@pascal-app/editor 1.0.1 → 1.0.4

package/src/components/editor/thumbnail-generator.tsx

@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 'use client'
 
-import {
-  type AnyNodeId,
-  emitter,
-  sceneRegistry,
-  type ThumbnailGenerateEvent,
-  useScene,
-} from '@pascal-app/core'
+import { emitter, sceneRegistry, type ThumbnailGenerateEvent, useScene } from '@pascal-app/core'
+import { sceneViewInterior } from '@pascal-app/core/agent-operations'
 import {
   computeHeroFraming,
   createSnapshotPipeline,
   GRID_LAYER,
-  getVisibleWallMaterials,
   heroCameraPose,
+  holdLiveFrame,
+  pendingSceneBuildCount,
   refreshIsolation,
   SNAPSHOT_MAX_EDGE,
   SNAPSHOT_MIME,
@@ -22,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   THUMBNAIL_HEIGHT,
   THUMBNAIL_WIDTH,
   temporarilyHideNodeTypes,
+  temporarilyShowPresentation,
   temporarilyShowShadowOnly,
   useSceneAtmosphere,
   useViewer,
@@ -30,12 +27,13 @@ import type { CameraControls } from '@react-three/drei'
 import { useThree } from '@react-three/fiber'
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
 import * as THREE from 'three'
-import type { WebGPURenderer } from 'three/webgpu'
+import { CanvasTarget, ClippingGroup, type WebGPURenderer } from 'three/webgpu'
 import { EDITOR_LAYER } from '../../lib/constants'
 import {
   applySnapshotCapturePose,
   captureSnapshotScene,
   createSnapshotQueue,
+  deliverSnapshot,
   enqueueSnapshotCapture,
   runSnapshotCapture,
 } from './snapshot-capture'
@@ -59,6 +57,131 @@ interface ThumbnailGeneratorProps {
 /** Metres ahead of a controls-less camera to place the stored snapshot target. */
 const FIRST_PERSON_TARGET_DISTANCE = 8
 
+/** The long edge, in pixels, of a supersampled capture's picture at most (it may render in tiles). */
+const MAX_CAPTURE_EDGE = 8192
+/** The long edge of one render pass at most, whatever the GPU allows: the post-processing targets scale with it. */
+const MAX_PASS_EDGE = 4096
+/** A supersampled picture's pixels at most on a GPU, and on a software renderer (SwiftShader, llvmpipe) — its time budget. */
+const MAX_CAPTURE_PIXELS = 24_000_000
+const MAX_SOFTWARE_CAPTURE_PIXELS = 16_000_000
+/** Pixels a tile renders past its edge on each inner side, cropped off: the AO and the ink sample across it. */
+const TILE_OVERLAP = 96
+
+type CaptureLimits = { passEdge: number; maxPixels: number; software: boolean }
+
+/**
+ * What one capture may ask of this GPU: a pass no larger than its biggest
+ * texture (and MAX_PASS_EDGE), and — on a software renderer, where a big
+ * frame takes minutes — fewer pixels.
+ */
+function captureLimits(renderer: unknown): CaptureLimits {
+  const backend = (
+    renderer as {
+      backend?: {
+        device?: {
+          limits?: { maxTextureDimension2D?: number }
+          adapterInfo?: { architecture?: string; description?: string; vendor?: string }
+        }
+        gl?: WebGL2RenderingContext
+      }
+    }
+  ).backend
+  let gpuEdge = backend?.device?.limits?.maxTextureDimension2D ?? 0
+  let rendererName = [
+    backend?.device?.adapterInfo?.vendor,
+    backend?.device?.adapterInfo?.architecture,
+    backend?.device?.adapterInfo?.description,
+  ].join(' ')
+  const gl = backend?.gl
+  if (gl) {
+    gpuEdge = Math.min(
+      gl.getParameter(gl.MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE) as number,
+      gl.getParameter(gl.MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE) as number,
+    )
+    const info = gl.getExtension('WEBGL_debug_renderer_info')
+    rendererName = String(gl.getParameter(info ? info.UNMASKED_RENDERER_WEBGL : gl.RENDERER))
+  }
+  const software = /swiftshader|llvmpipe|software|softpipe/i.test(rendererName)
+  const limits = {
+    passEdge: Math.min(MAX_PASS_EDGE, gpuEdge || MAX_PASS_EDGE),
+    maxPixels: software ? MAX_SOFTWARE_CAPTURE_PIXELS : MAX_CAPTURE_PIXELS,
+    software,
+  }
+  // dev: `window.__pascalCaptureLimits = { passEdge: 2048 }` forces tiling (or a budget) for a probe
+  if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') return limits
+  return {
+    ...limits,
+    ...(window as unknown as { __pascalCaptureLimits?: Partial<CaptureLimits> })
+      .__pascalCaptureLimits,
+  }
+}
+
+type Tile = {
+  /** The pixels the tile renders, overlap included. */
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  w: number
+  h: number
+  /** The pixels it contributes to the picture. */
+  inner: { x: number; y: number; w: number; h: number }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A `width × height` picture split into equal tiles no larger than
+ * `passEdge`, each rendered TILE_OVERLAP past its inner edges so the
+ * screen-space passes (AO, ink, FXAA) have their neighbourhood at a seam.
+ * One tile when the picture fits a pass.
+ */
+export function tileGrid(width: number, height: number, passEdge: number): Tile[] {
+  const room = passEdge - 2 * TILE_OVERLAP
+  const cols = width <= passEdge ? 1 : Math.ceil(width / room)
+  const rows = height <= passEdge ? 1 : Math.ceil(height / room)
+  const tiles: Tile[] = []
+  for (let row = 0; row < rows; row++) {
+    for (let col = 0; col < cols; col++) {
+      const ix = Math.round((col * width) / cols)
+      const iy = Math.round((row * height) / rows)
+      const iw = Math.round(((col + 1) * width) / cols) - ix
+      const ih = Math.round(((row + 1) * height) / rows) - iy
+      const x = Math.max(0, ix - TILE_OVERLAP)
+      const y = Math.max(0, iy - TILE_OVERLAP)
+      const w = Math.min(width, ix + iw + TILE_OVERLAP) - x
+      const h = Math.min(height, iy + ih + TILE_OVERLAP) - y
+      tiles.push({ x, y, w, h, inner: { x: ix, y: iy, w: iw, h: ih } })
+    }
+  }
+  return tiles
+}
+
+/**
+ * `render` with the renderer's canvas target swapped for a detached one of
+ * `width × height`. Every pass of a capture pipeline sizes itself from the
+ * renderer's drawing buffer, so a supersampled capture renders at its own
+ * size into its own targets while the live canvas — and the live pipeline's
+ * targets — keep theirs. Only for renders into a render target: nothing may
+ * draw to the screen while the stand-in is current.
