@pascal-app/editor 1.0.0-beta.5 → 1.0.0

package/src/lib/portable-export.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,969 @@
+import * as THREE from 'three'
+import { StaticGeometryGenerator } from 'three-mesh-bvh'
+
+const VERTEX_COLOR_UV_CHANNEL = 0
+const VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE = 8
+const MAX_VERTEX_COLOR_ATLAS_SIZE = 2048
+
+const MATERIAL_TEXTURE_SLOTS = [
+  'map',
+  'normalMap',
+  'roughnessMap',
+  'metalnessMap',
+  'aoMap',
+  'emissiveMap',
+  'alphaMap',
+  'lightMap',
+  'bumpMap',
+  'displacementMap',
+  'clearcoatMap',
+  'clearcoatNormalMap',
+  'clearcoatRoughnessMap',
+  'iridescenceMap',
+  'iridescenceThicknessMap',
+  'transmissionMap',
+  'thicknessMap',
+  'specularIntensityMap',
+  'specularColorMap',
+  'sheenRoughnessMap',
+  'sheenColorMap',
+  'anisotropyMap',
+] as const
+
+type TexturedMaterial = THREE.Material & Record<string, unknown>
+type DisposableResource = THREE.BufferGeometry | THREE.Material | THREE.Texture
+
+function uvAttributeName(channel: number): string {
+  return channel === 0 ? 'uv' : `uv${channel}`
+}
+
+const discardedResources = new WeakMap<THREE.Object3D, Set<DisposableResource>>()
+
+function rememberDiscarded(root: THREE.Object3D, resource: DisposableResource): void {
+  let resources = discardedResources.get(root)
+  if (!resources) {
+    resources = new Set()
+    discardedResources.set(root, resources)
+  }
+  resources.add(resource)
+}
+
+function materialsOf(mesh: THREE.Mesh): THREE.Material[] {
+  return Array.isArray(mesh.material) ? mesh.material : [mesh.material]
+}
+
+function copyObjectState(source: THREE.Object3D, target: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  target.name = source.name
+  target.up.copy(source.up)
+  target.position.copy(source.position)
+  target.quaternion.copy(source.quaternion)
+  target.scale.copy(source.scale)
+  target.matrix.copy(source.matrix)
+  target.matrixAutoUpdate = source.matrixAutoUpdate
+  target.visible = source.visible
+  target.layers.mask = source.layers.mask
+  target.renderOrder = source.renderOrder
+  target.frustumCulled = source.frustumCulled
+  target.userData = structuredClone(source.userData)
+}
+
+function replaceObject(source: THREE.Object3D, replacement: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  const parent = source.parent
+  if (!parent) throw new Error(`Cannot replace detached export object "${source.name}"`)
+  const index = parent.children.indexOf(source)
+  parent.remove(source)
+  parent.add(replacement)
+  const appended = parent.children.indexOf(replacement)
+  parent.children.splice(appended, 1)
+  parent.children.splice(index, 0, replacement)
+}
+
+function tintMaterial(material: THREE.Material, tint: THREE.Color | null): THREE.Material {
+  if (!tint) return material
+  const clone = material.clone() as TexturedMaterial
+  const color = clone.color
+  if (!(color instanceof THREE.Color)) {
+    throw new Error(`Instance-colored material "${material.name}" has no portable color factor`)
+  }
+  color.multiply(tint)
+  return clone
+}
+
+function tintMaterials(
+  material: THREE.Material | THREE.Material[],
+  tint: THREE.Color | null,
+): THREE.Material | THREE.Material[] {
+  return Array.isArray(material)
+    ? material.map((entry) => tintMaterial(entry, tint))
+    : tintMaterial(material, tint)
+}
+type InstancedGeometryAttribute = [string, THREE.InstancedBufferAttribute]
+
+function geometryForInstance(
+  source: THREE.BufferGeometry,
+  instancedAttributes: readonly InstancedGeometryAttribute[],
+  instanceIndex: number,
+): THREE.BufferGeometry {
+  if (instancedAttributes.length === 0) return source
+
+  const vertexCount = source.getAttribute('position')?.count
+  if (vertexCount === undefined) {
+    throw new Error('Instanced geometry has no position attribute')
+  }
+  const geometry = source.clone()
+  for (const [name, attribute] of instancedAttributes) {
+    const valueIndex = Math.floor(instanceIndex / attribute.meshPerAttribute)
+    if (valueIndex >= attribute.count) {
+      geometry.dispose()
+      throw new Error(`Instanced attribute "${name}" has no value for instance ${instanceIndex}`)
+    }
+    const ArrayType = attribute.array.constructor as new (length: number) => typeof attribute.array
+    const values = new ArrayType(vertexCount * attribute.itemSize)
+    const sourceOffset = valueIndex * attribute.itemSize
+    for (let vertex = 0; vertex < vertexCount; vertex++) {
+      const targetOffset = vertex * attribute.itemSize
+      for (let component = 0; component < attribute.itemSize; component++) {
+        values[targetOffset + component] = attribute.array[sourceOffset + component]!
