUT_MS),
-			),
+	private addPendingSyncClaim(
+		key: SyncableKey,
+		from: PublicSignKey,
+		expiresAt?: number,
+	): boolean {
+		const fromHash = from.hashcode();
+		let peers = this.syncInFlightQueue.get(key);
+		let claimants = this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.get(key);
+		let claimantIndexes = this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.get(key);
+		if (!peers) {
+			peers = [];
+			this.syncInFlightQueue.set(key, peers);
+			claimants = new Set();
+			this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.set(key, claimants);
+			claimantIndexes = new Map();
+			this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.set(key, claimantIndexes);
+			const deadline = expiresAt ?? Date.now() + PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_KEY_TTL_MS;
+			this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.set(key, deadline);
+			const expiryNode: PendingSyncExpiryNode = {
+				kind: "key",
+				key,
+				expiresAt: deadline,
+				heapIndex: -1,
+			};
+			this.pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes.set(key, expiryNode);
+			this.pushPendingSyncExpiry(expiryNode);
+			if (typeof key === "bigint") {
+				this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(key);
+			}
+		} else if (!claimants) {
+			// Defensive compatibility for callers/tests that seed the public queue
+			// maps directly. Internally every retained key gets this set at creation.
+			claimants = new Set(peers.map((peer) => peer.hashcode()));
+			this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.set(key, claimants);
+			this.pendingSyncClaimCount += claimants.size;
+		}
+		if (!claimantIndexes) {
+			claimantIndexes = new Map();
+			for (let index = 0; index < peers.length; index += 1) {
+				claimantIndexes.set(peers[index]!.hashcode(), index);
+			}
+			this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.set(key, claimantIndexes);
+		}
+		if (claimants.has(fromHash)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		claimantIndexes.set(fromHash, peers.length);
+		peers.push(from);
+		claimants.add(fromHash);
+		let inverted = this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.get(fromHash);
+		if (!inverted) {
+			inverted = new Set();
+			this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.set(fromHash, inverted);
+		}
+		inverted.add(key);
+		this.pendingSyncClaimCount += 1;
+		this.schedulePendingSyncKeyExpiry();
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	private hasPendingSyncClaim(key: SyncableKey, peer: string): boolean {
+		const claimants = this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.get(key);
+		if (claimants) {
+			return claimants.has(peer);
+		}
+		const peers = this.syncInFlightQueue.get(key);
+		if (!peers) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		const hydrated = new Set(peers.map((candidate) => candidate.hashcode()));
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.set(key, hydrated);
+		const indexes = new Map<string, number>();
+		for (let index = 0; index < peers.length; index += 1) {
+			indexes.set(peers[index]!.hashcode(), index);
+		}
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.set(key, indexes);
+		this.pendingSyncClaimCount += hydrated.size;
+		return hydrated.has(peer);
+	}
+
+	private filterDispatchablePendingSyncClaims(
+		keys: SyncableKey[],
+		peer: string,
+		epoch: SyncDispatchTargetEpoch,
+	): SyncableKey[] {
+		if (this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.get(peer) !== epoch) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		const now = Date.now();
+		const dispatchable: SyncableKey[] = [];
+		for (const key of keys) {
+			const expiresAt = this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(key);
+			if (expiresAt != null && expiresAt <= now) {
+				this.clearSyncProcessKey(key);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (
+				this.syncInFlightQueue.has(key) &&
+				this.hasPendingSyncClaim(key, peer)
+			) {
+				dispatchable.push(key);
+			}
+		}
+		return dispatchable;
+	}
+
+	private canStartPendingSyncLookup(peer: string): boolean {
+		return (
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservations.size +
+				this.pendingCoordinateLookupCount <
+				MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_LOOKUPS_GLOBAL &&
+			(this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer.get(peer)?.size ?? 0) +
+				(this.pendingCoordinateLookupCountByPeer.get(peer) ?? 0) <
+				MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_LOOKUPS_PER_PEER
 		);
-		const retryIntervalsMs = this.normalizeRetryIntervals(
-			mode,
-			properties.retryIntervalsMs,
+	}
+
+	private tryAcquireCoordinateLookup(peer: string): (() => void) | undefined {
+		if (!this.canStartPendingSyncLookup(peer)) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+		this.pendingCoordinateLookupCount += 1;
+		this.pendingCoordinateLookupCountByPeer.set(
+			peer,
+			(this.pendingCoordinateLookupCountByPeer.get(peer) ?? 0) + 1,
 		);
-		const allHashes = this.getPrioritizedHashes(properties.entries);
-		const trackedHashes =
-			mode === "convergent" &&
-			allHashes.length > this.maxConvergentTrackedHashes
-				? allHashes.slice(0, this.maxConvergentTrackedHashes)
-				: allHashes;
-		const truncated = trackedHashes.length < allHashes.length;
-		const targets = [...new Set(properties.targets)];
-		const id = `repair-${++this.repairSessionCounter}`;
-		const deferred = createDeferred<RepairSessionResult[]>();
+		let released = false;
+		return () => {
+			if (released) {
+				return;
+			}
+			released = true;
+			this.pendingCoordinateLookupCount -= 1;
+			const remaining =
+				(this.pendingCoordinateLookupCountByPeer.get(peer) ?? 1) - 1;
+			if (remaining === 0) {
+				this.pendingCoordinateLookupCountByPeer.delete(peer);
+			} else {
+				this.pendingCoordinateLookupCountByPeer.set(peer, remaining);
+			}
+		};
+	}
 
-		const targetStates = new Map<string, RepairSessionTargetState>();
-		for (const target of targets) {
-			targetStates.set(target, {
-				unresolved: new Set(trackedHashes),
-				requestedCount: trackedHashes.length,
-				requestedTotalCount: allHashes.length,
-				attempts: 0,
-			});
+	private tryAcquireCoordinateResponse(peer: string): (() => void) | undefined {
+		if (
+			this.pendingCoordinateResponseCount >=
+				MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_RESPONSES_GLOBAL ||
+			(this.pendingCoordinateResponseCountByPeer.get(peer) ?? 0) >=
+				MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_COORDINATE_RESPONSES_PER_PEER
+		) {
+			return undefined;
 		}
+		this.pendingCoordinateResponseCount += 1;
+		this.pendingCoordinateResponseCountByPeer.set(
+			peer,
+			(this.pendingCoordinateResponseCountByPeer.get(peer) ?? 0) + 1,
+		);
+		let released = false;
+		return () => {
+			if (released) {
+				return;
+			}
+			released = true;
+			this.pendingCoordinateResponseCount -= 1;
+			const remaining =
+				(this.pendingCoordinateResponseCountByPeer.get(peer) ?? 1) - 1;
+			if (remaining === 0) {
+				this.pendingCoordinateResponseCountByPeer.delete(peer);
+			} else {
+				this.pendingCoordinateResponseCountByPeer.set(peer, remaining);
+			}
+		};
+	}
 