+ */
+export function atCaptureSize<T>(
+  renderer: WebGPURenderer,
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  render: () => T,
+): T {
+  const live = renderer.getCanvasTarget()
+  if (live.domElement.width === width && live.domElement.height === height) return render()
+  const stand = document.createElement('canvas')
+  stand.width = width
+  stand.height = height
+  const target = new CanvasTarget(stand)
+  renderer.setCanvasTarget(target)
+  try {
+    return render()
+  } finally {
+    renderer.setCanvasTarget(live)
+    target.dispose()
+  }
+}
+
 function clampSnapshotSize(width: number, height: number): { w: number; h: number } {
   const maxEdge = Math.max(width, height)
   if (maxEdge <= SNAPSHOT_MAX_EDGE) return { w: width, h: height }
@@ -67,11 +190,348 @@ function clampSnapshotSize(width: number, height: number): { w: number; h: numbe
   return { w: Math.round(width * scale), h: Math.round(height * scale) }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Every directional light re-aimed at the face a capture looks at — from the
+ * camera's side of it, 35° above the horizon, a quarter to the camera's
+ * left so returns still read — and brightened a little; the returned
+ * function puts them back. The lights' own drift toward their theme config
+ * (lights.tsx lerps per frame) resumes afterwards.
+ */
+function aimLightsAtFace(
+  scene: THREE.Scene,
+  position: readonly [number, number, number],
+  target: readonly [number, number, number],
+): () => void {
+  const aim = new THREE.Vector3(target[0], target[1], target[2])
+  const toCamera = new THREE.Vector3(position[0], position[1], position[2]).sub(aim)
+  toCamera.y = 0
+  if (toCamera.lengthSq() < 1e-9) return () => {}
+  toCamera.normalize()
+  const left = new THREE.Vector3(0, 1, 0).cross(toCamera).normalize()
+  const up = Math.sin((35 * Math.PI) / 180)
+  const along = Math.cos((35 * Math.PI) / 180)
+  const direction = toCamera
+    .clone()
+    .multiplyScalar(along)
+    .add(new THREE.Vector3(0, up, 0))
+    .add(left.multiplyScalar(0.25))
+    .normalize()
+  const restores: (() => void)[] = []
+  scene.traverse((object) => {
+    const light = object as THREE.DirectionalLight
+    if (!light.isDirectionalLight) return
+    const savedPosition = light.position.clone()
+    const savedTarget = light.target.position.clone()
+    const savedIntensity = light.intensity
+    light.position.copy(aim.clone().add(direction.clone().multiplyScalar(150)))
+    light.target.position.copy(aim)
+    light.target.updateMatrixWorld()
+    light.updateMatrixWorld()
+    light.intensity = savedIntensity * 1.15
+    restores.push(() => {
+      light.position.copy(savedPosition)
+      light.target.position.copy(savedTarget)
+      light.target.updateMatrixWorld()
+      light.updateMatrixWorld()
+      light.intensity = savedIntensity
+    })
+  })
+  return () => {
+    for (const restore of restores) restore()
+  }
+}
+
+/** The step, in seconds of R3F's clock, a frame run by hand takes (FrameLimiter's own `kick`). */
+const PUMPED_FRAME_SECONDS = 1 / 1000
+
+/**
+ * Run the frame loop `n` times by hand — the useFrame subscribers and the
+ * render — a macrotask apart so React's commits land between the frames.
+ *
+ * With `frameloop="never"` R3F takes each frame's delta as `timestamp −
+ * clock.elapsedTime`, and the viewer's FrameLimiter keeps that clock in
+ * SECONDS since it mounted. A pumped frame steps it by a millisecond and puts
+ * it back, so the next real frame gets exactly its own delta. (Pumping it with
+ * `performance.now()` — milliseconds — handed the next real frame a delta of
+ * minus hundreds of thousands of seconds: every delta-scaled lerp blew up, the
+ * lights and the backdrop to ±1e6, and the 3D view went black, then colours,
+ * while the next capture came back black or blown out white — 2026-09-22.)
+ */
+export async function pumpFrames(
+  advance: (timestamp: number, runGlobalEffects?: boolean) => void,
+  clock: { elapsedTime: number; oldTime: number },
+  n: number,
+): Promise<void> {
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const { elapsedTime, oldTime } = clock
+    try {
+      advance(elapsedTime + PUMPED_FRAME_SECONDS, true)
+    } finally {
+      clock.elapsedTime = elapsedTime
+      clock.oldTime = oldTime
+    }
+    await macrotask()
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Objects a renderer tagged `userData.excludeFromCapture` (a plugin's site
+ * context, e.g. a utility pole and its drop) hidden for a sheet's capture; the
+ * returned function shows them again.
+ */
+export function hideCaptureExcluded(scene: THREE.Scene): () => void {
+  const hidden: THREE.Object3D[] = []
+  scene.traverse((object) => {
+    if (
+      (object.userData as { excludeFromCapture?: unknown }).excludeFromCapture !== true ||
+      !object.visible
+    )
+      return
+    object.visible = false
+    hidden.push(object)
+  })
+  return () => {
+    for (const object of hidden) object.visible = true
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A section looks INTO the house, and what it sees there — the attic under
+ * the roof, a porch roof's underside — faces away from the sun re-aimed at
+ * the cut: it read as a solid dark mass. For the frame the unshadowed fill
+ * lights shine from the camera and the hemisphere's ground takes the sky's
+ * colour, so the attic reads as a light void with its roof and ceiling
+ * lines; the returned function puts the lights back.
+ */
+function lightInterior(scene: THREE.Scene, camera: THREE.Camera): () => void {
+  const look = camera.getWorldDirection(new THREE.Vector3())
+  const eye = camera.getWorldPosition(new THREE.Vector3())
+  const restores: (() => void)[] = []
+  scene.traverse((object) => {
+    const directional = object as THREE.DirectionalLight
+    if (directional.isDirectionalLight && !directional.castShadow) {
+      const savedPosition = directional.position.clone()
+      const savedTarget = directional.target.position.clone()
+      const savedIntensity = directional.intensity
+      directional.position.copy(eye)
+      directional.target.position.copy(eye.clone().add(look))
+      directional.target.updateMatrixWorld()
+      directional.updateMatrixWorld()
+      directional.intensity = Math.max(savedIntensity, INTERIOR_FILL_INTENSITY)
+      restores.push(() => {
+        directional.position.copy(savedPosition)
+        directional.target.position.copy(savedTarget)
+        directional.target.updateMatrixWorld()
+        directional.updateMatrixWorld()
+        directional.intensity = savedIntensity
+      })
+      return
+    }
+    const hemisphere = object as THREE.HemisphereLight
+    if (hemisphere.isHemisphereLight) {
+      const savedGround = hemisphere.groundColor.clone()
+      hemisphere.groundColor.copy(hemisphere.color)
+      restores.push(() => hemisphere.groundColor.copy(savedGround))
+    }
+  })
+  return () => {
+    for (const restore of restores) restore()
+  }
+}
+
+/** The fill a section's interior gets from the camera's side (the key light is the re-aimed sun). */
+const INTERIOR_FILL_INTENSITY = 2
+
+/** Why a sheet's capture refuses to run in a background tab — the words reach the Architect. */
+const HIDDEN_TAB =
+  'The Pascal tab is in the background, where the 3D viewer draws no frames — bring it to the front.'
+
+function isTabHidden(): boolean {
+  return typeof document !== 'undefined' && document.visibilityState === 'hidden'
+}
+
+/** A scene that stops settling for this long holds a node no system will ever build. */
+const SCENE_BUILD_STALL_MS = 15_000
+/** However busy the scene, a capture waits no longer than this for it. */
+const SCENE_BUILD_MAX_MS = 120_000
+
+/**
+ * Until the scene has built what the picture shows — walls, roofs, openings,
+ * every item's model (a loading placeholder draws through the roof) — the
+ * viewer's own scene-ready test. Progress-based: a slow GPU loading a big
+ * house keeps it waiting while the pending count moves; a count that stops
+ * moving (a node no system settles) lets the capture go. Returns the count
+ * left.