+      }
+    }
+    const resolved = new THREE.BufferAttribute(values, attribute.itemSize, attribute.normalized)
+    resolved.name = attribute.name
+    resolved.setUsage(attribute.usage)
+    resolved.gpuType = attribute.gpuType
+    geometry.setAttribute(name, resolved)
+  }
+  return geometry
+}
+
+/** Replace every InstancedMesh with ordinary meshes in the same local hierarchy. */
+export function expandInstancedMeshes(root: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  const instances: THREE.InstancedMesh[] = []
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    if ((object as THREE.InstancedMesh).isInstancedMesh) {
+      instances.push(object as THREE.InstancedMesh)
+    }
+  })
+
+  const matrix = new THREE.Matrix4()
+  const tint = new THREE.Color()
+  for (const source of instances) {
+    const wrapper = new THREE.Group()
+    copyObjectState(source, wrapper)
+    const instancedAttributes = Object.entries(source.geometry.attributes).filter(
+      ([, attribute]) => (attribute as THREE.InstancedBufferAttribute).isInstancedBufferAttribute,
+    ) as InstancedGeometryAttribute[]
+
+    for (let index = 0; index < source.count; index++) {
+      const color = source.instanceColor ? source.getColorAt(index, tint).clone() : null
+      const geometry = geometryForInstance(source.geometry, instancedAttributes, index)
+      const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, tintMaterials(source.material, color))
+      mesh.name = source.name ? `${source.name}_${index + 1}` : `instance_${index + 1}`
+      mesh.castShadow = source.castShadow
+      mesh.receiveShadow = source.receiveShadow
+      mesh.frustumCulled = source.frustumCulled
+      source.getMatrixAt(index, matrix)
+      matrix.decompose(mesh.position, mesh.quaternion, mesh.scale)
+
+      if (source.morphTexture) {
+        source.getMorphAt(index, mesh)
+      }
+      wrapper.add(mesh)
+    }
+    if (instancedAttributes.length > 0) rememberDiscarded(root, source.geometry)
+
+    for (const child of [...source.children]) wrapper.add(child)
+    replaceObject(source, wrapper)
+  }
+}
+
+function bakeDeformedGeometry(mesh: THREE.Mesh): THREE.BufferGeometry {
+  const geometry = mesh.geometry
+  const generator = new StaticGeometryGenerator(mesh)
+  generator.applyWorldTransforms = false
+  generator.useGroups = false
+  generator.attributes = Object.keys(geometry.attributes).filter(
+    (name) => name !== 'skinIndex' && name !== 'skinWeight',
+  )
+
+  const savedMatrixWorld = mesh.matrixWorld.clone()
+  mesh.matrixWorld.identity()
+  try {
+    const baked = generator.generate()
+    baked.groups = geometry.groups.map((group) => ({ ...group }))
+    baked.setDrawRange(geometry.drawRange.start, geometry.drawRange.count)
+    return baked
+  } finally {
+    mesh.matrixWorld.copy(savedMatrixWorld)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Freeze current morph and skin deformation into ordinary vertex buffers. */
+export function freezeDeformedMeshes(root: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  const meshes: THREE.Mesh[] = []
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    if ((object as THREE.Mesh).isMesh) meshes.push(object as THREE.Mesh)
+  })
+
+  for (const mesh of meshes) {
+    const skinnedMesh = mesh as THREE.SkinnedMesh
+    const hasMorphTargets = Object.values(mesh.geometry.morphAttributes).some(
+      (attributes) => attributes.length > 0,
+    )
+    if (!(skinnedMesh.isSkinnedMesh || hasMorphTargets)) continue
+
+    const originalGeometry = mesh.geometry
+    mesh.geometry = bakeDeformedGeometry(mesh)
+    mesh.geometry.morphAttributes = {}
+    mesh.morphTargetDictionary = undefined
+    mesh.morphTargetInfluences = undefined
+    if (skinnedMesh.isSkinnedMesh) {
+      const ordinaryMesh = mesh as unknown as { isSkinnedMesh: boolean }
+      ordinaryMesh.isSkinnedMesh = false
+    }
+    rememberDiscarded(root, originalGeometry)
+  }
+}
+
+function canvas2d(
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+): {
+  canvas: HTMLCanvasElement
+  context: CanvasRenderingContext2D
+} {
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    throw new Error('Portable texture baking requires a browser canvas')
+  }
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas')
+  canvas.width = width
+  canvas.height = height
+  const context = canvas.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true })
+  if (!context) throw new Error('Portable texture baking could not create a 2D canvas')
+  return { canvas, context }
+}
+
+function srgbByte(linear: number): number {
+  const value = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, linear))
+  const encoded = value <= 0.0031308 ? value * 12.92 : 1.055 * value ** (1 / 2.4) - 0.055
+  return Math.round(encoded * 255)
+}
+
+function colorComponent(
+  attribute: THREE.BufferAttribute | THREE.InterleavedBufferAttribute,
+  index: number,