-		const session: RepairSessionState = {
-			id,
-			mode,
-			startedAt,
-			timeoutMs,
-			retryIntervalsMs,
-			targets: targetStates,
-			truncated,
-			deferred,
-			cancelled: false,
+	private reservePendingSyncAdmission(
+		peer: string,
+		identities: SyncableKey[],
+	): PendingSyncAdmissionReservation | undefined {
+		const count = identities.length;
+		if (count <= 0) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+		const reservation: PendingSyncAdmissionReservation = {
+			peer,
+			remaining: count,
+			active: true,
+			released: false,
+			expiresAt: Date.now() + PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_KEY_TTL_MS,
+			identities: new Set(identities),
+			retainedSettled: 0,
+		};
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservations.add(reservation);
+		let peerReservations =
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer.get(peer);
+		if (!peerReservations) {
+			peerReservations = new Set();
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer.set(peer, peerReservations);
+		}
+		peerReservations.add(reservation);
+		this.pendingSyncActiveAdmissionReservations += 1;
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionCount += count;
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.set(
+			peer,
+			(this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.get(peer) ?? 0) + count,
+		);
+		let reservedIdentities =
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionIdentitiesByPeer.get(peer);
+		if (!reservedIdentities) {
+			reservedIdentities = new Set();
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionIdentitiesByPeer.set(peer, reservedIdentities);
+		}
+		for (const identity of identities) {
+			reservedIdentities.add(identity);
+			let reservationsForIdentity =
+				this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByIdentity.get(identity);
+			if (!reservationsForIdentity) {
+				reservationsForIdentity = new Set();
+				this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByIdentity.set(
+					identity,
+					reservationsForIdentity,
+				);
+			}
+			reservationsForIdentity.add(reservation);
+		}
+		const expiryNode: PendingSyncExpiryNode = {
+			kind: "admission",
+			reservation,
+			expiresAt: reservation.expiresAt,
+			heapIndex: -1,
 		};
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionExpiryNodes.set(reservation, expiryNode);
+		this.pushPendingSyncExpiry(expiryNode);
+		this.schedulePendingSyncKeyExpiry();
+		return reservation;
+	}
 
-		if (allHashes.length === 0 || targets.length === 0) {
-			deferred.resolve(this.buildRepairSessionResult(session, true));
-			return {
-				id,
-				done: deferred.promise,
-				cancel: () => {
-					// no-op
-				},
-			};
+	private removePendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(
+		reservation: PendingSyncAdmissionReservation,
+		identity: SyncableKey,
+		options?: { retainQuota?: boolean },
+	): boolean {
+		if (!reservation.identities.delete(identity)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (options?.retainQuota === true) {
+			reservation.retainedSettled += 1;
+		} else {
+			reservation.remaining -= 1;
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionCount -= 1;
+			const peerCount =
+				(this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.get(reservation.peer) ?? 0) - 1;
+			if (peerCount === 0) {
+				this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.delete(reservation.peer);
+			} else {
+				this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.set(reservation.peer, peerCount);
+			}
+		}
+		const reservedIdentities = this.pendingSyncAdmissionIdentitiesByPeer.get(
+			reservation.peer,
+		);
+		reservedIdentities?.delete(identity);
+		if (reservedIdentities?.size === 0) {
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionIdentitiesByPeer.delete(reservation.peer);
+		}
+		const reservationsForIdentity =
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByIdentity.get(identity);
+		reservationsForIdentity?.delete(reservation);
+		if (reservationsForIdentity?.size === 0) {
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByIdentity.delete(identity);
 		}
+		return true;
+	}
 
-		// For capped convergent sessions, still dispatch the full set once so large
-		// repairs are not limited to tracked hashes.
-		if (mode === "convergent" && truncated) {
-			void this.onMaybeMissingEntries({
-				entries: properties.entries,
-				targets,
-			}).catch(() => {
-				// Best-effort: retries on tracked hashes continue via runRepairSession.
+	private clearPendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(identity: SyncableKey): void {
+		const reservations =
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByIdentity.get(identity);
+		if (!reservations) {
+			return;
+		}
+		for (const reservation of [...reservations]) {
+			this.removePendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(reservation, identity, {
+				retainQuota: true,
 			});
 		}
+	}
 
-		session.timer = setTimeout(() => {
-			this.finalizeRepairSession(id, false);
-		}, timeoutMs);
-		session.timer.unref?.();
-
-		this.repairSessions.set(id, session);
-		void this.runRepairSession(id).catch(() => {
-			this.finalizeRepairSession(id, false);
-		});
+	private consumePendingSyncAdmission(
+		reservation: PendingSyncAdmissionReservation,
+		identity: SyncableKey,
+	): "consumed" | "settled" | "invalid" {
+		if (!reservation.active || reservation.expiresAt <= Date.now()) {
+			if (reservation.expiresAt <= Date.now()) {
+				this.invalidatePendingSyncAdmission(reservation);
+			}
+			return "invalid";
+		}
+		if (!reservation.identities.has(identity)) {
+			return "settled";
+		}
+		this.removePendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(reservation, identity);
+		if (reservation.remaining === 0) {
+			this.removePendingSyncAdmissionExpiry(reservation);
+			reservation.active = false;
+			reservation.released = true;
+			this.pendingSyncActiveAdmissionReservations -= 1;
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservations.delete(reservation);
+			const peerReservations = this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer.get(
+				reservation.peer,
+			);
+			peerReservations?.delete(reservation);
+			if (peerReservations?.size === 0) {
+				this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer.delete(reservation.peer);
+			}
+			this.clearPendingSyncExpiryTimerIfIdle();
+		}
+		return "consumed";
+	}
 
-		return {
-			id,
-			done: deferred.promise,
-			cancel: () => {
-				this.finalizeRepairSession(id, false);
-			},
-		};
+	private transferPendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(
+		peer: string,
+		identity: SyncableKey,
+	): number | undefined {
+		const reservations =
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByIdentity.get(identity);
+		if (!reservations) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+		for (const reservation of reservations) {
+			if (
+				reservation.peer !== peer ||
+				reservation.released ||
+				reservation.expiresAt <= Date.now() ||
+				!this.removePendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(reservation, identity, {
+					retainQuota: true,
+				})
+			) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			// The original resolver may be non-abortable and still retains its input
+			// arrays. Keep that reservation charged until its queueSync finally
+			// settles; the queued claim is counted separately and can disappear
+			// without returning the resolver's quota early.
+			return reservation.expiresAt;
+		}
+		return undefined;
 	}
 
-	async onMaybeMissingEntries(properties: {
-		entries: Map<string, SyncEntryCoordinates<R>>;
-		targets: string[];
-	}): Promise<void> {
-		await this.onMaybeMissingHashes({
-			hashes: this.getPrioritizedHashes(properties.entries),
-			targets: properties.targets,
-		});
+	private invalidatePendingSyncAdmission(
+		reservation?: PendingSyncAdmissionReservation,
+	): void {
+		if (!reservation || reservation.released || !reservation.active) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// Expiry/disconnect invalidates late lookup results, but it must not return
+		// the quota slot while the underlying storage/index work is still alive.
+		// Those lookups are not generally abortable; only queueSync's finally block
+		// may release their active-work accounting.
+		this.removePendingSyncAdmissionExpiry(reservation);
+		reservation.active = false;
+		this.pendingSyncActiveAdmissionReservations -= 1;
+		this.clearPendingSyncExpiryTimerIfIdle();
 	}
 