+ */
+async function untilSceneBuilt(): Promise<number> {
+  const started = performance.now()
+  let pending = pendingSceneBuildCount()
+  let changedAt = started
+  while (pending > 0) {
+    if (isTabHidden()) throw new Error(HIDDEN_TAB)
+    const now = performance.now()
+    if (now - changedAt > SCENE_BUILD_STALL_MS || now - started > SCENE_BUILD_MAX_MS) break
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 100))
+    const next = pendingSceneBuildCount()
+    if (next !== pending) {
+      pending = next
+      changedAt = performance.now()
+    }
+  }
+  return pending
+}
+
+/** `promise`, or a rejection with `message` after `ms` — a wait that must not hold the capture queue for good. */
+function within<T>(promise: Promise<T>, ms: number, message: string): Promise<T> {
+  let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
+  return Promise.race([
+    promise,
+    new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+      timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(message)), ms)
+    }),
+  ]).finally(() => clearTimeout(timer))
+}
+
+/** A readback or a host callback that takes longer than this is abandoned so the next capture runs. */
+const CAPTURE_SETTLE_MS = 120_000
+
+/** After a capture session puts the user's view back, the viewport resumes once the restored materials are in. */
+const SESSION_RESUME_MS = 250
+
+/** The longest a capture keeps the viewport on its last frame, should its release never come. */
+const HOLD_MAX_MS = 300_000
+
+/**
+ * What the sheets' pictures are drawn in, whatever the user's view: full-
+ * height walls, the storeys stacked at their true heights, the materials'
+ * own textures and colours (a white or blueprint palette is a view, not the
+ * house). The shading stays the user's: the capture brings its own AO.
+ */
+const FINISHED_PRESENTATION = {
+  wallMode: 'up',
+  levelMode: 'stacked',
+  textures: true,
+  colorPreset: 'clay',
+} as const
+
+/** The viewer switched to FINISHED_PRESENTATION; the returned function puts the user's view back. */
+export function presentFinished(): () => void {
+  const viewer = useViewer.getState()
+  const restores: (() => void)[] = []
+  if (viewer.wallMode !== FINISHED_PRESENTATION.wallMode) {
+    const wallMode = viewer.wallMode
+    viewer.setWallMode(FINISHED_PRESENTATION.wallMode)
+    restores.push(() => useViewer.getState().setWallMode(wallMode))
+  }
+  if (viewer.levelMode !== FINISHED_PRESENTATION.levelMode) {
+    const levelMode = viewer.levelMode
+    viewer.setLevelMode(FINISHED_PRESENTATION.levelMode)
+    restores.push(() => useViewer.getState().setLevelMode(levelMode))
+  }
+  if (viewer.textures !== FINISHED_PRESENTATION.textures) {
+    const textures = viewer.textures
+    viewer.setTextures(FINISHED_PRESENTATION.textures)
+    restores.push(() => useViewer.getState().setTextures(textures))
+  }
+  if (viewer.colorPreset !== FINISHED_PRESENTATION.colorPreset) {
+    const colorPreset = viewer.colorPreset
+    viewer.setColorPreset(FINISHED_PRESENTATION.colorPreset)
+    restores.push(() => useViewer.getState().setColorPreset(colorPreset))
+  }
+  return () => {
+    for (const restore of restores.reverse()) restore()
+  }
+}
+
+/** A yield to the next macrotask through a MessageChannel — unlike a timer, never throttled in a hidden tab. */
+function macrotask(): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => {
+    const channel = new MessageChannel()
+    channel.port1.onmessage = () => {
+      channel.port1.close()
+      resolve()
+    }
+    channel.port2.postMessage(null)
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * The children of `root` (the scene, or one floor) gathered under one
+ * ClippingGroup carrying `planes` (world space) for the length of a render;
+ * the returned function puts them back. The WebGPU renderer clips only
+ * through such groups (there is no renderer-level plane list), and a group
+ * added and removed inside one synchronous render never reaches the React
+ * tree. `clipShadows` cuts the shadows too, so light reaches past the cut.
+ */
+function clipSceneFor(
+  root: THREE.Object3D,
+  planes: readonly { normal: [number, number, number]; constant: number }[],
+  clipShadows = false,
+): () => void {
+  const group = new ClippingGroup()
+  group.clippingPlanes = planes.map(
+    (p) =>
+      new THREE.Plane(
+        new THREE.Vector3(p.normal[0], p.normal[1], p.normal[2]).normalize(),
+        p.constant,
+      ),
+  )
+  group.enabled = true
+  group.clipShadows = clipShadows
+  const children = [...root.children]
+  for (const child of children) group.add(child)
+  root.add(group)
+  return () => {
+    for (const child of children) root.add(child)
+    root.remove(group)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * An interior view of one floor, for one render (view_scene): the other
+ * floors and this floor's roofs and ceilings out of the picture, everything
+ * on it cut where core says (sceneViewInterior, from the scene as this editor
+ * has it) and its shadows with it, and whatever the user's solo or isolation
+ * holds back on it shown.
+ */
+export function interiorCutaway(levelId: string, restore: (callback: () => void) => void) {
+  const { cutHeight, hiddenIds } = sceneViewInterior(useScene.getState().nodes, levelId)
+  const floor = sceneRegistry.nodes.get(levelId)
+  if (!floor) throw new Error('The floor to look inside is not built yet. Try again.')
+  for (const id of hiddenIds) {
+    const object = sceneRegistry.nodes.get(id)
+    if (!object?.visible) continue
+    object.visible = false
+    restore(() => {
+      object.visible = true
+    })
+  }
+  restore(temporarilyShowPresentation(floor))
+  restore(clipSceneFor(floor, [{ normal: [0, -1, 0], constant: cutHeight }], true))
+}
+
+/**
+ * A caller's own orthographic view, or with no view of its own an
+ * orthographic main camera, captures orthographically; a caller's perspective
+ * view (view_scene's), the auto-save hero shot and an authored snapshot pose
+ * stay perspective.
+ */
+export function capturesOrthographically(
+  event: Pick<ThumbnailGenerateEvent, 'snapLevels' | 'cameraPose' | 'ortho' | 'perspective'>,
+  mainCamera: THREE.Camera,
+): boolean {
+  if (event.snapLevels || event.cameraPose) return false
+  if (event.ortho) return true
+  return !event.perspective && mainCamera instanceof THREE.OrthographicCamera
+}
+
 export const ThumbnailGenerator = ({ onThumbnailCapture }: ThumbnailGeneratorProps) => {
   const gl = useThree((state) => state.gl)
   const scene = useThree((state) => state.scene)
   const atmosphere = useSceneAtmosphere()
   const getThree = useThree((state) => state.get)
+  const advance = useThree((state) => state.advance)
+  const clock = useThree((state) => state.clock)
   const controls = useThree((state) => state.controls) as CameraControls | null
   const isGenerating = useRef(false)
   const captureQueue = useRef(createSnapshotQueue())
@@ -80,6 +540,12 @@ export const ThumbnailGenerator = ({ onThumbnailCapture }: ThumbnailGeneratorPro
   const thumbnailCameraRef = useRef<THREE.PerspectiveCamera | null>(null)
   const pipelineRef = useRef<SnapshotPipeline | null>(null)
   const captureVersion = useRef(0)
+  // An ORTHOGRAPHIC capture (a sheet's elevation, 2026-09-10) needs its own
+  // camera and its own pass — the pipeline binds the camera it was built
+  // with — built on first use, kept until the atmosphere changes.