+  component: number,
+): number {
+  if (component === 0) return attribute.getX(index)
+  if (component === 1) return attribute.getY(index)
+  if (component === 2) return attribute.getZ(index)
+  return attribute.itemSize >= 4 ? attribute.getW(index) : 1
+}
+
+function buildVertexColorAtlas(
+  geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry,
+  materials: readonly THREE.Material[],
+  relocatedUvChannel?: number,
+): {
+  geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry
+  texture: THREE.CanvasTexture
+  hasAlpha: boolean
+  clampedHdr: boolean
+} {
+  const expanded = geometry.index ? geometry.toNonIndexed() : geometry.clone()
+  if (relocatedUvChannel !== undefined) {
+    const sourceUv = expanded.getAttribute('uv')
+    if (!sourceUv) {
+      expanded.dispose()
+      throw new Error('Textured vertex-color geometry has no UV coordinates to preserve')
+    }
+    expanded.setAttribute(uvAttributeName(relocatedUvChannel), sourceUv.clone())
+  }
+  const color = expanded.getAttribute('color')
+  const position = expanded.getAttribute('position')
+  if (!color || !position || position.count === 0 || position.count % 3 !== 0) {
+    expanded.dispose()
+    throw new Error('Vertex-color baking requires triangle geometry with a color attribute')
+  }
+
+  const faceCount = position.count / 3
+  const tilesPerRow = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(faceCount))
+  const atlasSize = THREE.MathUtils.ceilPowerOfTwo(tilesPerRow * VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE)
+  if (atlasSize > MAX_VERTEX_COLOR_ATLAS_SIZE) {
+    expanded.dispose()
+    throw new Error(
+      `Vertex-color atlas requires ${atlasSize}px, exceeding the ${MAX_VERTEX_COLOR_ATLAS_SIZE}px export limit`,
+    )
+  }
+
+  const { canvas, context } = canvas2d(atlasSize, atlasSize)
+  const image = context.createImageData(atlasSize, atlasSize)
+
+  const uv = new Float32Array(position.count * 2)
+  let hasAlpha = false
+  let clampedHdr = false
+  for (let index = 0; index < color.count && !clampedHdr; index++) {
+    const triangleOffset = index - (index % 3)
+    const materialIndex = materialIndexForTriangle(expanded, triangleOffset)
+    if (!materials[materialIndex]?.vertexColors) continue
+    const red = colorComponent(color, index, 0)
+    const green = colorComponent(color, index, 1)
+    const blue = colorComponent(color, index, 2)
+    clampedHdr = red < 0 || red > 1 || green < 0 || green > 1 || blue < 0 || blue > 1
+  }
+
+  for (let face = 0; face < faceCount; face++) {
+    const tileX = (face % tilesPerRow) * VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE
+    const tileY = Math.floor(face / tilesPerRow) * VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE
+    const vertices = [face * 3, face * 3 + 1, face * 3 + 2]
+    const colors = vertices.map((vertex) => [
+      colorComponent(color, vertex, 0),
+      colorComponent(color, vertex, 1),
+      colorComponent(color, vertex, 2),
+      colorComponent(color, vertex, 3),
+    ])
+    if (
+      materials[materialIndexForTriangle(expanded, face * 3)]?.vertexColors &&
+      colors.some((entry) => entry[3]! < 1)
+    ) {
+      hasAlpha = true
+    }
+
+    const inset = 0.5
+    const span = VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE - 1
+    const atlasUvs = [
+      [tileX + inset, tileY + inset],
+      [tileX + inset + span, tileY + inset],
+      [tileX + inset, tileY + inset + span],
+    ]
+    for (let corner = 0; corner < 3; corner++) {
+      uv[(face * 3 + corner) * 2] = atlasUvs[corner]![0]! / atlasSize
+      uv[(face * 3 + corner) * 2 + 1] = 1 - atlasUvs[corner]![1]! / atlasSize
+    }
+
+    for (let y = 0; y < VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE; y++) {
+      for (let x = 0; x < VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE; x++) {
+        let b = x / span
+        let c = y / span
+        if (b + c > 1) {
+          const sum = b + c
+          b /= sum
+          c /= sum
+        }
+        const a = 1 - b - c
+        const pixel = ((tileY + y) * atlasSize + tileX + x) * 4
+        image.data[pixel] = srgbByte(colors[0]![0]! * a + colors[1]![0]! * b + colors[2]![0]! * c)
+        image.data[pixel + 1] = srgbByte(
+          colors[0]![1]! * a + colors[1]![1]! * b + colors[2]![1]! * c,
+        )
+        image.data[pixel + 2] = srgbByte(
+          colors[0]![2]! * a + colors[1]![2]! * b + colors[2]![2]! * c,
+        )
+        image.data[pixel + 3] = Math.round(
+          255 *
+            Math.max(0, Math.min(1, colors[0]![3]! * a + colors[1]![3]! * b + colors[2]![3]! * c)),
+        )
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Dilate each row's terminal tile through all unused power-of-two cells.
+  // Importers may generate their own mip chain (USDZ in particular), so sampler
+  // flags cannot prevent transparent-black padding from bleeding into Grass.