-	async onMaybeMissingHashes(properties: {
-		hashes: Iterable<string>;
-		targets: string[];
-	}): Promise<void> {
-		const profile = this.syncOptions?.profile;
-		const startedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
-		const hashes = [...properties.hashes];
-		const chunks = this.chunk(hashes, this.maxHashesPerMessage);
-		try {
-			await chunks.reduce(
-				(promise, chunk) =>
-					promise.then(() =>
-						this.rpc.send(new RequestMaybeSync({ hashes: chunk }), {
-							priority: SYNC_MESSAGE_PRIORITY,
-							mode: new SilentDelivery({
-								to: properties.targets,
-								redundancy: 1,
-							}),
-						}),
-					),
-				Promise.resolve(),
-			);
-		} finally {
-			if (profile) {
-				emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, startedAt, {
-					name: "simple.onMaybeMissingEntries",
-					entries: hashes.length,
-					messages: chunks.length,
-					targets: properties.targets.length,
-				});
+	private releasePendingSyncAdmission(
+		reservation?: PendingSyncAdmissionReservation,
+	): void {
+		if (!reservation || reservation.released) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.removePendingSyncAdmissionExpiry(reservation);
+		for (const identity of [...reservation.identities]) {
+			this.removePendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(reservation, identity);
+		}
+		if (reservation.retainedSettled > 0) {
+			const retainedSettled = reservation.retainedSettled;
+			reservation.retainedSettled = 0;
+			reservation.remaining -= retainedSettled;
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionCount -= retainedSettled;
+			const peerCount =
+				(this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.get(reservation.peer) ?? 0) -
+				retainedSettled;
+			if (peerCount === 0) {
+				this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.delete(reservation.peer);
+			} else {
+				this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.set(reservation.peer, peerCount);
 			}
 		}
+		if (reservation.active) {
+			this.pendingSyncActiveAdmissionReservations -= 1;
+		}
+		reservation.active = false;
+		reservation.released = true;
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservations.delete(reservation);
+		const peerReservations = this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer.get(
+			reservation.peer,
+		);
+		peerReservations?.delete(reservation);
+		if (peerReservations?.size === 0) {
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer.delete(reservation.peer);
+		}
+		this.clearPendingSyncExpiryTimerIfIdle();
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Ship exchange heads to one peer: the fused native raw path when the
-	 * peer advertised raw capability and the shared log provided a fused
-	 * sender, otherwise the TS message path (raw or plain by capability).
-	 * Returns the number of messages sent and whether the fused path ran.
-	 */
-	private async shipExchangeHeads(
-		hashes: string[],
-		to: PublicSignKey,
-		canReceiveRaw: boolean,
-	): Promise<{ messages: number; fused: boolean }> {
-		if (canReceiveRaw && this.sendRawExchangeHeads) {
-			const sentMessages = await this.sendRawExchangeHeads(hashes, [
-				to.hashcode(),
-			]);
-			if (sentMessages !== undefined) {
-				return { messages: sentMessages, fused: true };
-			}
+	private clearPendingSyncAdmissions(peer?: string): void {
+		const reservations =
+			peer == null
+				? this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservations
+				: this.pendingSyncAdmissionReservationsByPeer.get(peer);
+		if (!reservations) {
+			return;
 		}
-		let messages = 0;
-		const messageGenerator = canReceiveRaw
-			? createRawExchangeHeadsMessages(
-					this.log,
-					hashes,
-					this.syncOptions?.profile,
-				)
-			: createExchangeHeadsMessages(this.log, hashes);
-		for await (const message of messageGenerator) {
-			messages += 1;
-			await this.rpc.send(message, {
-				mode: new SilentDelivery({ to: [to], redundancy: 1 }),
-			});
+		for (const reservation of [...reservations]) {
+			this.invalidatePendingSyncAdmission(reservation);
 		}
-		return { messages, fused: false };
 	}
 
-	async onMessage(
-		msg: TransportMessage,
-		context: RequestContext,
-	): Promise<boolean> {
-		const from = context.from!;
-		if (msg instanceof RequestMaybeSync) {
-			await this.queueSync(msg.hashes, from);
-			return true;
-		} else if (
-			msg instanceof ResponseMaybeSync ||
-			msg instanceof ResponseMaybeSyncCapabilities
-		) {
-			// TODO perhaps send less messages to more receivers for performance reasons?
-			// TODO wait for previous send to target before trying to send more?
+	private swapPendingSyncExpiry(left: number, right: number): void {
+		const leftNode = this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[left]!;
+		const rightNode = this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[right]!;
+		this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[left] = rightNode;
+		this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[right] = leftNode;
+		rightNode.heapIndex = left;
+		leftNode.heapIndex = right;
+	}
 
-			const profile = this.syncOptions?.profile;
-			const startedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
-			const hashes = this.filterRecentlySentExchangeHeads(msg.hashes, from);
-			let messages = 0;
-			let fused = false;
-			try {
-				({ messages, fused } = await this.shipExchangeHeads(
-					hashes,
-					context.from!,
-					canReceiveRawExchangeHeads(msg),
-				));
-			} finally {
-				if (profile) {
-					emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, startedAt, {
-						name: "simple.exchangeHeads",
-						entries: hashes.length,
-						messages,
-						targets: 1,
-						details: { source: "responseMaybeSync", fused },
-					});
-				}
+	private pushPendingSyncExpiry(node: PendingSyncExpiryNode): void {
+		node.heapIndex = this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.length;
+		this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.push(node);
+		let index = node.heapIndex;
+		while (index > 0) {
+			const parent = Math.floor((index - 1) / 2);
+			if (
+				this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[parent]!.expiresAt <=
+				this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[index]!.expiresAt
+			) {
+				break;
 			}
-			return true;
-		} else if (
-			msg instanceof RequestMaybeSyncCoordinate ||
-			msg instanceof RequestMaybeSyncCoordinateCapabilities
+			this.swapPendingSyncExpiry(parent, index);
+			index = parent;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private removePendingSyncExpiry(node: PendingSyncExpiryNode): void {
+		const index = node.heapIndex;
+		if (
+			index < 0 ||
+			index >= this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.length ||
+			this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[index] !== node
 		) {
-			const profile = this.syncOptions?.profile;
-			const lookupStartedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
-			const hashes = await getHashesFromSymbols(
-				msg.hashNumbers,
-				this.entryIndex,
-				this.coordinateToHash,
-				this.resolveHashesForSymbols,
-				this.resolveHashListForSymbols,
-			);
-			if (profile) {
-				emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, lookupStartedAt, {
-					name: "simple.coordinateLookup",
-					entries: hashLookupResultSize(hashes),
-					symbols: msg.hashNumbers.length,
-				});
+			return;
+		}
+		const last = this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.pop()!;
+		node.heapIndex = -1;
+		if (index >= this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.length) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[index] = last;
+		last.heapIndex = index;
+
+		let current = index;
+		while (current > 0) {
+			const parent = Math.floor((current - 1) / 2);
+			if (
+				this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[parent]!.expiresAt <=
+				this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[current]!.expiresAt
+			) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.swapPendingSyncExpiry(parent, current);
+			current = parent;
+		}
+		for (;;) {
+			const left = current * 2 + 1;
+			const right = left + 1;
+			let smallest = current;
+			if (
+				left < this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.length &&
+				this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[left]!.expiresAt <
+					this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[smallest]!.expiresAt
+			) {
+				smallest = left;
+			}
+			if (
+				right < this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.length &&
+				this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[right]!.expiresAt <
+					this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[smallest]!.expiresAt
+			) {
+				smallest = right;
+			}
+			if (smallest === current) {
+				break;
 			}
+			this.swapPendingSyncExpiry(current, smallest);
+			current = smallest;
+		}
+	}
 
-			const exchangeStartedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
-			const hashesToSend = this.filterRecentlySentExchangeHeads(hashes, from);
-			let messages = 0;
-			let fused = false;
-			try {
-				// dont set priority 1 here because this will block other messages that should higher priority
-				({ messages, fused } = await this.shipExchangeHeads(
-					hashesToSend,
-					context.from!,
-					canReceiveRawExchangeHeads(msg),
-				));
-			} finally {
-				if (profile) {
-					emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, exchangeStartedAt, {
-						name: "simple.exchangeHeads",
-						entries: hashesToSend.length,
-						messages,
-						targets: 1,
-						details: { source: "requestMaybeSyncCoordinate", fused },
-					});
+	private removePendingSyncKeyExpiry(key: SyncableKey): void {
+		const node = this.pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes.get(key);
+		if (!node) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes.delete(key);
+		this.removePendingSyncExpiry(node);
+	}
+
+	private movePendingSyncKeyExpiryEarlier(
+		key: SyncableKey,
+		expiresAt: number,
+	): void {
+		const current = this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(key);
+		if (current == null || current <= expiresAt) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.removePendingSyncKeyExpiry(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.set(key, expiresAt);
+		const node: PendingSyncExpiryNode = {
+			kind: "key",
+			key,
+			expiresAt,
+			heapIndex: -1,
+		};
+		this.pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes.set(key, node);
+		this.pushPendingSyncExpiry(node);
+		this.schedulePendingSyncKeyExpiry();
+	}
+
+	private removePendingSyncAdmissionExpiry(
+		reservation: PendingSyncAdmissionReservation,
+	): void {
+		const node = this.pendingSyncAdmissionExpiryNodes.get(reservation);
+		if (!node) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionExpiryNodes.delete(reservation);
+		this.removePendingSyncExpiry(node);
+	}
+
+	private expirePendingSyncKeys(now = Date.now()): void {
+		for (;;) {
+			const node = this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[0];
+			if (!node || node.expiresAt > now) {
+				break;
+			}
+			this.removePendingSyncExpiry(node);
+			if (node.kind === "key") {
+				if (this.pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes.get(node.key) !== node) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				this.pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes.delete(node.key);
+				this.clearSyncProcessKey(node.key);
+			} else {
+				if (
+					this.pendingSyncAdmissionExpiryNodes.get(node.reservation) !== node
+				) {
+					continue;
 				}
+				this.pendingSyncAdmissionExpiryNodes.delete(node.reservation);
+				this.invalidatePendingSyncAdmission(node.reservation);
 			}
-
-			return true;
-		} else {
-			return false; // no message was consumed
 		}
 	}
 