+  const orthoCameraRef = useRef<THREE.OrthographicCamera | null>(null)
+  const orthoPipelineRef = useRef<SnapshotPipeline | null>(null)
+  const orthoPipelineBuild = useRef<Promise<SnapshotPipeline | null> | null>(null)
 
   useEffect(() => {
     onThumbnailCaptureRef.current = onThumbnailCapture
@@ -117,16 +583,71 @@ export const ThumbnailGenerator = ({ onThumbnailCapture }: ThumbnailGeneratorPro
       thumbnailCameraRef.current = null
       pipelineRef.current?.dispose()
       pipelineRef.current = null
+      orthoPipelineRef.current?.dispose()
+      orthoPipelineRef.current = null
+      orthoPipelineBuild.current = null
+    }
+  }, [gl, scene, atmosphere])
+
+  /** The orthographic capture camera and its pipeline, built once per atmosphere. */
+  const orthoPipeline = useCallback(async (): Promise<{
+    camera: THREE.OrthographicCamera
+    pipeline: SnapshotPipeline | null
+  }> => {
+    if (!orthoCameraRef.current) {
+      const cam = new THREE.OrthographicCamera(-1, 1, 1, -1, 0.1, 1000)
+      cam.layers.disable(EDITOR_LAYER)
+      cam.layers.disable(GRID_LAYER)
+      orthoCameraRef.current = cam
     }
+    const camera = orthoCameraRef.current
+    if (!orthoPipelineRef.current) {
+      if (!orthoPipelineBuild.current) {
+        // the post-processed stack (AO + ink edges) for the orthographic camera
+        orthoPipelineBuild.current = createSnapshotPipeline({
+          renderer: gl as unknown as WebGPURenderer,
+          scene,
+          camera,
+          atmosphere,
+        })
+      }
+      orthoPipelineRef.current = await orthoPipelineBuild.current
+    }
+    return { camera, pipeline: orthoPipelineRef.current }
   }, [gl, scene, atmosphere])
 
   const generate = useCallback(
     async (event: ThumbnailGenerateEvent) => {
-      const { captureMode, cropRegion, standardSize, cameraPose, requestId } = event
+      const { captureMode, cropRegion, standardSize, cameraPose, requestId, interior } = event
       const snapLevels = event.snapLevels === true
       const transparent = event.transparent === true
+      // A SHEET's capture asks for more than a
+      // thumbnail: its own ink edges, an orthographic or perspective view of
+      // its own (the user's camera never moves), node types hidden, the sun
+      // re-aimed at the face, the scene clipped at a section's cut, and the
+      // frame rendered at print scale.
+      const edgesOverride = event.edges
+      const ortho = event.ortho
+      const hideTypes = event.hideTypes ?? []
+      const perspective = event.perspective
+      const lightFace = event.lightFace === true
+      const clip = event.clip ?? []
+      const supersample = event.supersample ?? 1
       const standardW = standardSize?.w ?? THUMBNAIL_WIDTH
       const standardH = standardSize?.h ?? THUMBNAIL_HEIGHT
+      // dev: the capture handshake on `window.__pascalCaptureTrace`, for a probe
+      const trace = (step: string, data?: unknown) => {
+        if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') return
+        const w = window as unknown as { __pascalCaptureTrace?: unknown[] }
+        w.__pascalCaptureTrace ??= []
+        w.__pascalCaptureTrace.push({ t: Math.round(performance.now()), step, data })
+      }
+      trace('generate', {
+        captureMode,
+        ortho: !!ortho,
+        busy: isGenerating.current,
+        callback: !!onThumbnailCaptureRef.current,
+      })
       await runSnapshotCapture(
         requestId,
         isGenerating,
@@ -136,8 +657,8 @@ export const ThumbnailGenerator = ({ onThumbnailCapture }: ThumbnailGeneratorPro
           if (!onCapture) throw new Error('Snapshot storage is unavailable')
           if (cameraPose && event.projectId !== useViewer.getState().projectId)
             throw new Error('The active project changed before capture')
-          const thumbnailCamera = thumbnailCameraRef.current
-          if (!thumbnailCamera) throw new Error('Snapshot camera is not ready')
+          const perspectiveCamera = thumbnailCameraRef.current
+          if (!perspectiveCamera) throw new Error('Snapshot camera is not ready')
           const { camera: mainCamera, controls } = getThree()
           if (cameraPose && (snapLevels || (captureMode && captureMode !== 'standard'))) {
             throw new Error('An explicit snapshot camera requires standard capture mode')
@@ -146,246 +667,531 @@ export const ThumbnailGenerator = ({ onThumbnailCapture }: ThumbnailGeneratorPro
             throw new Error('Snapshot renderer is not ready. Try again.')
           }
 
-          // Copy the main camera's transform and projection so the thumbnail
-          // matches exactly what the user sees in the viewport.
-          thumbnailCamera.position.copy(mainCamera.position)
-          thumbnailCamera.quaternion.copy(mainCamera.quaternion)
-          if (mainCamera instanceof THREE.PerspectiveCamera) {
-            thumbnailCamera.fov = mainCamera.fov
-            thumbnailCamera.near = mainCamera.near
-            thumbnailCamera.far = mainCamera.far
-          }
-          const { width, height } = gl.domElement
-          thumbnailCamera.aspect = width / height
-          if (cameraPose) {
-            applySnapshotCapturePose(
-              thumbnailCamera,
-              cameraPose,
-              { width, height },
-              {
-                w: standardW,
-                h: standardH,
-              },
-            )
-          }
-          thumbnailCamera.updateProjectionMatrix()
-          // The capture camera never joins the scene graph, so its matrixWorld
-          // is only refreshed by the render itself — too late for the backdrop
-          // uniforms below.
-          thumbnailCamera.updateMatrixWorld()
-
-          const pipeline = pipelineRef.current
-          pipeline?.applyEnvironment({
-            theme: useViewer.getState().sceneTheme,
-            transparent,
-            grade: useViewer.getState().shading === 'rendered',
-            // Preset/item captures stay clean; scene captures mirror the canvas.
-            edges: transparent ? 'off' : useViewer.getState().edges,
-            camera: thumbnailCamera,
-          })
-
-          // Capture camera data for snapshot storage
-          const pos = cameraPose ? thumbnailCamera.position : mainCamera.position
-          let tgt: [number, number, number] | null = null
-          if (!cameraPose && controls && 'getTarget' in controls) {
-            const v = new THREE.Vector3()
-            ;(controls as any).getTarget(v)
-            tgt = [v.x, v.y, v.z]
-          } else {
-            // Walk / drone captures run without orbit controls, so there is no orbit
-            // target to read. Synthesize one down the view axis — otherwise the
-            // saved snapshot carries no framing to return to.
