@peerbit/log 6.1.0 → 6.2.0

package/dist/src/log.js

@@ -35,23 +35,47 @@ var __runInitializers = (this && this.__runInitializers) || function (thisArg, i
 import { deserialize, field, fixedArray, variant } from "@dao-xyz/borsh";
 import {} from "@peerbit/any-store";
 import { cidifyString, } from "@peerbit/blocks-interface";
-import { SignatureWithKey, X25519Keypair, randomBytes, sha256Base64Sync, } from "@peerbit/crypto";
+import { Ed25519Keypair, SignatureWithKey, X25519Keypair, randomBytes, sha256Base64Sync, } from "@peerbit/crypto";
 import {} from "@peerbit/indexer-interface";
 import {} from "@peerbit/keychain";
 import {} from "./change.js";
 import { LamportClock as Clock, HLC, LamportClock, Timestamp, } from "./clock.js";
 import { NO_ENCODING } from "./encoding.js";
 import { EntryIndex, } from "./entry-index.js";
-import { ShallowEntry } from "./entry-shallow.js";
+import { ShallowEntry, ShallowMeta } from "./entry-shallow.js";
 import { EntryType } from "./entry-type.js";
 import { EntryV0 } from "./entry-v0.js";
 import {} from "./entry-with-refs.js";
-import { Entry } from "./entry.js";
+import { Entry, } from "./entry.js";
 import { findUniques } from "./find-uniques.js";
+import { logger as baseLogger } from "./logger.js";
 import * as LogError from "./log-errors.js";
 import * as Sorting from "./log-sorting.js";
+import { canUseOptionalNativeModuleImports } from "./runtime.js";
 import { Trim } from "./trim.js";
 const { LastWriteWins } = Sorting;
+const warn = baseLogger.newScope("warn");
+const hasPutMany = (storage) => typeof storage.putMany === "function";
+const hasPutKnown = (storage) => typeof storage.putKnown === "function";
+const hasPutKnownMany = (storage) => typeof storage.putKnownMany === "function";
+const hasPutKnownManyColumns = (storage) => typeof storage.putKnownManyColumns ===
+    "function";
+const internalProfileNow = () => globalThis.performance?.now?.() ?? Date.now();
+const internalProfileStart = (sink) => sink ? internalProfileNow() : 0;
+const emitInternalProfileDuration = (sink, startedAt, event) => {
+    if (!sink) {
+        return;
+    }
+    sink({
+        ...event,
+        durationMs: internalProfileNow() - startedAt,
+    });
+};
+const EMPTY_NEXT_HASHES = [];
+const EMPTY_NEXT_ENTRIES = [];
+const normalizedUniqueStrings = (values) => values.length <= 1 ? values : [...new Set(values)];
+const isPromiseLike = (value) => typeof value?.then === "function";
+const mapMaybePromise = (value, fn) => (isPromiseLike(value) ? value.then(fn) : fn(value));
 const getErrorName = (error) => typeof error?.name === "string"
     ? error.name
     : undefined;
@@ -80,6 +104,14 @@ const createDefaultIndexer = async () => {
     }
     return sqliteCreate();
 };
+const canAppendAlreadyValidated = (options) => options
+    ?.__peerbitCanAppendAlreadyValidated === true;
+const withCanAppendAlreadyValidated = (options = {}) => canAppendAlreadyValidated(options)
+    ? options
+    : {
+        ...options,
+        __peerbitCanAppendAlreadyValidated: true,
+    };
 export const ENTRY_JOIN_SHAPE = {
     hash: true,
     meta: { type: true, next: true, gid: true, clock: true },
@@ -128,8 +160,10 @@ let Log = (() => {
         _appendDurability;
         _joining; // entry hashes that are currently joining into this log
         _sortFn;
+        _hasCustomCanAppend = false;
         constructor(properties) {
             this._id = properties?.id || randomBytes(32);
+            this._closeController = new AbortController();
         }
         async open(store, identity, options = {}) {
             if (store == null) {
@@ -160,22 +194,39 @@ let Log = (() => {
             if (!id) {
                 throw new Error("Id not set");
             }
-            const nativeGraph = options.nativeGraph &&
+            const nativeGraphOption = options.nativeGraph;
+            const nativeGraph = nativeGraphOption &&
                 (await (async () => {
+                    const nativeGraphOptions = typeof nativeGraphOption === "object" ? nativeGraphOption : undefined;
+                    if (nativeGraphOptions?.graph) {
+                        const headsRequested = nativeGraphOptions.heads !== false;
+                        return {
+                            graph: nativeGraphOptions.graph,
+                            useHeads: headsRequested && this._sortFn === LastWriteWins,
+                        };
+                    }
+                    if (!canUseOptionalNativeModuleImports()) {
+                        if (nativeGraphOptions?.optional === true) {
+                            return undefined;
+                        }
+                        throw new Error("Log nativeGraph is unavailable in service worker contexts");
+                    }
                     let createLogGraphIndex;
                     try {
-                        ({ createLogGraphIndex } = (await import(["@peerbit", "log-rust"].join("/"))));
+                        ({ createLogGraphIndex } = (await import(
+                        /* @vite-ignore */ ["@peerbit", "log-rust"].join("/"))));
+                        const headsRequested = nativeGraphOptions?.heads !== false;
+                        return {
+                            graph: await createLogGraphIndex(),
+                            useHeads: headsRequested && this._sortFn === LastWriteWins,
+                        };
                     }
                     catch {
+                        if (nativeGraphOptions?.optional === true) {
+                            return undefined;
+                        }
                         throw new Error("Log nativeGraph requires @peerbit/log-rust to be installed and built");
                     }
-                    const headsRequested = typeof options.nativeGraph === "object"
-                        ? options.nativeGraph.heads !== false
-                        : true;
-                    return {
-                        graph: await createLogGraphIndex(),
-                        useHeads: headsRequested && this._sortFn === LastWriteWins,
-                    };
                 })());
             this._entryIndex = new EntryIndex({
                 store: this._storage,
@@ -196,12 +247,46 @@ let Log = (() => {
             /* 	this._values = new Values(this._entryIndex, this._sortFn); */
             this._trim = new Trim({
                 index: this._entryIndex,
-                deleteNode: async (node) => {
-                    const resolved = await this.get(node.hash);
-                    await this._entryIndex.delete(node.hash);
+                deleteNode: async (node, options) => {
+                    const shouldResolve = options?.resolveDeletedEntry !== false;
+                    const resolved = shouldResolve
+                        ? await this.get(node.hash)
+                        : undefined;
+                    const deleted = await this._entryIndex.delete(node.hash, node);
                     await this._storage.rm(node.hash);
-                    return resolved;
+                    if (!deleted) {
+                        return resolved;
+                    }
+                    return shouldResolve ? resolved : deleted;
                 },
+                deleteNodes: this._entryIndex.canDeleteMany()
+                    ? (nodes, options) => {
+                        if (nodes.length === 0) {
+                            return [];
+                        }
+                        const shouldResolve = options?.resolveDeletedEntry !== false;
+                        if (!shouldResolve) {
+                            return this._entryIndex.deleteManyMaybe(nodes, {
+                                skipNextHeadUpdates: options?.skipNextHeadUpdates,
+                            });
+                        }
+                        return (async () => {
+                            const resolvedByHash = new Map();
+                            const resolved = await this._entryIndex.getMany(nodes.map((node) => node.hash), { type: "full", ignoreMissing: true });
+                            for (const entry of resolved) {
+                                if (entry) {
+                                    resolvedByHash.set(entry.hash, entry);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            const deleted = await this._entryIndex.deleteMany(nodes, {
+                                skipNextHeadUpdates: options?.skipNextHeadUpdates,
+                            });
+                            return deleted
+                                .map((node) => resolvedByHash.get(node.hash))
+                                .filter((entry) => !!entry);
+                        })();
+                    }
+                    : undefined,
                 sortFn: this._sortFn,
                 getLength: () => this.length,
             }, trim);
@@ -213,6 +298,7 @@ let Log = (() => {
                 }
                 return true;
             };
+            this._hasCustomCanAppend = !!options?.canAppend;
             this._onChange = options?.onChange;
             this._closed = false;
             this._closeController = new AbortController();
@@ -257,6 +343,9 @@ let Log = (() => {
         has(cid) {
             return this._entryIndex.has(cid);
         }
+        hasMany(cids) {
+            return this._entryIndex.hasMany(cids);
+        }
         /**
          * Get all entries sorted. Don't use this method anywhere where performance matters
          */
@@ -393,35 +482,1409 @@ let Log = (() => {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            const ret = [];
-            for (const hash of hashes) {
-                const entry = await this.get(hash);
-                if (entry) {
-                    ret.push(entry);
-                }
+            const ret = [];
+            for (const hash of hashes) {
+                const entry = await this.get(hash);
+                if (entry) {
+                    ret.push(entry);
+                }
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+        /**
+         * Append an entry to the log.
+         * @param {T} data The data to be appended
+         * @param {AppendOptions} [options] The options for the append
+         * @returns {{ entry: Entry<T>; removed: ShallowEntry[] }} The appended entry and an array of removed entries
+         */
+        async append(data, options = {}) {
+            const nexts = await this.getNextsForAppend(options);
+            const deferBlockStore = hasPutMany(this._storage);
+            const nativeAppendChain = this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph
+                ? await this.createNativePlainAppendChain([data], options, nexts, deferBlockStore)
+                : undefined;
+            let entry;
+            if (nativeAppendChain) {
+                entry = nativeAppendChain.entries[0];
+                try {
+                    await this.joinMissingNexts(entry, nexts);
+                    if (deferBlockStore && !nativeAppendChain.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                        await this.putAppendEntryBlocks([entry], nativeAppendChain.blocks);
+                    }
+                    await this.putAppendEntries([entry], options, nexts.map((next) => next.hash), nativeAppendChain);
+                }
+                catch (error) {
+                    if (nativeAppendChain.nativeGraphUpdated) {
+                        this.rollbackNativeAppendGraph([entry]);
+                    }
+                    if (nativeAppendChain.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                        await this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocks([entry]);
+                    }
+                    throw error;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                entry = await this.createAppendEntry(data, options, nexts);
+                await this.joinMissingNexts(entry, nexts);
+                await this.putAppendEntry(entry, options);
+            }
+            const pendingDeletes = await this.processEntry(entry);
+            entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
+            const trimmed = await this.trimIfConfigured(options?.trim);
+            if (trimmed) {
+                for (const entry of trimmed) {
+                    pendingDeletes.push({ entry, fn: undefined });
+                }
+            }
+            const removed = pendingDeletes.map((x) => x.entry);
+            const changes = {
+                added: [{ head: true, entry }],
+                removed,
+            };
+            await (options?.onChange || this._onChange)?.(changes);
+            await Promise.all(pendingDeletes.map((x) => x.fn?.()));
+            return { entry, removed };
+        }
+        // Internal trusted local append path for callers that already handled validation
+        // and want to apply change observers themselves.