-	onReceivedEntries(properties: {
-		entries: EntryWithRefs<any>[];
-		from: PublicSignKey;
-	}): Promise<void> | void {
-		return this.onReceivedEntryHashes({
-			hashes: properties.entries.map((entry) => entry.entry.hash),
-			from: properties.from,
-		});
+	private clearPendingSyncExpiryTimerIfIdle(): void {
+		if (
+			this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.length === 0 &&
+			this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer != null
+		) {
+			clearTimeout(this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer);
+			this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer = undefined;
+		}
 	}
 
-	onReceivedEntryHashes(properties: {
-		hashes: string[];
-		from: PublicSignKey;
-	}): Promise<void> | void {
-		this.clearSyncInFlightForPeerHashes(
-			properties.from.hashcode(),
-			properties.hashes,
+	private schedulePendingSyncKeyExpiry(): void {
+		if (
+			this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer != null ||
+			this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.length === 0
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		const expiresAt = this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap[0]!.expiresAt;
+		this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer = setTimeout(
+			() => {
+				this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer = undefined;
+				this.expirePendingSyncKeys();
+				this.schedulePendingSyncKeyExpiry();
+			},
+			Math.max(0, expiresAt - Date.now()),
 		);
-		this.markRepairSessionResolvedHashes(properties.hashes);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer.unref?.();
 	}
 
 	async queueSync(
@@ -953,111 +3629,273 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		from: PublicSignKey,
 		options?: { skipCheck?: boolean },
 	) {
+		if (this.closed === true || keys.length === 0) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// A delayed timer must not let expired claims or admission reservations
+		// keep the exact per-peer/global quota closed to fresh work.
+		this.expirePendingSyncKeys();
+		this.clearPendingSyncExpiryTimerIfIdle();
+		const fromHash = from.hashcode();
+		const canStartLookup =
+			options?.skipCheck === true || this.canStartPendingSyncLookup(fromHash);
+		const peerClaimCount =
+			this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.get(fromHash)?.size ?? 0;
+		let availableClaims = Math.max(
+			0,
+			Math.min(
+				MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_KEYS_PER_PEER -
+					peerClaimCount -
+					(this.pendingSyncAdmissionCountByPeer.get(fromHash) ?? 0),
+				MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_KEYS_GLOBAL -
+					this.pendingSyncClaimCount -
+					this.pendingSyncAdmissionCount,
+			),
+		);
+		const targetEpoch = this.getOrCreateSyncDispatchTargetEpoch(fromHash);
+		const ownershipLifecycleController = this.syncDispatchLifecycleController;
+		const isCapturedLifecycleActive = () =>
+			this.closed !== true &&
+			this.syncDispatchLifecycleController === ownershipLifecycleController &&
+			!ownershipLifecycleController.signal.aborted &&
+			this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.get(fromHash) === targetEpoch;
 		const requestHashes: SyncableKey[] = [];
+		const existingRequestHashes: SyncableKey[] = [];
 		const profile = this.syncOptions?.profile;
 		const startedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
-		const resolveKnownStartedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
-		const knownKeys =
-			options?.skipCheck === true
-				? undefined
-				: await this.resolveKnownSyncKeys(keys);
-		if (profile) {
-			emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, resolveKnownStartedAt, {
-				name: "simple.queueSync.resolveKnown",
-				entries: keys.length,
-				count: knownKeys?.keys.size ?? 0,
-				details: {
-					checkedCoordinates: knownKeys?.checkedCoordinates === true,
-					checkedHashes: knownKeys?.checkedHashes === true,
-					skipCheck: options?.skipCheck === true,
-				},
-			});
+		if (!isCapturedLifecycleActive()) {
+			return;
 		}
-		const fromHash = from.hashcode();
-		let queuedHashAliases: Map<string, SyncableKey> | undefined;
-		const getQueuedSyncKeyForBatch = (key: SyncableKey) => {
-			if (this.syncInFlightQueue.has(key)) {
-				return key;
-			}
-			if (typeof key === "string") {
-				if (!queuedHashAliases) {
-					queuedHashAliases = new Map();
-					for (const queuedKey of this.syncInFlightQueue.keys()) {
-						if (typeof queuedKey !== "bigint") {
-							continue;
-						}
-						const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(queuedKey);
-						if (hash) {
-							queuedHashAliases.set(hash, queuedKey);
-						}
+		if (availableClaims === 0) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAliases();
+		const keysToCheck: SyncableKey[] = [];
+		const identitiesToCheck: SyncableKey[] = [];
+		const seen = new Set<SyncableKey>();
+		const pendingAdmissionIdentities =
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionIdentitiesByPeer.get(fromHash);
+		// Default senders use 1,024-key messages. Capping examined input at the
+		// entire per-peer allowance prevents a duplicate-filled oversized vector
+		// from turning admission itself into unbounded work.
+		const inspectionLimit = canStartLookup
+			? MAX_PENDING_SIMPLE_SYNC_KEYS_PER_PEER
+			: Math.min(DEFAULT_MAX_HASHES_PER_MESSAGE, keys.length);
+		for (
+			let index = 0;
+			index < keys.length && index < inspectionLimit;
+			index += 1
+		) {
+			const key = keys[index]!;
+			const queuedKeyResult = this.getQueuedSyncKeyForAdmission(key);
+			if (queuedKeyResult === QUEUED_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PENDING) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			const queuedKey = queuedKeyResult;
+			const coordinateOrHash = queuedKey ?? key;
+			const identity = this.getPendingSyncKeyIdentity(coordinateOrHash);
+			if (seen.has(identity)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			seen.add(identity);
+
+			if (queuedKey != null) {
+				let transferredDeadline: number | undefined;
+				if (
+					availableClaims > 0 &&
+					pendingAdmissionIdentities?.has(identity) &&
+					!this.hasPendingSyncClaim(queuedKey, fromHash)
+				) {
+					transferredDeadline = this.transferPendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(
+						fromHash,
+						identity,
+					);
+					if (transferredDeadline != null) {
+						this.movePendingSyncKeyExpiryEarlier(
+							queuedKey,
+							transferredDeadline,
+						);
 					}
 				}
-				return queuedHashAliases.get(key);
+				if (availableClaims === 0) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (this.addPendingSyncClaim(queuedKey, from)) {
+					availableClaims -= 1;
+					existingRequestHashes.push(queuedKey);
+				}
+				continue;
 			}
-			const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(key);
-			return hash && this.syncInFlightQueue.has(hash) ? hash : undefined;
-		};
 