-            const look = new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, -1)
-              .applyQuaternion(cameraPose ? thumbnailCamera.quaternion : mainCamera.quaternion)
-              .multiplyScalar(FIRST_PERSON_TARGET_DISTANCE)
-              .add(pos)
-            tgt = [look.x, look.y, look.z]
-          }
-          const isOrtho = !cameraPose && mainCamera instanceof THREE.OrthographicCamera
-          const cameraData: SnapshotCameraData = {
-            ...(requestId && { requestId }),
-            position: [pos.x, pos.y, pos.z],
-            ...(cameraPose && {
-              quaternion: [...cameraPose.quaternion] as [number, number, number, number],
-              fov: cameraPose.fov,
-            }),
-            target: tgt,
-            type: isOrtho ? 'orthographic' : 'perspective',
-            ...(isOrtho && { zoom: (mainCamera as THREE.OrthographicCamera).zoom }),
-          }
+          // a supersampled frame renders at a multiple of the canvas' size into
+          // the capture's own targets; the live canvas is never resized
+          const canvasSize: [number, number] = [gl.domElement.width, gl.domElement.height]
+          const limits = captureLimits(gl)
+          const scale = Math.max(
+            1,
+            Math.min(
+              supersample,
+              MAX_CAPTURE_EDGE / Math.max(canvasSize[0], canvasSize[1]),
+              Math.sqrt(limits.maxPixels / (canvasSize[0] * canvasSize[1])),
+            ),
+          )
+          const width = Math.round(canvasSize[0] * scale)
+          const height = Math.round(canvasSize[1] * scale)
+          // a supersampled picture is encoded at the size it could render (the
+          // caller asked for canvas × supersample, maybe past this GPU's limits)
+          const encodeSize = supersample > 1 ? { w: width, h: height } : standardSize
+          const pose = ortho ?? perspective
+          // a background tab draws no frames and (on the WebGL backend) never
+          // finishes a readback: a sheet's capture says so at once
+          if (pose && isTabHidden()) throw new Error(HIDDEN_TAB)
+          // a sheet's capture runs frames by hand in a scene set up for the
+          // picture: the viewport keeps its last frame meanwhile
+          const releaseLiveFrame = pose ? holdLiveFrame(HOLD_MAX_MS) : null
+
+          try {
+            const edges = edgesOverride ?? (transparent ? 'off' : useViewer.getState().edges)
 
-          const capturePromise = captureSnapshotScene((restore) => {
-            if (snapLevels) {
-              const prevMode = useViewer.getState().levelMode
-              if (prevMode !== 'stacked') {
-                restore(() => useViewer.getState().setLevelMode(prevMode))
-                useViewer.getState().setLevelMode('stacked')
+            const wantOrtho = capturesOrthographically(event, mainCamera)
+            let thumbnailCamera: THREE.PerspectiveCamera | THREE.OrthographicCamera =
+              perspectiveCamera
+            let pipeline: SnapshotPipeline | null = pipelineRef.current
+            if (wantOrtho) {
+              // the orthographic capture goes through its own post-processed
+              // pipeline (AO, ink edges) and target, on either backend — never
+              // through the live canvas
+              const built = await orthoPipeline()
+              const cam = built.camera
+              if (ortho) {
+                const halfW = ortho.viewWidth / 2
+                const halfH = halfW / (width / height)
+                cam.position.set(ortho.position[0], ortho.position[1], ortho.position[2])
+                cam.up.set(0, 1, 0)
+                cam.lookAt(ortho.target[0], ortho.target[1], ortho.target[2])
+                cam.left = -halfW
+                cam.right = halfW
+                cam.top = halfH
+                cam.bottom = -halfH
+                cam.zoom = 1
+                cam.near = 0.1
+                cam.far = 2000
+              } else {
+                const main = mainCamera as THREE.OrthographicCamera
+                cam.position.copy(main.position)
+                cam.quaternion.copy(main.quaternion)
+                cam.left = main.left
+                cam.right = main.right
+                cam.top = main.top
+                cam.bottom = main.bottom
+                cam.zoom = main.zoom
+                cam.near = main.near
+                cam.far = main.far
+              }
+              cam.updateProjectionMatrix()
+              cam.updateMatrixWorld()
+              thumbnailCamera = cam
+              pipeline = built.pipeline
+            } else {
+              if (perspective && !snapLevels && !cameraPose) {
+                // a sheet's cover view: the capture camera stands where the
+                // sheet asks, the user's camera never moves
+                perspectiveCamera.position.set(
+                  perspective.position[0],
+                  perspective.position[1],
+                  perspective.position[2],
+                )
+                perspectiveCamera.up.set(0, 1, 0)
+                perspectiveCamera.lookAt(
+                  perspective.target[0],
+                  perspective.target[1],
+                  perspective.target[2],
+                )
+                perspectiveCamera.fov = perspective.fov ?? 60
+                perspectiveCamera.near = 0.1
+                perspectiveCamera.far = 2000
+              } else {
+                // Copy the main camera's transform and projection so the thumbnail
+                // matches exactly what the user sees in the viewport.
+                perspectiveCamera.position.copy(mainCamera.position)
+                perspectiveCamera.quaternion.copy(mainCamera.quaternion)
+                if (mainCamera instanceof THREE.PerspectiveCamera) {
+                  perspectiveCamera.fov = mainCamera.fov
+                  perspectiveCamera.near = mainCamera.near
+                  perspectiveCamera.far = mainCamera.far
+                }
+              }
+              perspectiveCamera.aspect = width / height
+              if (cameraPose) {
+                applySnapshotCapturePose(
+                  perspectiveCamera,
+                  cameraPose,
+                  { width, height },
+                  {
+                    w: standardW,
+                    h: standardH,
+                  },
+                )
               }
-              restore(snapLevelsToTruePositions())
+              perspectiveCamera.updateProjectionMatrix()
+              // The capture camera never joins the scene graph, so its matrixWorld
+              // is only refreshed by the render itself — too late for the backdrop
+              // uniforms below.
+              perspectiveCamera.updateMatrixWorld()
             }
-            restore(temporarilyHideNodeTypes(['scan', 'guide', 'spawn']))
-
-            // Auto-save uses the published hero framing. An authored shot keeps
-            // its own camera while sharing the same true level positions.
-            if (snapLevels) {
-              const framing = computeHeroFraming()
-              if (framing) {
-                const pose = heroCameraPose({
-                  boxes: framing.boxes,
-                  aim: framing.aim,
-                  azimuthRad: framing.azimuthRad,
-                  aspect: width / height,
-                })
-                thumbnailCamera.position.set(pose.position[0], pose.position[1], pose.position[2])
-                thumbnailCamera.lookAt(pose.target[0], pose.target[1], pose.target[2])
-                thumbnailCamera.updateMatrixWorld()
-                pipeline?.applyEnvironment({
-                  theme: useViewer.getState().sceneTheme,
-                  transparent,
-                  grade: useViewer.getState().shading === 'rendered',
-                  edges: transparent ? 'off' : useViewer.getState().edges,
-                  camera: thumbnailCamera,
-                })
-                cameraData.position = pose.position
-                cameraData.target = pose.target
+
+            pipeline?.applyEnvironment({
+              theme: useViewer.getState().sceneTheme,
+              transparent,
+              grade: useViewer.getState().shading === 'rendered',
+              edges,
+              camera: thumbnailCamera,
+            })
+
+            // Capture camera data for snapshot storage
+            const pos = cameraPose ? thumbnailCamera.position : mainCamera.position
+            let tgt: [number, number, number] | null = null
+            if (!cameraPose && controls && 'getTarget' in controls) {
+              const v = new THREE.Vector3()
+              ;(controls as any).getTarget(v)
+              tgt = [v.x, v.y, v.z]
+            } else {
+              // Walk / drone captures run without orbit controls, so there is no orbit
+              // target to read. Synthesize one down the view axis — otherwise the
+              // saved snapshot carries no framing to return to.