+        async appendLocallyPrepared(data, options = {}, properties) {
+            if (options.canAppend ||
+                options.onChange ||
+                options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT) {
+                throw new Error("appendLocallyPrepared only supports trusted plain local appends");
+            }
+            const appendOptions = withCanAppendAlreadyValidated(options);
+            const nextsResult = this.getNextsForAppend(appendOptions);
+            const nexts = isPromiseLike(nextsResult) ? await nextsResult : nextsResult;
+            const deferBlockStore = hasPutMany(this._storage);
+            const nativeAppendChain = this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph
+                ? await this.createNativePlainAppendChain([data], appendOptions, nexts, deferBlockStore, properties?.payloadData ? [properties.payloadData] : undefined)
+                : undefined;
+            let entry;
+            if (nativeAppendChain) {
+                entry = nativeAppendChain.entries[0];
+                try {
+                    if (!properties?.skipMissingNextJoin) {
+                        await this.joinMissingNexts(entry, nexts);
+                    }
+                    if (deferBlockStore && !nativeAppendChain.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                        await this.putAppendEntryBlocks([entry], nativeAppendChain.blocks);
+                    }
+                    await this.putAppendEntries([entry], appendOptions, nexts.map((next) => next.hash), nativeAppendChain);
+                }
+                catch (error) {
+                    if (nativeAppendChain.nativeGraphUpdated) {
+                        this.rollbackNativeAppendGraph([entry]);
+                    }
+                    if (nativeAppendChain.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                        await this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocks([entry]);
+                    }
+                    throw error;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if (data == null && properties?.payloadData) {
+                    throw new Error("appendLocallyPrepared payload-only path requires native append support");
+                }
+                entry = await this.createAppendEntry(data, appendOptions, nexts);
+                if (!properties?.skipMissingNextJoin) {
+                    await this.joinMissingNexts(entry, nexts);
+                }
+                await this.putAppendEntry(entry, appendOptions);
+            }
+            entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
+            const trimmed = await this.trimIfConfigured(appendOptions.trim, {
+                resolveDeletedEntries: properties?.resolveTrimmedEntries,
+            });
+            const removed = trimmed ?? [];
+            const change = {
+                added: [{ head: true, entry }],
+                removed,
+            };
+            const appendFacts = this.createPreparedAppendFacts([entry], nativeAppendChain)[0];
+            return { entry, removed, change, appendFacts };
+        }
+        // Internal trusted local append path for callers that can consume compact
+        // append facts before a public Entry object is needed.
+        appendLocallyPreparedCommitOnly(data, options = {}, properties) {
+            if (options.canAppend ||
+                options.onChange ||
+                options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT) {
+                throw new Error("appendLocallyPreparedCommitOnly only supports trusted plain local appends");
+            }
+            const appendOptions = withCanAppendAlreadyValidated(options);
+            const nextsResult = this.getNextsForAppend(appendOptions);
+            return mapMaybePromise(nextsResult, (nexts) => this.appendLocallyPreparedCommitOnlyWithNexts(data, appendOptions, nexts, properties, this.getNativeCommitOnlyTrimLengthTo(appendOptions.trim, properties?.resolveTrimmedEntries)));
+        }
+        appendLocallyPreparedNativeNoNextCommitOnly(data, options = {}, properties, prepare) {
+            const directResult = this.appendLocallyPreparedNativeKnownNoNextCommitOnly(data, options, properties, prepare);
+            if (directResult !== undefined) {
+                return directResult;
+            }
+            return this.appendLocallyPreparedNativeCommitOnly(data, options, properties, prepare);
+        }
+        appendLocallyPreparedNativeKnownNoNextCommitOnly(data, options = {}, properties, prepare) {
+            if (options.meta?.next == null || options.meta.next.length !== 0) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const resolvedTrim = options.trim ?? this._trim.options;
+            const supportsNativeTrim = !resolvedTrim ||
+                (resolvedTrim.type === "length" &&
+                    !resolvedTrim.filter?.canTrim &&
+                    properties.resolveTrimmedEntries === false);
+            if (!supportsNativeTrim) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const nativeTrimLengthTo = this.getNativeCommitOnlyTrimLengthTo(options.trim, properties.resolveTrimmedEntries);
+            if (!options.meta?.gidSeed) {
+                const directResult = this.appendLocallyPreparedNativeKnownNoNextDirectCommitOnly(data, options, properties, prepare, nativeTrimLengthTo);
+                if (directResult !== undefined) {
+                    return directResult;
+                }
+            }
+            return this.appendLocallyPreparedNativeCommitOnly(data, options, properties, prepare, true);
+        }
+        appendLocallyPreparedNativeKnownNoNextDirectCommitOnly(data, options = {}, properties, prepare, nativeTrimLengthTo) {
+            if (options.canAppend ||
+                options.onChange ||
+                options.encryption ||
+                options.signers ||
+                options.identity ||
+                options.meta?.timestamp ||
+                options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT ||
+                options.meta?.next == null ||
+                options.meta.next.length !== 0 ||
+                options.meta?.gidSeed ||
+                (this._hasCustomCanAppend && !canAppendAlreadyValidated(options))) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const identity = this._identity;
+            if (!(identity instanceof Ed25519Keypair)) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const payloadData = properties.payloadData ??
+                (data == null ? undefined : this._encoding.encoder(data));
+            if (!payloadData || !hasPutMany(this._storage)) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const resolvedGid = EntryV0.createGid();
+            const timestamp = this._hlc.now();
+            const entryType = options.meta?.type ?? EntryType.APPEND;
+            const preparedValue = prepare({
+                clockId: identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                privateKey: identity.privateKey.privateKey,
+                publicKey: identity.publicKey.publicKey,
+                wallTime: timestamp.wallTime,
+                logical: timestamp.logical,
+                gid: resolvedGid,
+                type: entryType,
+                metaData: options.meta?.data,
+                payloadData,
+                resolveTrimmedEntries: properties.resolveTrimmedEntries,
+                trimLengthTo: nativeTrimLengthTo,
+            });
+            return mapMaybePromise(preparedValue, (prepared) => {
+                if (!prepared) {
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                const hash = prepared.cid ?? prepared.hash;
+                if (!hash) {
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                const shouldRetainMaterializationBytes = properties.retainMaterializationBytes === true ||
+                    !!(options.trim ?? this._trim.options);
+                let retainedMaterializationBytes;
+                const retainMaterializationBytes = () => {
+                    if (retainedMaterializationBytes ||
+                        !shouldRetainMaterializationBytes ||
+                        prepared.bytes) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    const bytes = prepared.getBytes?.(hash) ??
+                        this._storage.get(hash);
+                    if (bytes &&
+                        typeof bytes.then !== "function") {
+                        retainedMaterializationBytes = bytes;
+                    }
+                };
+                const effectiveNextHashes = prepared.next ?? EMPTY_NEXT_HASHES;
+                const effectiveGid = prepared.gid ?? resolvedGid;
+                let clock;
+                const getClock = () => (clock ??= new Clock({
+                    id: identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                    timestamp,
+                }));
+                let shallowEntry;
+                const getShallowEntry = () => (shallowEntry ??= new ShallowEntry({
+                    hash,
+                    payloadSize: payloadData.byteLength,
+                    head: true,
+                    meta: new ShallowMeta({
+                        gid: effectiveGid,
+                        data: options.meta?.data,
+                        clock: getClock(),
+                        next: effectiveNextHashes,
+                        type: entryType,
+                    }),
+                }));
+                const appendFacts = {
+                    hash,
+                    gid: effectiveGid,
+                    next: effectiveNextHashes,
+                    wallTime: timestamp.wallTime,
+                    logical: timestamp.logical,
+                    clockId: identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                    type: entryType,
+                    metaData: options.meta?.data,
+                    payloadSize: payloadData.byteLength,
+                    metaBytes: prepared.metaBytes,
+                    hashDigestBytes: prepared.hashDigestBytes,
+                };
+                let materializedEntry;
+                const materializeEntry = () => {
+                    if (materializedEntry) {
+                        return materializedEntry;
+                    }
+                    const bytes = prepared.bytes ??
+                        retainedMaterializationBytes ??
+                        prepared.getBytes?.(hash) ??
+                        this._storage.get(hash);
+                    if (!bytes ||
+                        typeof bytes.then === "function") {
+                        throw new Error("Missing synchronous native append block bytes");
+                    }
+                    const entry = deserialize(bytes, Entry);
+                    entry.hash = hash;
+                    entry.size = prepared.byteLength;
+                    entry.createdLocally = true;
+                    Entry.prepareShallowEntry(entry, getShallowEntry());
+                    entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
+                    materializedEntry = entry;
+                    return entry;
+                };
+                const finish = () => {
+                    retainMaterializationBytes();
+                    return {
+                        get entry() {
+                            return materializeEntry();
+                        },
+                        materializeEntry,
+                        removed: [],
+                        appendFacts,
+                        get shallowEntry() {
+                            return getShallowEntry();
+                        },
+                        documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed: prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                        documentPreviousContext: prepared.documentPreviousContext,
+                    };
+                };
+                const finishTrim = () => {
+                    retainMaterializationBytes();
+                    if (prepared.trimmedEntryHashes) {
+                        if (prepared.trimmedEntryHashes.length === 0) {
+                            return finish();
+                        }
+                        if (properties.resolveTrimmedEntries === false ||
+                            prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed === true) {
+                            const trimmedEntryHashes = prepared.trimmedEntryHashes.length === 1
+                                ? prepared.trimmedEntryHashes
+                                : [...new Set(prepared.trimmedEntryHashes)];
+                            const consumedNoReturn = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntryHashesNoReturnMaybe(trimmedEntryHashes, {
+                                skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                                deleteBlocks: false,
+                            });
+                            if (consumedNoReturn !== undefined) {
+                                return mapMaybePromise(consumedNoReturn, () => ({
+                                    get entry() {
+                                        return materializeEntry();
+                                    },
+                                    materializeEntry,
+                                    removed: [],
+                                    removedHashes: trimmedEntryHashes,
+                                    appendFacts,
+                                    get shallowEntry() {
+                                        return getShallowEntry();
+                                    },
+                                    documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed: prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                                    documentPreviousContext: prepared.documentPreviousContext,
+                                }));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        const consumedResult = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntryHashesMaybe(prepared.trimmedEntryHashes, {
+                            skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                            deleteBlocks: false,
+                        });
+                        return mapMaybePromise(consumedResult, (removed) => ({
+                            get entry() {
+                                return materializeEntry();
+                            },
+                            materializeEntry,
+                            removed,
+                            removedHashes: prepared.trimmedEntryHashes,
+                            appendFacts,
+                            get shallowEntry() {
+                                return getShallowEntry();
+                            },
+                            documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed: prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                            documentPreviousContext: prepared.documentPreviousContext,
+                        }));
+                    }
+                    if (!prepared.trimmedEntries) {
+                        return finish();
+                    }
+                    const trimmedEntries = this.entryIndex.nativeLogEntriesToShallowEntries(prepared.trimmedEntries);
+                    const consumedResult = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntriesMaybe(trimmedEntries, {
+                        skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                        deleteBlocks: false,
+                    });
+                    return mapMaybePromise(consumedResult, (removed) => ({
+                        get entry() {
+                            return materializeEntry();
+                        },
+                        materializeEntry,
+                        removed,
+                        appendFacts,
+                        get shallowEntry() {
+                            return getShallowEntry();
+                        },
+                        documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed: prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                        documentPreviousContext: prepared.documentPreviousContext,
+                    }));
+                };
+                const finishBlocks = () => {
+                    if (!prepared.bytes) {
+                        return finishTrim();
+                    }
+                    return mapMaybePromise(this.putPreparedAppendBlocks([
+                        Entry.preparedBlockFromBytes(prepared.bytes, hash),
+                    ]), finishTrim);
+                };
+                const rollback = (error) => {
+                    this.rollbackNativeAppendGraphHashes([hash]);
+                    return this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocksHashes([hash]).then(() => {
+                        throw error;
+                    });
+                };
+                try {
+                    const putResult = this.entryIndex.putNativeCommittedAppendFacts({
+                        hash,
+                        unique: true,
+                        externalNextHashes: effectiveNextHashes,
+                        getShallowEntry,
+                        isHead: true,
+                    });
+                    const result = mapMaybePromise(putResult, finishBlocks);
+                    return isPromiseLike(result) ? result.catch(rollback) : result;
+                }
+                catch (error) {
+                    return rollback(error);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        appendLocallyPreparedNativeCommitOnly(data, options = {}, properties, prepare, knownNoNext = false) {
+            const resolvedTrim = options.trim ?? this._trim.options;
+            const supportsNativeTrim = !resolvedTrim ||
+                (resolvedTrim.type === "length" &&
+                    !resolvedTrim.filter?.canTrim &&
+                    properties.resolveTrimmedEntries === false);
+            const nativeTrimLengthTo = this.getNativeCommitOnlyTrimLengthTo(options.trim, properties.resolveTrimmedEntries);
+            if (options.canAppend ||
+                options.onChange ||
+                options.encryption ||
+                options.signers ||
+                options.identity ||
+                options.meta?.timestamp ||
+                !supportsNativeTrim ||
+                (this._hasCustomCanAppend && !canAppendAlreadyValidated(options))) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const identity = this._identity;
+            if (!(identity instanceof Ed25519Keypair)) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const payloadData = properties.payloadData ??