+			if (
+				pendingAdmissionIdentities?.has(identity) ||
+				!canStartLookup ||
+				availableClaims === 0
+			) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			keysToCheck.push(key);
+			identitiesToCheck.push(identity);
+			availableClaims -= 1;
+		}
+		const admission = this.reservePendingSyncAdmission(
+			fromHash,
+			identitiesToCheck,
+		);
+		const dispatchableExistingRequestHashes =
+			this.filterDispatchablePendingSyncClaims(
+				existingRequestHashes,
+				fromHash,
+				targetEpoch,
+			);
+		const existingRequest =
+			dispatchableExistingRequestHashes.length > 0
+				? this.requestSync(dispatchableExistingRequestHashes, [fromHash], {
+						ownershipLifecycleController,
+						targetEpochs: new Map([[fromHash, targetEpoch]]),
+						createTargetEpochs: false,
+					})
+				: undefined;
+		// Existing queued claims must not wait behind a potentially blocked storage
+		// lookup for unrelated new keys. Observe this eagerly-started request even
+		// when a later lifecycle check returns before joining it.
+		void existingRequest?.catch(() => {});
+		const resolveKnownStartedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
 		try {
+			const knownKeys =
+				options?.skipCheck === true || keysToCheck.length === 0
+					? undefined
+					: await this.resolveKnownSyncKeys(keysToCheck);
+			if (!isCapturedLifecycleActive()) {
+				return;
+			}
+			if (profile) {
+				emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, resolveKnownStartedAt, {
+					name: "simple.queueSync.resolveKnown",
+					entries: keysToCheck.length,
+					count: knownKeys?.keys.size ?? 0,
+					details: {
+						checkedCoordinates: knownKeys?.checkedCoordinates === true,
+						checkedHashes: knownKeys?.checkedHashes === true,
+						skipCheck: options?.skipCheck === true,
+					},
+				});
+			}
+
+			if (keysToCheck.length > 0) {
+				// A resolver/index lookup may have populated coordinateToHash while
+				// it yielded. Refresh another fixed-size slice, never the full queue.
+				this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAliases();
+			}
 			const loopStartedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
-			for (const key of keys) {
-				const coordinateOrHash = getQueuedSyncKeyForBatch(key) ?? key;
+			for (let index = 0; index < keysToCheck.length; index += 1) {
+				const key = keysToCheck[index]!;
+				const identity = identitiesToCheck[index]!;
+				if (!isCapturedLifecycleActive()) {
+					return;
+				}
+				const queuedKeyResult = this.getQueuedSyncKeyForAdmission(key);
+				if (queuedKeyResult === QUEUED_SYNC_ALIAS_REFRESH_PENDING) {
+					const consumption = this.consumePendingSyncAdmission(
+						admission!,
+						identity,
+					);
+					if (consumption === "invalid") {
+						return;
+					}
+					continue;
+				}
+				const coordinateOrHash = queuedKeyResult ?? key;
 				const inFlight = this.syncInFlightQueue.get(coordinateOrHash);
 				if (inFlight) {
-					if (!inFlight.find((x) => x.hashcode() === fromHash)) {
-						inFlight.push(from);
-						let inverted = this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.get(fromHash);
-						if (!inverted) {
-							inverted = new Set();
-							this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.set(fromHash, inverted);
+					if (!this.hasPendingSyncClaim(coordinateOrHash, fromHash)) {
+						const consumption = this.consumePendingSyncAdmission(
+							admission!,
+							identity,
+						);
+						if (consumption === "invalid") {
+							return;
+						}
+						if (consumption === "settled") {
+							continue;
+						}
+						this.movePendingSyncKeyExpiryEarlier(
+							coordinateOrHash,
+							admission!.expiresAt,
+						);
+						const added = this.addPendingSyncClaim(
+							coordinateOrHash,
+							from,
+							admission!.expiresAt,
+						);
+						if (added) {
+							requestHashes.push(coordinateOrHash);
 						}
-						inverted.add(coordinateOrHash);
 					}
-				} else if (
-					options?.skipCheck ||
-					!(await this.checkHasCoordinateOrHash(
-						coordinateOrHash,
-						knownKeys,
-					))
-				) {
-					// Track the initial sender so we can retry if the first request is lost.
-					this.syncInFlightQueue.set(coordinateOrHash, [from]);
-					let inverted = this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.get(fromHash);
-					if (!inverted) {
-						inverted = new Set();
-						this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.set(fromHash, inverted);
+				} else {
+					const has =
+						options?.skipCheck !== true &&
+						(await this.checkHasCoordinateOrHash(coordinateOrHash, knownKeys));
+					if (!isCapturedLifecycleActive()) {
+						return;
 					}
-					inverted.add(coordinateOrHash);
-					requestHashes.push(coordinateOrHash); // request immediately (first time we have seen this hash)
-					if (
-						queuedHashAliases &&
-						typeof coordinateOrHash === "bigint"
-					) {
-						const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(coordinateOrHash);
-						if (hash) {
-							queuedHashAliases.set(hash, coordinateOrHash);
-						}
+					if (has) {
+						this.clearPendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(identity);
+						continue;
+					}
+					const consumption = this.consumePendingSyncAdmission(
+						admission!,
+						identity,
+					);
+					if (consumption === "invalid") {
+						return;
+					}
+					if (consumption === "settled") {
+						continue;
 					}
+					// Track the initial sender so we can retry if the first request is lost.
+					this.addPendingSyncClaim(
+						coordinateOrHash,
+						from,
+						admission!.expiresAt,
+					);
+					requestHashes.push(coordinateOrHash); // request immediately (first time we have seen this hash)
 				}
 			}
 			if (profile) {
 				emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, loopStartedAt, {
 					name: "simple.queueSync.plan",
-					entries: keys.length,
+					entries: keysToCheck.length,
 					count: requestHashes.length,
 					targets: 1,
 				});
 			}
 
-			requestHashes.length > 0 &&
-				(await this.requestSync(requestHashes, [fromHash]));
+			// Persistent admission work is complete. Do not let an unrelated
+			// blocked transport send retain unused quota.
+			this.releasePendingSyncAdmission(admission);
+			const dispatchableRequestHashes =
+				this.filterDispatchablePendingSyncClaims(
+					requestHashes,
+					fromHash,
+					targetEpoch,
+				);
+			dispatchableRequestHashes.length > 0 &&
+				(await this.requestSync(dispatchableRequestHashes, [fromHash], {
+					ownershipLifecycleController,
+					targetEpochs: new Map([[fromHash, targetEpoch]]),
+					createTargetEpochs: false,
+				}));
+			await existingRequest;
 		} finally {
+			this.releasePendingSyncAdmission(admission);
 			if (profile) {
 				emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, startedAt, {
 					name: "simple.queueSync",
 					entries: keys.length,
 					targets: 1,
 					details: {
+						admitted: keysToCheck.length,
 						requested: requestHashes.length,
 						skipCheck: options?.skipCheck === true,
 					},
@@ -1066,10 +3904,24 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		}
 	}
 
-	private async requestSync(hashes: SyncableKey[], to: Set<string> | string[]) {
-		if (hashes.length === 0) {
+	private async requestSync(
+		hashes: SyncableKey[],
+		to: Set<string> | string[],
+		options?: {
+			ownershipLifecycleController?: AbortController;
+			targetEpochs?: Map<string, SyncDispatchTargetEpoch>;
+			createTargetEpochs?: boolean;
+		},
+	) {
+		const targets = [...new Set(to)];
+		if (hashes.length === 0 || targets.length === 0) {
 			return;
 		}
+		const lifecycle = this.captureSyncDispatchLifecycle(targets, undefined, {
+			ownershipLifecycleController: options?.ownershipLifecycleController,
+			targetEpochs: options?.targetEpochs,
+			createTargetEpochs: options?.createTargetEpochs,
+		});
 		const profile = this.syncOptions?.profile;
 		const startedAt = syncProfileStart(profile);
 		let coordinateMessages = 0;
@@ -1079,14 +3931,12 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 
 		try {
 			const now = +new Date();
-			for (const node of to) {
-				let map = this.syncInFlight.get(node);
-				if (!map) {
-					map = new Map();
-					this.syncInFlight.set(node, map);
+			for (const node of targets) {
+				if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, node)) {
+					continue;
 				}
 				for (const hash of hashes) {
-					map.set(hash, { timestamp: now });
+					this.setSyncInFlightTargetKey(node, hash, now);
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -1102,48 +3952,85 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 			coordinateHashCount = coordinateHashes.length;
 			stringHashCount = stringHashes.length;
 