+              const look = new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, -1)
+                .applyQuaternion(cameraPose ? thumbnailCamera.quaternion : mainCamera.quaternion)
+                .multiplyScalar(FIRST_PERSON_TARGET_DISTANCE)
+                .add(pos)
+              tgt = [look.x, look.y, look.z]
+            }
+            const isOrtho = !cameraPose && mainCamera instanceof THREE.OrthographicCamera
+            const cameraData: SnapshotCameraData = {
+              ...(requestId && { requestId }),
+              position: [pos.x, pos.y, pos.z],
+              ...(cameraPose && {
+                quaternion: [...cameraPose.quaternion] as [number, number, number, number],
+                fov: cameraPose.fov,
+              }),
+              target: tgt,
+              type: isOrtho ? 'orthographic' : 'perspective',
+              ...(isOrtho && { zoom: (mainCamera as THREE.OrthographicCamera).zoom }),
+            }
+
+            if (pose) {
+              // a sheet's capture: the house as built — never a half-built scene
+              // or an item's loading placeholder (the cover once showed striped
+              // boxes through a white roof, 2026-09-23) — then the viewer's own
+              // systems (the wall materials, a plugin's batches) take two real
+              // frames — run by hand, never awaited from the animation loop: a
+              // hidden tab gets no animation frames at all, and a capture that
+              // waited on one hung the sheet's whole capture chain (2026-09-10)
+              const pending = await untilSceneBuilt()
+              trace('scene-built', { pending })
+              await pumpFrames(advance, clock, 2)
+            }
+
+            // the scene as the picture wants it, for one render; `restore` puts
+            // every change back right after it
+            const setUp = (restore: (callback: () => void) => void) => {
+              if (snapLevels) {
+                const prevMode = useViewer.getState().levelMode
+                if (prevMode !== 'stacked') {
+                  restore(() => useViewer.getState().setLevelMode(prevMode))
+                  useViewer.getState().setLevelMode('stacked')
+                }
+                restore(snapLevelsToTruePositions())
+              }
+              // Hide scan, guide, and spawn nodes (and what the caller asks) so
+              // they are excluded from the thumbnail regardless of whether the
+              // system listeners are registered.
+              restore(temporarilyHideNodeTypes(['scan', 'guide', 'spawn', ...hideTypes]))
+              // a sheet's picture is of the house: what a renderer excluded
+              // from captures stays out of it, and every storey stands at its
+              // true height
+              if (pose) {
+                restore(hideCaptureExcluded(scene))
+                restore(snapLevelsToTruePositions())
+              }
+              if (lightFace && pose) restore(aimLightsAtFace(scene, pose.position, pose.target))
+              if (clip.length > 0) {
+                restore(clipSceneFor(scene, clip))
+                restore(lightInterior(scene, thumbnailCamera))
+              }
+
+              // Auto-save uses the published hero framing. An authored shot keeps
+              // its own camera while sharing the same true level positions.
+              if (snapLevels) {
+                const framing = computeHeroFraming()
+                if (framing) {
+                  const hero = heroCameraPose({
+                    boxes: framing.boxes,
+                    aim: framing.aim,
+                    azimuthRad: framing.azimuthRad,
+                    aspect: width / height,
+                  })
+                  thumbnailCamera.position.set(hero.position[0], hero.position[1], hero.position[2])
+                  thumbnailCamera.lookAt(hero.target[0], hero.target[1], hero.target[2])
+                  thumbnailCamera.updateMatrixWorld()
+                  pipeline?.applyEnvironment({
+                    theme: useViewer.getState().sceneTheme,
+                    transparent,
+                    grade: useViewer.getState().shading === 'rendered',
+                    edges,
+                    camera: thumbnailCamera,
+                  })
+                  cameraData.position = hero.position
+                  cameraData.target = hero.target
+                }
+              }
+
+              restore(() => emitter.emit('thumbnail:after-capture', undefined))
+              // Walls whole, as built, whatever the user's wall mode: an
+              // authored pose is not the user's view, an interior is cut below.
+              emitter.emit(
+                'thumbnail:before-capture',
+                cameraPose || interior ? { wholeWalls: true } : undefined,
+              )
+              if (cameraPose) {
+                restore(snapLevelsToTruePositions())
+                restore(temporarilyShowShadowOnly(scene))
+              }
+
+              // Geometry and presentation systems may have mounted new meshes
+              // since the viewport's last frame. Apply the same isolation to
+              // those meshes before either snapshot render path submits them,
+              // and restore fog afterwards so the atmosphere never leaks in.
+              restore(refreshIsolation(scene))
+              if (interior) {
+                interiorCutaway(interior.levelId, restore)
+                restore(lightInterior(scene, thumbnailCamera))
               }
             }
+            // The scene pass is a FRAME-updated node: it renders once per node
+            // frame, and only the animation loop advances that frame. With the
+            // viewer idle behind the Sheets overlay two captures share one
+            // frame and the second returns the first's picture (2026-09-10:
+            // the north elevation came back as the east). Advance it by hand.
+            const advanceNodeFrame = () =>
+              (
+                gl as unknown as { _nodes?: { nodeFrame?: { update?: () => void } } }
+              )._nodes?.nodeFrame?.update?.()
+            // a sheet's picture goes to the sheets lossless: they pick its print encoding
+            const mime = pose ? 'image/png' : undefined
+            const tiles = pose && pipeline ? tileGrid(width, height, limits.passEdge) : []
 
-            restore(() => emitter.emit('thumbnail:after-capture', undefined))
-            emitter.emit('thumbnail:before-capture', undefined)
-            if (cameraPose) {
-              restore(snapLevelsToTruePositions())
-              restore(temporarilyShowShadowOnly(scene))
-              const wallMaterials = new Map<THREE.Mesh, THREE.Material | THREE.Material[]>()
-              restore(() => {
-                for (const [mesh, material] of wallMaterials) mesh.material = material
+            if (tiles.length > 1 && pipeline) {
+              // Past one pass (the GPU's biggest texture, or MAX_PASS_EDGE) the
+              // picture renders tile by tile — each a view offset of the same
+              // camera, the scene set up afresh for it (the frame loop runs
+              // between the readbacks) — and the tiles land on one canvas.