+  for (let y = 0; y < atlasSize; y++) {
+    const tileRow = Math.floor(y / VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE)
+    for (let x = 0; x < atlasSize; x++) {
+      const tileColumn = Math.floor(x / VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE)
+      const tileIndex = tileRow * tilesPerRow + tileColumn
+      if (tileColumn < tilesPerRow && tileIndex < faceCount) continue
+      const sourceFace =
+        tileRow * tilesPerRow < faceCount
+          ? Math.min((tileRow + 1) * tilesPerRow - 1, faceCount - 1)
+          : faceCount - 1
+      const sourceX =
+        (sourceFace % tilesPerRow) * VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE + (x % VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE)
+      const sourceY =
+        Math.floor(sourceFace / tilesPerRow) * VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE + (y % VERTEX_COLOR_TILE_SIZE)
+      const sourcePixel = (sourceY * atlasSize + sourceX) * 4
+      const targetPixel = (y * atlasSize + x) * 4
+      image.data[targetPixel] = image.data[sourcePixel]!
+      image.data[targetPixel + 1] = image.data[sourcePixel + 1]!
+      image.data[targetPixel + 2] = image.data[sourcePixel + 2]!
+      image.data[targetPixel + 3] = image.data[sourcePixel + 3]!
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.putImageData(image, 0, 0)
+  expanded.setAttribute(uvAttributeName(VERTEX_COLOR_UV_CHANNEL), new THREE.BufferAttribute(uv, 2))
+  expanded.deleteAttribute('color')
+  const texture = new THREE.CanvasTexture(canvas)
+  texture.name = 'pascal_vertex_color_atlas'
+  texture.channel = VERTEX_COLOR_UV_CHANNEL
+  texture.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace
+  texture.flipY = true
+  texture.needsUpdate = true
+  return { geometry: expanded, texture, hasAlpha, clampedHdr }
+}
+function hasDeformedGeometry(mesh: THREE.Mesh): boolean {
+  const skinnedMesh = mesh as THREE.SkinnedMesh
+  return (
+    skinnedMesh.isSkinnedMesh ||
+    Object.values(mesh.geometry.morphAttributes).some((attributes) => attributes.length > 0)
+  )
+}
+
+function bakeVertexColors(root: THREE.Object3D, preserveDeformations = false): boolean {
+  const meshes: THREE.Mesh[] = []
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    if ((object as THREE.Mesh).isMesh) meshes.push(object as THREE.Mesh)
+  })
+  let clampedHdr = false
+
+  for (const mesh of meshes) {
+    if (preserveDeformations && hasDeformedGeometry(mesh)) continue
+    const color = mesh.geometry.getAttribute('color')
+    if (!color) continue
+    const materials = materialsOf(mesh)
+    if (!materials.some((material) => material.vertexColors)) {
+      const originalGeometry = mesh.geometry
+      mesh.geometry = originalGeometry.clone()
+      mesh.geometry.deleteAttribute('color')
+      rememberDiscarded(root, originalGeometry)
+      continue
+    }
+    const occupiedUvChannels = new Set<number>()
+    for (let channel = 1; channel <= 3; channel++) {
+      if (mesh.geometry.getAttribute(uvAttributeName(channel))) occupiedUvChannels.add(channel)
+    }
+    const channelZeroTextures = new Set<THREE.Texture>()
+    for (const material of materials) {
+      const textured = material as TexturedMaterial
+      if (material.vertexColors && textured.map instanceof THREE.Texture) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Material "${material.name}" combines a diffuse map with varying vertex colors; portable atlas composition is unavailable`,
+        )
+      }
+      for (const slot of MATERIAL_TEXTURE_SLOTS) {
+        const texture = textured[slot]
+        if (!(texture instanceof THREE.Texture)) continue
+        if (texture.channel === 0) channelZeroTextures.add(texture)
+        else occupiedUvChannels.add(texture.channel)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const relocatedUvChannel =
+      channelZeroTextures.size === 0
+        ? undefined
+        : [1, 2, 3].find((channel) => !occupiedUvChannels.has(channel))
+    if (channelZeroTextures.size > 0 && relocatedUvChannel === undefined) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Vertex-color geometry "${mesh.name}" has no free portable UV channel for its PBR maps`,
+      )
+    }
+
+    const originalGeometry = mesh.geometry
+    const baked = buildVertexColorAtlas(originalGeometry, materials, relocatedUvChannel)
+    mesh.geometry = baked.geometry
+    if (baked.clampedHdr) mesh.userData.pascalHdrVertexColor = 'clamped-to-portable-range'
+    clampedHdr ||= baked.clampedHdr
+    const relocatedTextures = new Map<THREE.Texture, THREE.Texture>()
+    const convertedMaterials = new Map<THREE.Material, THREE.Material>()
+    const converted = materials.map((material) => {
+      const cached = convertedMaterials.get(material)
+      if (cached) return cached
+      if (!material.vertexColors && relocatedUvChannel === undefined) return material
+      const clone = material.clone() as TexturedMaterial
+      if (relocatedUvChannel !== undefined) {
+        for (const slot of MATERIAL_TEXTURE_SLOTS) {
+          const sourceTexture = clone[slot]
+          if (!(sourceTexture instanceof THREE.Texture) || sourceTexture.channel !== 0) continue
+          let relocatedTexture = relocatedTextures.get(sourceTexture)
+          if (!relocatedTexture) {
+            relocatedTexture = sourceTexture.clone()
+            relocatedTexture.channel = relocatedUvChannel
+            relocatedTexture.needsUpdate = true
+            relocatedTextures.set(sourceTexture, relocatedTexture)
+            rememberDiscarded(root, sourceTexture)
+          }
+          clone[slot] = relocatedTexture
+        }
+      }
+      if (material.vertexColors) {
+        clone.vertexColors = false
+        clone.map = baked.texture
+        if (baked.hasAlpha) clone.transparent = true
+      }
+      convertedMaterials.set(material, clone)
+      return clone
+    })
+    mesh.material = Array.isArray(mesh.material) ? converted : converted[0]!