-				if (coordinateHashes.length > 0) {
-					const chunks = this.chunk(
-						coordinateHashes,
-						this.maxCoordinatesPerMessage,
-					);
-					coordinateMessages = chunks.length;
+			if (coordinateHashes.length > 0) {
+				const chunks = this.chunk(
+					coordinateHashes,
+					this.maxCoordinatesPerMessage,
+				);
+				for (const target of targets) {
 					for (const chunk of chunks) {
-						await this.rpc.send(
-							this.syncOptions?.rawExchangeHeads
-								? new RequestMaybeSyncCoordinateCapabilities({
-										hashNumbers: chunk,
-									})
-								: new RequestMaybeSyncCoordinate({ hashNumbers: chunk }),
-							{
-								mode: new SilentDelivery({ to, redundancy: 1 }),
-								priority: SYNC_MESSAGE_PRIORITY,
-							},
-						);
+						if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)) {
+							break;
+						}
+						try {
+							await this.rpc.send(
+								this.syncOptions?.rawExchangeHeads
+									? new RequestMaybeSyncCoordinateCapabilities({
+											hashNumbers: chunk,
+										})
+									: new RequestMaybeSyncCoordinate({
+											hashNumbers: chunk,
+										}),
+								{
+									mode: new SilentDelivery({
+										to: [target],
+										redundancy: 1,
+									}),
+									priority: SYNC_MESSAGE_PRIORITY,
+									signal: this.getSyncDispatchSignal(lifecycle, target),
+								},
+							);
+							coordinateMessages += 1;
+						} catch (error) {
+							if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)) {
+								break;
+							}
+							throw error;
+						}
 					}
 				}
-				if (stringHashes.length > 0) {
-					const chunks = this.chunk(stringHashes, this.maxHashesPerMessage);
-					stringMessages = chunks.length;
+			}
+			if (stringHashes.length > 0) {
+				const chunks = this.chunk(stringHashes, this.maxHashesPerMessage);
+				for (const target of targets) {
 					for (const chunk of chunks) {
-						await this.rpc.send(
-							this.syncOptions?.rawExchangeHeads
-								? new ResponseMaybeSyncCapabilities({ hashes: chunk })
-								: new ResponseMaybeSync({ hashes: chunk }),
-							{
-								mode: new SilentDelivery({ to, redundancy: 1 }),
-								priority: SYNC_MESSAGE_PRIORITY,
-							},
-						);
+						if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)) {
+							break;
+						}
+						try {
+							await this.rpc.send(
+								this.syncOptions?.rawExchangeHeads
+									? new ResponseMaybeSyncCapabilities({
+											hashes: chunk,
+										})
+									: new ResponseMaybeSync({ hashes: chunk }),
+								{
+									mode: new SilentDelivery({
+										to: [target],
+										redundancy: 1,
+									}),
+									priority: SYNC_MESSAGE_PRIORITY,
+									signal: this.getSyncDispatchSignal(lifecycle, target),
+								},
+							);
+							stringMessages += 1;
+						} catch (error) {
+							if (!this.isSyncDispatchLifecycleActive(lifecycle, target)) {
+								break;
+							}
+							throw error;
+						}
 					}
 				}
+			}
 		} finally {
+			this.finishSyncDispatchLifecycle(lifecycle);
 			if (profile) {
 				emitSyncProfileDuration(profile, startedAt, {
 					name: "simple.requestSync",
 					entries: hashes.length,
 					messages: coordinateMessages + stringMessages,
-					targets: Array.isArray(to) ? to.length : to.size,
+					targets: targets.length,
 					details: {
 						coordinateHashes: coordinateHashCount,
 						stringHashes: stringHashCount,
@@ -1198,6 +4085,12 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		key: string | bigint,
 		knownKeys?: KnownSyncKeys,
 	) {
+		if (typeof key === "bigint") {
+			const mappedHash = this.coordinateToHash.get(key);
+			if (mappedHash != null && (await this.log.has(mappedHash))) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
 		if (knownKeys) {
 			if (knownKeys.keys.has(key)) {
 				return true;
@@ -1214,8 +4107,31 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 			: this.log.has(key);
 	}
 	async open() {
+		this.syncDispatchLifecycleController.abort();
+		this.clearPendingMaybeSyncResponses();
+		this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.clear();
+		this.syncDispatchLifecycleController = new AbortController();
+		this.syncInFlightRetryIterator = undefined;
+		this.syncInFlightRetryRemaining = 0;
+		const openLifecycleController = this.syncDispatchLifecycleController;
 		this.closed = false;
-		const requestSyncLoop = async () => {
+		const isOpenLifecycleActive = () =>
+			this.closed !== true &&
+			this.syncDispatchLifecycleController === openLifecycleController &&
+			!openLifecycleController.signal.aborted;
+		let requestSyncLoop!: () => Promise<void>;
+		const scheduleRequestSyncLoop = () => {
+			if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+				return;
+			}
+			this.syncMoreInterval = setTimeout(() => {
+				void requestSyncLoop().catch(() => {
+					// The loop is best-effort. Observe all failures so a transport or
+					// storage rejection cannot become an unhandled process rejection.
+				});
+			}, 3e3);
+		};
+		requestSyncLoop = async () => {
 			/**
 			 * This method fetches entries that we potentially want.
 			 * In a case in which we become replicator of a segment,
@@ -1224,75 +4140,185 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 			 * so we don't get flooded with the same entry
 			 */
 
-			const requestHashes: SyncableKey[] = [];
-			const from: Set<string> = new Set();
-			const now = Date.now();
-			for (const [key, value] of this.syncInFlightQueue) {
-				if (this.closed) {
-					return;
+			if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+				return;
+			}
+			try {
+				const requestHashesByEpoch = new Map<
+					SyncDispatchTargetEpoch,
+					{ target: string; hashes: SyncableKey[] }
+				>();
+				const now = Date.now();
+				if (!this.syncInFlightRetryIterator) {
+					this.syncInFlightRetryIterator = this.syncInFlightQueue.entries();
+					this.syncInFlightRetryRemaining = this.syncInFlightQueue.size;
 				}
+				for (
+					let inspected = 0;
+					inspected < MAX_SIMPLE_SYNC_RETRY_KEYS_PER_TICK &&
+					this.syncInFlightRetryRemaining > 0;
+					inspected += 1
+				) {
+					const next = this.syncInFlightRetryIterator.next();
+					if (next.done) {
+						this.syncInFlightRetryIterator = undefined;
+						this.syncInFlightRetryRemaining = 0;
+						break;
+					}
+					this.syncInFlightRetryRemaining -= 1;
+					const [key] = next.value;
+					if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+						return;
+					}
+					const expiresAt = this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(key);
+					if (expiresAt != null && expiresAt <= Date.now()) {
+						this.clearSyncProcessKey(key);
+						continue;
+					}
 
-				const has = await this.checkHasCoordinateOrHash(key);
-
-				if (!has) {
-					if (value.length === 0) {
-						// No remaining peers to ask; drop the pending key to avoid leaking.
+					const has = await this.checkHasCoordinateOrHash(key);
+					if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+						return;
+					}
+					const value = this.syncInFlightQueue.get(key);
+					if (!value) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					const currentExpiresAt = this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.get(key);
+					if (currentExpiresAt != null && currentExpiresAt <= Date.now()) {
 						this.clearSyncProcessKey(key);
 						continue;
 					}
 