+                (data == null ? undefined : this._encoding.encoder(data));
+            if (!payloadData || !hasPutMany(this._storage)) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const appendOptions = withCanAppendAlreadyValidated(options);
+            const knownNoNextAppend = knownNoNext || properties.knownNoNext === true;
+            const nextsResult = knownNoNextAppend
+                ? EMPTY_NEXT_ENTRIES
+                : this.getNextsForAppend(appendOptions);
+            return mapMaybePromise(nextsResult, (nexts) => {
+                if (nexts.length > 0 && properties.skipMissingNextJoin !== true) {
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                const nextHashes = knownNoNextAppend ? EMPTY_NEXT_HASHES : [];
+                let nextGid;
+                if (nexts.length > 0) {
+                    if (appendOptions.meta?.gid) {
+                        return undefined;
+                    }
+                    for (const next of nexts) {
+                        if (!next.hash) {
+                            return undefined;
+                        }
+                        nextHashes.push(next.hash);
+                        nextGid =
+                            nextGid == null || next.meta.gid < nextGid
+                                ? next.meta.gid
+                                : nextGid;
+                    }
+                }
+                const gid = nextGid ?? EntryV0.createGid(appendOptions.meta?.gidSeed);
+                return mapMaybePromise(gid, (resolvedGid) => {
+                    const clock = new Clock({
+                        id: identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                        timestamp: this._hlc.now(),
+                    });
+                    const entryType = appendOptions.meta?.type ?? EntryType.APPEND;
+                    const preparedValue = prepare({
+                        clockId: identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                        privateKey: identity.privateKey.privateKey,
+                        publicKey: identity.publicKey.publicKey,
+                        wallTime: clock.timestamp.wallTime,
+                        logical: clock.timestamp.logical,
+                        gid: resolvedGid,
+                        next: nextHashes,
+                        type: entryType,
+                        metaData: appendOptions.meta?.data,
+                        payloadData,
+                        resolveTrimmedEntries: properties.resolveTrimmedEntries,
+                        trimLengthTo: nativeTrimLengthTo,
+                    });
+                    return mapMaybePromise(preparedValue, (prepared) => {
+                        if (!prepared) {
+                            return undefined;
+                        }
+                        const hash = prepared.cid ?? prepared.hash;
+                        if (!hash) {
+                            return undefined;
+                        }
+                        const shouldRetainMaterializationBytes = properties.retainMaterializationBytes === true || !!resolvedTrim;
+                        let retainedMaterializationBytes;
+                        const retainMaterializationBytes = () => {
+                            if (retainedMaterializationBytes ||
+                                !shouldRetainMaterializationBytes ||
+                                prepared.bytes) {
+                                return;
+                            }
+                            const bytes = prepared.getBytes?.(hash) ??
+                                this._storage.get(hash);
+                            if (bytes &&
+                                typeof bytes.then !== "function") {
+                                retainedMaterializationBytes = bytes;
+                            }
+                        };
+                        const effectiveNextHashes = prepared.next ?? nextHashes;
+                        const effectiveGid = prepared.gid ?? resolvedGid;
+                        const shallowEntry = new ShallowEntry({
+                            hash,
+                            payloadSize: payloadData.byteLength,
+                            head: true,
+                            meta: new ShallowMeta({
+                                gid: effectiveGid,
+                                data: appendOptions.meta?.data,
+                                clock,
+                                next: effectiveNextHashes,
+                                type: entryType,
+                            }),
+                        });
+                        const appendFacts = {
+                            hash,
+                            gid: effectiveGid,
+                            next: effectiveNextHashes,
+                            wallTime: clock.timestamp.wallTime,
+                            logical: clock.timestamp.logical,
+                            clockId: clock.id,
+                            type: entryType,
+                            metaData: appendOptions.meta?.data,
+                            payloadSize: payloadData.byteLength,
+                            metaBytes: prepared.metaBytes,
+                            hashDigestBytes: prepared.hashDigestBytes,
+                        };
+                        let materializedEntry;
+                        const materializeEntry = () => {
+                            if (materializedEntry) {
+                                return materializedEntry;
+                            }
+                            const bytes = prepared.bytes ??
+                                retainedMaterializationBytes ??
+                                prepared.getBytes?.(hash) ??
+                                this._storage.get(hash);
+                            if (!bytes ||
+                                typeof bytes.then === "function") {
+                                throw new Error("Missing synchronous native append block bytes");
+                            }
+                            const entry = deserialize(bytes, Entry);
+                            entry.hash = hash;
+                            entry.size = prepared.byteLength;
+                            entry.createdLocally = true;
+                            Entry.prepareShallowEntry(entry, shallowEntry);
+                            entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
+                            materializedEntry = entry;
+                            return entry;
+                        };
+                        const finish = () => {
+                            retainMaterializationBytes();
+                            return {
+                                get entry() {
+                                    return materializeEntry();
+                                },
+                                materializeEntry,
+                                removed: [],
+                                appendFacts,
+                                shallowEntry,
+                                documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed: prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                                documentPreviousContext: prepared.documentPreviousContext,
+                            };
+                        };
+                        const finishBlocks = () => {
+                            if (!prepared.bytes) {
+                                return finishTrim();
+                            }
+                            return mapMaybePromise(this.putPreparedAppendBlocks([
+                                Entry.preparedBlockFromBytes(prepared.bytes, hash),
+                            ]), finishTrim);
+                        };
+                        const finishTrim = () => {
+                            retainMaterializationBytes();
+                            if (prepared.trimmedEntryHashes) {
+                                if (prepared.trimmedEntryHashes.length === 0) {
+                                    return finish();
+                                }
+                                if (properties.resolveTrimmedEntries === false ||
+                                    prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed === true) {
+                                    const trimmedEntryHashes = prepared.trimmedEntryHashes.length === 1
+                                        ? prepared.trimmedEntryHashes
+                                        : [...new Set(prepared.trimmedEntryHashes)];
+                                    const consumedNoReturn = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntryHashesNoReturnMaybe(trimmedEntryHashes, {
+                                        skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                                        deleteBlocks: false,
+                                    });
+                                    if (consumedNoReturn !== undefined) {
+                                        return mapMaybePromise(consumedNoReturn, () => ({
+                                            get entry() {
+                                                return materializeEntry();
+                                            },
+                                            materializeEntry,
+                                            removed: [],
+                                            removedHashes: trimmedEntryHashes,
+                                            appendFacts,
+                                            shallowEntry,
+                                            documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed: prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                                            documentPreviousContext: prepared.documentPreviousContext,
+                                        }));
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                const consumedResult = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntryHashesMaybe(prepared.trimmedEntryHashes, {
+                                    skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                                    deleteBlocks: false,
+                                });
+                                return mapMaybePromise(consumedResult, (removed) => ({
+                                    get entry() {
+                                        return materializeEntry();
+                                    },
+                                    materializeEntry,
+                                    removed,
+                                    appendFacts,
+                                    shallowEntry,
+                                    documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed: prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                                    documentPreviousContext: prepared.documentPreviousContext,
+                                }));
+                            }
+                            if (!prepared.trimmedEntries) {
+                                return finish();
+                            }
+                            const trimmedEntries = this.entryIndex.nativeLogEntriesToShallowEntries(prepared.trimmedEntries);
+                            const consumedResult = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntriesMaybe(trimmedEntries, {
+                                skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                                deleteBlocks: false,
+                            });
+                            return mapMaybePromise(consumedResult, (removed) => ({
+                                get entry() {
+                                    return materializeEntry();
+                                },
+                                materializeEntry,
+                                removed,
+                                appendFacts,
+                                shallowEntry,
+                                documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed: prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                                documentPreviousContext: prepared.documentPreviousContext,
+                            }));
+                        };
+                        const rollback = (error) => {
+                            this.rollbackNativeAppendGraphHashes([hash]);
+                            return this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocksHashes([hash]).then(() => {
+                                throw error;
+                            });
+                        };
+                        try {
+                            const putResult = this.entryIndex.putNativeCommittedAppendFacts({
+                                hash,
+                                unique: true,
+                                externalNextHashes: nextHashes,
+                                shallowEntry,
+                                isHead: true,
+                            });
+                            const result = mapMaybePromise(putResult, finishBlocks);
+                            return isPromiseLike(result) ? result.catch(rollback) : result;
+                        }
+                        catch (error) {
+                            return rollback(error);
+                        }
+                    });
+                });
+            });
+        }
+        appendLocallyPreparedCommitOnlyWithNexts(data, appendOptions, nexts, properties, nativeTrimLengthTo) {
+            const deferBlockStore = hasPutMany(this._storage);
+            const nativeAppendChainResult = this.createNativePlainAppendCommitOnly([data], appendOptions, nexts, deferBlockStore, properties?.payloadData ? [properties.payloadData] : undefined, properties?.includeMaterializationBytes, properties?.includeAppendFactsBytes, nativeTrimLengthTo);
+            return mapMaybePromise(nativeAppendChainResult, (nativeAppendChain) => this.finishLocallyPreparedCommitOnlyAppend(nativeAppendChain, appendOptions, nexts, deferBlockStore, properties));
+        }
+        finishLocallyPreparedCommitOnlyAppend(nativeAppendChain, appendOptions, nexts, deferBlockStore, properties) {
+            if (!nativeAppendChain) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const appendFacts = nativeAppendChain.appendFacts[0];
+            const shallowEntry = nativeAppendChain.shallowEntries[0];
+            let materializedEntry;
+            const materializeEntry = () => {
+                const entry = materializedEntry ?? nativeAppendChain.materializeEntry(0);
+                entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
+                materializedEntry = entry;
+                return entry;
+            };
+            const finishTrim = () => {
+                if (nativeAppendChain.trimmedNativeEntryHashes) {
+                    const trimmedEntryHashes = [