+    rememberDiscarded(root, originalGeometry)
+    for (const material of materials) rememberDiscarded(root, material)
+  }
+  return clampedHdr
+}
+
+function sourcePixels(texture: THREE.Texture): {
+  width: number
+  height: number
+  data: Uint8ClampedArray
+} {
+  const image = texture.image as {
+    width?: number
+    height?: number
+    data?: ArrayLike<number>
+  } | null
+  const width = image?.width
+  const height = image?.height
+  if (!(width && height)) throw new Error(`Texture "${texture.name}" has no readable dimensions`)
+
+  if (image?.data) {
+    if (
+      !(image.data instanceof Uint8Array || image.data instanceof Uint8ClampedArray) ||
+      image.data.length !== width * height * 4
+    ) {
+      throw new Error(`Texture "${texture.name}" is not an 8-bit RGBA texture`)
+    }
+    return { width, height, data: Uint8ClampedArray.from(image.data) }
+  }
+
+  const { context } = canvas2d(width, height)
+  try {
+    context.drawImage(texture.image as CanvasImageSource, 0, 0, width, height)
+  } catch {
+    throw new Error(`Texture "${texture.name}" cannot be read for portable export`)
+  }
+  return { width, height, data: context.getImageData(0, 0, width, height).data }
+}
+
+function cloneTextureSettings(source: THREE.Texture, target: THREE.Texture): void {
+  target.name = source.name
+  target.mapping = source.mapping
+  target.channel = source.channel
+  target.wrapS = source.wrapS
+  target.wrapT = source.wrapT
+  target.magFilter = source.magFilter
+  target.minFilter = source.minFilter
+  target.anisotropy = source.anisotropy
+  target.offset.copy(source.offset)
+  target.repeat.copy(source.repeat)
+  target.center.copy(source.center)
+  target.rotation = source.rotation
+  target.matrixAutoUpdate = source.matrixAutoUpdate
+  target.matrix.copy(source.matrix)
+  target.generateMipmaps = source.generateMipmaps
+  target.premultiplyAlpha = source.premultiplyAlpha
+  target.flipY = source.flipY
+  target.unpackAlignment = source.unpackAlignment
+  target.colorSpace = THREE.NoColorSpace
+  target.userData = structuredClone(source.userData)
+  target.needsUpdate = true
+}
+function materializeDataTextures(root: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  const converted = new Map<THREE.Texture, THREE.CanvasTexture>()
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    if (!(object as THREE.Mesh).isMesh) return
+    for (const material of materialsOf(object as THREE.Mesh)) {
+      const textured = material as TexturedMaterial
+      for (const slot of MATERIAL_TEXTURE_SLOTS) {
+        const source = textured[slot]
+        if (!(source instanceof THREE.Texture) || !(source as THREE.DataTexture).isDataTexture)
+          continue
+        let texture = converted.get(source)
+        if (!texture) {
+          if (source.format !== THREE.RGBAFormat || source.type !== THREE.UnsignedByteType) {
+            throw new Error(`Data texture "${source.name}" is not portable 8-bit RGBA`)
+          }
+          const pixels = sourcePixels(source)
+          const { canvas, context } = canvas2d(pixels.width, pixels.height)
+          const image = context.createImageData(pixels.width, pixels.height)
+          image.data.set(pixels.data)
+          context.putImageData(image, 0, 0)
+          texture = new THREE.CanvasTexture(canvas)
+          cloneTextureSettings(source, texture)
+          texture.colorSpace = source.colorSpace
+          converted.set(source, texture)
+          rememberDiscarded(root, source)
+        }
+        textured[slot] = texture
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function canonicalizeAlphaMaps(root: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  const materials = new Set<THREE.Material>()
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    if (!(object as THREE.Mesh).isMesh) return
+    for (const material of materialsOf(object as THREE.Mesh)) materials.add(material)
+  })
+
+  for (const material of materials) {
+    const standard = material as THREE.MeshStandardMaterial
+    if (!standard.alphaMap) continue
+    const alphaMap = standard.alphaMap
+    const map = standard.map
+    alphaMap.updateMatrix()
+    map?.updateMatrix()
+    if (
+      map &&
+      (map.channel !== alphaMap.channel ||
+        map.flipY !== alphaMap.flipY ||
+        !map.matrix.equals(alphaMap.matrix))
+    ) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Material "${material.name}" uses incompatible diffuse and alpha texture coordinates`,
+      )
+    }
+
+    const alpha = sourcePixels(alphaMap)
+    const color = map ? sourcePixels(map) : null
+    if (color && (color.width !== alpha.width || color.height !== alpha.height)) {
+      throw new Error(`Material "${material.name}" uses mismatched diffuse and alpha map sizes`)
+    }
+    const { canvas, context } = canvas2d(alpha.width, alpha.height)
+    const output = context.createImageData(alpha.width, alpha.height)
+    for (let index = 0; index < alpha.data.length; index += 4) {
+      output.data[index] = color?.data[index] ?? 255