-					// Ask one peer per key per loop. If a previous request is still considered
-					// "recent", wait until the retry window elapses.
-					const candidate = value[0]!;
-					const publicKeyHash = candidate.hashcode();
-					const inflightTimestamp = this.syncInFlight
-						.get(publicKeyHash)
-						?.get(key)?.timestamp;
-					if (
-						inflightTimestamp == null ||
-						now - inflightTimestamp >= SIMPLE_SYNC_RETRY_AFTER_MS
-					) {
-						requestHashes.push(key);
-						from.add(publicKeyHash);
-						if (value.length > 1) {
-							// Rotate for fairness across multiple possible sources.
-							value.push(value.shift()!);
+					if (!has) {
+						if (value.length === 0) {
+							this.clearSyncProcessKey(key);
+							continue;
+						}
+
+						const cursor =
+							(this.syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor.get(key) ?? 0) %
+							value.length;
+						const candidate = value[cursor]!;
+						const publicKeyHash = candidate.hashcode();
+						const inflightTimestamp = this.syncInFlight
+							.get(publicKeyHash)
+							?.get(key)?.timestamp;
+						if (
+							inflightTimestamp == null ||
+							now - inflightTimestamp >= SIMPLE_SYNC_RETRY_AFTER_MS
+						) {
+							const epoch = this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.get(publicKeyHash);
+							if (!epoch) {
+								continue;
+							}
+							let request = requestHashesByEpoch.get(epoch);
+							if (!request) {
+								request = { target: publicKeyHash, hashes: [] };
+								requestHashesByEpoch.set(epoch, request);
+							}
+							request.hashes.push(key);
+							if (value.length > 1) {
+								this.syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor.set(
+									key,
+									(cursor + 1) % value.length,
+								);
+							}
 						}
+					} else {
+						this.clearSyncProcessKey(key);
 					}
-				} else {
-					this.clearSyncProcessKey(key);
 				}
-			}
+				if (this.syncInFlightRetryRemaining === 0) {
+					this.syncInFlightRetryIterator = undefined;
+				}
 
-			const nowMin10s = +new Date() - 2e4;
-			for (const [key, map] of this.syncInFlight) {
-				// cleanup "old" missing syncs
-				for (const [hash, { timestamp }] of map) {
-					if (timestamp < nowMin10s) {
-						map.delete(hash);
+				if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+					return;
+				}
+				const nowMin10s = +new Date() - 2e4;
+				for (const [target, map] of this.syncInFlight) {
+					for (const [key, { timestamp }] of map) {
+						if (timestamp < nowMin10s) {
+							this.removeSyncInFlightTargetKey(target, key);
+						}
 					}
 				}
-				if (map.size === 0) {
-					this.syncInFlight.delete(key);
+				if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+					return;
 				}
-			}
-			this.requestSync(requestHashes, from).finally(() => {
-				if (this.closed) {
+				for (const [epoch, request] of requestHashesByEpoch) {
+					if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+						return;
+					}
+					const requestHashes = this.filterDispatchablePendingSyncClaims(
+						request.hashes,
+						request.target,
+						epoch,
+					);
+					if (requestHashes.length === 0) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					try {
+						await this.requestSync(requestHashes, [request.target], {
+							ownershipLifecycleController: openLifecycleController,
+							targetEpochs: new Map([[request.target, epoch]]),
+							createTargetEpochs: false,
+						});
+					} catch {
+						if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+							return;
+						}
+						// A failed target must not prevent bounded retries for unrelated
+						// peers in this pass.
+					}
+				}
+				if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
 					return;
 				}
-				this.syncMoreInterval = setTimeout(requestSyncLoop, 3e3);
-			});
+			} catch {
+				if (!isOpenLifecycleActive()) {
+					return;
+				}
+				// Retry on the next interval; the rejection is deliberately observed.
+			}
+			scheduleRequestSyncLoop();
 		};
 
-		requestSyncLoop();
+		void requestSyncLoop().catch(() => {
+			// Defensive observation for failures outside the loop's best-effort body.
+		});
 	}
 
 	async close() {
 		this.closed = true;
+		this.syncDispatchLifecycleController.abort();
+		this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.clear();
+		this.clearPendingSyncAdmissions();
 		this.syncInFlightQueue.clear();
 		this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightRetryIterator = undefined;
+		this.syncInFlightRetryRemaining = 0;
+		this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.clear();
+		this.pendingSyncExpiryHeap.length = 0;
+		this.pendingSyncKeyExpiryNodes.clear();
+		this.pendingSyncAdmissionExpiryNodes.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinates.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedHashByCoordinate.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinateRefreshIterator = undefined;
+		this.pendingSyncClaimCount = 0;
+		if (this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer != null) {
+			clearTimeout(this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer);
+			this.syncInFlightQueueExpiryTimer = undefined;
+		}
 		this.syncInFlight.clear();
+		this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.clear();
 		this.recentlySentExchangeHeads.clear();
+		this.clearPendingMaybeSyncResponses();
 		for (const sessionId of [...this.repairSessions.keys()]) {
 			this.finalizeRepairSession(sessionId, false);
 		}
@@ -1306,6 +4332,9 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		if (hashes.length === 0 || !this.hasEntryAddedState()) {
 			return;
 		}
+		for (const hash of hashes) {
+			this.clearPendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(hash);
+		}
 		this.clearSyncProcesses(hashes);
 		this.markRepairSessionResolvedHashes(hashes);
 	}
@@ -1314,6 +4343,7 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		if (!this.hasEntryAddedState()) {
 			return;
 		}
+		this.clearPendingSyncAdmissionIdentity(hash);
 		this.clearSyncProcess(hash);
 		this.markRepairSessionResolvedHash(hash);
 	}
@@ -1340,6 +4370,7 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		return (
 			this.syncInFlightQueue.size > 0 ||
 			this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.size > 0 ||
+			this.pendingSyncAdmissionCount > 0 ||
 			this.syncInFlight.size > 0
 		);
 	}
@@ -1357,43 +4388,171 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 				}
 			}
 
+			const trackedClaimants = this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.get(key);
+			this.pendingSyncClaimCount = Math.max(
+				0,
+				this.pendingSyncClaimCount -
+					(trackedClaimants?.size ?? inflight.length),
+			);
 			this.syncInFlightQueue.delete(key);
 		}
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.delete(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.delete(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor.delete(key);
+		if (typeof key === "bigint") {
+			this.removeQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(key);
+		}
+		this.removePendingSyncKeyExpiry(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.delete(key);
+		this.clearPendingSyncExpiryTimerIfIdle();
 
 		this.clearSyncInFlightKey(key);
 	}
 
-	private clearSyncInFlightKey(key: SyncableKey) {
-		for (const [peer, map] of this.syncInFlight) {
-			map.delete(key);
-			if (map.size === 0) {
-				this.syncInFlight.delete(peer);
+	private removePendingSyncClaim(key: SyncableKey, peer: string): void {
+		const inflight = this.syncInFlightQueue.get(key);
+		if (!inflight) {
+			return;
+		}
+		let claimants = this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.get(key);
+		let claimantIndexes = this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.get(key);
+		if (!claimants || !claimantIndexes) {
+			claimants = new Set();
+			claimantIndexes = new Map();
+			for (let index = 0; index < inflight.length; index += 1) {
+				const claimant = inflight[index]!.hashcode();
+				claimants.add(claimant);
+				claimantIndexes.set(claimant, index);
+			}
+			if (!this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.has(key)) {
+				this.pendingSyncClaimCount += claimants.size;
 			}
+			this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.set(key, claimants);
+			this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.set(key, claimantIndexes);
+		}
+		const index = claimantIndexes.get(peer);
+		if (index == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const lastIndex = inflight.length - 1;
+		if (index !== lastIndex) {
+			const lastClaimant = inflight[lastIndex]!;
+			const lastClaimantHash = lastClaimant.hashcode();
+			inflight[index] = lastClaimant;
+			claimantIndexes.set(lastClaimantHash, index);
+		}
+		inflight.pop();
+		claimantIndexes.delete(peer);
+		claimants.delete(peer);
+		this.pendingSyncClaimCount = Math.max(0, this.pendingSyncClaimCount - 1);
+		const inverted = this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.get(peer);
+		inverted?.delete(key);
+		if (inverted?.size === 0) {
+			this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.delete(peer);
+		}
+		if (inflight.length > 0) {
+			const cursor = this.syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor.get(key) ?? 0;
+			this.syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor.set(
+				key,
+				cursor === lastIndex
+					? index % inflight.length
+					: cursor % inflight.length,
+			);
+			return;
 		}
+
+		this.syncInFlightQueue.delete(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimants.delete(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueClaimantIndexes.delete(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueRoundRobinCursor.delete(key);
+		if (typeof key === "bigint") {
+			this.removeQueuedSyncCoordinateAlias(key);
+		}
+		this.removePendingSyncKeyExpiry(key);
+		this.syncInFlightQueueExpiresAt.delete(key);
+		this.clearSyncInFlightKey(key);
+		this.clearPendingSyncExpiryTimerIfIdle();
 	}
 