+                        ...new Set(nativeAppendChain.trimmedNativeEntryHashes),
+                    ];
+                    if (properties?.resolveTrimmedEntries === false &&
+                        nativeAppendChain.trimmedNativeBlocksDeleted === true) {
+                        const consumedNoReturn = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntryHashesNoReturnMaybe(trimmedEntryHashes, {
+                            skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                            deleteBlocks: false,
+                        });
+                        if (consumedNoReturn !== undefined) {
+                            return mapMaybePromise(consumedNoReturn, () => ({
+                                get entry() {
+                                    return materializeEntry();
+                                },
+                                materializeEntry,
+                                removed: [],
+                                removedHashes: trimmedEntryHashes,
+                                appendFacts,
+                                shallowEntry,
+                            }));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    const consumedResult = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntryHashesMaybe(trimmedEntryHashes, {
+                        skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                        deleteBlocks: nativeAppendChain.trimmedNativeBlocksDeleted !== true,
+                    });
+                    return mapMaybePromise(consumedResult, (removed) => ({
+                        get entry() {
+                            return materializeEntry();
+                        },
+                        materializeEntry,
+                        removed,
+                        removedHashes: trimmedEntryHashes,
+                        appendFacts,
+                        shallowEntry,
+                    }));
+                }
+                if (nativeAppendChain.trimmedNativeEntries) {
+                    const trimmedEntries = this.entryIndex.nativeLogEntriesToShallowEntries(nativeAppendChain.trimmedNativeEntries);
+                    const consumedResult = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntriesMaybe(trimmedEntries, {
+                        skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                        deleteBlocks: nativeAppendChain.trimmedNativeBlocksDeleted !== true,
+                    });
+                    return mapMaybePromise(consumedResult, (removed) => ({
+                        get entry() {
+                            return materializeEntry();
+                        },
+                        materializeEntry,
+                        removed,
+                        appendFacts,
+                        shallowEntry,
+                    }));
+                }
+                const trimmedResult = this.trimIfConfigured(appendOptions.trim, {
+                    resolveDeletedEntries: properties?.resolveTrimmedEntries,
+                });
+                return mapMaybePromise(trimmedResult, (trimmed) => {
+                    const removed = trimmed ?? [];
+                    return {
+                        get entry() {
+                            return materializeEntry();
+                        },
+                        materializeEntry,
+                        removed,
+                        appendFacts,
+                        shallowEntry,
+                    };
+                });
+            };
+            const finishFacts = () => {
+                const putFactsResult = this.entryIndex.putNativeCommittedAppendFacts({
+                    hash: appendFacts.hash,
+                    unique: true,
+                    externalNextHashes: nexts.map((next) => next.hash),
+                    shallowEntry,
+                    isHead: true,
+                });
+                return mapMaybePromise(putFactsResult, finishTrim);
+            };
+            const finishBlocks = () => {
+                if (deferBlockStore && !nativeAppendChain.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                    return mapMaybePromise(this.putPreparedAppendBlocks(nativeAppendChain.blocks), finishFacts);
+                }
+                return finishFacts();
+            };
+            const rollback = (error) => {
+                if (nativeAppendChain.nativeGraphUpdated) {
+                    this.rollbackNativeAppendGraphHashes([appendFacts.hash]);
+                }
+                if (nativeAppendChain.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                    return this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocksHashes([appendFacts.hash]).then(() => {
+                        throw error;
+                    });
+                }
+                throw error;
+            };
+            try {
+                let result;
+                if (!properties?.skipMissingNextJoin && nexts.length > 0) {
+                    result = mapMaybePromise(this.joinMissingNexts(materializeEntry(), nexts), finishBlocks);
+                }
+                else {
+                    result = finishBlocks();
+                }
+                return isPromiseLike(result) ? result.catch(rollback) : result;
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                return rollback(error);
+            }
+        }
+        async appendLocallyPreparedManyIndependent(data, options = {}, properties) {
+            if (data.length === 0) {
+                return {
+                    entries: [],
+                    removed: [],
+                    change: { added: [], removed: [] },
+                    appendFacts: [],
+                };
+            }
+            if (options.canAppend ||
+                options.onChange ||
+                options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT) {
+                throw new Error("appendLocallyPreparedManyIndependent only supports trusted plain local appends");
+            }
+            const appendOptions = withCanAppendAlreadyValidated(options);
+            const deferBlockStore = hasPutMany(this._storage);
+            const nativeAppendBatch = await this.createNativePlainAppendEntriesBatch(data, appendOptions, deferBlockStore, properties?.payloadDatas, properties?.nexts);
+            if (!nativeAppendBatch) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const entries = nativeAppendBatch.entries;
+            const externalNextHashes = properties?.nexts?.flatMap((nexts) => nexts.map((next) => next.hash)) ??
+                [];
+            try {
+                if (deferBlockStore && !nativeAppendBatch.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                    await this.putAppendEntryBlocks(entries, nativeAppendBatch.blocks);
+                }
+                await this.putAppendEntries(entries, appendOptions, externalNextHashes, nativeAppendBatch, entries.map(() => true));
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                if (nativeAppendBatch.nativeGraphUpdated) {
+                    this.rollbackNativeAppendGraph(entries);
+                }
+                if (nativeAppendBatch.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                    await this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocks(entries);
+                }
+                throw error;
+            }
+            for (const entry of entries) {
+                entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
+            }
+            const trimmed = await this.trimIfConfigured(appendOptions.trim, {
+                resolveDeletedEntries: properties?.resolveTrimmedEntries,
+            });
+            const removed = trimmed ?? [];
+            const change = {
+                added: entries.map((entry) => ({ head: true, entry })),
+                removed,
+            };
+            const appendFacts = this.createPreparedAppendFacts(entries, nativeAppendBatch);
+            return { entries, removed, change, appendFacts };
+        }
+        appendLocallyPreparedNativeKnownNoNextCommitOnlyBatch(data, options = {}, properties, prepare) {
+            if (data.length === 0) {
+                return {
+                    entries: [],
+                    materializeEntries: [],
+                    removed: [],
+                    appendFacts: [],
+                };
+            }
+            if (data.length !== properties.payloadDatas.length) {
+                throw new Error("Mismatched native batch payload count");
+            }
+            const resolvedTrim = options.trim ?? this._trim.options;
+            const supportsNativeTrim = !resolvedTrim ||
+                (resolvedTrim.type === "length" &&
+                    !resolvedTrim.filter?.canTrim &&
+                    properties.resolveTrimmedEntries === false);
+            if (options.canAppend ||
+                options.onChange ||
+                options.encryption ||
+                options.signers ||
+                options.identity ||
+                options.meta?.timestamp ||
+                options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT ||
+                (options.meta?.next != null && options.meta.next.length !== 0) ||
+                options.meta?.gidSeed ||
+                !supportsNativeTrim ||
+                (this._hasCustomCanAppend && !canAppendAlreadyValidated(options))) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const identity = this._identity;
+            if (!(identity instanceof Ed25519Keypair) || !hasPutMany(this._storage)) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const nativeTrimLengthTo = this.getNativeCommitOnlyTrimLengthTo(options.trim, properties.resolveTrimmedEntries);
+            const entryType = options.meta?.type ?? EntryType.APPEND;
+            const rows = properties.payloadDatas.map((payloadData) => {
+                const gid = EntryV0.createGid();
+                const timestamp = this._hlc.now();
+                return {
+                    gid,
+                    timestamp,
+                    payloadData,
+                    input: {
+                        clockId: identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                        privateKey: identity.privateKey.privateKey,
+                        publicKey: identity.publicKey.publicKey,
+                        wallTime: timestamp.wallTime,
+                        logical: timestamp.logical,
+                        gid,
+                        type: entryType,
+                        metaData: options.meta?.data,
+                        payloadData,
+                        resolveTrimmedEntries: properties.resolveTrimmedEntries,
+                        trimLengthTo: nativeTrimLengthTo,
+                    },
+                };
+            });
+            const preparedValue = prepare(rows.map((row) => row.input));
+            return mapMaybePromise(preparedValue, (preparedRows) => {
+                if (!preparedRows || preparedRows.length !== rows.length) {
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                const appendFacts = [];
+                const materializeEntries = [];
+                const retainMaterializationBytesFns = [];
+                const indexRows = [];
+                const trimmedEntryHashes = [];
+                const documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed = [];
+                for (let index = 0; index < rows.length; index++) {
+                    const row = rows[index];
+                    const prepared = preparedRows[index];
+                    if (!prepared) {
+                        return undefined;
+                    }
+                    const hash = prepared.cid ?? prepared.hash;
+                    if (!hash) {
+                        return undefined;
+                    }
+                    const shouldRetainMaterializationBytes = properties.retainMaterializationBytes === true || !!resolvedTrim;
+                    let retainedMaterializationBytes;
+                    const retainMaterializationBytes = () => {
+                        if (retainedMaterializationBytes ||
+                            !shouldRetainMaterializationBytes ||
+                            prepared.bytes) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        const bytes = prepared.getBytes?.(hash) ??
+                            this._storage.get(hash);
+                        if (bytes &&
+                            typeof bytes.then !== "function") {
+                            retainedMaterializationBytes = bytes;
+                        }
+                    };
+                    const effectiveNextHashes = prepared.next ?? EMPTY_NEXT_HASHES;
+                    if (effectiveNextHashes.length !== 0 &&
+                        properties.allowPreparedNexts !== true) {
+                        return undefined;
+                    }
+                    const effectiveGid = prepared.gid ?? row.gid;
+                    let clock;
+                    const getClock = () => (clock ??= new Clock({
+                        id: identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                        timestamp: row.timestamp,
+                    }));
+                    let shallowEntry;
+                    const getShallowEntry = () => (shallowEntry ??= new ShallowEntry({
+                        hash,
+                        payloadSize: row.payloadData.byteLength,
+                        head: true,
+                        meta: new ShallowMeta({
+                            gid: effectiveGid,
+                            data: options.meta?.data,
+                            clock: getClock(),
+                            next: effectiveNextHashes,
+                            type: entryType,
+                        }),
+                    }));
+                    const facts = {
+                        hash,
+                        gid: effectiveGid,
+                        next: effectiveNextHashes,
+                        wallTime: row.timestamp.wallTime,
+                        logical: row.timestamp.logical,
+                        clockId: identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                        type: entryType,
+                        metaData: options.meta?.data,
+                        payloadSize: row.payloadData.byteLength,
+                        metaBytes: prepared.metaBytes,
+                        hashDigestBytes: prepared.hashDigestBytes,
+                    };
+                    let materializedEntry;
+                    const materializeEntry = () => {
+                        if (materializedEntry) {
+                            return materializedEntry;
+                        }
+                        const bytes = prepared.bytes ??
+                            retainedMaterializationBytes ??
+                            prepared.getBytes?.(hash) ??