+      output.data[index + 1] = color?.data[index + 1] ?? 255
+      output.data[index + 2] = color?.data[index + 2] ?? 255
+      output.data[index + 3] = Math.round(
+        ((color?.data[index + 3] ?? 255) * alpha.data[index + 1]!) / 255,
+      )
+    }
+    context.putImageData(output, 0, 0)
+    const texture = new THREE.CanvasTexture(canvas)
+    cloneTextureSettings(map ?? alphaMap, texture)
+    texture.colorSpace = map?.colorSpace ?? THREE.SRGBColorSpace
+    texture.name = map?.name || alphaMap.name
+    standard.map = texture
+    standard.alphaMap = null
+    standard.transparent = true
+    rememberDiscarded(root, alphaMap)
+    if (map) rememberDiscarded(root, map)
+  }
+}
+
+function canonicalNormalTexture(source: THREE.Texture, scale: THREE.Vector2): THREE.CanvasTexture {
+  const compressed = source as THREE.CompressedTexture
+  if (compressed.isCompressedTexture) {
+    throw new Error(`Compressed normal map "${source.name}" must be baked before portable export`)
+  }
+  const pixels = sourcePixels(source)
+  const { canvas, context } = canvas2d(pixels.width, pixels.height)
+  const output = context.createImageData(pixels.width, pixels.height)
+  for (let index = 0; index < pixels.data.length; index += 4) {
+    let x = (pixels.data[index]! / 255) * 2 - 1
+    let y = (pixels.data[index + 1]! / 255) * 2 - 1
+    let z = (pixels.data[index + 2]! / 255) * 2 - 1
+    x *= scale.x
+    y *= scale.y
+    const inverseLength = 1 / Math.max(Math.hypot(x, y, z), 1e-8)
+    x *= inverseLength
+    y *= inverseLength
+    z *= inverseLength
+    output.data[index] = Math.round((x * 0.5 + 0.5) * 255)
+    output.data[index + 1] = Math.round((y * 0.5 + 0.5) * 255)
+    output.data[index + 2] = Math.round((z * 0.5 + 0.5) * 255)
+    output.data[index + 3] = pixels.data[index + 3]!
+  }
+  context.putImageData(output, 0, 0)
+  const texture = new THREE.CanvasTexture(canvas)
+  cloneTextureSettings(source, texture)
+  return texture
+}
+
+function canonicalizeNormalMaps(root: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  const materials = new Set<THREE.Material>()
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    if (!(object as THREE.Mesh).isMesh) return
+    for (const material of materialsOf(object as THREE.Mesh)) materials.add(material)
+  })
+
+  const cache = new Map<THREE.Texture, Map<string, THREE.CanvasTexture>>()
+  for (const material of materials) {
+    const standard = material as THREE.MeshStandardMaterial
+    if (!standard.normalMap || !standard.normalScale) continue
+    if (standard.normalScale.x === 1 && standard.normalScale.y === 1) continue
+    const source = standard.normalMap
+    const key = `${standard.normalScale.x}:${standard.normalScale.y}`
+    let variants = cache.get(source)
+    if (!variants) {
+      variants = new Map()
+      cache.set(source, variants)
+    }
+    let canonical = variants.get(key)
+    if (!canonical) {
+      canonical = canonicalNormalTexture(source, standard.normalScale)
+      variants.set(key, canonical)
+    }
+    rememberDiscarded(root, source)
+    standard.normalMap = canonical
+    standard.normalScale.set(1, 1)
+  }
+}
+
+function materialIndexForTriangle(geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry, triangleOffset: number): number {
+  for (const group of geometry.groups) {
+    if (triangleOffset >= group.start && triangleOffset < group.start + group.count) {
+      return group.materialIndex ?? 0
+    }
+  }
+  return 0
+}
+
+function expandPortableSidedGeometry(
+  geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry,
+  materials: THREE.Material[],
+): THREE.BufferGeometry | null {
+  if (materials.every((material) => material.side === THREE.FrontSide)) return null
+  const source = geometry.index ? geometry.toNonIndexed() : geometry.clone()
+  const position = source.getAttribute('position')
+  if (!position || position.count % 3 !== 0) {
+    source.dispose()
+    throw new Error('Portable sidedness export requires triangle geometry')
+  }
+
+  const triangles: Array<{ offset: number; materialIndex: number; reverse: boolean }> = []
+  for (let offset = 0; offset < position.count; offset += 3) {
+    const materialIndex = materialIndexForTriangle(source, offset)
+    const side = materials[materialIndex]?.side ?? THREE.FrontSide
+    if (side !== THREE.BackSide) triangles.push({ offset, materialIndex, reverse: false })
+    if (side !== THREE.FrontSide) triangles.push({ offset, materialIndex, reverse: true })
+  }
+
+  const output = new THREE.BufferGeometry()
+  for (const [name, attribute] of Object.entries(source.attributes)) {
+    const ArrayType = attribute.array.constructor as new (length: number) => typeof attribute.array
+    const values = new ArrayType(triangles.length * 3 * attribute.itemSize)
+    const target = new THREE.BufferAttribute(values, attribute.itemSize, attribute.normalized)
+    for (let triangle = 0; triangle < triangles.length; triangle++) {
+      const entry = triangles[triangle]!