+              trace('capture:tiles', {
+                width,
+                height,
+                tiles: tiles.length,
+                software: limits.software,
               })
-              const state = useScene.getState()
-              const viewer = useViewer.getState()
-              for (const id of sceneRegistry.byType.wall ?? []) {
-                const node = state.nodes[id as AnyNodeId]
-                const mesh = sceneRegistry.nodes.get(id) as THREE.Mesh | undefined
-                if (node?.type !== 'wall' || !mesh?.isMesh) continue
-                wallMaterials.set(mesh, mesh.material)
-                mesh.material = getVisibleWallMaterials(
-                  node,
-                  viewer.shading,
-                  viewer.textures,
-                  viewer.colorPreset,
-                  viewer.sceneTheme,
-                  state.materials,
+              const picture = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height)
+              const context = picture.getContext('2d')
+              if (!context) throw new Error('The picture canvas could not be created')
+              for (const tile of tiles) {
+                const shot = captureSnapshotScene((restore) => {
+                  setUp(restore)
+                  thumbnailCamera.setViewOffset(width, height, tile.x, tile.y, tile.w, tile.h)
+                  restore(() => thumbnailCamera.clearViewOffset())
+                  thumbnailCamera.updateMatrixWorld()
+                  pipeline.applyEnvironment({
+                    theme: useViewer.getState().sceneTheme,
+                    transparent,
+                    grade: useViewer.getState().shading === 'rendered',
+                    edges,
+                    camera: thumbnailCamera,
+                  })
+                  advanceNodeFrame()
+                  return atCaptureSize(gl as unknown as WebGPURenderer, tile.w, tile.h, () =>
+                    pipeline.capture({
+                      captureMode: 'standard',
+                      standardSize: { w: tile.w, h: tile.h },
+                      mime,
+                    }),
+                  )
+                })
+                const result = await within(
+                  Promise.resolve(shot),
+                  CAPTURE_SETTLE_MS,
+                  'The GPU readback of the captured frame never came back.',
                 )
+                const bitmap = await createImageBitmap(result.blob)
+                const { inner } = tile
+                context.drawImage(
+                  bitmap,
+                  inner.x - tile.x,
+                  inner.y - tile.y,
+                  inner.w,
+                  inner.h,
+                  inner.x,
+                  inner.y,
+                  inner.w,
+                  inner.h,
+                )
+                bitmap.close()
+              }
+              const blob = await picture.convertToBlob({ type: 'image/png' })
+              trace('capture:done', { w: width, h: height, bytes: blob.size, tiles: tiles.length })
+              if (captureMode !== undefined) cameraData.captureMode = captureMode
+              cameraData.resolution = { w: width, h: height }
+              if (
+                version !== captureVersion.current ||
+                perspectiveCamera !== thumbnailCameraRef.current
+              ) {
+                throw new Error('The scene changed during capture. Try again.')
               }
+              trace('callback', { bytes: blob.size })
+              await within(
+                Promise.resolve(deliverSnapshot(event, blob, cameraData, onCapture)),
+                CAPTURE_SETTLE_MS,
+                'The snapshot host never took the frame.',
+              )
+              return
             }
 
-            // Geometry and presentation systems may have mounted new meshes
-            // since the viewport's last frame. Apply the same isolation to
-            // those meshes before either snapshot render path submits them,
-            // and restore fog afterwards so the atmosphere never leaks in.
-            restore(refreshIsolation(scene))
-            if (pipeline) return pipeline.capture({ captureMode, cropRegion, standardSize })
-            gl.render(scene, thumbnailCamera)
-            return undefined
-          })
-
-          let blob: Blob
-          if (pipeline) {
-            const result = await capturePromise
-            if (!result) throw new Error('Snapshot capture produced no image')
-            blob = result.blob
-            if (captureMode !== undefined) cameraData.captureMode = captureMode
-            cameraData.resolution = { w: result.outW, h: result.outH }
-          } else {
-            await capturePromise
-            let outW: number
-            let outH: number
-
-            if (captureMode === 'viewport') {
-              ;({ w: outW, h: outH } = clampSnapshotSize(width, height))
-              const offscreen = document.createElement('canvas')
-              offscreen.width = outW
-              offscreen.height = outH
-              const ctx = offscreen.getContext('2d')!
-              if (outW !== width || outH !== height) ctx.imageSmoothingQuality = 'high'
-              ctx.drawImage(gl.domElement, 0, 0, width, height, 0, 0, outW, outH)
-              blob = await new Promise<Blob>((resolve, reject) =>
-                offscreen.toBlob(
-                  (b) => (b ? resolve(b) : reject(new Error('Canvas capture failed'))),
-                  SNAPSHOT_MIME,
-                  SNAPSHOT_QUALITY,
-                ),
-              )
-            } else if (captureMode === 'area' && cropRegion) {
-              const sx = Math.round(cropRegion.x * width)
-              const sy = Math.round(cropRegion.y * height)
-              const sourceW = Math.round(cropRegion.width * width)
-              const sourceH = Math.round(cropRegion.height * height)
-              ;({ w: outW, h: outH } = clampSnapshotSize(sourceW, sourceH))
-              const offscreen = document.createElement('canvas')
-              offscreen.width = outW
-              offscreen.height = outH
-              const ctx = offscreen.getContext('2d')!
-              if (outW !== sourceW || outH !== sourceH) ctx.imageSmoothingQuality = 'high'
-              ctx.drawImage(gl.domElement, sx, sy, sourceW, sourceH, 0, 0, outW, outH)
-              blob = await new Promise<Blob>((resolve, reject) =>
-                offscreen.toBlob(
-                  (b) => (b ? resolve(b) : reject(new Error('Canvas capture failed'))),
-                  SNAPSHOT_MIME,
-                  SNAPSHOT_QUALITY,
-                ),
+            const capturePromise = captureSnapshotScene((restore) => {
+              setUp(restore)
+              if (pipeline) {
+                trace('capture:start', { ortho: wantOrtho, pipeline: true, width, height })
+                advanceNodeFrame()
+                return atCaptureSize(gl as unknown as WebGPURenderer, width, height, () =>
+                  pipeline.capture({ captureMode, cropRegion, standardSize: encodeSize, mime }),
+                )
+              }
+              // a sheet's picture (or a supersampled one) is never drawn into
+              // the live canvas the viewport shows
+              if (pose || scale > 1) throw new Error('Snapshot renderer is not ready. Try again.')
+              // Fallback: plain render directly to the canvas
+              if (transparent) {
+                const clearColor = (
+                  gl as unknown as { getClearColor: (t: THREE.Color) => THREE.Color }
+                ).getClearColor(new THREE.Color())
+                const clearAlpha = gl.getClearAlpha()
+                const sceneBackground = scene.background
+                restore(() => {
+                  scene.background = sceneBackground
+                  gl.setClearColor(clearColor, clearAlpha)
+                })
+                scene.background = null
+                gl.setClearColor(new THREE.Color('#ffffff'), 0)
+              }
+              trace('canvas:render', { ortho: wantOrtho })
+              gl.render(scene, thumbnailCamera)
+              return undefined
+            })
+
+            let blob: Blob
+            if (pipeline) {
+              // the frame is rendered and the scene restored: a readback that
+              // never returns must not hold every later capture in the queue
+              const result = await within(
+                Promise.resolve(capturePromise),
+                CAPTURE_SETTLE_MS,
+                'The GPU readback of the captured frame never came back.',
               )
+              if (!result) throw new Error('Snapshot capture produced no image')
+              trace('capture:done', { w: result.outW, h: result.outH, bytes: result.blob.size })
+              blob = result.blob
+              if (captureMode !== undefined) cameraData.captureMode = captureMode
+              cameraData.resolution = { w: result.outW, h: result.outH }
             } else {
-              const srcAspect = width / height
-              const dstAspect = standardW / standardH
-              let sx = 0,
-                sy = 0,
-                sWidth = width,
-                sHeight = height
-              if (srcAspect > dstAspect) {
-                sWidth = Math.round(height * dstAspect)
-                sx = Math.round((width - sWidth) / 2)
-              } else if (srcAspect < dstAspect) {
-                sHeight = Math.round(width / dstAspect)
-                sy = Math.round((height - sHeight) / 2)
+              await capturePromise
+              let outW: number
+              let outH: number
+
+              if (captureMode === 'viewport') {
+                ;({ w: outW, h: outH } = clampSnapshotSize(width, height))
+                const offscreen = document.createElement('canvas')
+                offscreen.width = outW
+                offscreen.height = outH
+                const ctx = offscreen.getContext('2d')!