+                            this._storage.get(hash);
+                        if (!bytes ||
+                            typeof bytes.then === "function") {
+                            throw new Error("Missing synchronous native append block bytes");
+                        }
+                        const entry = deserialize(bytes, Entry);
+                        entry.hash = hash;
+                        entry.size = prepared.byteLength;
+                        entry.createdLocally = true;
+                        Entry.prepareShallowEntry(entry, getShallowEntry());
+                        entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
+                        materializedEntry = entry;
+                        return entry;
+                    };
+                    appendFacts.push(facts);
+                    materializeEntries.push(materializeEntry);
+                    retainMaterializationBytesFns.push(retainMaterializationBytes);
+                    indexRows.push({
+                        hash,
+                        unique: true,
+                        externalNextHashes: effectiveNextHashes,
+                        getShallowEntry,
+                        isHead: true,
+                    });
+                    if (prepared.trimmedEntryHashes?.length) {
+                        trimmedEntryHashes.push(...prepared.trimmedEntryHashes);
+                    }
+                    documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed.push(prepared.documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed === true);
+                }
+                const rollback = (error) => {
+                    this.rollbackNativeAppendGraphHashes(appendFacts.map((facts) => facts.hash));
+                    return this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocksHashes(appendFacts.map((facts) => facts.hash)).then(() => {
+                        throw error;
+                    });
+                };
+                const finish = () => {
+                    for (const retainMaterializationBytes of retainMaterializationBytesFns) {
+                        retainMaterializationBytes();
+                    }
+                    let entries;
+                    return {
+                        get entries() {
+                            return (entries ??= materializeEntries.map((materializeEntry) => materializeEntry()));
+                        },
+                        materializeEntries,
+                        removed: [],
+                        removedHashes: trimmedEntryHashes.length > 0
+                            ? normalizedUniqueStrings(trimmedEntryHashes)
+                            : undefined,
+                        appendFacts,
+                        documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed,
+                    };
+                };
+                const finishTrim = () => {
+                    if (trimmedEntryHashes.length === 0) {
+                        return finish();
+                    }
+                    if (properties.resolveTrimmedEntries !== false &&
+                        !documentTrimmedHeadsProcessed.every(Boolean)) {
+                        return undefined;
+                    }
+                    const uniqueTrimmedHashes = normalizedUniqueStrings(trimmedEntryHashes);
+                    const consumedNoReturn = this.entryIndex.consumeNativeTrimmedEntryHashesNoReturnMaybe(uniqueTrimmedHashes, {
+                        skipNextHeadUpdates: true,
+                        deleteBlocks: false,
+                    });
+                    if (consumedNoReturn === undefined) {
+                        return undefined;
+                    }
+                    return mapMaybePromise(consumedNoReturn, finish);
+                };
+                try {
+                    const putResult = this.entryIndex.putNativeCommittedAppendFactsBatch(indexRows);
+                    const result = mapMaybePromise(putResult, finishTrim);
+                    return isPromiseLike(result) ? result.catch(rollback) : result;
+                }
+                catch (error) {
+                    return rollback(error);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        createPreparedAppendFacts(entries, prepared) {
+            if (prepared?.appendFacts?.length === entries.length) {
+                return prepared.appendFacts;
+            }
+            return entries.map((entry, index) => {
+                const shallowEntry = prepared?.shallowEntries[index];
+                if (shallowEntry) {
+                    return {
+                        hash: shallowEntry.hash,
+                        gid: shallowEntry.meta.gid,
+                        next: shallowEntry.meta.next,
+                        wallTime: shallowEntry.meta.clock.timestamp.wallTime,
+                        logical: shallowEntry.meta.clock.timestamp.logical,
+                        clockId: shallowEntry.meta.clock.id,
+                        type: shallowEntry.meta.type,
+                        metaData: shallowEntry.meta.data,
+                        payloadSize: shallowEntry.payloadSize,
+                        metaBytes: entry.getMetaBytes?.(),
+                        hashDigestBytes: entry.getHashDigestBytes?.(),
+                    };
+                }
+                return {
+                    hash: entry.hash,
+                    gid: entry.meta.gid,
+                    next: entry.meta.next,
+                    wallTime: entry.meta.clock.timestamp.wallTime,
+                    logical: entry.meta.clock.timestamp.logical,
+                    clockId: entry.meta.clock.id,
+                    type: entry.meta.type,
+                    metaData: entry.meta.data,
+                    payloadSize: entry.payload.byteLength,
+                    metaBytes: entry.getMetaBytes?.(),
+                    hashDigestBytes: entry.getHashDigestBytes?.(),
+                };
+            });
+        }
+        async appendMany(data, options = {}) {
+            if (data.length === 0) {
+                return { entries: [], removed: [] };
+            }
+            if (options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT) {
+                throw new Error("appendMany does not support CUT entries");
+            }
+            let nexts = await this.getNextsForAppend(options);
+            const initialNexts = nexts;
+            const entries = [];
+            const pendingDeletes = [];
+            const deferBlockStore = hasPutMany(this._storage);
+            const nativeAppendChain = await this.createNativePlainAppendChain(data, options, nexts, deferBlockStore);
+            if (nativeAppendChain) {
+                entries.push(...nativeAppendChain.entries);
+                nexts = [entries[entries.length - 1]];
+            }
+            else {
+                for (const item of data) {
+                    const entry = await this.createAppendEntry(item, options, nexts, {
+                        deferStore: deferBlockStore,
+                    });
+                    entries.push(entry);
+                    nexts = [entry];
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                await this.joinMissingNexts(entries[0], initialNexts);
+                if (deferBlockStore && !nativeAppendChain?.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                    await this.putAppendEntryBlocks(entries, nativeAppendChain?.blocks);
+                }
+                await this.putAppendEntries(entries, options, initialNexts.map((entry) => entry.hash), nativeAppendChain);
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                if (nativeAppendChain?.nativeGraphUpdated) {
+                    this.rollbackNativeAppendGraph(entries);
+                }
+                if (nativeAppendChain?.nativeBlocksCommitted) {
+                    await this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocks(entries);
+                }
+                throw error;
+            }
+            for (const entry of entries) {
+                entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
+            }
+            const trimmed = await this.trimIfConfigured(options?.trim);
+            if (trimmed) {
+                for (const entry of trimmed) {
+                    pendingDeletes.push({ entry, fn: undefined });
+                }
+            }
+            const removed = pendingDeletes.map((x) => x.entry);
+            const changes = {
+                added: entries.map((entry, index) => ({
+                    head: index === entries.length - 1,
+                    entry,
+                })),
+                removed,
+            };
+            await (options?.onChange || this._onChange)?.(changes);
+            await Promise.all(pendingDeletes.map((x) => x.fn?.()));
+            return { entries, removed };
+        }
+        createNativePlainAppendChain(data, options, nexts, deferBlockStore, payloadDatas) {
+            const canAppendAlreadyValidatedForOptions = canAppendAlreadyValidated(options);
+            if (!deferBlockStore ||
+                options.encryption ||
+                options.signers ||
+                options.canAppend ||
+                (this._hasCustomCanAppend && !canAppendAlreadyValidatedForOptions) ||
+                options.meta?.timestamp ||
+                options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT) {
+                return Promise.resolve(undefined);
+            }
+            const nativeGraph = !this.entryIndex.properties.onGidRemoved &&
+                (this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph?.graph
+                    .prepareEntryV0PlainChainCommit ||
+                    this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph?.graph
+                        .prepareEntryV0PlainEntryCommit ||
+                    this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph?.graph
+                        .prepareEntryV0PlainChainAndPut ||
+                    this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph?.graph
+                        .prepareEntryV0PlainEntryAndPut)
+                ? this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph.graph
+                : undefined;
+            return EntryV0.createPlainAppendChainBatch({
+                data,
+                meta: {
+                    clocks: () => data.map(() => new Clock({
+                        id: this._identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                        timestamp: this._hlc.now(),
+                    })),
+                    type: options.meta?.type,
+                    gidSeed: options.meta?.gidSeed,
+                    data: options.meta?.data,
+                    next: nexts,
+                },
+                encoding: this._encoding,
+                payloadDatas,
+                identity: options.identity || this._identity,
+                deferStore: deferBlockStore,
+                cachePreparedEntries: false,
+                nativeGraph,
+                nativeBlockStore: this._storage,
+            });
+        }
+        createNativePlainAppendCommitOnly(data, options, nexts, deferBlockStore, payloadDatas, includeMaterializationBytes, includeAppendFactsBytes, nativeTrimLengthTo) {
+            const canAppendAlreadyValidatedForOptions = canAppendAlreadyValidated(options);
+            if (data.length !== 1 ||
+                !deferBlockStore ||
+                options.encryption ||
+                options.signers ||
+                options.canAppend ||
+                (this._hasCustomCanAppend && !canAppendAlreadyValidatedForOptions) ||
+                options.meta?.timestamp ||
+                options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const nativeGraph = !this.entryIndex.properties.onGidRemoved &&
+                (this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph?.graph
+                    .prepareEntryV0PlainEntryCommit ||
+                    this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph?.graph
+                        .prepareEntryV0PlainEntryAndPut)
+                ? this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph.graph
+                : undefined;
+            if (!nativeGraph) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            return EntryV0.createPlainAppendChainCommitOnly({
+                data,
+                meta: {
+                    clocks: () => [
+                        new Clock({
+                            id: this._identity.publicKey.bytes,
+                            timestamp: this._hlc.now(),
+                        }),
+                    ],
+                    type: options.meta?.type,
+                    gidSeed: options.meta?.gidSeed,
+                    data: options.meta?.data,
+                    next: nexts,
+                },
+                encoding: this._encoding,
+                payloadDatas,
+                identity: options.identity || this._identity,
+                deferStore: deferBlockStore,
+                nativeGraph,
+                nativeBlockStore: this._storage,
+                includeMaterializationBytes,
+                includeAppendFactsBytes,
+                nativeTrimLengthTo,
+            });
+        }
+        async createNativePlainAppendEntriesBatch(data, options, deferBlockStore, payloadDatas, nexts) {
+            const canAppendAlreadyValidatedForOptions = canAppendAlreadyValidated(options);
+            if (!deferBlockStore ||
+                data.length === 0 ||
+                options.encryption ||
+                options.signers ||
+                options.canAppend ||
+                (this._hasCustomCanAppend && !canAppendAlreadyValidatedForOptions) ||
+                options.meta?.timestamp ||
+                options.meta?.type === EntryType.CUT ||
+                options.meta?.gidSeed ||
+                options.meta?.next ||
+                (nexts && nexts.length !== data.length) ||
+                (payloadDatas && payloadDatas.length !== data.length)) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const nativeGraph = !this.entryIndex.properties.onGidRemoved &&
+                this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph?.graph
+                ? this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph.graph
+                : undefined;
+            const generatedGids = EntryV0.createGids(data.length);
+            const gids = generatedGids.map((generatedGid, index) => {
+                const entryNexts = nexts?.[index];
+                if (!entryNexts || entryNexts.length === 0) {
+                    return generatedGid;
+                }
+                let gid = entryNexts[0].meta.gid;
+                for (let i = 1; i < entryNexts.length; i++) {
+                    const nextGid = entryNexts[i].meta.gid;
+                    if (nextGid < gid) {
+                        gid = nextGid;
+                    }
+                }
+                return gid;
+            });
+            const clockId = this._identity.publicKey.bytes;
+            const clocks = this._hlc.nowBatch(data.length).map((timestamp) => new Clock({
+                id: clockId,
+                timestamp,
+            }));
+            const metaDatas = data.map(() => options.meta?.data);
+            const directBatch = nativeGraph?.prepareEntryV0PlainEntriesCommit
+                ? await EntryV0.createPlainAppendEntriesBatch({
+                    data,
+                    payloadDatas,
+                    meta: {
+                        clocks: () => clocks,
+                        gids,
+                        nexts,
+                        type: options.meta?.type,
+                        datas: metaDatas,
+                    },
+                    encoding: this._encoding,
+                    identity: options.identity || this._identity,
+                    deferStore: deferBlockStore,
+                    cachePreparedEntries: false,
+                    nativeGraph,
+                    nativeBlockStore: this._storage,
+                })
+                : undefined;
+            if (directBatch) {
+                return directBatch;
+            }
+            const entries = [];
+            const blocks = [];
+            const shallowEntries = [];
+            const nativeEntries = [];
+            let nativeGraphUpdated = false;
+            let nativeBlocksCommitted = true;
+            for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+                const entryNexts = nexts?.[i] ?? [];
+                const prepared = await EntryV0.createPlainAppendChainBatch({
+                    data: [data[i]],
+                    payloadDatas: payloadDatas ? [payloadDatas[i]] : undefined,
+                    meta: {
+                        clocks: () => [clocks[i]],
+                        gid: entryNexts.length === 0 ? gids[i] : undefined,
+                        type: options.meta?.type,
+                        data: metaDatas[i],
+                        next: entryNexts,
+                    },
+                    encoding: this._encoding,
+                    identity: options.identity || this._identity,
+                    deferStore: deferBlockStore,
+                    cachePreparedEntries: false,
+                    nativeGraph,
+                    nativeBlockStore: this._storage,
+                });
+                if (!prepared) {
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                entries.push(prepared.entries[0]);
+                if (prepared.blocks) {
+                    blocks.push(...prepared.blocks);
+                }
+                shallowEntries.push(...prepared.shallowEntries);
+                if (prepared.nativeEntries) {
+                    nativeEntries.push(...prepared.nativeEntries);
+                }
+                nativeGraphUpdated ||= prepared.nativeGraphUpdated === true;
+                nativeBlocksCommitted &&= prepared.nativeBlocksCommitted === true;
+            }
+            if (!nativeBlocksCommitted && blocks.length !== entries.length) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            return {
+                entries,
+                blocks: blocks.length > 0 ? blocks : undefined,
+                shallowEntries,
+                nativeEntries,
+                nativeGraphUpdated,
+                nativeBlocksCommitted,
+            };
+        }
+        rollbackNativeAppendGraph(entries) {
+            this.rollbackNativeAppendGraphHashes(entries.map((entry) => entry.hash));
+        }
+        rollbackNativeAppendGraphHashes(hashes) {
+            const graph = this.entryIndex.properties.nativeGraph?.graph;
+            if (!graph) {
+                return;
+            }
+            for (let i = hashes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                graph.delete(hashes[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        async rollbackNativeAppendBlocks(entries) {
+            await this.rollbackNativeAppendBlocksHashes(entries.map((entry) => entry.hash));
+        }
+        async rollbackNativeAppendBlocksHashes(hashes) {
+            const storage = this._storage;
+            if (typeof storage.rmMany === "function") {
+                await storage.rmMany(hashes);
+                return;
             }
-            return ret;
+            await Promise.all(hashes.map((hash) => this._storage.rm(hash)));
         }
-        /**
-         * Append an entry to the log.