+      const order = entry.reverse ? [0, 2, 1] : [0, 1, 2]
+      for (let corner = 0; corner < 3; corner++) {
+        const sourceIndex = entry.offset + order[corner]!
+        const targetIndex = triangle * 3 + corner
+        for (let component = 0; component < attribute.itemSize; component++) {
+          let value = attribute.getComponent(sourceIndex, component)
+          if (entry.reverse && name === 'normal') value = -value
+          if (entry.reverse && name === 'tangent' && component === 3) value = -value
+          target.setComponent(targetIndex, component, value)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    output.setAttribute(name, target)
+  }
+
+  let groupStart = 0
+  let groupMaterial = triangles[0]?.materialIndex ?? 0
+  for (let index = 1; index <= triangles.length; index++) {
+    const materialIndex = triangles[index]?.materialIndex
+    if (index < triangles.length && materialIndex === groupMaterial) continue
+    output.addGroup(groupStart * 3, (index - groupStart) * 3, groupMaterial)
+    groupStart = index
+    groupMaterial = materialIndex ?? 0
+  }
+  source.dispose()
+  return output
+}
+
+function bakeDoubleSidedMeshes(root: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    const mesh = object as THREE.Mesh
+    if (!mesh.isMesh) return
+    const materials = materialsOf(mesh)
+    const geometry = expandPortableSidedGeometry(mesh.geometry, materials)
+    if (!geometry) return
+    const original = mesh.geometry
+    mesh.geometry = geometry
+    const converted = materials.map((material) => {
+      if (material.side === THREE.FrontSide) return material
+      const clone = material.clone()
+      clone.side = THREE.FrontSide
+      rememberDiscarded(root, material)
+      return clone
+    })
+    mesh.material = Array.isArray(mesh.material) ? converted : converted[0]!
+    rememberDiscarded(root, original)
+  })
+}
+const PORTABLE_COLOR_PROPERTIES = [
+  'color',
+  'emissive',
+  'sheenColor',
+  'specularColor',
+  'attenuationColor',
+] as const
+
+function clampPortableMaterialColors(root: THREE.Object3D): boolean {
+  const materials = new Set<THREE.Material>()
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    if (!(object as THREE.Mesh).isMesh) return
+    for (const material of materialsOf(object as THREE.Mesh)) materials.add(material)
+  })
+
+  let clipped = false
+  for (const material of materials) {
+    const properties = material as unknown as Record<string, unknown>
+    for (const property of PORTABLE_COLOR_PROPERTIES) {
+      const color = properties[property] as THREE.Color | undefined
+      if (!color?.isColor) continue
+      if (color.r < 0 || color.r > 1 || color.g < 0 || color.g > 1 || color.b < 0 || color.b > 1) {
+        clipped = true
+        color.r = THREE.MathUtils.clamp(color.r, 0, 1)
+        color.g = THREE.MathUtils.clamp(color.g, 0, 1)
+        color.b = THREE.MathUtils.clamp(color.b, 0, 1)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return clipped
+}
+
+export function normalizePortableScene(root: THREE.Object3D): string[] {
+  expandInstancedMeshes(root)
+  root.updateMatrixWorld(true)
+  freezeDeformedMeshes(root)
+  const clampedMaterialColors = clampPortableMaterialColors(root)
+  materializeDataTextures(root)
+  const clampedVertexColors = bakeVertexColors(root)
+  const clampedHdr = clampedMaterialColors || clampedVertexColors
+  canonicalizeAlphaMaps(root)
+  canonicalizeNormalMaps(root)
+  bakeDoubleSidedMeshes(root)
+  root.updateMatrixWorld(true)
+  return clampedHdr
+    ? [
+        'Some rendered colors were outside the portable range (including colors brighter than the portable range) and were clipped to 0–1; the brightest areas may lose contrast.',
+      ]
+    : []
+}
+/**
+ * Canonicalize baked static material details without freezing authored item
+ * deformation that existing saved-viewer animation clips still target.