+                if (outW !== width || outH !== height) ctx.imageSmoothingQuality = 'high'
+                ctx.drawImage(gl.domElement, 0, 0, width, height, 0, 0, outW, outH)
+                blob = await new Promise<Blob>((resolve, reject) =>
+                  offscreen.toBlob(
+                    (b) => (b ? resolve(b) : reject(new Error('Canvas capture failed'))),
+                    SNAPSHOT_MIME,
+                    SNAPSHOT_QUALITY,
+                  ),
+                )
+              } else if (captureMode === 'area' && cropRegion) {
+                const sx = Math.round(cropRegion.x * width)
+                const sy = Math.round(cropRegion.y * height)
+                const sourceW = Math.round(cropRegion.width * width)
+                const sourceH = Math.round(cropRegion.height * height)
+                ;({ w: outW, h: outH } = clampSnapshotSize(sourceW, sourceH))
+                const offscreen = document.createElement('canvas')
+                offscreen.width = outW
+                offscreen.height = outH
+                const ctx = offscreen.getContext('2d')!
+                if (outW !== sourceW || outH !== sourceH) ctx.imageSmoothingQuality = 'high'
+                ctx.drawImage(gl.domElement, sx, sy, sourceW, sourceH, 0, 0, outW, outH)
+                blob = await new Promise<Blob>((resolve, reject) =>
+                  offscreen.toBlob(
+                    (b) => (b ? resolve(b) : reject(new Error('Canvas capture failed'))),
+                    SNAPSHOT_MIME,
+                    SNAPSHOT_QUALITY,
+                  ),
+                )
+              } else {
+                const srcAspect = width / height
+                const dstAspect = standardW / standardH
+                let sx = 0,
+                  sy = 0,
+                  sWidth = width,
+                  sHeight = height
+                if (srcAspect > dstAspect) {
+                  sWidth = Math.round(height * dstAspect)
+                  sx = Math.round((width - sWidth) / 2)
+                } else if (srcAspect < dstAspect) {
+                  sHeight = Math.round(width / dstAspect)
+                  sy = Math.round((height - sHeight) / 2)
+                }
+                outW = standardW
+                outH = standardH
+                const offscreen = document.createElement('canvas')
+                offscreen.width = outW
+                offscreen.height = outH
+                offscreen
+                  .getContext('2d')!
+                  .drawImage(gl.domElement, sx, sy, sWidth, sHeight, 0, 0, outW, outH)
+                blob = await new Promise<Blob>((resolve, reject) =>
+                  offscreen.toBlob(
+                    (b) => (b ? resolve(b) : reject(new Error('Canvas capture failed'))),
+                    SNAPSHOT_MIME,
+                    SNAPSHOT_QUALITY,
+                  ),
+                )
               }
-              outW = standardW
-              outH = standardH
-              const offscreen = document.createElement('canvas')
-              offscreen.width = outW
-              offscreen.height = outH
-              offscreen
-                .getContext('2d')!
-                .drawImage(gl.domElement, sx, sy, sWidth, sHeight, 0, 0, outW, outH)
-              blob = await new Promise<Blob>((resolve, reject) =>
-                offscreen.toBlob(
-                  (b) => (b ? resolve(b) : reject(new Error('Canvas capture failed'))),
-                  SNAPSHOT_MIME,
-                  SNAPSHOT_QUALITY,
-                ),
-              )
-            }
 
-            if (captureMode !== undefined) cameraData.captureMode = captureMode
-            cameraData.resolution = { w: outW, h: outH }
-          }
+              if (captureMode !== undefined) cameraData.captureMode = captureMode
+              cameraData.resolution = { w: outW, h: outH }
+            }
 
-          if (
-            version !== captureVersion.current ||
-            thumbnailCamera !== thumbnailCameraRef.current
-          ) {
-            throw new Error('The scene changed during capture. Try again.')
-          }
-          if (cameraPose && event.projectId !== useViewer.getState().projectId) {
-            throw new Error('The active project changed during capture')
+            if (
+              version !== captureVersion.current ||
+              perspectiveCamera !== thumbnailCameraRef.current
+            ) {
+              throw new Error('The scene changed during capture. Try again.')
+            }
+            if (cameraPose && event.projectId !== useViewer.getState().projectId) {
+              throw new Error('The active project changed during capture')
+            }
+            trace('callback', { bytes: blob.size })
+            await within(
+              Promise.resolve(deliverSnapshot(event, blob, cameraData, onCapture)),
+              CAPTURE_SETTLE_MS,
+              'The snapshot host never took the frame.',
+            )
+          } finally {
+            releaseLiveFrame?.()
+            // a sheet capture (transparent ground, ink edges, an orthographic
+            // camera) sets the environment the live viewer shares; put the
+            // viewer's own look back whatever happened above, or the live 3D
+            // view keeps the capture's tinted (sepia-looking) environment
+            if (transparent || edgesOverride !== undefined || ortho !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                pipelineRef.current?.applyEnvironment({
+                  theme: useViewer.getState().sceneTheme,
+                  transparent: false,
+                  grade: useViewer.getState().shading === 'rendered',
+                  edges: useViewer.getState().edges,
+                  camera: mainCamera,
+                })
+              } catch (error) {
+                trace('restore-environment', String(error))
+              }
+            }
           }
-          await onCapture(blob, cameraData)
         },
         (failure) => emitter.emit('snapshot:capture-failed', failure),
       )
     },
-    [gl, scene, getThree],
+    [gl, scene, getThree, orthoPipeline, advance, clock],
   )
 
+  // A sheet's run of captures sets the shared scene
+  // up for its pictures — the finished presentation, the ground hidden — so
+  // for the run the viewport keeps its last frame and the viewer shows the
+  // finished house whatever view the user was in; `active: false` puts the
+  // user's view back, then (a few commits later) the viewport resumes.
+  // `camera-controls:capture-session` `{ owner, active }`.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const sessions = new Map<string, () => void>()
+    const end = (owner: string) => {
+      sessions.get(owner)?.()
+      sessions.delete(owner)
+    }
+    const onSession = (event: { owner?: string; active?: boolean }) => {
+      if (!event?.owner) return
+      end(event.owner)
+      if (!event.active) return
+      const releaseLiveFrame = holdLiveFrame(HOLD_MAX_MS)
+      const restorePresentation = presentFinished()
+      sessions.set(event.owner, () => {
+        restorePresentation()
+        setTimeout(releaseLiveFrame, SESSION_RESUME_MS)
+      })
+    }
+    const bus = emitter as unknown as {
+      on: (name: string, handler: typeof onSession) => void
+      off: (name: string, handler: typeof onSession) => void
+    }
+    bus.on('camera-controls:capture-session', onSession)
+    return () => {
+      bus.off('camera-controls:capture-session', onSession)
+      for (const owner of [...sessions.keys()]) end(owner)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
   // Thumbnail request via emitter. Two call shapes:
   //  - user-driven capture: `{ projectId, captureMode, cropRegion }` — captures
   //    the current pose with the supplied crop.