-         * @param {T} data The data to be appended
-         * @param {AppendOptions} [options] The options for the append
-         * @returns {{ entry: Entry<T>; removed: ShallowEntry[] }} The appended entry and an array of removed entries
-         */
-        async append(data, options = {}) {
-            // Update the clock (find the latest clock)
-            if (options.meta?.next) {
-                for (const n of options.meta.next) {
-                    if (!n.hash)
-                        throw new Error("Expecting nexts to already be saved. missing hash for one or more entries");
+        validateExplicitNexts(options) {
+            if (!options.meta?.next) {
+                return;
+            }
+            for (const n of options.meta.next) {
+                if (!n.hash) {
+                    throw new Error("Expecting nexts to already be saved. missing hash for one or more entries");
                 }
             }
-            /* await this.load({ reload: false }); */
-            const nexts = options.meta?.next ||
-                (await this.entryIndex
+        }
+        getNextsForAppend(options) {
+            this.validateExplicitNexts(options);
+            return (options.meta?.next ||
+                this.entryIndex.getHeadsForAppend() ||
+                this.entryIndex
                     .getHeads(undefined, { type: "shape", shape: Sorting.ENTRY_SORT_SHAPE })
                     .all());
-            // Calculate max time for log/graph
+        }
+        async createAppendEntry(data, options, nexts, storeOptions) {
             const clock = new Clock({
                 id: this._identity.publicKey.bytes,
                 timestamp: options?.meta?.timestamp || this._hlc.now(),
@@ -447,31 +1910,41 @@ let Log = (() => {
                         },
                     }
                     : undefined,
-                canAppend: options.canAppend || this._canAppend,
+                canAppend: canAppendAlreadyValidated(options)
+                    ? undefined
+                    : options.canAppend ||
+                        (this._hasCustomCanAppend ? this._canAppend : undefined),
+                deferStore: storeOptions?.deferStore,
             });
             if (!entry.hash) {
                 throw new Error("Unexpected");
             }
-            if (entry.meta.type !== EntryType.CUT) {
-                for (const e of nexts) {
-                    if (!(await this.has(e.hash))) {
-                        let entry;
-                        if (e instanceof Entry) {
-                            entry = e;
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            let resolved = await this.entryIndex.get(e.hash);
-                            if (!resolved) {
-                                // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
-                                console.warn("Unexpected missing entry when joining", e.hash);
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                            entry = resolved;
-                        }
-                        await this.join([entry]);
+            return entry;
+        }
+        async joinMissingNexts(entry, nexts) {
+            if (entry.meta.type === EntryType.CUT) {
+                return;
+            }
+            for (const e of nexts) {
+                if (await this.has(e.hash)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let nextEntry;
+                if (e instanceof Entry) {
+                    nextEntry = e;
+                }
+                else {
+                    const resolved = await this.entryIndex.get(e.hash);
+                    if (!resolved) {
+                        warn("Unexpected missing entry when joining", e.hash);
+                        continue;
                     }
+                    nextEntry = resolved;
                 }
+                await this.join([nextEntry]);
             }
+        }
+        async putAppendEntry(entry, options) {
             await this.entryIndex.put(entry, {
                 unique: true,
                 isHead: true,
@@ -481,22 +1954,214 @@ let Log = (() => {
                         ? options.durability === "buffered"
                         : this._appendDurability === "buffered"),
             });
-            const pendingDeletes = await this.processEntry(entry);
-            entry.init({ encoding: this._encoding, keychain: this._keychain });
-            const trimmed = await this.trim(options?.trim);
-            if (trimmed) {
-                for (const entry of trimmed) {
-                    pendingDeletes.push({ entry, fn: undefined });
+        }
+        async putAppendEntries(entries, options, externalNextHashes, preparedAppendChain, heads) {
+            const prepared = preparedAppendChain &&
+                entries.length === preparedAppendChain.entries.length
+                ? {
+                    shallowEntries: preparedAppendChain.shallowEntries,
+                    nativeEntries: preparedAppendChain.nativeEntries,
+                    nativeGraphUpdated: preparedAppendChain.nativeGraphUpdated,
+                    nativeBlocksCommitted: preparedAppendChain.nativeBlocksCommitted,
                 }
+                : undefined;
+            if (entries.length === 1 &&
+                prepared?.nativeGraphUpdated === true &&
+                !this.entryIndex.properties.onGidRemoved) {
+                await this.entryIndex.putNativeCommittedAppend(entries[0], {
+                    unique: true,
+                    externalNextHashes,
+                    shallowEntry: prepared.shallowEntries[0],
+                    isHead: heads?.[0] ?? true,
+                });
+                return;
             }
-            const removed = pendingDeletes.map((x) => x.entry);
-            const changes = {
-                added: [{ head: true, entry }],
-                removed,
+            await this.entryIndex.putAppendBatch(entries, {
+                unique: true,
+                externalNextHashes,
+                heads,
+                prepared,
+                deferIndexWrite: options.deferIndexWrite ??
+                    (options.durability
+                        ? options.durability === "buffered"
+                        : this._appendDurability === "buffered"),
+            });
+        }
+        async putAppendEntryBlocks(entries, preparedBlocks) {
+            const blocks = preparedBlocks && preparedBlocks.length === entries.length
+                ? preparedBlocks
+                : entries.map((entry) => {
+                    const prepared = Entry.takePreparedBlock(entry);
+                    if (!prepared) {
+                        throw new Error("Missing prepared entry block");
+                    }
+                    return prepared;
+                });
+            if (blocks.length === 1 && hasPutKnown(this._storage)) {
+                const block = blocks[0];
+                const cidResult = this._storage.putKnown(block.cid, block.block.bytes);
+                const cid = isPromiseLike(cidResult) ? await cidResult : cidResult;
+                if (cid !== block.cid) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block cid");
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            if (hasPutKnownManyColumns(this._storage)) {
+                const cids = new Array(blocks.length);
+                const bytes = new Array(blocks.length);
+                for (let i = 0; i < blocks.length; i++) {
+                    const block = blocks[i];
+                    cids[i] = block.cid;
+                    bytes[i] = block.block.bytes;
+                }
+                const cidsResult = this._storage.putKnownManyColumns(cids, bytes);
+                const result = isPromiseLike(cidsResult) ? await cidsResult : cidsResult;
+                if (result.length !== blocks.length) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block batch result length");
+                }
+                for (let i = 0; i < result.length; i++) {
+                    if (result[i] !== cids[i]) {
+                        throw new Error("Unexpected block batch cid");
+                    }
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            if (hasPutKnownMany(this._storage)) {
+                const cidsResult = this._storage.putKnownMany(blocks.map((block) => [block.cid, block.block.bytes]));
+                const cids = isPromiseLike(cidsResult) ? await cidsResult : cidsResult;
+                if (cids.length !== blocks.length) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block batch result length");
+                }
+                for (let i = 0; i < cids.length; i++) {
+                    if (cids[i] !== blocks[i].cid) {
+                        throw new Error("Unexpected block batch cid");
+                    }
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            const cids = await this._storage.putMany(blocks);
+            if (cids.length !== blocks.length) {
+                throw new Error("Unexpected block batch result length");
+            }
+            for (let i = 0; i < cids.length; i++) {
+                if (cids[i] !== blocks[i].cid) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block batch cid");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        async putKnownEntryBytesBatch(blocks) {
+            if (blocks.length === 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (blocks.length === 1 && hasPutKnown(this._storage)) {
+                const block = blocks[0];
+                const cidResult = this._storage.putKnown(block.cid, block.bytes);
+                const cid = isPromiseLike(cidResult) ? await cidResult : cidResult;
+                if (cid !== block.cid) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block cid");
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            if (hasPutKnownManyColumns(this._storage)) {
+                const cids = new Array(blocks.length);
+                const bytes = new Array(blocks.length);
+                for (let i = 0; i < blocks.length; i++) {
+                    const block = blocks[i];
+                    cids[i] = block.cid;
+                    bytes[i] = block.bytes;
+                }
+                const cidsResult = this._storage.putKnownManyColumns(cids, bytes);
+                const result = isPromiseLike(cidsResult) ? await cidsResult : cidsResult;
+                if (result.length !== blocks.length) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block batch result length");
+                }
+                for (let i = 0; i < result.length; i++) {
+                    if (result[i] !== cids[i]) {
+                        throw new Error("Unexpected block batch cid");
+                    }
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            if (hasPutKnownMany(this._storage)) {
+                const cidsResult = this._storage.putKnownMany(blocks.map((block) => [block.cid, block.bytes]));
+                const cids = isPromiseLike(cidsResult) ? await cidsResult : cidsResult;
+                if (cids.length !== blocks.length) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block batch result length");
+                }
+                for (let i = 0; i < cids.length; i++) {
+                    if (cids[i] !== blocks[i].cid) {
+                        throw new Error("Unexpected block batch cid");
+                    }
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            const preparedBlocks = blocks.map((block) => Entry.preparedBlockFromBytes(block.bytes, block.cid));
+            const cids = await this._storage.putMany(preparedBlocks);
+            if (cids.length !== blocks.length) {
+                throw new Error("Unexpected block batch result length");
+            }
+            for (let i = 0; i < cids.length; i++) {
+                if (cids[i] !== blocks[i].cid) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block batch cid");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        putPreparedAppendBlocks(preparedBlocks) {
+            if (!preparedBlocks || preparedBlocks.length === 0) {
+                throw new Error("Missing prepared entry block");
+            }
+            if (preparedBlocks.length === 1 && hasPutKnown(this._storage)) {
+                const block = preparedBlocks[0];
+                const cidResult = this._storage.putKnown(block.cid, block.block.bytes);
+                const checkCid = (cid) => {
+                    if (cid !== block.cid) {
+                        throw new Error("Unexpected block cid");
+                    }
+                };
+                if (isPromiseLike(cidResult)) {
+                    return cidResult.then(checkCid);
+                }
+                checkCid(cidResult);
+                return;
+            }
+            const checkCids = (cids) => {
+                if (cids.length !== preparedBlocks.length) {
+                    throw new Error("Unexpected block batch result length");
+                }
+                for (let i = 0; i < cids.length; i++) {
+                    if (cids[i] !== preparedBlocks[i].cid) {
+                        throw new Error("Unexpected block batch cid");
+                    }
+                }
             };
-            await (options?.onChange || this._onChange)?.(changes);
-            await Promise.all(pendingDeletes.map((x) => x.fn?.()));
-            return { entry, removed };
+            if (hasPutKnownManyColumns(this._storage)) {
+                const cids = new Array(preparedBlocks.length);
+                const bytes = new Array(preparedBlocks.length);
+                for (let i = 0; i < preparedBlocks.length; i++) {
+                    const block = preparedBlocks[i];
+                    cids[i] = block.cid;
+                    bytes[i] = block.block.bytes;
+                }
+                const cidsResult = this._storage.putKnownManyColumns(cids, bytes);
+                if (isPromiseLike(cidsResult)) {
+                    return cidsResult.then(checkCids);
+                }
+                checkCids(cidsResult);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (hasPutKnownMany(this._storage)) {
+                const cidsResult = this._storage.putKnownMany(preparedBlocks.map((block) => [block.cid, block.block.bytes]));
+                if (isPromiseLike(cidsResult)) {
+                    return cidsResult.then(checkCids);
+                }
+                checkCids(cidsResult);
+                return;
+            }
+            const cidsResult = this._storage.putMany(preparedBlocks);
+            if (isPromiseLike(cidsResult)) {
+                return cidsResult.then(checkCids);
+            }
+            checkCids(cidsResult);
         }
         async remove(entry, options) {
             /* await this.load({ reload: false }); */
@@ -528,8 +2193,26 @@ let Log = (() => {
             await Promise.all(removed.map((x) => x.fn()));
             return change;
         }
-        async trim(option = this._trim.options) {
-            return this._trim.trim(option);
+        async trim(option = this._trim.options, properties) {
+            return this._trim.trim(option, properties);
+        }
+        trimIfConfigured(option, properties) {
+            const resolved = option ?? this._trim.options;
+            return resolved ? this.trim(resolved, properties) : undefined;
+        }
+        getNativeCommitOnlyTrimLengthTo(option, resolveDeletedEntries) {