-	private forEachKnownAlias(
-		hash: string,
-		callback: (key: SyncableKey) => void,
+	private removeSyncInFlightTargetKey(peer: string, key: SyncableKey): void {
+		const map = this.syncInFlight.get(peer);
+		if (!map?.delete(key)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		if (map.size === 0) {
+			this.syncInFlight.delete(peer);
+		}
+		const targets = this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.get(key);
+		targets?.delete(peer);
+		if (targets?.size === 0) {
+			this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.delete(key);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private setSyncInFlightTargetKey(
+		peer: string,
+		key: SyncableKey,
+		timestamp: number,
 	): void {
-		callback(hash);
-		if (this.syncInFlightQueue.size === 0 && this.syncInFlight.size === 0) {
+		let map = this.syncInFlight.get(peer);
+		if (!map) {
+			map = new Map();
+			this.syncInFlight.set(peer, map);
+		}
+		const existing = map.get(key);
+		if (!existing || existing.timestamp < timestamp) {
+			map.set(key, { timestamp });
+		}
+		let targets = this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.get(key);
+		if (!targets) {
+			targets = new Set();
+			this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.set(key, targets);
+		}
+		targets.add(peer);
+	}
+
+	private clearSyncInFlightTarget(peer: string): void {
+		const map = this.syncInFlight.get(peer);
+		if (!map) {
 			return;
 		}
-		for (const key of this.syncInFlightQueue.keys()) {
-			if (typeof key === "bigint" && this.coordinateToHash.get(key) === hash) {
-				callback(key);
+		for (const key of map.keys()) {
+			const targets = this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.get(key);
+			targets?.delete(peer);
+			if (targets?.size === 0) {
+				this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.delete(key);
 			}
 		}
-		for (const map of this.syncInFlight.values()) {
-			for (const key of map.keys()) {
-				if (
-					typeof key === "bigint" &&
-					this.coordinateToHash.get(key) === hash
-				) {
-					callback(key);
+		this.syncInFlight.delete(peer);
+	}
+
+	private clearSyncInFlightKey(key: SyncableKey) {
+		const targets = this.syncInFlightTargetsByKey.get(key);
+		if (!targets) {
+			// Defensive compatibility for tests or integrations that seed the public
+			// syncInFlight map directly. Internal writes always populate the index.
+			for (const [peer, map] of this.syncInFlight) {
+				if (map.has(key)) {
+					this.removeSyncInFlightTargetKey(peer, key);
 				}
 			}
+			return;
+		}
+		for (const peer of [...targets]) {
+			this.removeSyncInFlightTargetKey(peer, key);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private forEachKnownAlias(
+		hash: string,
+		callback: (key: SyncableKey) => void,
+	): void {
+		callback(hash);
+		for (const coordinate of [
+			...(this.syncInFlightQueuedCoordinatesByHash.get(hash) ?? []),
+		]) {
+			callback(coordinate);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1402,10 +4561,10 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		if (!map) {
 			return;
 		}
-		this.forEachKnownAlias(hash, (key) => map.delete(key));
-		if (map.size === 0) {
-			this.syncInFlight.delete(publicKeyHash);
-		}
+		this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAliases();
+		this.forEachKnownAlias(hash, (key) =>
+			this.removeSyncInFlightTargetKey(publicKeyHash, key),
+		);
 	}
 
 	private clearSyncInFlightForPeerHashes(
@@ -1416,26 +4575,16 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		if (!map || hashes.length === 0) {
 			return;
 		}
-		const keys = new Set<SyncableKey>(hashes);
-		const hashSet = new Set(hashes);
-		for (const key of map.keys()) {
-			if (typeof key !== "bigint") {
-				continue;
-			}
-			const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(key);
-			if (hash != null && hashSet.has(hash)) {
-				keys.add(key);
-			}
-		}
-		for (const key of keys) {
-			map.delete(key);
-		}
-		if (map.size === 0) {
-			this.syncInFlight.delete(publicKeyHash);
+		this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAliases();
+		for (const hash of hashes) {
+			this.forEachKnownAlias(hash, (key) =>
+				this.removeSyncInFlightTargetKey(publicKeyHash, key),
+			);
 		}
 	}
 
 	private clearSyncProcess(hash: string) {
+		this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAliases();
 		this.forEachKnownAlias(hash, (key) => this.clearSyncProcessKey(key));
 	}
 
@@ -1443,24 +4592,10 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		if (hashes.length === 0) {
 			return;
 		}
-		const keys = new Set<SyncableKey>(hashes);
-		const hashSet = new Set(hashes);
-		const maybeAddAlias = (key: SyncableKey) => {
-			if (typeof key !== "bigint") {
-				return;
-			}
-			const hash = this.coordinateToHash.get(key);
-			if (hash != null && hashSet.has(hash)) {
-				keys.add(key);
-			}
-		};
-		for (const key of this.syncInFlightQueue.keys()) {
-			maybeAddAlias(key);
-		}
-		for (const map of this.syncInFlight.values()) {
-			for (const key of map.keys()) {
-				maybeAddAlias(key);
-			}
+		this.refreshQueuedSyncCoordinateAliases();
+		const keys = new Set<SyncableKey>();
+		for (const hash of hashes) {
+			this.forEachKnownAlias(hash, (key) => keys.add(key));
 		}
 		for (const key of keys) {
 			this.clearSyncProcessKey(key);
@@ -1472,20 +4607,30 @@ export class SimpleSyncronizer<R extends "u32" | "u64">
 		return this.clearSyncProcessPublicKeyHash(publicKeyHash);
 	}
 	private clearSyncProcessPublicKeyHash(publicKeyHash: string) {
-		this.syncInFlight.delete(publicKeyHash);
+		this.syncDispatchTargetEpochs.delete(publicKeyHash);
+		this.clearPendingSyncAdmissions(publicKeyHash);
+		for (const targetLifecycle of [
+			...(this.syncDispatchTargets.get(publicKeyHash) ?? []),
+		]) {
+			if (targetLifecycle.lifecycle.abortAllOnTargetDisconnect) {
+				this.abortSyncDispatchLifecycle(
+					targetLifecycle.lifecycle,
+					new Error("sync target disconnected"),
+				);
+			} else {
+				this.abortSyncDispatchTarget(
+					targetLifecycle,
+					new Error("sync target disconnected"),
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		this.clearSyncInFlightTarget(publicKeyHash);
 		this.recentlySentExchangeHeads.delete(publicKeyHash);
+		this.clearPendingMaybeSyncResponses(publicKeyHash);
 		const map = this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.get(publicKeyHash);
 		if (map) {
-			for (const hash of map) {
-				const arr = this.syncInFlightQueue.get(hash);
-				if (arr) {
-					const filtered = arr.filter((x) => x.hashcode() !== publicKeyHash);
-					if (filtered.length > 0) {
-						this.syncInFlightQueue.set(hash, filtered);
-					} else {
-						this.syncInFlightQueue.delete(hash);
-					}
-				}
+			for (const hash of [...map]) {
+				this.removePendingSyncClaim(hash, publicKeyHash);
 			}
 			this.syncInFlightQueueInverted.delete(publicKeyHash);
 		}