+ */
+export function normalizeViewerArtifactMaterials(root: THREE.Object3D): string[] {
+  const clampedMaterialColors = clampPortableMaterialColors(root)
+  materializeDataTextures(root)
+  const clampedVertexColors = bakeVertexColors(root, true)
+  canonicalizeAlphaMaps(root)
+  canonicalizeNormalMaps(root)
+  return clampedMaterialColors || clampedVertexColors
+    ? [
+        'Some rendered colors were outside the portable range (including colors brighter than the portable range) and were clipped to 0–1; the brightest areas may lose contrast.',
+      ]
+    : []
+}
+
+function cloneMaterialForUsdz(material: THREE.Material): THREE.Material {
+  const clone = material.clone()
+  clone.side = THREE.FrontSide
+  return clone
+}
+
+function reverseWindingPreservingNormals(geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry): void {
+  const index = geometry.getIndex()
+  if (index) {
+    for (let offset = 0; offset < index.count; offset += 3) {
+      const first = index.getX(offset)
+      index.setX(offset, index.getX(offset + 2))
+      index.setX(offset + 2, first)
+    }
+    index.needsUpdate = true
+    return
+  }
+
+  for (const attribute of Object.values(geometry.attributes)) {
+    for (let offset = 0; offset < attribute.count; offset += 3) {
+      for (let component = 0; component < attribute.itemSize; component++) {
+        const first = attribute.getComponent(offset, component)
+        attribute.setComponent(offset, component, attribute.getComponent(offset + 2, component))
+        attribute.setComponent(offset + 2, component, first)
+      }
+    }
+    attribute.needsUpdate = true
+  }
+}
+
+/** Make reflected static geometry agree with exported normals after world transforms. */
+export function fixReflectedMeshWinding(root: THREE.Object3D): void {
+  root.updateMatrixWorld(true)
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    const mesh = object as THREE.Mesh
+    if (!mesh.isMesh || mesh.matrixWorld.determinant() >= 0) return
+    const original = mesh.geometry
+    mesh.geometry = original.clone()
+    reverseWindingPreservingNormals(mesh.geometry)
+    rememberDiscarded(root, original)
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a USDZ-only clone with world transforms baked into geometry. This
+ * removes unsupported negative-scale transforms without changing the shared
+ * prepared artifact or its identity hierarchy. Empty mesh containers become
+ * groups because USDZ requires vertex positions for every mesh primitive.
+ */
+export function createUsdzScene(source: THREE.Object3D): THREE.Object3D {
+  source.updateMatrixWorld(true)
+
+  const cloneObject = (object: THREE.Object3D): THREE.Object3D => {
+    let clone: THREE.Object3D
+    const mesh = object as THREE.Mesh
+    if (mesh.isMesh && (mesh.geometry.getAttribute('position')?.count ?? 0) > 0) {
+      const geometry = mesh.geometry.clone()
+      geometry.applyMatrix4(mesh.matrixWorld)
+      if (mesh.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0) reverseWindingPreservingNormals(geometry)
+      const material = Array.isArray(mesh.material)
+        ? mesh.material.length === 1
+          ? cloneMaterialForUsdz(mesh.material[0]!)
+          : mesh.material.map(cloneMaterialForUsdz)
+        : cloneMaterialForUsdz(mesh.material)
+      clone = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material)
+    } else {
+      clone = new THREE.Group()
+    }
+
+    clone.name = object.name
+    clone.visible = object.visible
+    clone.layers.mask = object.layers.mask
+    clone.renderOrder = object.renderOrder
+    clone.userData = structuredClone(object.userData)
+    for (const child of object.children) clone.add(cloneObject(child))
+    return clone
+  }
+
+  return cloneObject(source)
+}
+
+/** Dispose geometry, materials, and export-owned texture handles exactly once. */
+export function disposeExportResources(
+  root: THREE.Object3D,
+  options: { textures?: boolean } = {},
+): void {
+  const geometries = new Set<THREE.BufferGeometry>()
+  const materials = new Set<THREE.Material>()
+  const textures = new Set<THREE.Texture>()
+  root.traverse((object) => {
+    const renderable = object as THREE.Mesh
+    if (renderable.geometry) geometries.add(renderable.geometry)
+    if (!renderable.material) return
+    for (const material of materialsOf(renderable)) {
+      materials.add(material)
+      if (options.textures === false) continue
+      const textured = material as TexturedMaterial
+      for (const slot of MATERIAL_TEXTURE_SLOTS) {
+        const texture = textured[slot]
+        if (texture instanceof THREE.Texture) textures.add(texture)
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  for (const resource of discardedResources.get(root) ?? []) {
+    if (resource instanceof THREE.Texture) textures.add(resource)
+    else if (resource instanceof THREE.Material) materials.add(resource)
+    else geometries.add(resource)
+  }
+  discardedResources.delete(root)
+
+  for (const geometry of geometries) geometry.dispose()
+  for (const material of materials) material.dispose()
+  for (const texture of textures) texture.dispose()
+}