+            const resolved = option ?? this._trim.options;
+            if (!resolved ||
+                resolved.type !== "length" ||
+                resolved.filter?.canTrim ||
+                resolveDeletedEntries !== false) {
+                return;
+            }
+            const from = resolved.from ?? resolved.to;
+            if (this.length + 1 < from) {
+                return;
+            }
+            return resolved.to;
         }
         async join(entriesOrLog, options) {
             let entries;
@@ -566,7 +2249,7 @@ let Log = (() => {
             else if (Array.isArray(entriesOrLog)) {
                 if (entriesOrLog.length === 0)
                     return;
-                const existingHashes = options?.reset
+                const existingHashes = options?.reset || options?.__peerbitEntriesAlreadyMissing === true
                     ? new Set()
                     : await this.entryIndex.hasMany(entriesOrLog.map((element) => typeof element === "string"
                         ? element
@@ -648,14 +2331,33 @@ let Log = (() => {
                     return;
                 entries = all;
             }
+            const profile = options?.__peerbitProfile;
+            const headsStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
             const heads = new Map();
             for (const entry of entries) {
                 if (heads.has(entry.hash))
                     continue;
                 heads.set(entry.hash, true);
-                for (const next of await entry.getNext())
+                const nexts = options?.__peerbitBatchIndependent === true
+                    ? entry.meta.next
+                    : await entry.getNext();
+                for (const next of nexts)
                     heads.set(next, false);
             }
+            emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, headsStartedAt, {
+                name: "log.join.prepareHeads",
+                component: "log",
+                entries: entries.length,
+                count: heads.size,
+                messages: 1,
+                details: {
+                    batchIndependent: options?.__peerbitBatchIndependent === true,
+                },
+            });
+            if (options?.__peerbitBatchIndependent === true &&
+                (await this.tryJoinIndependentAppendBatch(entries, heads, options))) {
+                return;
+            }
             for (const entry of entries) {
                 const isHead = heads.get(entry.hash);
                 const prev = this._joining.get(entry.hash);
@@ -680,6 +2382,451 @@ let Log = (() => {
                 await p;
             }
         }
+        // Internal trusted receive path for callers that can supply prepared append facts.
+        async joinPreparedAppendFactsBatch(entries, options) {
+            if (entries.length === 0 ||
+                !canAppendAlreadyValidated(options) ||
+                entries.some((entry) => this._joining.has(entry.hash))) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            const resolvedOptions = options;
+            const profile = resolvedOptions.__peerbitProfile;
+            const prepareStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+            const entryHashes = new Array(entries.length);
+            let hasAnyNext = false;
+            for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+                const entry = entries[i];
+                // byteLength stands in for the bytes presence check: prepared facts
+                // carry both, and probing `bytes` would force stash-backed heads to
+                // materialize block bytes the native commit never reads.
+                if (!entry.hash ||
+                    entry.byteLength == null ||
+                    entry.meta.type !== EntryType.APPEND) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                entryHashes[i] = entry.hash;
+                if (entry.meta.next.length > 0) {
+                    hasAnyNext = true;
+                }
+            }
+            const batchHashes = new Set(entryHashes);
+            let heads;
+            if (hasAnyNext) {
+                heads = new Map();
+                for (const entry of entries) {
+                    if (heads.has(entry.hash)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    heads.set(entry.hash, true);
+                    for (const next of entry.meta.next) {
+                        heads.set(next, false);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, prepareStartedAt, {
+                name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.prepare",
+                component: "log",
+                entries: entries.length,
+                count: heads?.size ?? entries.length,
+                messages: 1,
+            });
+            const nativeCommitValidatesPlan = resolvedOptions.__peerbitNativePreparedJoinCommitValidatesPlan === true &&
+                !!resolvedOptions.__peerbitNativePreparedJoinCommit;
+            const headFlags = [];
+            const headFlagsBytes = new Uint8Array(entries.length);
+            const pushHeadFlag = (index, isHead) => {
+                headFlags.push(isHead);
+                headFlagsBytes[index] = isHead ? 1 : 0;
+            };
+            if (nativeCommitValidatesPlan) {
+                for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+                    const entry = entries[i];
+                    pushHeadFlag(i, heads?.get(entry.hash) ?? true);
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, internalProfileStart(profile), {
+                    name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.plan",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                    details: { nativeCommitValidatesPlan: true },
+                });
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, internalProfileStart(profile), {
+                    name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.validatePlan",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                    details: { nativeCommitValidatesPlan: true },
+                });
+            }
+            else {
+                const planStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                const joinPlans = await this.entryIndex.planJoinBatch(entries, false, profile);
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, planStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.plan",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                });
+                const validatePlanStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+                    const entry = entries[i];
+                    const joinPlan = joinPlans[i];
+                    if (joinPlan.skip ||
+                        joinPlan.coveredByCut ||
+                        !joinPlan.cutChecked ||
+                        joinPlan.missingParents.some((hash) => !batchHashes.has(hash))) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    pushHeadFlag(i, heads?.get(entry.hash) ?? true);
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, validatePlanStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.validatePlan",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                });
+            }
+            let nativeValidatedCommitRejected = false;
+            const batchPromise = (async () => {
+                const clockStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                for (const entry of entries) {
+                    this._hlc.update(entry.meta.clock.timestamp);
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, clockStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.clock",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                });
+                const trustedMissing = resolvedOptions.__peerbitEntriesAlreadyMissing === true &&
+                    batchHashes.size === entries.length;
+                let nativePreparedCommitted = false;
+                if (resolvedOptions.__peerbitNativePreparedJoinCommit) {
+                    const nativeCommitStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                    nativePreparedCommitted =
+                        (await resolvedOptions.__peerbitNativePreparedJoinCommit({
+                            entries,
+                            hashes: entryHashes,
+                            headFlags,
+                            headFlagsBytes,
+                            trustedMissing,
+                            validatePlan: nativeCommitValidatesPlan,
+                        })) === true;
+                    emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, nativeCommitStartedAt, {
+                        name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.nativePreparedCommit",
+                        component: "log",
+                        entries: entries.length,
+                        messages: 1,
+                        details: { nativePreparedCommitted },
+                    });
+                }
+                if (nativeCommitValidatesPlan && !nativePreparedCommitted) {
+                    nativeValidatedCommitRejected = true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                const blocksStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                if (!nativePreparedCommitted) {
+                    await this.putKnownEntryBytesBatch(entries.map((entry) => ({
+                        cid: entry.hash,
+                        bytes: entry.bytes,
+                    })));
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, blocksStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.blocks",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    bytes: entries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.byteLength, 0),
+                    messages: 1,
+                    details: { nativePreparedCommitted },
+                });
+                const indexStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                let nativeCommittedFactsIndexed = false;
+                if (nativePreparedCommitted &&
+                    resolvedOptions.__peerbitDeferIndexWrite === true) {
+                    const indexBatchHashes = entries.length > 1 ? batchHashes : undefined;
+                    const indexRows = entries.map((entry, index) => {
+                        const isHead = headFlags[index] ?? true;
+                        const externalNextHashes = indexBatchHashes
+                            ? entry.meta.next.filter((next) => !indexBatchHashes.has(next))
+                            : entry.meta.next;
+                        return {
+                            hash: entry.hash,
+                            unique: trustedMissing,
+                            externalNextHashes,
+                            getShallowEntry: () => {
+                                const shallowEntry = entry.shallowEntry ?? entry.getShallowEntry?.(isHead);
+                                if (!shallowEntry) {
+                                    throw new Error("Missing prepared append shallow entry");
+                                }
+                                shallowEntry.head = isHead;
+                                entry.shallowEntry = shallowEntry;
+                                return shallowEntry;
+                            },
+                            isHead,
+                        };
+                    });
+                    await this.entryIndex.putNativeCommittedAppendFactsBatch(indexRows);
+                    nativeCommittedFactsIndexed = true;
+                }
+                else {
+                    const externalNextHashes = entries.length === 1 ? entries[0].meta.next : undefined;
+                    await this.entryIndex.putAppendFactsBatch(entries, {
+                        unique: trustedMissing,
+                        externalNextHashes,
+                        heads: headFlags,
+                        deferIndexWrite: resolvedOptions.__peerbitDeferIndexWrite,
+                        nativeGraphUpdated: nativePreparedCommitted,
+                        profile,
+                    });
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, indexStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.entryIndex",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                    details: { trustedMissing, nativeCommittedFactsIndexed },
+                });
+                if (resolvedOptions.__peerbitOnPreparedJoinCommitted) {
+                    const committedStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                    await resolvedOptions.__peerbitOnPreparedJoinCommitted({
+                        entries,
+                        hashes: entryHashes,
+                        headFlags,
+                        nativePreparedCommitted,
+                    });
+                    emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, committedStartedAt, {
+                        name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.committed",
+                        component: "log",
+                        entries: entries.length,
+                        messages: 1,
+                        details: { nativePreparedCommitted },
+                    });
+                }
+                const changeStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                if (resolvedOptions.__peerbitOnAppendHashes) {
+                    await resolvedOptions.__peerbitOnAppendHashes(entries.map((entry) => entry.hash));
+                }
+                else {
+                    const change = {
+                        added: entries.map((entry, index) => {
+                            const materializeEntry = entry.materializeEntry;
+                            if (!materializeEntry) {
+                                throw new Error("Missing prepared append materializer");
+                            }
+                            return {
+                                head: headFlags[index],
+                                entry: materializeEntry(),
+                            };
+                        }),
+                        removed: [],
+                    };
+                    await this._onChange?.(change);
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, changeStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinPreparedFacts.change",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                    details: { hashOnly: !!resolvedOptions.__peerbitOnAppendHashes },
+                });
+            })().finally(() => {
+                for (const entry of entries) {
+                    this._joining.delete(entry.hash);
+                }
+            });
+            for (const entry of entries) {
+                this._joining.set(entry.hash, batchPromise);
+            }
+            await batchPromise;
+            if (nativeValidatedCommitRejected) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        async tryJoinIndependentAppendBatch(entries, heads, options) {
+            if (entries.length < 2 ||
+                options.reset ||
+                options.trim ||
+                options.verifySignatures ||
+                entries.some((entry) => this._joining.has(entry.hash))) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            const profile = options.__peerbitProfile;
+            const prepareStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+            const batchHashes = new Set(entries.map((entry) => entry.hash));
+            const headFlags = [];
+            for (const entry of entries) {
+                if (!entry.hash || !Entry.hasPreparedBlock(entry)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                entry.init(this);
+                if (entry.meta.type !== EntryType.APPEND) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, prepareStartedAt, {
+                name: "log.joinIndependent.prepare",
+                component: "log",
+                entries: entries.length,
+                messages: 1,
+            });
+            const planStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+            const joinPlans = await this.entryIndex.planJoinBatch(entries, false, profile);
+            emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, planStartedAt, {
+                name: "log.joinIndependent.plan",
+                component: "log",
+                entries: entries.length,
+                messages: 1,
+            });
+            const validatePlanStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+            for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+                const entry = entries[i];
+                const joinPlan = joinPlans[i];
+                if (joinPlan.skip ||
+                    joinPlan.coveredByCut ||
+                    !joinPlan.cutChecked ||
+                    joinPlan.missingParents.some((hash) => !batchHashes.has(hash))) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                headFlags.push(heads.get(entry.hash) ?? true);
+            }
+            emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, validatePlanStartedAt, {
+                name: "log.joinIndependent.validatePlan",
+                component: "log",
+                entries: entries.length,
+                messages: 1,
+            });
+            if (!canAppendAlreadyValidated(options)) {
+                const canAppendStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                for (const entry of entries) {
+                    if (this._canAppend && !(await this._canAppend(entry))) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, canAppendStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinIndependent.canAppend",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                });
+            }
+            const preparedBatch = this.takePreparedIndependentAppendBatch(entries, headFlags);
+            if (!preparedBatch) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            const batchPromise = (async () => {
+                const clockStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                for (const entry of entries) {
+                    this._hlc.update(entry.meta.clock.timestamp);
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, clockStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinIndependent.clock",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                });
+                const blocksStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                await this.putAppendEntryBlocks(entries, preparedBatch.blocks);
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, blocksStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinIndependent.blocks",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    bytes: entries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + (entry.size ?? 0), 0),
+                    messages: 1,
+                });
+                const indexStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                const trustedMissing = options.__peerbitEntriesAlreadyMissing === true &&
+                    batchHashes.size === entries.length;
+                await this.entryIndex.putAppendBatch(entries, {
+                    unique: trustedMissing,
+                    heads: headFlags,
+                    prepared: preparedBatch.prepared,
+                    deferIndexWrite: options.__peerbitDeferIndexWrite,
+                    profile,
+                });
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, indexStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinIndependent.entryIndex",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                    details: { trustedMissing },
+                });
+                const changeStartedAt = internalProfileStart(profile);
+                if (options.__peerbitOnAppendHashes && !options.onChange) {
+                    await options.__peerbitOnAppendHashes(entries.map((entry) => entry.hash));
+                }
+                else {
+                    const change = {
+                        added: entries.map((entry, index) => ({
+                            head: headFlags[index],
+                            entry,
+                        })),
+                        removed: [],
+                    };
+                    await options.onChange?.(change);
+                    await this._onChange?.(change);
+                }
+                emitInternalProfileDuration(profile, changeStartedAt, {
+                    name: "log.joinIndependent.change",
+                    component: "log",
+                    entries: entries.length,
+                    messages: 1,
+                    details: {
+                        hashOnly: !!options.__peerbitOnAppendHashes && !options.onChange,
+                    },
+                });
+            })().finally(() => {
+                for (const entry of entries) {
+                    this._joining.delete(entry.hash);
+                }
+            });
+            for (const entry of entries) {
+                this._joining.set(entry.hash, batchPromise);
+            }
+            await batchPromise;
+            return true;
+        }
+        takePreparedIndependentAppendBatch(entries, headFlags) {
+            if (!entries.every((entry) => Entry.hasPreparedBlock(entry))) {
+                return;
+            }
+            const hasPreparedShallowEntries = entries.every((entry) => Entry.hasPreparedShallowEntry(entry));
+            const hasPreparedNativeEntries = hasPreparedShallowEntries &&
+                entries.every((entry) => Entry.hasPreparedNativeLogEntry(entry));
+            const blocks = entries.map((entry) => {
+                const prepared = Entry.takePreparedBlock(entry);
+                if (!prepared) {
+                    throw new Error("Missing prepared entry block");
+                }
+                return prepared;
+            });
+            if (!hasPreparedShallowEntries) {
+                return { blocks };
+            }
+            const shallowEntries = entries.map((entry, index) => {
+                const shallowEntry = Entry.takePreparedShallowEntry(entry, headFlags[index] ?? true);
+                if (!shallowEntry) {
+                    throw new Error("Missing prepared shallow entry");
+                }
+                return shallowEntry;
+            });
+            const nativeEntries = hasPreparedNativeEntries
+                ? entries.map((entry, index) => {
+                    const nativeEntry = Entry.takePreparedNativeLogEntry(entry, headFlags[index] ?? true);
+                    if (!nativeEntry) {
+                        throw new Error("Missing prepared native log entry");
+                    }
+                    return nativeEntry;
+                })
+                : undefined;
+            return {
+                blocks,
+                prepared: {
+                    shallowEntries,
+                    nativeEntries,
+                },
+            };
+        }
         /**
          * Bottom up join of entries into the log
          * @param entry
@@ -693,8 +2840,8 @@ let Log = (() => {
             if (!entry.hash) {
                 throw new Error("Unexpected");
             }
-            if ((await this.entryIndex.getShallow(entry.hash)) != null &&
-                !options.reset) {
+            const joinPlan = await this.entryIndex.planJoin(entry, options.reset);
+            if (joinPlan.skip) {
                 return false;
             }
             entry.init(this);
@@ -703,10 +2850,11 @@ let Log = (() => {
                     throw new Error(`Invalid signature entry with hash "${entry.hash}"`);
                 }
             }
-            const headsWithGid = await this.entryIndex
-                .getHeads(entry.meta.gid, { type: "shape", shape: ENTRY_JOIN_SHAPE })
-                .all();
-            if (headsWithGid) {
+            if (joinPlan.coveredByCut) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!joinPlan.cutChecked) {
+                const headsWithGid = await this.entryIndex.getJoinHeads(entry.meta.gid);
                 for (const v of headsWithGid) {
                     // TODO second argument should be a time compare instead? what about next nexts?
                     // and check the cut entry is newer than the current 'entry'
@@ -721,27 +2869,51 @@ let Log = (() => {
                 const remote = options.remote && typeof options.remote === "object"
                     ? options.remote
                     : undefined;
-                for (const a of entry.meta.next) {
+                const parents = [];
+                const unresolvedParentHashes = [];
+                for (const a of joinPlan.missingParents) {
                     const prev = this._joining.get(a);
                     if (prev) {
                         await prev;
                         continue;
                     }
-                    if ((await this.entryIndex.getShallow(a)) != null && !options.reset) {
+                    const referenced = options.references?.get(a);
+                    parents.push({ hash: a, entry: referenced });
+                    if (!referenced) {
+                        unresolvedParentHashes.push(a);
+                    }
+                }
+                const localParents = unresolvedParentHashes.length > 0
+                    ? await this.entryIndex.getMany(unresolvedParentHashes, {
+                        type: "full",
+                        ignoreMissing: true,
+                    })
+                    : [];
+                const localParentByHash = new Map();
+                for (const parent of localParents) {
+                    if (parent) {
+                        localParentByHash.set(parent.hash, parent);
+                    }
+                }
+                for (const parent of parents) {
+                    const a = parent.hash;
+                    const prev = this._joining.get(a);
+                    if (prev) {
+                        await prev;
                         continue;
                     }
-                    const from = await options.resolveRemoteFrom?.(a, remote?.signal);
-                    let nested;
+                    let nested = parent.entry ?? localParentByHash.get(a);
                     try {
-                        nested =
-                            options.references?.get(a) ??
-                                (await Entry.fromMultihash(this._storage, a, {
-                                    remote: {
-                                        timeout: remote?.timeout,
-                                        signal: remote?.signal,
-                                        ...(from && from.length > 0 ? { from } : {}),
-                                    },
-                                }));
+                        if (!nested) {
+                            const from = await options.resolveRemoteFrom?.(a, remote?.signal);
+                            nested = await Entry.fromMultihash(this._storage, a, {
+                                remote: {
+                                    timeout: remote?.timeout,
+                                    signal: remote?.signal,
+                                    ...(from && from.length > 0 ? { from } : {}),
+                                },
+                            });
+                        }
                     }
                     catch (error) {
                         if (isRecoverableJoinResolveError(error)) {
@@ -768,7 +2940,7 @@ let Log = (() => {
                 toMultiHash: true,
             });
             const pendingDeletes = await this.processEntry(entry);
-            const trimmed = await this.trim(options.trim);
+            const trimmed = await this.trimIfConfigured(options.trim);
             if (trimmed) {
                 for (const removedEntry of trimmed) {
                     pendingDeletes.push({ entry: removedEntry, fn: undefined });
@@ -805,7 +2977,18 @@ let Log = (() => {
         }
         /// TODO simplify methods below
         async prepareDeleteRecursively(from, skipFirst = false) {
-            const stack = Array.isArray(from) ? [...from] : [from];
+            const entries = Array.isArray(from) ? [...from] : [from];
+            const nativeDeletePlan = this.entryIndex.planDeleteRecursively(entries, skipFirst);
+            if (nativeDeletePlan) {
+                const toDelete = [];
+                for (const hash of nativeDeletePlan) {
+                    const deleteFn = await this.prepareDelete(hash);
+                    deleteFn.entry &&
+                        toDelete.push({ entry: deleteFn.entry, fn: deleteFn.fn });
+                }
+                return toDelete;
+            }
+            const stack = entries;
             const promises = [];
             let counter = 0;
             const toDelete = [];
@@ -818,8 +3001,7 @@ let Log = (() => {
                         toDelete.push({ entry: deleteFn.entry, fn: deleteFn.fn });
                 }
                 for (const next of entry.meta.next) {
-                    const nextFromNext = this.entryIndex.getHasNext(next);
-                    const entriesThatHasNext = await nextFromNext.all();
+                    const entriesThatHasNext = await this.entryIndex.getJoinChildren(next);
                     // if there are no entries which is not of "CUT" type, we can safely delete the next entry
                     // figureately speaking, these means where are cutting all branches to a stem, so we can delete the stem as well
                     let hasAlternativeNext = !!entriesThatHasNext.find((x) => x.meta.type !== EntryType.CUT && x.hash !== entry.hash);
@@ -878,8 +3060,8 @@ let Log = (() => {
         async close() {
             // Don't return early here if closed = true, because "load" might create processes that needs to be closed
             this._closed = true; // closed = true before doing below, else we might try to open the headsIndex cache because it is closed as we assume log is still open
-            this._closeController.abort();
-            await this._entryIndex.flushPendingWrites();
+            this._closeController?.abort();
+            await this._entryIndex?.flushPendingWrites();
             await this._indexer?.stop?.();
             this._indexer = undefined;
             this._loadedOnce = false;
@@ -888,7 +3070,7 @@ let Log = (() => {
             // Don't return early here if closed = true, because "load" might create processes that needs to be closed
             this._closed = true; // closed = true before doing below, else we might try to open the headsIndex cache because it is closed as we assume log is still open
             this._closeController.abort();
-            await this.entryIndex?.clear();
+            await this._entryIndex?.clear();
             await this._indexer?.drop();
             await this._indexer?.stop?.();
         }